Progress 09/17/99 to 09/30/04
Outputs
The S x Cu antagonism is an important consideration in ruminant nutrition. Sugarcane molasses (SCM) is a widely used animal feed byproduct, but is high in S and will impact Cu status of cattle (Arthington and Pate, 2002). Dietary S may also antagonize Se; therefore, two 90-d studies were conducted, using forage-fed, yearling steers (n=24/study) to investigate the impact of SCM supplementation (0.5% body weight, dry matter basis) on measures of Se status. In study 1, steers were assigned supplements providing equivalent amounts energy and protein from two sources (SCM and corn). Supplemental Se was provided (2.5 mg/d; Na selenite) to both treatments. After 90 d of supplementation, steers provided corn diets had greater liver Se concentrations and plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity compared to steers supplemented with SCM. In study 2, sources of Se, fed within SCM supplements, were compared. Selenium sources (2.5 mg/d) included, 1) Na selenite, 2) Se-yeast
(Sel-Plex, Alltech, Nicholasville, KY), or 3) no Se (control). Cattle provided supplemental Se, irrespective of source, had greater liver and plasma Se concentrations and greater plasma GPX activity compared to control on d 30, 60, and 90. Measures of Se status did not differ among steers supplemented with Na selenite and Se-yeast. These data suggest that dietary S, derived from SCM, will antagonize Se in cattle. Selenium status of cattle consuming SCM is similar when provided supplemental Se from Na selenite or Se-yeast sources. Arthington JD, & Pate FM (2002) Effect of corn- versus molasses-based supplements on trace mineral absorption in beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science 80, 2787-2791.
Impacts
These data allow beef cattle producers the ability to further understand how sulfur impacts trace mineral nutrition. Improved trace mineral nutrition will result in improved efficiency of beef production.
Publications
- Arthington, J.D. 2004. Trace mineral nutrition and performance of feeder calves. Proc. 2004 Minnesota Cattle Feeder Days. Document No. B-496.
- Arthington, J.D. 2004. The use of organic trace minerals in the commercial cowherd. The Florida Cattlemen. 68(11):8-10.
- Arthington, J.D., 2004. Trace mineral supplementation of beef cattle. Proc. 8th Annual Curso Novos Enfoques Na Producao E Reproducao De Bovinos. Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. p. 141-155.
- Arthington, J.D. 2003. Mineral intake in grazing cattle. The Florida Cattlemen. 68(2):8-9.
- Arthington, J.D. 2003. Trace mineral nutrition and the immune response in cattle. Proc. 64th Annual Minnesota Nutrition Conference. Minneapolis, MN. p. 106.
- Arthington, J.D., and C.K. Swenson. 2004. Effects of trace mineral source and feeding method on the productivity of grazing Braford cows. Prof. Anim. Sci. 20:155-161.
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Progress 10/01/02 to 10/01/03
Outputs
Studies completed in the first two years of this project have shown that dietary S is an antagonist of Cu in beef cattle. From these data two experiments were conducted to, 1) investigate the Se status of forage-fed steers offered dietary Se in molasses- versus corn-based supplements, and 2) investigate the effect of high rates of Cu supplementation in molasses-based supplements on liver Cu accumulation, Cu-dependent enzyme activity, and forage DM intake and digestibility in pregnant heifers. In the first experiment, twenty-four crossbred steers were provided one of two supplements; 1) corn and cottonseed meal or 2) molasses and cottonseed meal. Supplemental Se (from sodium selenite) was provided at a rate of 0.30 ppm. Although similar intakes of TDN among treatments were achieved, steers fed corn-based supplements tended (P = 0.07) to have a higher ADG compared to steers fed molasses-based supplements. There was a significant (P < 0.01) sampling day x supplement
source interaction for liver Se concentration. Steers fed molasses-based supplements had greater initial liver Se concentrations than steers fed corn-based supplement; however, steers fed corn-based supplements had a greater overall increase in liver Se accumulation resulting greater final liver Se concentrations vs molasses supplemented steers on d 90 (1.47 and 0.50 ppm; SEM = 0.18). There was no sampling day x supplement source interaction for plasma Se concentration, however molasses supplemented steers tended (P < 0.06) to have greater plasma Se concentrations compared to steers fed corn-based supplements (0.046 and 0.038 ppm DM basis, respectively; SEM = 0.002). In the second experiment, twenty-four pregnant, yearling crossbred heifers were provided one of four treatments consisting of a complete mineral supplement fortified with differing levels of Cu supplementation (0, 15, 60, and 120 ppm of supplemental Cu). Heifers consuming the highest rate of supplemental Cu (120 mg/kg)
tended (P = 0.13) to have a lesser ADG compared to heifers supplemented with 15 mg/kg of Cu (Table 2). There was no significant sampling day x treatment interaction for liver Cu accumulation, however average liver Cu concentration did decline (P < 0.05) over time for all treatments combined. Data were also analyzed combining treatments that provided 60 and 120 mg/kg of supplemental Cu into a single treatment (High Cu). This analysis revealed a tendency for a sampling time x treatment interaction (P < 0.13). In this analysis, heifers supplemented with 15 mg/kg Cu had higher liver Cu concentrations at the end of the study (d 84) than heifers provided no supplemental Cu. Heifers provided the high rates of supplemental Cu were intermediate to the other treatments. Forage DMI was lower (P = 0.07) for heifers receiving no supplemental Cu compared to all other treatments. Interestingly, this forage intake response was detectable at its highest level in the first week of sample collection.
