Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/06
Outputs
This year I have two new graduate students recruited working in the area of indoor air quality, bring the total graduate students and academic professionals working in this team to a total of 14, a more sustainable critical mass. One new graduate student is focused on the development of new isokinetic particle sampler for all weather and flow conditions; and another focused on the pollutent distribution and ventilation effectiveness in an indoor airspace.
Impacts
Indoor air quality has a profound impact on quality of life and our economy. Increasing concern of indoor air quality is largely contributed to the awareness of poor health, the so-called sick building syndrome (SBS). The SBS of the building inhabitants can be defined as the illness and discomfort associated with poor indoor environments but with no clear identification of the source substances. Symptoms of SBS include irritation in sensory organs (eyes, noses, throat, ears and skin), fatigue, headache, respiratory disorder and nausea. Approximately one million buildings in the United States are sick buildings, within which 70 million people reside or work. These sick buildings do not include agricultural buildings such as animal facilities and grain elevators. Most of these agricultural structures have unique, often more serious, air quality problems. The air cleaning technology could also have a positive impact on off-road machinary cooling system design. The most
immediate impact of this project may be the particle sampling technology (and instrumentation) that we have developed. The TSP, for example, has been used in several national air quality studies for its advatageous features of accuracy, reliability and ease of operation. It employs a unique critical flow rate controller and isokinetic sampling heads to provide a much better sampling accuracy compared with many existing samplers.
Publications
- Hoff, S.J., Bundy, D.S., Huebner, M.A., Zelle, B.C., Jacobson, L.D., Heber, A.J., Ni, J., Zhang, Y., Koziel, J.A. and Beasley, D.B. 2006. Emission of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and odor before, and after slurry removal from a deep-pit swine finisher. J. Air and Waste Management Association. 56:550-559.
- Ocfemia, K., Zhang, Y. and Funk, T.L. 2006. Hydrothermal process of swine manure into oil using a continuous reactor system: Development and testing. Transactions of the ASABE: 49(2): 533-541.
- Wang, A., Zhang, Y., Sun, Y. and Wang, X. 2006. Experimental study of ventilation effectiveness and air velocity distribution in an aircraft cabin mockup. Building and Environment (Accepted).
- Ocfemia, K., Zhang, Y. and Funk, T.L. 2006. Hydrothermal processing of swine manure to oil using a continuous reactor system: Effects of operating parameters on oil yield and quality. Transactions of the ASABE 49 (Accepted).
- Jiang, J.B., Wang, X. and Zhang, Y. 2006. LES modeling of airflow in a scale room. J. of Applied Mechanics (Accepted).
- Jerez, S.B, Zhang, Y., McClure, J., Jacobson, L., Heber, A., Hoff, S., Koziel, J. and Beasley, D.B. 2006. Comparison of measured total suspended particulate matter concentration using tapered element oscillating microbalance and a TSP sampler. J. Air and Waste Management Association. 56:261-270.
- Wang, A., Zhang, Y., Topmiller, J.L., Bennett, J.S. and Dunn, K.H. 2006. Tracer study of airborne disease transmission in an aircraft cabin mockup. Transactions of Amer. Soc. Heat. Refrig. Air Cond. Engr. 112 (2).
- Heber, A.J., Ni, J.-Q., Lim, T.-T., Schmidt, A.M., Koziel, J.A., Tao, P.C., Beasley, D.B., Hoff, S.J., Nicolai, R.E., Jacobson, L.D. and Zhang, Y. 2006. Quality assured measurements of animal building emissions: Part 1. Gas concentrations. J.Air and Waste Management Association (In Print).
- Li, B., Ford, S.E., Li, Y. and Zhang, Y. 2006. Development of a fan testing chamber for agricultural and horticultural fans in China. J. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 22(1): 115-119.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
In the past year (2005), we have developed and installed a 3-D multipoint particle sampler in a swine grower finisher barn to measure the particle spatial distribution. A total suspended particle (TSP) sampler has been developed. Two other related projects are development of a uniflow deduster for air cleaning and a volumetric particle tracking velocimetry to characterize the air flow field. Non-intrusive, full scale, quantitative and instantaneous measurement techniques for airflow in entire aircraft cabins (versus single point measurements) are needed, especially in the area of developing CFD models. We have developed a 3-D volumetric particle tracking velocimetry (VPTV) technology to measure the cabin air flow under iso- and non-isothermal conditions, and various obstruction conditions. The data are animated using a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE) facility. The outcome of the study will allow scientists to gain better understanding of air flow and
pollutant transmission and, ultimately, to improve the air quality and human health within airspaces. We continue to work with Deere and Company to characterize harvesting field debries and their interaction with the cooling systems. It is critical to have a clearer understanding of the physical properties, mechanical behavior and testing procedures to evaluate the performance of the air cleaning/cooling system. The objectives of this proposed Phase I is to characterize the physical properties and plugging mechanisms of different types of debris.
