Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/06
Outputs
In the past five years this project has focused on Stewarts bacterial wilt, northern corn leaf blight (NCLB), common smut and sensitivity of sweet corn to postemergence herbicides. Over 60 countries place quarantine restrictions on maize seed to prevent the introduction of Erwinia stewartii. Kernel infection by E. stewartii is affected substantially by the level of host resistance. Kernel infection is about 0.013% and 0.11% for hybrids with resistant and moderately resistant reactions. Rates of transmitting E. stewartii from seed to seedlings are 0.038% or lower. Thus, there is an exceedingly low probability of introducing E. stewartii to areas where it does not occur by transmitting the bacterium in grain or seed of corn hybrids or inbreds with moderate levels of Stewarts wilt resistance. While there is no evidence that seed treatment chemicals alter the sensitivity of the ELISA-based seed health test for E. stewartii, regulatory agencies have required that maize seed
submitted for Stewarts wilt phytosanitary tests have no seed treatment chemicals. Our experiments found no evidence that fungicide or insecticide seed treatments interfered with the sensitivity of the ELISA-based seed health test to detect E. stewartii in maize seed. Incidence of systemic infection by E. stewartii and yield reductions in sweet corn due to Stewarts wilt are affected by levels of host resistance and the growth stage at which resistance effectively prevents systemic movement of E. stewartii within plants. Regression equations describing these relationships were used to identify when seed treatment insecticides were economical control tactics for Stewarts wilt. Neonicotinoid insecticides applied as seed treatments reduce the incidence of Stewarts wilt on sweet corn by 60% to 90%. The level of control from clothianidin, imidacloprid, or thiamethoxam applied to seed at rates from 0.125 to 1.25 mg ai per kernel increased about 1.85% for each 0.1 mg ai of an insecticide
applied to seed. Clothianidin provided about 8% more control than the other insecticides at the same rate of application. The economic values of seed treatment insecticides to processing and fresh market sweet corn differed due to substantial differences in the value of these crops. Densities of the corn flea beetles and incidence of systemic Stewarts wilt were examined to develop a threshold of two beetles per monitoring trap per day for application of a foliar insecticide to control corn flea beetles and minimize Stewarts wilt in processing sweet corn. Four of five cycles of recurrent mass selection for general resistance to Exserohilum turcicum race 1 reduced the severity of NCLB 4% to 14% per cycle in four populations of sweet corn. The frequency of the Ht1 gene did not differ among cycles of selection and there was no apparent selection advantage for resistance to E. turcicum race 1 in the populations that contained the Ht1 gene. Thus, we conclude that the Ht1 gene did not have a
residual effect on resistance. However, the Ht1 gene reduced severity of NCLB by as much as one-third when Ht1-virulent isolates (i.e., race 1) comprised less than 25% of the initial E. turcicum population.
Impacts
Research on northern leaf blight and Stewarts wilt in sweet corn and transmission of Erwinia stewartii in seed improve our capacity to produce sweet corn and to export corn seed crops. The risk of introducing E. stewartii in maize seed is astonishingly low and the potential for damage if Stewarts wilt become established in some areas is less than previously estimated. This research should provide for more scientifically-based quarantine decisions with regard to E. stewartii. Similarly, control of Stewarts wilt in sweet corn will be improved by integration of host resistance and insectidal controls evaluated in this work. Enhanced levels of northern leaf blight in sweet corn populations are due to improved levels of polygenic (general) resistance rather than the presence of the Ht1 gene (i.e. residual resistance). However, the Ht1 gene reduces severity of NCLB by as much as one-third when Ht1-virulent isolates comprised 25% or less of the E. turcicum population.
Reduction in NCLB severity due to the Ht1 gene was more substantial on hybrids with susceptible backgrounds than on those with general resistance. Research on Usilago maydis further establishes methods that can be used to effectively produce huitlacoche as a specialty crop in the U.S. Identification of simply-inherited cross-sensitivity in sweet corn to multiple postemergence herbicides is extremely useful in developing a solution to herbicide injury in certain sweet corn hybrids.
Publications
- Campana, A. and Pataky, J.K. 2005. Frequency of the Ht1 gene in populations of sweet corn selected for resistance to Exserohilum turcicum race 1. Phytopathology 95:85-91.