Although heifer growth was reduced by the highest Cu supplementation level (120 ppm), apparent forage digestibility was not affected by Cu treatment.
Impacts
These data allow beef cattle producers the ability to further understand how sulfur impacts trace mineral nutrition. Improved trace mineral nutrition will result in improved efficiency of beef production.
Publications
- Yost, G.P., J. D. Arthington, L.R. McDowell, F.G. Martin, N.S. Wilkinson, and C.K. Swensen. 2002. Effect of copper source and level on the rate and extent of copper repletion in Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 85:3297-3303.
- Arthington, J.D., J.E. Rechcigl, G.P. Yost, L.R. McDowell, and M.D. Fanning. 2002. Effect of ammonium sulfate fertilization on bahiagrass quality and copper metabolism in grazing beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 80:2507-2512.
- Arthington, J.D., L.R. Corah, and D.A. Hill. 2002. Case Study: The effect of dietary zinc level and source on yearling bull growth and fertility. Prof. Anim. Sci. 18:282-285.
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Progress 10/01/01 to 10/01/02
Outputs
Two studies were conducted to evaluate the availability of dietary Cu offered to growing beef cattle consuming corn- or molasses-based supplements. In Experiment 1, 24, non-pregnant Braford heifers were randomly assigned to bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) pastures of equal size (n = 2 heifers/pasture). Heifers were provided 1.5 kg of TDN and 0.3 kg of supplemental CP/heifer daily as a molasses-cottonseed meal slurry. Three Cu treatments were randomly assigned to each pasture (4 pastures/treatment), providing 100 mg of supplemental Cu daily in the form of 1) CuSO4 (inorganic Cu), or 2) organic-Cu (Availa-Cu; Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN). A third treatment received no supplemental Cu (negative control). Individual heifer weights were collected at the start and conclusion of the study. Jugular blood and liver samples were collected on d 0, 29, 56, and 84. In Experiment 2, 24, Brahman-crossbred steers were fed the same molasses-cottonseed meal supplement and at the
same rate as used in Exp. 1. Steers were housed in individual pens (15 m2) with free-choice access to stargrass (Cynodon spp.) hay. Four Cu treatments were assigned to individual steers (6 pens/treatment) providing, 1) 10 ppm Cu from an organic source (Availa-Cu), 2) 10 ppm Cu from Tri-basic Cu chloride (TBCC; Micronutrients Inc., Indianapolis, IN), 3) 30 ppm Cu from TBCC, or 4) 30 ppm Cu, 50:50 ratio of TBCC and organic Cu. Supplemental Cu values of 10 and 30 ppm corresponded to 56 and 156 mg of supplemental Cu daily. Body weights, jugular blood, and liver samples were collected on d 0, 24, 48, and 72. In Experiment 1, liver Cu concentrations were similar in heifers supplemented with inorganic and organic Cu. Each source resulted in increased (P < 0.05) liver Cu concentrations compared with the unsupplemented control. Plasma ceruloplasmin concentration increased with Cu supplementation, independent of Cu source. Heifer ADG tended (P = 0.11) to increase with Cu supplementation
compared with the non-supplemented control. In Experiment 2, liver Cu was greater (P < 0.05) for steers consuming 30 ppm compared with 10 ppm Cu on d 24, 48, and 72. Steers supplemented with organic Cu had lower DMI compared with steers supplemented with 10 or 30 ppm of TBCC. These data suggest that the inorganic and organic Cu sources evaluated in this study were of similar availability when offered in molasses supplements. A dietary Cu concentration of as much as 30 ppm might be necessary to ensure absorption in beef cattle provided with molasses-based supplements.
