Progress 07/01/01 to 06/30/06
Outputs
No further accomplishments since 2005 report due to retirement of principal investigator.
Impacts
none
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Four hundred and twenty four Clemson tobacco breeding lines were evaluated for resistance to tobacco budworms, aphids, Black Shank, Granville Wilt, and tomato spotted wilt (TSWV). Thirty eight breeding lines with resistance to budworms or aphids had good agronomic characteristics and yields comparable to K 326. Approximately 25% had low to moderate levels of resistance to budworm or aphids. Nine lines expressed high levels of aphid resistance. Eighteen tobacco lines in our breeding program had 10 % or less of the plants infected with Black Shank as compared to 2 susceptible varieties which had 66 % plants infected with Black Shank. Black Shank resistant varieties (K 346 and Spt.168) had stand losses of 25 % and 10 %, respectively. Eight tobacco breeding lines had plant survival rates higher than Oxford 207 or Speight 168 in a Granville Wilt infested field in Marion county. These 8 lines had less than 55 % plant mortality as compared to 58 and 91 % mortality for 2
resistant varieties, Oxford 207 and Speight 168, respectively. Eighty tobacco breeding lines were screened in Colleton county for resistance to TSWV, and the tomato spotted wilt plant infection rates averaged 75 %. Two advanced breeding lines had less than 20 % of the plants expressing symptoms of tomato spotted wilt as compared to NC 2326 and K 346 which had 77.9 and 76.9 % infected plants, respectively. Three Clemson tobacco breeding lines passed the minimum standards of the Regional Small Plot Trials of the Flue-Cured Evaluation Committee in 2005. Tobacco plant made pharmaceutical research showed that different fertilization formulations and rates significantly affected biomass production. Very high nitrogen rates could burn or kill small tobacco plants. Fertilizer side-dressed or broadcast-incorporated resulted in similar biomass production. Row spacing was more of a convenience to a farmers available equipment. Closer row and plant spacings were more productive if the tobacco
plants were harvested for biomass before the button or flower stage. When using slow release fertilizers, the initial percent release should not be too high. Five experiments were conducted to evaluate insecticides for tobacco insect control. One experimental neonicotinoid looked promising as a potential new insecticide for tobacco insect control in 2005. It provided good control of aphids as tray drench and transplant water treatments.
Impacts
Tobacco is a major agronomic crop, and it plays a significant role in the economy of the tobacco producing states. Damage from insects and diseases cost the growers millions of dollars each year. The use of pest resistant tobacco cultivars could reduce the cost of production and alleviate pesticide concerns of consumers and environmentalists. These new aphid and budworm resistant tobacco lines that also have resistance to Black Shank, Granville Wilt, or tomato spotted wilt could significantly benefit farmers worldwide. Until insect plus disease resistant varieties are available, safe pesticides are needed. One experimental insecticide looked promising in 2005 for tobacco aphid control. This experimental could provide farmers with a good alternative insecticide for future tobacco aphid control and help them with insecticide resistance management. Some farmers have stopped growing tobacco, and they need alternative crops that they can produce for economic stability.
Tobacco plant made pharmaceutical production could provide farmers with an alternative to typical tobacco production.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Four hundred tobacco breeding lines were evaluated for multiple pest resistance in SC. The tobaccos were screened for resistance to tobacco budworms, aphids, Black Shank, Granville Wilt, and tomato spotted wilt. Approximately 10 % of the breeding lines with good aphid or budworm resistance had good agronomic qualities and yield. Ten tobacco breeding lines with resistance to insects had less than 4 % plant mortality from Black Shank in Florence county as compared to 70 % mortality for 2 commercial variety checks. Twelve breeding lines had a plant survival rate equal to or greater than Oxford 207 (a Granville Wilt resistant variety available to farmers) in a very heavily infested Granville Wilt field in Marion county. Sixteen tobacco lines exhibited high levels of disease resistance in a mixed population of Black Shank and Granville Wilt in Horry county. These 16 tobacco lines had less than 15 % plant mortality as compared to 93 % mortality for 2 susceptible commercial
varieties. One of the most resistant varieties available to farmers for Black Shank and Granville Wilt in that same field had a 63 % plant mortality rate. Ninety five tobacco genotypes resistant to insects were evaluated for resistance to tomato spotted wilt. Twelve advanced breeding lines had less than 10% of the plants expressing symptoms of tomato spotted wilt as compared to NC 2326 and K 346 that had 44 and 35 % infected plants, respectively. Four resistant breeding lines had less than 5 % of the plants infected with the tomato spotted wilt virus. Five Clemson tobacco breeding lines passed the minimum standards of the Regional Small Plot Trials of the Flue-Cured Evaluation Committee in 2004. CU 804 also passed the Regional Farm Test as a tobacco cultivar, and it may be released in the United States. Tobacco plant made pharmaceutical research was conducted to evaluate tobacco breeding lines as potential host plants. Several tobacco lines expressed good qualities for high biomass
production, fast growth, regrowth and branching ability, pest and disease resistance, and good growth at low or high plant density populations. Eight experiments were conducted in 2004 to evaluate insecticides for tobacco insect pests. Only one experimental compound (neonicotinoid) looked promising as a potential new insecticide for tobacco insect control. It provided good control of aphids as a foliar spray, tray drench, and transplant water treatment.
