Progress 07/01/01 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The Arnot Forest germplasm collections of American ginseng, collected from wild populations include accessions from NY, ME, NH, MA, NC, TN, KY, PA, WV, OH, AK, VA. NY accessions include 8 populations from the Catskill Mountain region of NY. A 3 year comparison of the effect of genotype and environment on ginsenoside concentration these 8 wild NY populations has been published Lim et al. (2005). Ginsenoside content from each of the 8 populations (P) was analyzed at the time of collection (T0) and again, 2 years after transplanting (T2) to 2 different forest garden locations (L). Rb1 was the most abundant ginsenoside, but unlike previous reports, the next most abundant was Rg1 rather than Re. At T0 there were significant effect of P on Rg1, Re, Rc, and Rd, and significant effects of root age (A) on Rc, Rb2 and a significant PxA interaction for Rb1. Rb1 increased with A for some populations but decreased for others. At T2 there were significant effects of P for Rg1, Re, Rd, while L had significant effects on all ginsenosides except Re. Ranking of populations differed depending on ginsenoside, hence, the importance of genotype and environment was not the same for all ginsenosides. Re was influenced by genotype but not by environment, whereas Rb1, Rc and Rb2, were influenced only by environment, and Rg1 and Rd were influenced by both. Consistently, ginsenoside levels were lower but growth was higher at the less intensively managed location. RAPD PCR based molecular characterization of these 8 NY populations and others from outside NY indicated that the 8 NY populations could not be distinguished from each other but were genetically different from the non NY populations (submitted Planta Medica, Feb, 2006). This surprising lack of genetic distance (GD) among the NY populations was based on low resolution sampling of populations across a relatively wide geographic area (5 counties in and adjacent to the Catskill mountain region of NY). Comparison of GD among wild populations at a higher level of resolution (11 populations within the 4000 acre experimental forest in Central, NY) is underway. During the summer of 2005 leaf samples were collected from each of 11 wild populations collectively representing well over 1000 individual wild ginseng plants. Individual plants in these populations have been documented using GPS instrumentation and entered into GPS. DNA extraction from leaf samples collected during 2005 is underway for RAPD analysis using the protocol described by Lim et al (2005), to test the hypothesis that these geographically isolated, contiguous populations are genetically homogeneous due in part to pollen exchange. Other project related research has been completed involving greenhouse experiments to test the effects of gypsum (CaSO4) soil amendment, and drought stress (submitted HortTechnology, January, 2006) on growth and ginsenoside content of American ginseng. Relationship of these greenhouse-imposed drought stress to project objectives and field performance of American ginseng is discussed in the PhD Dissertation of W. Lim (2004). PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The North American ginseng germplasm collection at Cornell University's Arnot Forest and at Uhlein Forest is a valuable resource from which to evaluate the relative contributions of genotype and environment on wild ginseng populations and on woods-grown ginseng production and quality. Complex interactions among root age, population of origin and production site suggest that clonal selection of ginseng genotypes with for enhanced production and quality will be a complex undertaking, requiring a more complete understanding of the role of each of these factors. The lack of genetic differences suggested by RAPD analysis suggests that native Catskill ginseng populations may either be surprisingly homogenous or that considerable anthropogenic genetic pollution has occurred. More intensive sampling from both within and outside the Catskills will be required to resolve this issue. Results of gypsum application experiments to date suggest that gypsum amendment is unlikely to be cost effective or otherwise beneficial for ginseng production.
Publications
- Lim, W, KW Mudge and F Vermeylen. 2005. Effects of population, age, and cultivation methods on ginsenoside content of wild American ginseng. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(22):8498-505.
- Lim, W, K Mudge, Weston, L. 2006. Utilization of RAPD markers to assess genetic diversity of wild populations of North American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium), Planta Medica, In Press (electronic publication: http://www.thieme-connect.com/ejournals/html/plantamedica/doi/10.1055 /s-2006-951768).
