Progress 07/01/01 to 06/30/04
Outputs
It was found that turkeys with chronic infections with L. monocytogenes had biofilms of this pathogen growing in the knee joint area and which were not readily detectable by conventional sampling methods. These results thus give new insights in risk assessment evaluations of which processing steps should receive more emphasis in the future. It was found that the more highly virulent poultry isolates of C. jejuni invaded hybridoma cells within 2.5 hours. In similar work with human isolates, the usefulness of PFGE fingerprint patterns produced by various human isolates of C. jejuni to distinguish the relative pathogenicity/virulence behaviors of these isolates was evaluated. It was found that the ability of a given C. jejuni strain to attach and penetrate the INT-407 cells or to cause cytotoxigenic effects on another cell line, HeLa, was correlated with the presence in that isolate of a separate circular piece of DNA, termed a 50-kilobase size plasmid. the use of
bacteriophages were investigated as a treatment for the live bird lower GI tract to reduce and control Salmonella infections. In young chick challenged by oral dosing, one CE mixture reduced Campylobacter by almost 5 logs (equal to a 100,000-fold reduction) while another CE preparation containing some lactic bacteria gave somewhat variable results, reducing numbers up to 5 logs. Three DNA-based projects were continued. How related various Salmonella strains were to one another when isolated from different sources was determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and a numerical procedure termed variable number tandem repeats, VNTR and based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Continued progress was made on two biosensor projects aimed at detection of Salmonella and EHEC. An antibody-impedance based sensor was able to detect initial cell numbers of 500,000 or 5 cells in 2.2 or 9.3 hours, respectively. For a second biosensor, based on a self-assembled
monolayer-piezoelectric/antibody sensor, a dip-and-dry sampling method worked best compared to immersion or flow through sampling and yielded a minimum detection limit of 1,000 cells/ml for the latter pathogen. If the federal government decides to allow a non-zero tolerance for L. monocytogenes in foods, there will be need for a quantitative method, not just the current presence/absence method. Toward that end, two new promising monoclonal antibodies (MAb) with detection ability for L. monocytogenes were developed and evaluated. Progress was reported on development of a model for persistence of Salmonella and Campylobacter jejuni in poultry production by using Monte Carlo simulations and building "nodes" for key areas including the hatchery, growout, processing and distribution areas. Further progress was reported on usefulness of immunoblots to concurrently monitor three major bacterial pathogens on processed raw poultry. This method showed that the counts of Salmonella and Listeria
per carcass were consistently low at less than 1,000 CFU for both pre- and post-chill stages.
Impacts
The Food Safety Consortium emphasizes research that focuses on these general areas of food safety: risk assessment, education, consumers, control/intervention strategies, sampling protocols and methodology. The FSC accomplishes this research through the distribution of its grant to several separate projects by different principal investigators whose work is coordinated to encourage collaboration.
Publications
- Gilbert, C., D. Winters, A. OLeary and M. Slavik. 2003. Development of triplex PCR assay for the specific detection of Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli 0157:H7. Cellular and Molecular Probes 17: 135-138.
- Gilbert, C., D. Winters, A. OLeary, H. Wang and M.F. Slavik. 2003. Development of a multiplex PCR assay for the specific detection of Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli 0157:H7. Journal of Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology, 11: 61-74.
- Huff, G.R., W.E. Huff, J.M. Balog, N.C. Rath and R.S. Izard. 2004. The effects of water supplementation with vitamin E and sodium salicylate (Uni-Sol) on the resistance of turkeys to Escherichia coli respiratory infection. Avian Diseases, 48: 324-331.
- Zhu, M., I.V. Wesley, R. Nannapaneni, M. Cox, A. Mendonca, M.G. Johnson and D.U. Ahn. 2003. The role of vitamin E in experimental L. monocytogenes infections in turkeys. Poultry Science, 82 (No 10): 1559-1564.
- Bielke, L.R., A.L. Elwood, D.J. Donoghue, A.M. Donoghue, L.A. Newberry, N.K. Neighbor and B.M. Hargis, 2003. Approach for selection of individual enteric bacteria for competitive exclusion in turkey poults. Poultry Science 82: 1378-1382.