- Clements, M.J., Campbell, K.W., Maragos, C.M. Pilcher, C., Headrick, J.M., Pataky, J.K. and White, D.G. 2003. Influence of Cry1Ab protein and hybrid genotype on fumonisin contamination and Fusarium ear rot of corn. Crop Sci. 43:1283-1293.
- Clements, M.J., Kleinschmidt, C.E., Maragos, C.M., Pataky, J.K. and White, D.G. 2003. Evaluation of inoculation techniques for Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination of corn. Plant Dis. 87:147-153.
- Clements, M.J., Maragos,C.M., Pataky, J.K. and White, D.G. 2004. Sources of resistance to fumonisin contamination and Fusarium ear rot of corn. Phytopathology 94:251-260.
- Cook, K.A., Weinzierl, R.A., Pataky, J.K., Esker, P.D. and Nutter, Jr., F.W. 2005. Population densities of corn flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysmelidae) and incidence of Stewarts wilt in sweet corn. J. Econ. Entomol. 98:673-682.
- Kleinschmidt, C.E., Clements, M.J., Margos, C.M., Pataky, J.K. and White, D.G. 2005. Evaluation of food-grade dent corn hybrids for severity of Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin accumulation in grain. Plant Dis. 89:291-297.
- Kleinsleinschmidt, C.E., Pataky, J.K, Maragos, C.M. and White, D.G. 2002. Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin production in food-grade dent corn and sweet corn. Pg. 215-217, In: 2002 MWFPA Processing Crops Manual and Proceedings, Midwest Food Processors Associations, Madison, WI.
- Michener, P.M., Freeman, N.D. and Pataky, J.K. 2003. Relationships between reactions of sweet corn hybrids to Stewarts wilt and incidence of systemic infection by Erwinia stewartii. Plant Dis. 87:223-228.
- Michener, P.M. and Pataky, J.K. 2002. Stewarts wilt reactions of South African maize varieties inoculated with Erwinia stewartii in field and greenhouse trials. African Plant Protection 8:33-40.
- Michener, P.M., Pataky, J.K. and White, D.G. 2002. Rates of transmitting Erwinia stewartii from seed to seedlings of a sweet corn hybrid susceptible to Stewarts wilt. Plant Dis. 86:1031-1035.
- Michener, P.M., Pataky, J.K. and White, D.G. 2002. Transmission of Erwinia stewartii from plant to kernels and reactions of corn hybrids to Stewarts wilt. Plant Dis. 86:167-172.
- Pataky, J.K. 2003. Reactions of sweet corn hybrids to prevalent diseases: October 2003. Pg 82-99. Midwest Vegetable Variety Trial Report for 2003, Purdue University, AES Bulletin No 824.
- Pataky, J.K. 2004. Stewarts wilt of corn. The Plant Health Instructor. DOI:10.1094/PHI-I-2004-0113-01.
- Pataky, J.K., Block, C.C., Michener, P.M., Shepherd, L.M., McGee, D.C. and White, D.G. 2004. Ability of an ELISA-based seed health test to detect Erwinia stewartii in maize seed treated with fungicides and insecticides. Plant Dis. 88:633-640.
- Pataky, J., Campana, A. and Michener, M. 2002. Reactions of sweet corn hybrids to Rp1-D-virulent rust. Pg. 75-85 In: 2002 MWFPA Processing Crops Manual and Proceedings, Midwest Food Processors Associations, Madison, WI.
- Pataky, J. Campana, A. and Babadoost, M. 2002. Controlling common rust on sweet corn with strobilurin fungicides. Pg. 87-90 In: 2002 MWFPA Processing Crops Manual and Proceedings, Midwest Food Processors Associations, Madison, WI.
- Pataky, J.K. and Chandler, M.A. 2003. Production of huitlacoche, Ustilago maydis: Timing inoculation and controlling pollination. Mycologia 95:1261-1270.
- Campana. A. and Pataky, J.K. 2005. Frequency of the Ht1 gene in populations of sweet corn selected for resistance to Exserohilum turcicum race 1. Phytopathology 95:85-91.
- Pataky, J.K. and Ikin, R. 2003. The risk of introducing Erwinia stewartii in maize seed. International Seed Federation Pest Risk Analysis on Erwinia stewartii in maize. http://worldseed.org/phytosanitary.htm
- Pataky, J.K., and Ledencan T. 2006. Resistance conferred by the Ht1 gene in sweet corn infected by mixtures of virulent and avirulent Exserohilum turcicum. Plant Dis. 90:771-776.