- Lim, W., K. Mudge, et al. 2006. Effect of Water Stress on Ginsenoside Production and Growth of American Ginseng, Panax quinquefolium. HortTechnology 16(3): 517-522.
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Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
Forest farming, is an agroforestry system well suited for the Northeast, and involves cultivating under story crops beneath the canopy of an established woodlot in a way that is both economically and environmental sustainable. Mushrooms suited for growing on freshly harvested wood are one such forest crop. The main experiment is a 3 way complete factorial involving 3 mushroom species (Shiitake, Oyster mushroom, and Lion's Mane), 4 tree substrate (log) species (red oak, big tooth aspen, beech and red maple), and 2 moisture management regimes (wax log ends or not). Each of the 24 treatments was replicated ten times (10 logs). Moisture loss was monitored during the first (2006) and second (2007) growing seasons, and as expected, mushroom production began during the second growing season (2007). For Shiitake mushroom which fruited most abundantly, tree species, waxing and sampling date had a statistically significant effects on the substrate log moisture content (%) (LMC)
in October, 2007, with oak and aspen having the highest %LMC (approx. 35%) and red maple and beech (approx. 28%). Log moisture status expressed as % fresh weight loss, was greater for red maple and beech (approx. 17%) than for poplar (approx. 10%) and red oak (7%). Rapid moisture loss of red maple was consistent with observation that the thin bark was often cracked and lifting away from the underlying wood. Waxing of the ends of the logs had a small but statistically significant effect on LMC (waxed > un waxed).On a fresh weight basis, production of shiitake mushrooms was greatest on beech logs (approx. 170 g/log), followed by red maple (130 g/L), and red oak (120). Aspen logs, on the other hand produced almost no mushrooms at all. This is surprising considering that aspen (and oak) had significantly higher LMC than red maple or beech. Oyster mushrooms were produced only on beech logs (approx 60 g/log) and aspen (approx 15 g/log) logs. Given that experimental results and tentative
conclusion have only been accumulating over the 2007 growing season, and data has been complied and analyzed during Fall 2007. have only been communicated informally to mushroom growers and prospective growers. Project-related workshops during Spring 2008 will be used to present result results and tentative recommendations. In addition, a web site is under development to foster communication and information among growers and those who aspire to become such.
Impacts
We are able to draw the following tentative conclusion / recommendations from the experimental data that has been analyzed during Fall 2007. 1) During the first growing season Shiitake mushrooms fruit well on red oak, red maple, and beech, but not at all on aspen. 2) Moisture loss was least for red oak and aspen, and almost twice as great from red maple and beech. 3) the failure of Shiitake to grow on aspen is notable, and if it holds up during the 2nd fruiting season it will be an important recommendation (avoid aspen). 4) While mushroom production on red maple and beech is comparable to red oak, greater moisture loss suggests that red maple and beech will not perform as well during subsequent growing seasons. These conclusions and recommendations will be presented during several workshops during Spring 2008. In addition, a web site is under development to foster communication and information among growers and those who aspire to become such.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