Impacts
Indoor air quality has a profound impact on quality of life and our economy. Increasing concern of indoor air quality is largely contributed to the awareness of poor health, the so-called sick building syndrome (SBS). The SBS of the building inhabitants can be defined as the illness and discomfort associated with poor indoor environments but with no clear identification of the source substances. Symptoms of SBS include irritation in sensory organs (eyes, noses, throat, ears and skin), fatigue, headache, respiratory disorder and nausea. Approximately one million buildings in the United States are sick buildings, within which 70 million people reside or work. These sick buildings do not include agricultural buildings such as animal facilities and grain elevators. Most of these agricultural structures have unique, often more serious, air quality problems. The air cleaning technology could also have a positive impact on off-road machinary cooling system design. The most
immediate impact of this project may be the particle sampling technology (and instrumentation) that we have developed. The TSP, for example, has been used in several national air quality studies for its advatageous features of accuracy, reliability and ease of operation. It employs a unique critical flow rate controller and isokinetic sampling heads to provide a much better sampling accuracy compared with many existing samplers.
Publications
- Ocfemia, K., Zhang, Y., Tan, Z.C. and Ali, N. 2005. Ammonia absorption in a vertical contact sprayer at very low water/gas mass ratios and short residence time. Transactions of Amer. Soc. Agr. Engr. 48(4):1561-1566.
- Wang, A., Zhang, Y. and Sun, Y. 2005. Streak recognition for a 3-D volumetric particle streak velocimetry system. Transactions of Amer. Soc. Heat. Refrig. Air Cond. Engr. 111 (2): 36-44.
- Sun, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, A., Topmiller, J.L. and Bennett, J. 2005. Experimental characterization of airflows in aircraft cabins. Part I: Experimental system and measurement procedure. Transactions of Amer. Soc. Heat. Refrig. Air Cond. Engr. 111(2): 45-52.
- Zhang, Y., Yigang, A.W., Topmiller, J.L. and Bennett, J. 2005. Experimental characterization of airflows in aircraft cabins. Part II: Results and research recommendations. Transactions of Amer. Soc. Heat. Refrig. Air Cond. Engr. 111(2): 53-59.
- Wang, X., Zhang, Y. and Tan, Z. 2005. Comparison of different instruments for particle concentration measurement. Transactions of Amer. Soc. Heat. Refrig. Air Cond. Engr. 111 (2): 467-475.
- Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Zhao, L.Y. and Christianson, L.L. 2005. Numerical modeling of dust spatial distribution in a mechanically ventilated airspace. Transactions of the ASAE 48(2): 727-737.
- Tan, Z.C., Zhang, Y. and Wang, X. 2005. Comparison of two models for particle separation in a vane-induced uniflow cyclone. Transactions of Amer. Soc. Heat. Refrig. Air Cond. Engr. 111(1): 176-183.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
The investigator's air quality team recruited two new PhD students. One is working on the particle spatial distribution measurement using a mutipoint aerosol sampler developed by the investigator's group. The experiment includes variables such as ventilation scheme, air velocity distribution, dust source and strength and ventilation rates. Another PhD emphasizes on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of indoor air quality. The models will be validated using the experimental data. The air cleaning technology team focuses on the aerodynamic air cleaning by further developing the deduster and evaluate the prototypes in swine buildings. The team also worked on the thermochemical conversion (TCC) process to convert swine manure into oil. We have successfully converted 70% of swine manure into crude oil in our earlier batch reactor research. The investigator has developed a continuous TCC reactor and is working with the government agencies and industry to develop
a pilot plant for swine farms.