- Pataky, J.K., Michener, P.M., Freeman, N.D., Whalen, J.M., Hawk, J.A., Weldekidan, T. and Teyker, R.H. 2005. Rates of seed treatment insecticides and control of Stewarts wilt in sweet corn. Plant Dis. 89:262-268.
- Pataky, J.K. and Snetselaar, K.M. 2006. Common smut of corn. The Plant Health Instructor DOI:10.1094/PHI-I-2006-0927-01.
- Williams II, M.M., Pataky, J.K., Nordby, J.N., Riechers, D.E., Sprague, C.L. and Masiunas, J.B. 2005. Cross-sensitivity in sweet corn to postemergence applications of nicosulfuron and mesotrione. HortSci. 40:1801-1805.
|
Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Nicosulfuron and mesotrione are herbicides from different chemical families with different modes of action. An association between the sensitivity of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) to nicosulfuron and mesotrione was observed when hybrids, inbreds, and S1 families (S2 plants) were screened for herbicide sensitivity in field trials. Segregation of S1 families for response to mesotrione was not significantly different from a 1:2:1 pattern of sensitive: segregating: tolerant families which would be expected if sensitivity was conditioned by a single recessive gene. Segregation of S1 families for response to nicosulfuron was 15:23:26 (sensitive: segregating: tolerant) which was slightly different from an expected 1:2:1 ratio. Similar responses of the S1 families to nicosulfuron and mesotrione lead us to hypothesize that the same recessive gene is conditioning sensitivity to both herbicides. Possibly, this gene is common in the inbreds and hybrids that were sensitive in these
trials. Densities of the corn flea beetle, Chaetocnema pulicaria Melsheimer, and incidence of Stewarts wilt of corn, caused by the bacterium Erwinia stewartii, were monitored on Jubilee sweet corn planted sequentially from April to September at four locations in Illinois in two years. The maximum incidence of Stewarts wilt ranged from 2% to 99% among the plantings. The relationship between numbers of beetles captured on 15-cm square yellow sticky traps and the number observed on leaves and in whorls of V6 seedlings and the relationship between disease incidence and corn flea beetle density was described by regression. In 24 plots where beetle densities were less than 2 per trap per day, incidence was below 5% in 20 plots and above 10% in 3 plots. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to determine the percentage of corn flea beetles harboring E. stewartii. Infectivity peaked between 54% and 76% at southern locations. A threshold of 2 beetles per trap per day or 1
infective beetle per trap per day might be used as a threshold for application of a foliar insecticide to control corn flea beetles and minimize Stewarts wilt in processing sweet corn. The possibility that the Ht1 gene or genes tightly linked to Ht1 convey general resistance to races of Exserohilum turcicum that are virulent against Ht1 (i.e., residual resistance) could be useful in sweet corn where the Ht1 gene is present in many commercial hybrids and breeding populations. Four of five cycles of recurrent mass selection for general resistance to E. turcicum race 1 reduced the severity of NCLB in four populations of sweet corn. Percent gain (in resistance) per cycle ranged from 4% to 14%. The frequency of the Ht1 gene did not differ among cycles of selection within any of the populations. There was no apparent selection advantage for resistance to E. turcicum race 1 in the populations that contained the Ht1 gene. The lack of change in frequency of Ht1 in these populations and the
similarity in gain per cycle among populations with and without Ht1 lead us to conclude that the Ht1 gene itself did not have a residual effect on resistance.
Impacts
Identification of simply-inherited cross-sensitivity in sweet corn to multiple postemergence herbicides is extremely useful in developing a solution to herbicide injury in certain sweet corn hybrids. Further research to identify if the putative gene is allelic in widely-used commercial germplasm could result in breeding strategies to eliminate herbicide sensitivity from adapted sweet corn germplasm. Associations between flea beetle densities and incidence of Stewarts wilt might be used to develop thresholds for application of a foliar insecticide to control corn flea beetles and minimize Stewarts wilt in processing sweet corn. The lack of a residual effect of the Ht1 gene on E. turcicum race 1 indicates that enhanced levels of northern leaf blight control is due to improved levels of polygenic (general) resistance in adapted sweet corn hybrids rather than the presence of the Ht1 gene. Hence, emphasis on general resistance should be greater than on backcrossing Ht
genes in sweet corn breeding programs.