The Arnot Forest germplasm collections of American ginseng, collected from wild populations include accessions from NY, ME, NH, MA, NC, TN, KY, PA, WV, OH, AK, VA. NY accessions include 8 populations from the Catskill Mountain region of NY. A 3 year comparison of the effect of genotype and environment on ginsenoside concentration these 8 wild NY populations has been published Lim et al. (2005). Ginsenoside content from each of the 8 populations (P) was analyzed at the time of collection (T0) and again, 2 years after transplanting (T2) to 2 different forest garden locations (L). Rb1 was the most abundant ginsenoside, but unlike previous reports, the next most abundant was Rg1 rather than Re. At T0 there were significant effect of P on Rg1, Re, Rc, and Rd, and significant effects of root age (A) on Rc, Rb2 and a significant PxA interaction for Rb1. Rb1 increased with A for some populations but decreased for others. At T2 there were significant effects of P for Rg1, Re,
Rd, while L had significant effects on all ginsenosides except Re. Ranking of populations differed depending on ginsenoside, hence, the importance of genotype and environment was not the same for all ginsenosides. Re was influenced by genotype but not by environment, whereas Rb1, Rc and Rb2, were influenced only by environment, and Rg1 and Rd were influenced by both. Consistently, ginsenoside levels were lower but growth was higher at the less intensively managed location. RAPD PCR based molecular characterization of these 8 NY populations and others from outside NY indicated that the 8 NY populations could not be distinguished from each other but were genetically different from the non NY populations (submitted Planta Medica, Feb, 2006). This surprising lack of genetic distance (GD) among the NY populations was based on low resolution sampling of populations across a relatively wide geographic area (5 counties in and adjacent to the Catskill mountain region of NY). Comparison of GD
among wild populations at a higher level of resolution (11 populations within the 4000 acre experimental forest in Central, NY) is underway. During the summer of 2005 leaf samples were collected from each of 11 wild populations collectively representing well over 1000 individual wild ginseng plants. Individual plants in these populations have been documented using GPS instrumentation and entered into GPS. DNA extraction from leaf samples collected during 2005 is underway for RAPD analysis using the protocol described by Lim et al (2005), to test the hypothesis that these geographically isolated, contiguous populations are genetically homogeneous due in part to pollen exchange. Other project related research has been completed involving greenhouse experiments to test the effects of gypsum (CaSO4) soil amendment, and drought stress (submitted HortTechnology, January, 2006) on growth and ginsenoside content of American ginseng. Relationship of these greenhouse-imposed drought stress to
project objectives and field performance of American ginseng is discussed in the PhD Dissertation of W. Lim (2004).
Impacts
The North American ginseng germplasm collection at Cornell University's Arnot Forest and at Uhlein Forest is a valuable resource from which to evaluate the relative contributions of genotype and environment on wild ginseng populations and on woods-grown ginseng production and quality. Complex interactions among root age, population of origin and production site suggest that clonal selection of ginseng genotypes with for enhanced production and quality will be a complex undertaking, requiring a more complete understanding of the role of each of these factors. The lack of genetic differences suggested by RAPD analysis suggests that native Catskill ginseng populations may either be surprisingly homogenous or that considerable anthropogenic genetic pollution has occurred. More intensive sampling from both within and outside the Catskills will be required to resolve this issue. Results of gypsum application experiments to date suggest that gypsum amendment is unlikely to
be cost effective or otherwise beneficial for ginseng production.
Publications
- Lim, W, KW Mudge and F Vermeylen. 2005. Effects of population, age, and cultivation methods on ginsenoside content of wild American ginseng. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(22):8498-505.
- Lim, W, K Mudge, Weston, L. 2006. Utilization of RAPD markers to assess genetic diversity of wild populations of North American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium), Planta Medica, In Press (electronic publication: http://www.thieme-connect.com/ejournals/html/plantamedica/doi/10.1055 /s-2006-951768).
