Progress 01/01/03 to 01/31/04
Outputs
The Northwest Center for Small Fruits Research (NCSFR) includes crops of strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, marionberries, cranberries, wine grapes, blueberries, gooseberries, and black currants. Proposed research is on berry and grape processing, enology, small fruit horticulture, plant physiology, genetics, and integrated pest management for small fruit production systems. All research done for the NCSFR is in the Pacific Northwest and includes faculty at Oregon State University, Washington State University and the University of Idaho. The NCSFR sends out an RFP in June. Proposals to this program are due in August, peer panels review proposals in November, and award letters are sent out in December. Research results are presented in an annual conference; the most recent conference was December 3-5, 2003. Conference proceedings are available from Berry Works, Inc. 712 NW 4th Street, Corvallis, OR 97330. Email address at berries@oregon-berries.com. For additional
information, visit website at http://berrygrape.oregonstate.edu/research/research.htm.
Impacts
Intensively produced northwest small fruits generate high gross returned per acre (ranging from $1,900 to over $6,000 per acre). Production of these crops involves high costs of establishment and high inputs of labor, fertilizer, water and chemicals. Prices and net returns to growers and processors fluctuate widely from year to year due to variations of supply and demand. Even with these price fluctuations, many small communities in the northwest are heavily dependent economically on the local small fruits industries which generated a combined annual gross economic impact of well over one billion dollars in the region. NCSFR research ensures the viability of the small fruit industry in the Northwest.
Publications
- For 2003: Please contact berries@oregon-berries.com to obtain a complete list of publications.
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Progress 07/01/01 to 06/30/02
Outputs
The Northwest Center for Small Fruits Research (NWCSFR) involve crops of strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, marion berries, cranberries, wine grapes, blueberries, gooseberries, and black currant. Proposed is research on berry and grape processing, enology, small fruit horticulture, plant physiology, genetics, and integrated pest management for small fruit production systems. All research done for the NWCSFR is in the Pacific Northwest and includes faculty at Oregon State University, Washington State University and the University of Idaho. The Northwest Center for Small Fruits Research sends out an RFP in June. Proposals to this program are due in August and award letters are sent out in December. Research results were presented in the annual conference on November 26-28, 2001. Conference proceedings are available from Berry Works, Inc. 712 NW 4th Street, Corvallis, OR 97330. Email address at berries@oregon-berries.com. For additional information, visit website
at http://berrygrape.oregonstate.edu/research/research.htm.
Impacts
Intensively produced northwest small fruitsgenerate high gross returned per acre, ranging from $1,900 per acre for wine grapes to $6,200 for cranberries. Production of these crops involves high costs of establishment and high inputs of labor, fertilizer, water and chemicals. Prices and net reutrns to growers and processors fluctuate widely from year to year due to variations of supply and demand. Even with these price fluctuations, many small communities in the northwest are heavily dependent economically on the local small fruits industries which generated a combined annual gross economic impact of well over one billion dollars in the region.
Publications
- For 2001: Please contact berries@oregon-berries.com to obtain a complete list of publications.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
BERRY & GRAPE PROCESSING - Advanced drying technologies (Refractance Window dryer) (RW) gave energy efficiencies of 52-77% in commercial scale systems (equal to or higher than most other conventional methods). The energy used for moisture evaporation was 20-24% lower than typical consumptions in freeze-drying, and 50% lower than tray drying (Abonyi 2000a; Abonyi 2000b; Feng 2001). Compiled are anthocyanin, total phenolic and antioxidant properties of 34 blackberry genotypes (Moyer 2001; Siriwoharn & Wrolstad 2001). In general, the values for blackberries were higher than for red raspberries, gooseberries and strawberries, in the same order as for blueberries, and lower than black raspberries and black currants (Moyer 2001; Lee et al., 2001). Packaging studies for shelf-life extension of fresh raspberries showed a mixture of biocontrol, organisms were effective at all holding temperatures. Modified atmospheres (MA) caused berries to retain brighter color, higher