Publications
- Campana, A. and Pataky, J.K. 2005. Frequency of the Ht1 gene in populations of sweet corn selected for resistance to Exserohilum turcicum race 1. Phytopathology 95:85-91.
- Cook, K.A., Weinzierl, R.A., Pataky, J.K., Esker, P.D. and Nutter, Jr., F.W. 2005. Population densities of corn flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysmelidae) and incidence of Stewarts wilt in sweet corn. J. Econ. Entomol. 98:673-682.
- Kleinschmidt, C.E., Clements, M.J., Margos, C.M., Pataky, J.K. and White, D.G. 2005. Evauluation of food-grade dent corn hybrids for severity of Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin accumulation in grain. Plant Dis. 89:291-297.
- Pataky, J.K., Michener, P.M., Freeman, N.D., Whalen, J.M., Hawk, J.A., Weldekidan, T. and Teyker, R.H. 2005. Rates of seed treatment insecticides and control of Stewarts wilt in sweet corn. Plant Dis. 89:262-268.
- Williams II, M.M., Pataky, J.K., Nordby, J.N., Riechers, D.E., Sprague, C.L. and Masiunas, J.B. 2005. Cross-sensitivity in sweet corn to postemergence applications of nicosulfuron and mesotrione. HortSci. 40:1801-1805.
|
Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
Neonicotinoid insecticides applied as seed treatments reduced the incidence of Stewarts wilt on sweet corn by 60% to 90%. The efficacy of clothianidin (Poncho), imidacloprid (Gaucho) and thiamethoxam (Cruiser) applied to seed at rates from 0.125 to 1.25 mg ai per kernel were evaluated in 11 field trials in Illinois and Delaware. The level of control increased about 1.85% for each 0.1 mg ai of an insecticide applied to seed. Clothianidin provided about 8% more control than the other insecticides at the same rate of application. The economic values of seed treatment insecticides to processing and fresh market sweet corn differed due to substantial differences in the value of these crops. Results from these studies were combined with results from yield loss studies and from hybrid evaluations to make recommendations of hybrids to which seed treatments insecticides were economical. Over 60 countries place quarantine restrictions on maize seed to prevent the introduction
of Erwinia stewartii. While there is no evidence that seed treatment chemicals alter the sensitivity of the ELISA-based seed health test for E. stewartii, regulatory agencies have been cautious by requiring that maize seed submitted for Stewarts wilt phytosanitary tests have no seed treatment chemicals. Two sets of experiments were done to examine if seed treatment chemicals affected the ability of an ELISA-based seed health test to detect E. stewartii. There was no consistent evidence from these experiments that fungicide or insecticide seed treatments interfered with the sensitivity of the ELISA or altered low (e.g., 0.5) or high (e.g. 1.4 to 1.9) absorbance values. The ability of the ELISA-based seed health test to detect E. stewartii in maize seed was not affected by these seed treatments. Based on results from these trials, the Iowa Department of Agrictulture modified the seed health test for Erwinia stewartii by allowing seed treated with these chemicals to be tested by ELISA.
Impacts
Research on control of Stewarts wilt in sweet corn and transmission of Erwinia stewartii in seed of field corn improve our capacity to produce sweet corn and to export seed crops of field corn.
Publications
- Campana, A. and Pataky, J.K. 2004. Frequency of the Ht1 gene in populations of sweet corn selected for resistance to Exserohilum turcicum race 1. Phytopathology 95:(Accepted).
- Clements, M.J., Maragos, C.M., Pataky, J.K. and White, D.G. 2004. Sources of resistance to fumonisin contamination and Fusarium ear rot of corn. Phytopathology 94:251-260.
- Pataky, J.K. 2003. Reactions of sweet corn hybrids to prevalent diseases. Pg 82-99. Midwest Vegetable Variety Trial Report for 2003, Purdue University, AES Bulletin No 824.
- Pataky, J.K. 2004. Stewarts wilt of corn. The Plant Health Instructor. DOI:10.1094/PHI-I-2004-0113-01.