- Cho, M.J., R.W. Buescher, M.G. Johnson and M.E. Janes. 2004. Inactivation of pathogenic bacteria by cucumber volatiles (E,Z)-2,6-Nonadienal and (E)-2-Nonenal. Journal of Food Protection, 67 (No. 5): 1014-1016.
- Eswaranandam, S., N.S. Hettiarachchy, and M.G. Johnson. 2004. Antimicrobial activity of citric, lactic, malic or tartaric acids and nisin-incorporated soy protein film against Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella gaminara. Journal of Food Science, 69 (3): FMS 79-84.
- Gilbert, C., and M. Slavik. 2004. Determination of toxicity of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from humans and from poultry carcasses acquired at various stages of production. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 97 (2): 347-353.
- Huff, W.E., G.R. Huff, N.C. Rath, J.M. Balog and A.M. Donoghue. 2004. Bacteriophage: potential role in food safety. In: Preharvest and Postharvest Food Safety Contemporary Issues and Future Directions, R.C. Beier, S.D. Pillai, T.D. Phillips, R. L. Ziprin (eds.), Blackwell Publishing, Ames, Iowa.
- Huff, W.E., G.R. Huff, N.C. Rath, J.M. Balog and A.M. Donoghue. 2003. Bacteriophage treatment of a severe Escherichia coli respiratory infection in broiler chickens. Avian Diseases, 47: 1399-1405.
- Liu, Y., J. Ye and Y. Li. 2003. Rapid detection of E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef, chicken carcass and lettuce samples with an immunomagnetic chemiluminescence fiber-optic biosensor. Journal of Food Protection, 66 (3): 512-517.
- Mendonca, A., M.G. Romero, M.A. Lihono, R. Nannapaneni and M.G. Johnson. 2004 Radiation resistance and virulence of L. monocytogenes Scott A following starvation in physiological saline. Journal of Food Protection, 67 (No. 3): 470-475.
- Pantin-Jackwood, M.J., T.P. Brown, Y. Kim and G.R. Huff. 2004. Proventriculitis in broiler chickens: effects of immunosuppression. Avian Diseases, 48: 300-316.
- Su, X.L., and Y. Li. 2004. A self-assembled monolayer-based piezoelectric immunosensor for rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 19 (6): 563-574.
- Varshney, M., Y. Li, R. Nannapaneni, M.G. Johnson and C.L. Griffis. 2003. A chemiluminescence biosensor coupled with immunomagnetic separation for rapid detection of Salmonella Typhimurium. Journal of Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology, 11 (No. 2): 111-131.
- Yang, H., B. Swem, Y. Cheng and Y. Li. 2003. Efficacy of cetylpyridinium chlorine on Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in immersion spray treatment of fresh-cut lettuce. Journal of Food Science, 68 (3): 1008-1012.
- Yang, H., B. Swem and Y. Li. 2003. The effects of pH on inactivation of pathogenic bacteria on fresh-cut lettuce by dipping treatment with electrolyzed water. Journal of Food Science, 68 (3): 1013-1017.
- Yang, L., Y. Li and G. Erf. 2004. Interdigitated array microelectrode-based electrochemical impedance immunosensor for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Analytical Chemistry, 76 (4): 1107-1113.
- Yang, L, Y. Li, C.L. Griffis and M.G. Johnson. 2004. Interdigitated microelectrode (IME) impedance sensor for the detection of viable Salmonella Typhimurium. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 19: 1139-1147.
- Yang, L., C. Ruan and Y. Li. 2003. Detection of viable Salmonella Typhimurium by impedance measurement of electrode capacitance and medium resistance. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 19 (5): 495-502.