- Lim, W., K. Mudge, et al. 2006. Effect of Water Stress on Ginsenoside Production and Growth of American Ginseng, Panax quinquefolium. HortTechnology 16(3): 517-522.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
The Arnot Forest germplasm collections of American ginseng, collected from wild populations include accessions from NY, ME, NH, MA, NC, TN, KY, PA, WV, OH, AK, VA. NY accessions include 8 populations from the Catskill Mountain region of NY. A 3 year comparison of the effect of genotype and environment on ginsenoside concentration these 8 wild NY populations has been published Lim et al. (2005). Ginsenoside content from each of the 8 populations (P) was analyzed at the time of collection (T0) and again, 2 years after transplanting (T2) to 2 different forest garden locations (L). Rb1 was the most abundant ginsenoside, but unlike previous reports, the next most abundant was Rg1 rather than Re. At T0 there were significant effect of P on Rg1, Re, Rc, and Rd, and significant effects of root age (A) on Rc, Rb2 and a significant PxA interaction for Rb1. Rb1 increased with A for some populations but decreased for others. At T2 there were significant effects of P for Rg1, Re,
Rd, while L had significant effects on all ginsenosides except Re. Ranking of populations differed depending on ginsenoside, hence, the importance of genotype and environment was not the same for all ginsenosides. Re was influenced by genotype but not by environment, whereas Rb1, Rc and Rb2, were influenced only by environment, and Rg1 and Rd were influenced by both. Consistently, ginsenoside levels were lower but growth was higher at the less intensively managed location. RAPD PCR based molecular characterization of these 8 NY populations and others from outside NY indicated that the 8 NY populations could not be distinguished from each other but were genetically different from the non NY populations (submitted Planta Medica, Feb, 2006). This surprising lack of genetic distance (GD) among the NY populations was based on low resolution sampling of populations across a relatively wide geographic area (5 counties in and adjacent to the Catskill mountain region of NY). Comparison of GD
among wild populations at a higher level of resolution (11 populations within the 4000 acre experimental forest in Central, NY) is underway. During the summer of 2005 leaf samples were collected from each of 11 wild populations collectively representing well over 1000 individual wild ginseng plants. Individual plants in these populations have been documented using GPS instrumentation and entered into GPS. DNA extraction from leaf samples collected during 2005 is underway for RAPD analysis using the protocol described by Lim et al (2005), to test the hypothesis that these geographically isolated, contiguous populations are genetically homogeneous due in part to pollen exchange. Other project related research has been completed involving greenhouse experiments to test the effects of gypsum (CaSO4) soil amendment, and drought stress (submitted HortTechnology, January, 2006) on growth and ginsenoside content of American ginseng. Relationship of these greenhouse-imposed drought stress to
project objectives and field performance of American ginseng is discussed in the PhD Dissertation of W. Lim (2004).
Impacts
The North American ginseng germplasm collection at Cornell University's Arnot Forest and at Uhlein Forest is a valuable resource from which to evaluate the relative contributions of genotype and environment on wild ginseng populations and on woods-grown ginseng production and quality. Complex interactions among root age, population of origin and production site suggest that clonal selection of ginseng genotypes with for enhanced production and quality will be a complex undertaking, requiring a more complete understanding of the role of each of these factors. The lack of genetic differences suggested by RAPD analysis suggests that native Catskill ginseng populations may either be surprisingly homogenous or that considerable anthropogenic genetic pollution has occurred. More intensive sampling from both within and outside the Catskills will be required to resolve this issue. Results of gypsum application experiments to date suggest that gypsum amendment is unlikely to
be cost effective or otherwise beneficial for ginseng production.
Publications
- Lim, W. 2004. Population, characterization of Panax quinquefolium with ginsenoside analysis and randomally amplified polymorphic DNA markers, PhD Dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
- Mudge, KW, Wansang Lim, J P Lardner and R L Beyfuss. 2004. Effects of Population and Age on Ginsenoside Content of American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.), Acta Hort. (ISHS) 629:161-166
- Lim, W, KW Mudge, and F Vermeylen. 2005. Effects of Population, Age, and Cultivation Methods on Ginsenoside Content of Wild American Ginseng ( Panax quinquefolium), J. Agric. Food Chem. 53:8498-8505
- Lim, W.S. 2005. Effects of Interactions among age, cultivation method (location) and population on ginsenoside content of wild Panax quinquefolium L, one year after transplanting from wild. Korean J. Medicinal Crop Sci. 13: 254-261.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
The Arnot Forest / Uhlein Forest germplasm collections of American ginseng from collected from wild populations now includes accessions from NY, ME, NH, MA, NC, TN, KY, PA, WV, OH, AK, VA. The NY accessions at the Arnot include 8 populations from the Catskill Mountain region of NY. A multiyear experimental comparison of the effect of genotype and environment on ginsenoside concentration these 8 wild NY populations has been completed. Ginsenoside content from each of the 8 populations (P) was analyzed at the time they were collected (T0) and again, 2 years (T2) after transplanting to 2 different forest garden locations (L). Rb1 was the most abundant ginsenoside, but unlike previous reports, the next most abundant was Rg1 rather than Re. Rg1 and Re levels were inversely related among populations and even among roots from within populations. At T0 there were significant effect of P on Rg1, Re, Rc, and Rd, and significant effects of root age (A) on Rc, Rb2 and a