- Pataky, J.K., Block, C.C., Michener, P.M., Shepherd, L.M., McGee, D.C. and White, D.G. 2004. Ability of an ELISA-based seed health test to detect Erwinia stewartii in maize seed treated with fungicides and insecticides. Plant Dis. 88:633-640.
- Pataky, J.K. and Ikin, R. 2003. The risk of introducing Erwinia stewartii in maize seed. International Seed Federation Pest Risk Analysis on Erwinia stewartii in maize. http://worldseed.org/phytosanitary.htm.
- Pataky, J., Michener, P., Campana, A., Ledencan, T. and Sprauge, C. 2003. Sweet corn hybrid disease nursery 2003. Pg 67-81. Midwest Vegetable Variety Trial Report for 2003, Purdue University, AES Bulletin No 824.
- Pataky, J.K., Michener, P.M., Freeman, N.D., Whalen, J.M., Hawk, J.A., Weldekidan, T. and Teyker, R.H. 2004. Rates of seed treatment insecticides and control of Stewarts wilt in sweet corn. Plant Dis. 89 (Accepted).
|
Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Ustilago maydis causes a destructive disease of corn known as common smut. Huitlacoche is the Mexican name given to young, fleshy, edible galls that form when ears of corn are infected by U. maydis. Huitlacoche is processed and sold fresh at markets in Mexico. Interest has increased recently in producing U. maydis as a specialty mushroom in the United States. Silk channel inoculation methods developed to evaluate common smut resistance in corn can be used to produce huitlacoche commercially. Our research assessed the effects of time of inoculation and preventing pollination on the severity of ear galls and yield of huitlacoche produced by inoculating silks with U. maydis. Yield of huitlacoche and severity of ear galls were closely related. Severity and yield were greatest when ears were inoculated between 4 and 8 days after the mid-silk growth stage. Ear galls were 5 to 15% more severe and yield of huitlacoche was 18 to 150% greater on ears that were not pollinated
compared to those that were pollinated. Maximum yield of huitlacoche was 131 g/ear from unpollinated male sterile field corn inoculated 6 days after the mid-silk growth stage and 92 g/ear from detasseled sweet corn inoculated six days after mid-silk. About 25% of the total weight of ears consisted of marketable huitlacoche when yields were highest. Quality of huitlacoche was not affected by time of inoculation or pollination treatments, but quality of huitlacoche harvested 12 to 14 days after inoculation was unacceptable primarily due to lack of teliospores, which affected color and flavor. Sweet corn hybrid reactions to Stewart's wilt, caused by Erwinia stewartii, affected the incidence of systemic infection in field situations and they affected the growth stage at which resistance effectively prevented systemic movement of E. stewartii within plants in greenhouse trials. These relationships were described by linear and quadratic regression equations that were used to plan more
effectively when seed treatment insecticides were necessary to control Stewart's wilt.
Impacts
Research on U. maydis further establishes methods that can be used to effectively produce huitlacoche as a speciality crop in the U.S. Information on relationships between sweet corn hybrid reactions to Stewart's wilt and systematic infection can be used to determine more effectively when to apply other control measures such as seed treatment insecticides.
Publications
- Clements, M.J., Campbell, K.W., Maragos, C.M., Pilcher, C., Headrick, J.M., Pataky, J.K. and White, D.G. 2003. Influence of Cry1 Ab protein and hybrid genotype on fumonisin contamination and fusarium ear rot of corn. Crop Sci. 43:1283-1293.
- Clements, M.J., Kleinschmidt, C.E., Maragos, C.M., Pataky, J.K. and White, D.G. 2003. Evaluation of inoculation techniques for Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination of corn. Plant Dis. 87:147-153.
- Michener, P.M., Freeman, N.D. and Pataky, J.K. 2003. Relationships between reactions of sweet corn hybrids to Stewart's wilt and incidence of systemic infection by Erwinia stewartii. Plant Dis. 87:223-228.