Impacts
Indoor air quality has a profound impact on quality of life and our economy. Increasing concern of indoor air quality is largely contributed to the awareness of poor health, the so-called sick building syndrome (SBS). The SBS of the building inhabitants can be defined as the illness and discomfort associated with poor indoor environments but with no clear identification of the source substances. Symptoms of SBS include irritation in sensory organs (eyes, noses, throat, ears and skin), fatigue, headache, respiratory disorder and nausea. Approximately one million buildings in the United States are sick buildings, within which 70 million people reside or work (Cone and Hodgson, 1989). These sick buildings do not include agricultural buildings such as animal facilities and grain elevators. Most of these agricultural structures have unique, often more serious, air quality problems.
Publications
- Zhang, Y. 2004. Indoor Air Quality Engineering. CRC Press, New York, NY. (638 pages, textbook).
- Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Funk, T.L., Zhao, L. and Riskowski, G.L. 2004. Effect of ventilation system on particle spatial distribution in ventilated rooms. Transactions of Amer. Soc. Heat. Refrig. Air Cond. Engr. 110 (2): 258-266.
- Tan, Z.C. and Zhang, Y. 2004. A review of effect and control methods of particulate matter in animal indoor environments. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association. 54:845-854.
- Huang, H., Miller, G.Y., Ellis, M., Funk, T.L., Zhang, Y., Hollis, G. and Heber, A.J. 2004. Odor management in swine finishing operations: Cost effectiveness. J. Food, Agri. Envir. 2(4): 130-135.
- Tan, Z.C., Zhang, Y. and Ford, S.E. 2003. Conditioning rotational airflow for dust concentration measurement using isokinetic sampling. Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal of Scientific Research and Development. Vol. V: BC 03 007.
- Wang, X. and Zhang, Y. 2004. Effect of ventilation system on dust spatial distribution in a mechanically ventilated airspace. Transactions of Amer. Soc. Heat. Refrig. Air Cond. Engr. 110 (2): 258-266.
- Sun, Y. and Zhang, Y. 2004. An algorithm of stereoscopic particle image velocimetry for full-scale room airflow studies. Transactions of Amer. Soc. Heat. Refrig. Air Cond. Engr. 110(1): 85-90.
- Funk, T.L., Hussey, R., Zhang, Y. and Ellis, M. 2004. Synthetic covers for emissions control from earthen embanked swine lagoons. Part I: Positive pressure lagoon cover. Applied Engineering In Agriculture 20(2):233-238.
- Funk, T.L., Mutlu, A., Zhang, Y. and Ellis, M. 2004. Synthetic covers for emissions control from earthen embanked swine lagoons. Part II: Negative pressure lagoon cover. Applied Engineering In Agriculture 20(2):239-242.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Within this air quality program, progress has been made in several projects. An aerodynamic deduster (a device to reduce dust particulate matters in airstreams) has been developed for livestock buildings exhaust air. Based on the same principle, several prototypes are under development for combines and off-road vehicles to clean the engine intake and cooling air. The research group has also developed a unique total suspended particle sampling (TSP) system for the measurement of aerial pollutant emissions from confinement livestock buildings. This system utilizes a critical flow rate controller and isokinetic sampling heads to ensure accurate sampling efficiency. The sampling system has been adapted by 8 other states in their emission studies. Particle size distribution study from different livestock buildings are in progress.
Impacts
Indoor air quality has a profound impact on quality of life and our economy. Increasing concern of indoor air quality is largely contributed to the awareness of poor health, the so called sick building syndrome (SBS). The SBS of the building inhabitants can be defined as the illness and discomfort associated with poor indoor environments but with no clear identification of the source substances. Symptoms of SBS include irritation in sensory organs (eyes, noses, throat, ears and skin), fatigue, headache, respiratory disorder and nausea. Approximately one million buildings in the United States are sick buildings, within which 70 million people reside or work (Cone and Hodgson, 1989). These sick buildings do not include agricultural buildings such as animal facilities and grain elevators. Most of these agricultural structures have unique, often more serious, air quality problems.
Publications
- Zhang, Y. 2003. Indoor Air Quality Engineering. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. (600 Page Textbook).