significant PxA interaction for Rb1. Rb1 increased with A for some populations but decreased for others. At T2 there were significant effects of P for Rg1, Re, Rd, while L had significant effects on all ginsenosides except Re. Ranking of populations differed depending on ginsenoside, hence, the importance of genotype and environment was not the same for all ginsenosides. Re was influenced by genotype but not by environment, whereas Rb1, Rc and Rb2, were influenced only by environment, and Rg1 and Rd were influenced by both. Consistently, ginsenoside levels were lower but growth was higher at the less intensively managed location. In a separate experiment, it was determined that the levels of Rc, Rb2, and Rd were higher in root cortical tissue than medullary tissue. As reported last year, RAPD PCR based molecular characterization of these 8 NY populations and others from outside NY indicated that the 8 NY populations could not be distinguished from each other but were genetically
different from the non NY populations. This surprising lack of genetic distance among the NY populations was based on low resolution sampling of populations across a wide geographic area (5 adjacent NY counties). We are attempting to compare genetic distance among wild populations at a higher level of resolution. During the summer of 2004 we thoroughly explored the 4000+ acre Arnot forest and located approximately 1000 individual wild ginseng plants which cluster into 6 distinct putative populations. Wild populations were located using GPS mapped onto a GIS database for the Arnot. Leaf samples were collected from over 400 individual plants from the 6 populations and PCR / RAPD analysis is being conducted during the winter of 2005 to test the hypothesis these geographically isolated populations are genetically similar.
Impacts
The North American ginseng germplasm collection at the Arnot Forest and the Uhlein Forest is a valuable resource from which to evaluate the relative contributions of genotype and environment on woods-grown ginseng production and quality. The collection has contributed not only to our research but has been used by others as well. Our results show that genotype and environment roles differ for different ginsenosides, which suggest that forest farming of ginseng should focus on both environmental optimization as well as genotype selection. The lack of genetic differences among 8 widely distributed NY populations suggested by RAPD analysis suggests that native Catskill ginseng populations may either be surprisingly homogenous or that considerable anthropogenic genetic pollution has occurred. More intensive sampling from both within and outside the Catskills is expected to answer shed important light on regulatory policies for conservation of wild ginseng populations as
well as lead to genetic improvement of cultivated populations.
Publications
- Lim, Wansang. 2004. Population characterization of Panax quinquefolium with ginsenoside analysis and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers, Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Wild American ginseng was collected from 8 populations (P) within the Catskill region of NY State, and from 7 populations outside the Catskills including NY, KY, NC, PA, TN, VA, and WS. Roots from each of the 8 Catskill populations were planted at two forest garden sites (S) differing in production intensity: intensive woods-cultivation (WC) and less intensive wild-simulated (WS). Quality assessed by analysis of the pharmacologically active ginsenosides, was evaluated at the time of planting (T0, Fall, 2000) and at the end of two successive growing seasons (T1, T2). Root yield (root FW) was generally greater at the more intensively cultivated WC site, but only one of the 8 wild populations had significantly greater yield than the others. There was considerable variation in ginsenosides within as well as among populations. Ginsenoside Rb1 was the most abundant, followed by Rg1, Re, Rc, and Rd. Abundance of Rb1 and Re were negatively correlated. For all ginsenosides
there were differences among forest garden sites, and there were differences among populations for Rg1, Re, Rb2, Rd and total ginsenoside, although in most cases the effects of location and population varied over the course of the experiment as indicated by significant TxS and TxP interactions. RAPD markers were used to estimate genetic differences among all 14 populations using PCR amplified nuclear DNA. Fifteen random primers were selected from a total of 64 random decamer primers by screening bulked DNA samples from the 8 Catskill populations. These 15 primers were then used to compare 10 plants each from the eight Catskill populations and 3 to 4 plants each from the non Catskill populations. The 15 primers produced 124 polymorphic bands. The genetic distance within and among populations was estimated using the ration of discordant bands to total bands scored. Multidimensional scaling of the relation matrix (MDS) showed separate clusters between Catskill and non Catskill
populations. The integrity of the clusters was confirmed using pooled chi-square tests for fragment homogeneity. Although the 8 Catskill populations differed from the non Catskill populations, there were no significant differences among the Catskill populations. This study shows that the presence and absence of bands can be used for population specific markers for American ginseng. Although there may be some level of genetic differences among Catskill populations, 10 plants per population was not sufficient to clearly establish such differences.