moisture content, and more acidity compared to control treatments. ENOLOGY & WINE MAKING STUDIES -- Noted were slower fermentations in those wine ferments containing low amounts of nitrogen. Fermentations without biotin did not reach dryness and yeast growth was poor. Grape juices supporting the growth of L. kunkeei developed up to 14x more volatile acidity (VA) than the control or either of the lysozyme treatments. Investigators observed no differences in the antimicrobial action of NL and PUL or in their effects on the composition of the wine. Investigators found that lysozyme is effective in warding off grape juice spoilage by L. kunkeei and thus prevent production of high levels of VA and the development of a stuck fermentation. SMALL FRUIT HORTICULTURE, PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, AND GENETICS -- Investigators found average July soil temperature positively correlated with the occurrence of chlorosis in grapes. All cranberry genotypes under investigation were susceptible to rose bloom
disease with 'Howes' having the highest disease incidence. To date, detection of cottonball disease has occurred in all genotypes except 'Ben Lear', 'Howes', 'McFarlin', and 'Wilcox'. The five best V. membranaceum (Huckleberries) and the four best hybrid seed sources averaged 16% survival, as did one seed source of V. ovalifolium in Northern Idaho. In Southern Idaho, strawberry size decreased in all cultivars as the season progressed. Early fruiting cultivars were 'Honeoye', 'Kent', and 'Northeastern'. Latest was 'Winona'. All cultivars had good external color. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT FOR SMALL FRUIT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS -- Preliminary data indicate larger populations of spider mites occurred in high and low-pesticide-input vineyards compared to sites with no inputs. Phytoseiid identifications are not complete, but indicate two species, Galendromus occidentalis and Metaseiulus citri predominate in commercial vineyards. In pre-plant options for improving economics of strawberry
production and minimizing weeds and root weevil larvae, plant size showed no dramatic treatment effects. Larvae sampled during Sept.-Jan. took 17-22 days to complete development while those sampled during Feb.-March took approx. 13 days.
Impacts
Energy efficiencies for fruit drying were obtained making this new method more suitable for industry application. A nutritional survey of berries has been completed which is of value in knowing health benefits of small fruit crops. Packaging studies were completed and are ready for industry application. Factors involved in slow fermentations in wine are now better understood and are ready for application in the wine making industry of the Pacific Northwest. Work was completed on disease susceptibility and sources of resistance in small fruits. This will allow better selection of cultivars for planting in the region. Horticultural properties of small fruits are now better understood and are ready for industry application. Progress has been made to improve sustainability of productions reducing use of pesticides.
Publications
- Abonyi, B. I., H. Feng, J. Tang, C. G. Edwards, B. P. Chew, K. Bolland, and R. E. Magoon. 2000a. Evaluation of Quality of Strawberry and Carrot Dried by a Novel Drying Method. Institute of Food Technologists, 2000 Annual Meeting, Paper No. 86A-33, Dallas, TX.
- Abonyi, B. I. 2000b. Energy Efficiency and Drying Kinetics of Selected Products in the Refractance WindowTM System. Institute of Food Technologists, 2000 Annual Meeting oral presentation 74-4, Dallas, TX.
- Feng, H., G.-Q. Shen, D. H. Kang, C. I. Nindo, and J. Tang. 2001b. Microbial Reduction in Refractance WindowTM Drying Operations, ASAE paper No. 01-6157, St. Joseph, MI.
- Lee, J., R. W. Durst, and R. E. Wrolstad. 2001. Impact of Juice Processing on Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L. Cv. Rubel) Anthocyanins and Polyphenolics. Submitted to J. Food Sci.
- Moyer, R. A., K. E. Hummer, C. E. Finn, B. Frei, and R. E. Wrolstad. 2001. Anthocyanins, Phenolics and Antioxidant Capacity in Diverse Small Fruits: Vaccinium, Rubus and Ribes. Submitted to J. Agric. Food Chem.
- Siriwoharn, T. and R. E. Wrolstad. 2001. Poster Presentation #44-C-22 Characterization of Polyphenolics in Marion and Evergreen Blackberries, IFT Annual Meeting, New Orleans, June 23 to 27, 2001.
- Skrede, G., R. E. Wrolstad, and R. W. Durst. 2000. Changes in Anthocyanins and Polyphenolics During Juice Processing of Highbush Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). J. Food Sci. 65:357-364.
- Yang, W. Q., B. L. Goulart, K. Demchak, and Y. Li. 2001. Assessing Nitrogen Acquisition of Ericoid Mycorrhizae in Highbush Blueberry Plants (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Using an 15N Tracer. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. (Accepted for publication).
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