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Airborne particulates spatial distribution (APSD) has a direct and profound effect on indoor air quality and occupational health. One of the challenges in indoor air quality studies is to measure the APSD so that the nature of particulate transportation can be better understood and appropriate control strategies can be implemented. The existing particulate sampling technology is a single point measurement, i.e., one measurement at one point at a time. It is critical to measure APSD across an airspace at multiple points during the same time period. Otherwise, the time required for each measurement point (typically on the order of hours or days for mass concentration) will introduce large errors in APSD which are highly time dependent. Specifically, the objectives of this proposed study are to: (1) Develop a 3-D airborne particulate spatial distribution (ASPD) sampling system based on the existing 2-D ASPD system for a full-scale testing room;(2) Develop a 3-D
Stereoscopic Particle Imaging Velocimetry (SPIV) system based on the existing 2-D PIV system for a full-scale testing room; (3) Measure 3-D ASPD and air velocity distributions in the full scale room with typical ventilation systems (such as conventional mixing and displacement) at iso- and non-isothermal conditions; and (4) Evaluate the effect of ventilation systems and air velocity distribution on airborne particulate spatial distribution.
Impacts
There is a lack of data to develop and validate models for airborne particulate spatial distribution (APSD), primarily because of the lack of techniques or instruments to measure multi-point APSD accurately. Particles behave differently from the carrying airflow. We have developed a unique APSD measurement system that allows us to acquire the needed information. We are using this technique to study the animal building particulate matter concentration and ventilation effectiveness. The application of this technology can be used for many other indoor environment studies such as medical and industrial facilities.
Publications
- He, B.J., Zhang, Y., Yin, Y., Funk, T.L. and Riskowski, G.L. 2001. Feedstock pH, initial CO amount, and solids content effects on the thermochemical conversion process of swine manure. Transactions of Amer. Soc. Agr. Engr. 44(3): 697-701.
- He, B.J., Zhang, Y., Yin, Y., Funk, T.L. and Riskowski, G.L. 2001. Preliminary characterization of raw oil products from the thermochemical conversion of swine manure. Transactions of Amer. Soc. Agr. Engr. 44(6): 1865-1872.
- Tan, Z.C. and Zhang, Y. 2002. Advances in centrifugal separators for particulate matter control from stationary sources. J. Thermal Science 11(3):283-288.
- Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Riskowski, G.L. and Ellis, M. 2002. Measurement and analysis of dust spatial distribution in a mechanically ventilated swine building. Biosystems Engineering 81(2): 225-236.
- He, B.J., Zhang, Y., Yin, Y., Funk, T.L. and Riskowski, G.L. 2001. Effect of alternative gases on the thermochemical conversion process of swine manure. Transactions of Amer. Soc. Agr. Engr. 44(6): 1873-1880.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
This project began in October 2001. Airborne particulates spatial distribution (APSD) has a direct and profound effect on indoor air quality and occupational health. One of the challenges in indoor air quality studies is to measure the APSD so that the nature of particulate transportation can be better understood and appropriate control strategies can be implemented. The existing particulate sampling technology is a single point measurement, i.e., one measurement at one point at a time. It is critical to measure APSD across an airspace at multi-points during the same time period. Otherwise, the time required for each measurement point (typically on the order of hours or days for mass concentration) will introduce large errors in APSD which are highly time dependent. Specifically, the objectives of this proposed study are to: (1) Develop a 3-D airborne particulate spatial distribution (ASPD) sampling system based on the existing 2-D ASPD system for a full-scale testing
room;(2) Develop a 3-D Stereoscopic Particle Imaging Velocimetry (SPIV) system based on the existing 2-D PIV system for a full-scale testing room; (3) Measure 3-D ASPD and air velocity distributions in the full scale room with typical ventilation systems (such as conventional mixing and displacement) at iso- and non-isothermal conditions; and (4) Evaluate the effect of ventilation systems and air velocity distribution on airborne particulate spatial distribution.
Impacts
There is a lack of data to develop and validate models for airborne particulate spatial distribution (APSD), primarily because of the lack of techniques or instruments to measure multi-point APSD accurately. Particles behave differently from the carrying airflow, thus the APSD could not be predicted accurately using existing CFD models. However, the air velocity field needs to be measured in pair with the APSD measurement because the APSD is largely affected by the airflow field. The SPIV measurement technology can provide a powerful tool to obtain the airflow field. Data acquired from this study can be used to develop numerical models by other researchers.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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