Impacts
Tobacco is a major agronomic crop, and it plays a significant role in the economy of the tobacco producing states. Damage from insects and diseases cost the growers millions of dollars each year. The use of pest resistant tobacco cultivars could reduce the cost of production and alleviate pesticide concerns of consumers and environmentalists. We have developed aphid and budworm resistant tobacco breeding lines with resistance to Black Shank, Granville Wilt, and tomato spotted wilt. Insects and diseases are major threats to tobacco production, and this type of resistance could be used worldwide to help reduce losses from these pests. Until insect plus disease resistant varieties are available, safe pesticides are needed. One experimental insecticide looked promising in 2004 for insect control. This experimental could provide farmers with a good alternative insecticide for future tobacco aphid control and help them with insecticide resistance management. Some farmers
have stopped growing tobacco, and they need alternative crops that they can produce for economic stability. Tobacco plant made pharmaceutical production could provide farmers with an alternative to typical tobacco production.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Tobacco breeding lines were evaluated for multiple pest resistance in SC. The tobaccos were screened for resistance to tobacco budworms, aphids, Black Shank, Granville Wilt, and tomato spotted wilt. Twenty two breeding lines with resistance to insects had less than 5 % of the plants infected with Black Shank as compared to a susceptible cultivar (NC 2326) with 54 % of the plants infected. Nine breeding lines had plant survival rates equal to Oxford 207 (resistant cultivar) in heavily infected Granville Wilt fields. Eighty tobacco genotypes resistant to insects were evaluated for tomato spotted wilt, and 17 entries expressed high levels of tomato spotted wilt resistance. CU 732 was released as a non transgenic tobacco line in late 2001, and it has expressed high levels of tomato spotted wilt resistance for the past 3 years. F1's and F2's from CU 732 crosses also have exhibited high levels of tomato spotted wilt resistance. An aphid resistant line (CU 884) passed the
minimum standards of the Regional Small Plot Trials of the Flue-Cured Evaluation Committee in 2003. CU 802 passed the Regional Farm Test as an aphid resistant tobacco cultivar, and it will be released in the United States. Four of six experimental insecticides evaluated in 2003 looked promising for control of the major tobacco insect pests. Denim, Capture, and S1812 gave good tobacco budworm and hornworm control as foliar applied insecticides. Two synthetic pyrethroid insecticides provided good hornworm control, but the efficacy for one was only fair for tobacco budworm control. An experimental neonicotinoid provided some control of aphids and poor control of flea beetles in 2003, but the efficacy was not as good as that provided by Admire or Platinum.
Impacts
Tobacco is a major agronomic crop, and it plays a significant role in the economy of the tobacco producing states. Damage from insects and diseases cost the growers millions of dollars each year. The use of pest resistant tobacco cultivars could reduce the cost of production and alleviate pesticide concerns of consumers and environmentalists. We have developed aphid and budworm resistant tobacco breeding lines with resistance to Black Shank, Granville Wilt, and tomato spotted wilt. Insects and diseases are major threats to tobacco production, and this type of resistance could be used worldwide to help reduce losses from these pests. Until insect plus disease resistant varieties are available, safe pesticides are needed. Four experimental insecticides looked promising this year for insect control. These experimentals could provide farmers with good alternative insecticides for future tobacco insect control and help them with insecticide resistance management.
Publications
- Martinez-Ochoa, N., A. S. Csinos, E. B. Whitty, A.W. Johnson, and M. J. Parrish. 2003. First report on the incidence of mixed infections of Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in tobacco grown in Georgia, South Carolina, and Virginia. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2003-0417-01-HN.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Seven hundred tobacco breeding lines were evaluated for tobacco budworm and aphid resistance. Seventy five were also evaluated for Granville Wilt resistance. Forty three percent with resistance to budworms or aphids exhibited Granville Wilt resistance and yields comparable to resistant commercial cultivars. Forty breeding lines with insect resistance were evaluated for black shank resistance, and they had 65% less diseased plants than the susceptible check varieties. Fifty seven aphid resistant tobaccos were also evaluated for resistance to tomato spotted wilt. Several tobacco entries expressed moderate to high levels of tomato spotted wilt resistance. As a result of this study, CU 732 was released as a non-transgenic tobacco breeding line with resistance to tomato spotted wilt in South Carolina. Three aphid resistant lines and one tobacco budworm resistant line (CU 781, CU 785, CU 802, and CU 804) passed the minimum standards of the Regional Small Plot Trials of the
Flue-Cured Evaluation Committee in 2002. CU 748 also passed the Regional Farm Test as the first aphid resistant tobacco cultivar to be released in the United States. Four of seven experimental insecticides provided good tobacco insect control and look promising as potential new insecticides. Denim and S1812 are foliar insecticides that gave good tobacco budworm and hornworm control. Two synthetic pyrethroid insecticides provided good hornworm control, but their efficacy on tobacco budworms was only fair.