|
Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
The home environments of 19 subjects (aged 2 months to 19 years) were evaluated as a source of Campylobacter. Using consents from 11 of the 19 subjects, samplings were made but no confirmed isolates were obtained. Later tests with artificially inoculated surfaces revealed this pathogen died off in just 12 hours if 500 to 1,000 cells were used. The negative results for home testing was due to this die-off and the fact that there was a seven-to-10-day delay form subject diagnosis and home ampling. This quantitative risk assessment question is being addressed using a target hybridoma cell (HC) line as the host and challenging with different concentrations of L. monocytogenes or C. jejuni. It was found that when added at a ratio of 1,000 L.m. cells per 1 HC, that the virulent strains killed in two hours while adding just 200 L.m. cells gave much less kill. For C.j., the results indicated that for an exposure of two hours it took a ratio of 10,000 C. jejuni cells to 1 HC
to kill the host but when added at 1,250 cells per 1 HC there was little death. A quantitative risk assessment model for Salmonella and C. jejuni using Analytica was established and tested at hatchery, growout and processing stages using Monte Carlo simulations. Some innovative and promising pathogen control measures at the pre-harvest stage included use of competitive exclusion cultures (CEC) and lytic bacteriophages to control or reduce Salmonella. In CEC tests, it was found that use of nine component CEC should protect young poults at day of hatch from oral challenges of 100 to 1,000 cells of Samonellal enteritidis (S.e.). The CE9 CEC when diluted eliminated S.e. at 24 hours and reduced S.e. at the 48- or 72-hour sampling times. Lytic phage active against Salmonella gave encouraging results in tests as rinses for carcasses and for in situ feces. The phage preparation led to 80-86 percent reductions of S.e. populations in feces at 24-hour post treatment. For carcasses inoculated
with 150-200 cells of S.e., a phage treatment with 10 billion particles reduced carcasses positive for S.e. in rinse tests from 94 percent for control to just 10 percent for treated. Another project looked at transmission of S.e. and C.j. to turkeys via the semen collected at farms. The initial counts were surprisingly high, log 8.5-8.9 for C. j. and log 6.5 to 8.1 for S.e. Additions of semen extenders with antibiotics (gentamycin,tylosin or enrofloxacin) gave no reductions of C.j. counts. In grow-out houses for broiler chickens, it was shown that the litter beetle was a possible but likely not primary vector/source for horizontal transmission of C.j. A less laborious, user friendly method was evaluated for Campylobacter enumeration on raw broiler carcasses. Immunoblot counts for Campylobacter in rinses from carcasses were as high as 1 million cells per carcass whereas counts of Listeria and Salmonella were usually less than 1,000 cells. Screening rinses from raw retail broiler
carcasses indicated 30-40 percent of the usual 10,000 total Campylobacter recovered were resistant to ciprofloxacin at 10-20 micrograms/ml.
Impacts
The Food Safety Consortium emphasizes research that focuses on these general areas of food safety: risk assessment, education, consumers, control/intervention strategies, sampling protocols and methodology. The FSC accomplishes this research through the distribution of its grant to several separate projects by different principal investigators whose work is coordinated to encourage collaboration.
Publications
- Tang, S., N.S. Hettiarachchy, R. Horax and S. Eswaranandam. 2003. Physicochemical properties and functionality of rice bran protein prepared from heat-stabilized defatted rice bran with aid of enzymes. Journal of Food Science, 68 (1): 152-157.
- Tang, S., N.S. Hettiarachchy, E. Satchithanandam and P. Crandall. 2003. Protein extraction from heat-stabilized defatted rice bran: II. The role of amylase, celluclast and viscozyme in proteins extraction. Journal of Food Science, 68 (2): 471-475.
- Tellez, G., G.M. Nava, J.L. Vincente, D.J. Donoghue, A.M. Donoghue, W.E. Huff, J.M. Balog, S. Higgins, L. Sutton and B.M. Hargis. 2003. Evaluation of dietary Aspergillus meal prebiotic (Fermacto) on poult performance, intestinal strength, tibial diameter and tibial strength: Hatch to 30 days of age. Poultry Science, 82: 67.
- Xie, L., N.S. Hettiarachchy, M.E. Janes and M. Johnson. 2003. Antimicrobial activity of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract on Listeria monocytogenes. Journal of Food Science, 68 (1): 268-270.
- Xie, L., N.S. Hettiarachchy, R. Cai, K. Tsuyuhami and S. Kokeida. 2003. Conversion of isoflavone glycosides to aglycones in soyLife and soymeal using diglucosidase. Journal of Food Science, 68 (2): 427-430.