Impacts
One of the most important results to emerge from this study is that different ginsenoside behaved differently with respect to the relative contribution of population source and environment. In the case of the most abundant ginsenoside Rb1, in 2002 there was a marked difference between sites, with roots from the less intensively cultivated WS site being significantly higher in Rb1 (regardless of population) than roots from the WC site. In this case, differences among populations were minimal. However in the case of the next most abundant ginsenoside Re, the situation is reversed. There were minimal differences among garden sites but significant differences among populations. Not surprisingly maximim quantitative yields can be achieved by the more intensive woods cultivation system, but maximization of quality (ginsenoside content) is a complex interaction between environmental conditions, population source and age. The lack of genetic differences among NY Catskill
populations requires further investigation, but suggests that it conservation plans need not take into consideration preservation of distinct local populations. A broader survey of NY populations from both within and outside the Catskills will be necessary to determine if this can be applied to NY ginseng populations as a whole. The presence of Re in all roots from Broom County NY in the WC site, but its complete absence at the WS site suggests that this could be used identify an Re-related gene.
Publications
- Mudge, K.W., Lim, W., Lardner, J.P. and Beyfuss, R.L. 2004. Effects of Population and Age on Ginsenoside Content of American Ginseng (Panax Uinquefolium L.). Acta Hort. (ISHS) 629:161-166 http://www.actahort.org/books/629/629_23.htm
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) is valued in traditional Asian medicine, and its use in Western countries has increased in recent years. The value of artificially-cultivated ginseng is much lower than that of woods-cultivated or wild-collected ginseng, but populations of the latter are threatened throughout its range. Our goal is what factors influence the concentration of the pharmacologically active ginsenosides. Age-related increase in ginsenosides have been reported by several authors but variation among wild populations has not been considered. Ginsenoside analysis via HPLC was performed on roots collected from 8 different NY State populations. Statistical analysis of the effects of population and age on ginsenoside content indicated that there was a significant effect of both on ginsenoside Rc, a significant interaction between population and age for ginsenosides Rb1 and Rb2, and a significant three way interaction between population, age and root fresh
weight for Re. Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rb2 increased with age for some populations but not for other populations. We conclude that the prevailing generalization that ginsenosides increase with root age cannot be applied to wild North American ginseng without taking into consideration population differences. The effects of population on ginsenoside content is likely to be related not only to environmental differences among collection sites but also genetic differences since there was considerable (several fold) variation in the content of ginsenosides within single populations.
Impacts
It is likely that selection and cloning of individual roots for higher ginsenoside content could be a useful strategy for improvement of this medicinal crop. These results also suggest that populations could be selected based on their sensitivity to age and fresh weight-related increase in ginsenosides concentration.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
An experiment was initiated involving roots of 8 ginseng genotypes . Roots were planted at 3 different locations (2x8 factorial) to test the effects of genotype and environment on ginsenoside production and plant performance. Time zero analysis indicated significant interaction effects of genotype and root age on ginsenoside levels. Root samples were harvested at the end of one year and are being analyzed.
Impacts
Since both the source and planting location have an effect on ginseng quality, farmers should consider both in their activities.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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