Impacts
These data allow beef cattle producers the ability to better understand how sulfur impacts trace mineral nutrition. Improved trace mineral nutrition will result in improved efficiency of beef production.
Publications
- Arthington, J.D., F. Blecha, and C.K. Swensen. 2002. Effect of copper deficiency on the acute phase protein response to inflammatory challenge in beef heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl. 1):109.
- Arthington, J.D. 2002. Mineral supplementation of the grazing cowherd. Proc. 13th Annual Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium. Gainesville, Florida. p. 103.
- Arthington, J. D. 2001. Copper oxide boluses for grazing beef cattle. University of Florida, IFAS, Florida Coop. Ext. Serv., Animal Science Dept., EDIS Publication AN111.
- Arthington, J.D. 2001. Managing trace mineral supplementation in grazing beef cattle. Proc. 2001 Minnesota Beef Cow/Calf Days. St. Paul, MN. p. 18.
- Arthington, J. D. 2001. Essential trace minerals for grazing cattle in Florida. University of Florida, IFAS, Florida Coop. Ext. Serv., Animal Science Dept., EDIS Publication. AN086R1.
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Progress 10/01/00 to 10/01/01
Outputs
These studies were conducted to compare the availability of trace minerals offered to heifers in either grain-based or molasses-based supplements. Thirty-six, crossbred heifers were randomly assigned to bahiagrass pastures of equal size (3 heifers per pasture). Two supplements were formulated using corn and cottonseed meal (DRY, n=6 pastures) or molasses and cottonseed meal (LIQ, n=6 pastures). Each supplement was formulated to provide 1.5 kg of TDN and 0.3 kg of CP / hd / d. Supplements were also fortified to provide 140, 76, and 63 mg of Cu, Mn, and Zn / hd / d. Liver Mn and Zn concentrations were not affected by supplement. Initial liver Cu concentrations were not different (226 vs. 239 ppm for DRY and LIQ, respectively), however, subsequent Cu availability was decreased (P<0.001) in LIQ heifers (271 vs. 224, 286 vs. 202, and 330 vs. 218, for DRY and LIQ supplements on d 29, 56, and 84, respectively). Heifers receiving Cu from DRY supplements experienced a 46%
increase in liver Cu concentration compared to a 9% decrease in heifers receiving LIQ supplements. Plasma ceruloplasmin concentrations were also higher (P<0.001) in heifers receiving DRY supplements compared to LIQ (27.8 vs. 20.5 mg / dL). The results of this study suggest that components within molasses may antagonize the absorption of Cu in beef heifers. One potential element is sulfur. Compared to corn, molasses is typically high in sulfur. The ingredients used in this study contained 0.11 and 0.79 % sulfur for corn and molasses, respectively. This next study was conducted to compare the availability of trace minerals offered to beef heifers in molasses-based or corn-based supplements. A third corn-based supplement was formulated with added sulfur to equal the amount provided in the molasses-based supplement. Twenty-four crossbred heifers were randomly assigned to bahiagrass pastures of equal size (2 heifers per pasture). Three supplement treatments (4 pastures / treatment) were
formulated using corn and cottonseed meal (DRY), molasses and cottonseed meal (LIQ), or corn, cottonseed meal, and sulfur (DRY+S). Each supplement was formulated to provide 1.5 kg of TDN and 0.3 kg of CP / hd / d. Supplements were also fortified to provide 140, 76, and 63 mg of Cu, Mn, and Zn / hd / d. Supplements were fed 3 times weekly. Liver Mn and Zn concentrations were not affected by supplement. By d 90, heifers receiving Cu from DRY supplements experienced a 155 ppm increase in liver Cu concentration, which was higher (P=0.03) than DRY+S (87 ppm increase) and LIQ (P<0.001; 13 ppm increase). Although lower than DRY, Heifers receiving DRY+S also experienced a greater (P=0.02) increase in liver Cu concentration compared to LIQ. Plasma ceruloplasmin concentrations were highest (P<0.04) in heifers receiving DRY supplement compared to DRY+S and LIQ (29.0, 24.5 and 20.8 mg / dL for DRY, DRY+S, and LIQ, respectively). The results of this study suggest that the sulfur component of
molasses is responsible, at least in part, for the antagonism of Cu absorption in beef heifers.
Impacts
Commercial beef supplements are often fortified with essential trace minerals. During the winter feeding period, fortified supplements offer producers the ability to control-feed minerals that would otherwise be offered in a free-choice system. This management strategy helps to decrease the variability in individual animal intake, which will likely result in improved beef cow-calf productivity.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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