- Yang, H., B. Swem, Y. Cheng and Y. Li. 2003. Efficacy of cetylpyridinium chlorine on Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in immersion spray treatment of fresh-cut lettuce. Journal of Food Science, 68 (3): 1008-1012.
- Yang, H., B. Swem and Y. Li. 2003. The effects of pH on inactivation of pathogenic bacteria on fresh-cut lettuce by dipping treatment with electrolyzed water. Journal of Food Science, 68 (3): 1013-1017.
- Balog, J.M., B.D. Kidd, W.E. Huff, G.R. Huff, N.C. Rath and N. B. Anthony. 2003. Effect of cold stress on broilers selected for resistance or susceptibility to Ascites Syndrome. Poultry Science, 82: 1383-1387.
- Bielke, L.R., A.L. Elwood, D.J. Donoghue, A.M. Donoghue, L.A. Newberry, N.K. Neighbor and B.M. Hargis. 2003. Approach for selection of individual enteric bacteria for competitive exclusion in turkey poults. Poultry Science, 82: 1378-1382.
- Huff, G.R., W.E. Huff, J.M. Balog and N.C. Rath. 2003. The effects of behavior and environmental enrichment on disease resistance of turkeys. Brain, Behavior and Immunity, 17: 339-349. Huff, W.E., G.R. Huff, N.C. Rath, J.M. Balog and A.M. Donoghue. 2003. Evaluation of bacteriophage aerosol spray and intramuscular injection of bacteriophage to treat Escherichia coli respiratory infection of broilers. Poultry Science. 82: 1108-1112.
- Jarquin, R.L., G.M. Nava, A.D. Drake, S.E. Higgins, L.A. Newberry, D.J. Donoghue, A.M. Donoghue and B.M. Hargis. 2003. Effect of selected feed or water acidifiers on enteric pH of chicks. Poultry Science, 82: 81.
- Liu, Y., J. Ye and Y. Li. 2003. Rapid detection of E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef, chicken carcass and lettuce samples with an immunomagnetic chemiluminescence fiber-optic biosensor. Journal of Food Protection, 66 (3): 512-517.
- McGlynn, W.G., D.R. Davis, P.G. Crandall and E.E. Gbur 2003. Quality evaluation of pinto beans and green beans canned in two large reusable containers. Journal of Food Science, 68 (6): 2102-2106.
- McGlynn, W.G., D.R. Davis, M.G. Johnson and P.G. Crandall. 2003. Modified spore inoculation method for thermal-process verification of pinto beans and green beans canned in two large reusable containers. Journal of Food Science, 68 (3): 988-991.
- Murphy, R.Y., L.K. Duncan, K.H. Driscoll, B.L. Beard, M.E. Berrang and J.A. Marcy. 2003. Determination of thermal lethality for Listeria monocytogenes in fully cooked chicken breast meat products during postcook in-package pasteurization. Journal of Food Protection, 66: 578-583.
- Murphy, R.Y., L.K. Duncan, K.H. Driscoll, and J.A. Marcy. 2003. Lethality of Salmonella and Listeria innocua in fully cooked chicken breast meat products during postcook in-package pasteurization. Journal of Food Protection, 66:242-248.
- Ruan, C., H. Wang, L. Yang and Y. Li. 2003. Detection of viable Listeria monocytogenes in milk using an electrochemical method. Journal of Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology, 11 (1): 11-22.