|
Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
The objective of this research was to determine the likelihood of seed transmission of Stewart's wilt, a disease which has limited the imports of U.S. corn by South Africa. Seed harvested from 98 food-grade, white corn hybrids, 3 yellow dent corn hybrids, and 23 sweet corn hybrids inoculated with Erwinia stewartii were assayed for E. stewartii using an ELISA-based seed health test. Kernel infection was affected substantially by the level of host resistance (i.e., reactions of seed parent plants). For hybrids classified as resistant, kernel infection was about 0.013%. For hybrids with moderate reactions to Stewart's wilt, kernel infection was estimated at 0.11%. For hybrids with susceptible reactions to Stewart's wilt, kernel infection was about 9.5%. Based on high levels of Stewart's wilt resistance in food-grade, white corn hybrids and low rates of kernel infection by E. stewartii in resistant and moderate hybrids, there is an exceedingly low probability of
introducing E. stewartii to areas where it does not occur by transmitting the bacterium in grain of the food-grade, white corn hybrids evaluated in this study. Rates of transmitting Erwinia stewartii from seed to seedlings were estimated from field grow-outs of seedlings grown from seed infected with E. stewartii. Infected seed were produced on a Stewart's wilt susceptible sweet corn hybrid, Jubilee. Approximately 205,200 seedlings were grown in three trials. Based on estimates of kernel infection in each seed lot and plant populations in each grow-out trial, about 58,300 seedlings were grown. Seedlings at the 2- to 3-leaf stage were examined for symptoms. Infected plants were confirmed by microscopic observations of bacterial ooze and by ELISA. Fifty-nine of the approximately 58,300 seedlings grown from infected seed were infected with E. stewartii based on symptoms of Stewart's wilt and E. stewartii-positive leaf tissue samples. Twenty-two of these 59 seedlings probably were
infected from seed-to-seedling transmission of E. stewartii and 37 probably were the result of natural infection due to the presence of flea beetles in the trial in Dekalb, IL. Twenty-two infected seedlings from 58,300 infected kernels corresponds to a seed-to-seedling transmission rate of 0.038%. This rate of seed-to-seedling transmission of E. stewartii is substantially lower than seed transmission rates reported in the first half of the 20th century. It is similar to seed-to-seedling transmission rates reported from other recent research. Eight maize hybrids available commercially in the Republic of South Africa and the S1 generation of 25 South African varieties had resistant or moderate reactions to Stewart's wilt based on 2 years of field trials in Urbana, IL. These levels of resistance are sufficient to minimize the effects of Stewart's wilt on yield. Therefore, the unlikely introduction of E. stewartii to southern Africa would have very little effect on the performance of the
South African varieties evaluated in this study.
Impacts
This research clearly establishes that the risk of introducing Erwinia stewartii in maize seed is astonishingly low and that the potential for damage if Stewart's wilt become established in some areas (e.g., southern Africa) where it does not occur is less than previously estimated. This information is important in assessing the potential risk of introducing E. stewartii to southern Africa, and it informs breeders and pathologists in southern Africa about potential sources of resistance to Stewart's wilt in germplasm that is highly adapted for their area.
Publications
- Kleinschmidt, C.E., Pataky, J.K., Maragos, C.M. and White, D.G. 2002. Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin production in food-grade dent corn and sweet corn. Pg. 215-217, in: 2002 MWFPA Processing Crops Manual and Proceedings, Midwest Food Processors Association, Madison, WI.
- Michener, P.M., Pataky, J.K. and White, D.G. 2002. Rates of transmitting Erwinia stewartii from seed to seedlings of a sweet corn hybrid susceptible to Stewart's wilt. Plant Dis. 86:1031-1035.
- Michener, P.M. and Pataky, J.K. 2002. Stewart's wilt reactions of South African maize varieties inoculated with Erwinia stewartii in field and greenhouse trials. African Plant Protection 8: (accepted 11 September 2002).
- Michener, P.M., Pataky, J.K. and White, D.G. 2002. Transmission of Erwinia stewartii from plant to kernels and reactions of corn hybrids to Stewart's wilt. Plant Dis. 86:167-172.
- Pataky, J.K., Campana, A. and Michener, P.M. 2002. Reactions of sweet corn hybrids toRp1-virulent rust. Pg. 75-85 in: 2002 MWFPA Processing Crops Manual and Proceedings, Midwest Food Processors Association, Madison, WI.
- Pataky, J.K., Campana, A. and Babadoost, M. 2002. Controlling common rust on sweet corn with strobilurin fungicides. Pg. 87-90 in: 2002 MWFPA Processing Crops Manual and Proceedings, Midwest Food Processors Association, Madison, WI.
|
Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
This project started on October 1, 2001 and we have no results to report at this time.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- No publications reported this period
|
|