Impacts
Tobacco is a major agronomic crop, and it plays a significant role in the economy of the tobacco producing states. Damage from insects and diseases cost the growers millions of dollars each year. The use of resistant tobacco cultivars could reduce the cost of production and alleviate pesticide concerns of consumers and environmentalists. We developed the first aphid resistant tobacco variety (CU 748) to be released in the United States. Aphids are the number one insect pest problem on tobacco in the world, and this type of resistance could be used worldwide. CU 748 could be used by farmers in commercial or organic tobacco production. We also developed the first non-transgenic tobacco germplasm (CU 732) released in the United States with resistance to tomato spotted wilt. Tomato spotted wilt is a major disease threat to tobacco production in SC, NC, and Ga, and many farmers lost 25% of their crop to this disease in 2002. Because of this urgent situation, we released
the CU 732 germplasm to other states and universities in an effort to find a quick solution. CU 732 could be used in breeding programs to develop insect and disease resistant tobacco to help reduce tobacco losses to tomato spotted wilt. Until insect plus disease resistant varieties are available, safe pesticides are needed. Four experimental insecticides looked promising this year for insect control. These experimentals could provide farmers with good alternative insecticides for tobacco insect control and help them with their insecticide resistance management.
Publications
- Johnson, A. W., V. A. Sisson, M. E. Snook, B. A. Fortnum, and D. M. Jackson. 2002. Aphid resistance and leaf surface chemistry of sugar ester producing tobaccos. J. Entomol. Science 37: 154-165.
- Jackson, D.M., A.W. Johnson, and M.G. Stephenson. 2002. Survival and development of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae on isogenic tobacco lines with different levels of alkaloids. J. Econ. Entomol. 95: 1294-1302.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Five hundred and eighty five tobacco breeding lines were evaluated for tobacco budworm and aphid resistance. Seventy six were also evaluated for Granville Wilt resistance. Twenty percent of the breeding lines with resistance to budworms or aphids exhibited disease resistance and yield comparable to resistant commercial cultivars available to tobacco farmers. Thirty two aphid resistant tobaccos were also evaluated for resistance to tomato spotted wilt. Certain tobacco genotypes were less susceptible to tomato spotted wilt than the commercial varieties used as checks. The percent plants showing symptoms of tomato spotted wilt infection was 1.3, 5.4, 9.5, and 7.4% for CU 732, CU 752, CU 748, and CU 617, respectively, as compared to 22.9% for NC 2326. Three aphid resistant lines (CU 630, CU 748, and CU 758) passed the minimum standards of the Regional Small Plot Trials of the Flue-Cured Evaluation Committee in 2001. Four of five experimental insecticides provided good
tobacco insect control and look very promising as new insecticides. Denim, Steward, and S1812 are foliar insecticides that gave good tobacco budworm and hornworm control. None of the plant growth regulators evaluated significantly improved plant growth or insect control when tank mixed with or without an insecticide. Platinum was very effective as a systemic insecticide applied as a tray drench or transplant water treatment for control of aphids and flea beetles.
Impacts
Tobacco is a major agronomic crop, and damage from insects and diseases reduce tobacco farmers profits each year. The use of an aphid resistant tobacco cultivar could help alleviate pesticide concerns and reduce the cost of production. Aphid resistant cultivars would also benefit the farmers that grow organic tobacco since aphids are a serious problem. There are no tomato spotted wilt resistant cultivars available for farmer use, and some aphid resistant breeding lines look promising as a means of reducing tomato spotted wilt. Until resistant varieties are available, safe insecticides are needed. Several experimental insecticides looked promising this year for insect control. These experimentals could provide farmers with good alternative insecticides for tobacco insect control and help them with their insecticide resistance management.
Publications
- Johnson, A. W., V. A. Sisson, M. E. Snook, B. A. Fortnum, and D. M. Jackson. 2002. Aphid resistance and leaf surface chemistry of sugar ester producing tobaccos. Journal of Entomological Science 36:
- Fortnum B. A., A. W. Johnson, and S. A. Lewis. 2001. Analysis of 1,3-dichloropropene for control of Meloidogyne species in a tobacco pest management system. Supplement to the Journal of Nematology 33:
- Fortnum B. A., S. A. Lewis, and A. W. Johnson. 2001. Crop rotation and nematicides for management of mixed populations of Meloidogyne spp. on tobacco. Supplement to the Journal of Nematology 33:
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