|
Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Progress was reported on development of a model for persistence of Salmonella and Campylobacter jejuni in poultry production by using Monte Carlo simulations and building "nodes" for key areas including the hatchery, growout, processing and distribution areas. Further progress was reported on usefulness of immunoblots to concurrently monitor three major bacterial pathogens on processed raw poultry. This method showed that the counts of Salmonella and Listeria per carcass were consistently low at less than 1,000 CFU for both pre- and post-chill stages. Conversely, for Campylobacter, the pre-chill counts were higher than the post-chill counts with maximum CFU/carcass being 32,000 versus 1,700. A survey of consumers about their general perceptions of irradiated food products revealed that consumers report a general high degree of confidence in technical information reported in scientific publications from universities about irradiated foods. However, the same survey
showed that most consumers get most of their information about the benefits and risks of irradiated food products coming not from scientific but from popular media sources (64 percent from radio and television, 54 percent from newspapers and 38 percent from magazines). The role of the common litter beetle in spreading and maintaining pathogen contamination in broiler houses was investigated. Incidences of Salmonella and Campylobacter in the feces of beetles and broilers were determined. Selected beetle control measures managed to greatly reduce litter beetle numbers in growout houses, but there were no similar reductions of these pathogens in the feces from the broilers. A patented process claimed helpful for reducing bacterial spoilage bacteria on catfish fillets and using vacuum with ascorbic acid and sodium chloride (Grovac process) was tested for ability to reduce Salmonella inoculated onto raw chicken breast meat. Results showed that the treating such meat with the Grovac process
before irradiation with1 kGy dose gave no greater reduction in Salmonella counts that did plain vacuum infusion with tap water alone. Pediocin is a bacteriocin inhibitory to L. monocytogenes on cooked poultry. A pediocin building block, pre-pediocin, was shown to accumulate inside cells of the producer organism. Work continued on better methods to rapidly detect pathogens on poultry. Eighty-three percent of 72 fresh raw broilers sampled at retail from three outlets were positive for Campylobacter using a pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) DNA fingerprinting method. For all samples tested, 67 percent were found to contain more than one PFGE distinguishable strain fingerprint. However, 97 percent of the broiler samples purchased from the same store on the same day had the same PFGE pattern, suggesting that the PFGE method may be useful for traceback in some cases. Promising results were obtained for three different physical-chemical based biosensor strategies to rapidly detect
pathogens. An immuno-electric based method had minimum sensitivity of detection for Salmonella and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) of 1,000 and 60 CFU/ml within 2.5 hours total time.
Impacts
The Food Safety Consortium emphasizes research that focuses on these general areas of food safety: risk assessment, education, consumers, control/intervention strategies, sampling protocols and methodology. The FSC accomplishes this research through the distribution of its grant to several separate projects by different principal investigators whose work is coordinated to encourage collaboration.
Publications
- Armitage, D.B., N.S. Hettiarachchy and M.A. Monsoor. 2002. Natural antioxidants as component of an egg albumen film in the reduction of lipid oxidation in cooked and uncooked poultry. Journal of Food Science, 67 (2): 631-634.
- Janes, M.E., T. Cobbs, S. Kooshesh and M.G. Johnson. 2002. Survival differences of enterohemorrhagic E. coli 0157:H7 strains in three apple varieties at various temperatures and during temperature abuse. Journal of Food Protection, 65 (No. 7): 1075-1080.
- Murphy, R.Y., L.K. Duncan, E. R. Johnson, M. D. Davis and J.N. Smith. 2002. Thermal inactivation D- and Z-values of Salmonella serotypes and Listeria innocua in chicken patties, chicken tenders, franks, beef patties, and blended beef and turkey patties. Journal of Food Protection, 65: 53-60.
- Ruan, C.M., and Y. Li. 2002. Rapid detection of viable Salmonella typhimurium in a selective medium by monitoring oxygen consumption with electrochemical cyclic voltammetry. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 519 (1-2): 33-38.
- Ruan, C.M., H. Wang and Y. Li. 2002. A bienzyme electrochemical biosensor coupled with immunomagnetic separation for rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in food samples. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineering, 45 (1): 249-255.
- Xie, L., N.S. Hettiarchchy, Z.Y. Ju, J. Meullenet, H.Wang, M.F. Slavik and M. Janes. 2002. Edible film coating to minimize eggshell breakage and reduce post-wash microbial contamination in eggs. Journal of Food Science, 67: 280-284.
- Yang, H., S. Wang, Y. Li and M.G. Johnson. 2002. Predictive models for the survival/death of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella typhimurium in poultry scalding and chilling. Journal of Food Science, 67 (5): 1836-1843.
- Ye, J., and Y. Li. 2002. A chemiluminescent biosensor with immunomagnetic separation for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 45 (2): 473-478.
|
|