Source: IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to
DEVELOPING VALUE-ADDED AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, ENSURING THEIR SAFETY, AND FACILITATING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
TERMINATED
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0187352
Grant No.
(N/A)
Project No.
IOW03702
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Program Code
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 2006
Project End Date
Oct 1, 2012
Grant Year
(N/A)
Project Director
Mendonca, A.
Recipient Organization
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
2229 Lincoln Way
AMES,IA 50011
Performing Department
FOOD SCIENCE & HUMAN NUTRITION
Non Technical Summary
Agriculture is the most important industry in Iowa. Current low prices of commodity crops, caused by their overabundance, limits economic development. Adding value to agricultural crops grown in Iowa will promote economic development within the state and the Midwest. Value can be achieved by developing new food and non-food applications for these crops, by altering components of the crops themselves, by creating new processes for utilizing these crops, by developing new processes to prevent economic loss via spoilage, and by rapid detection, characterization and monitoring of any safety and quality issues associated with these products. Furthermore, building new processing facilities that utilize these crops or processes close to where they are produced or used, will increase employment and improve the tax base for the state. Developing value-added agricultural commodities, ensuring their safety, and facilitating technology transfer so that farmers and agricultural-based industries can benefit from new potential markets will greatly assist the economy of the state and the Midwest.
Animal Health Component
(N/A)
Research Effort Categories
Basic
40%
Applied
40%
Developmental
20%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
1111510200010%
5011510100010%
5011510200010%
5011820200010%
5024010104010%
5111510200010%
5111820200010%
7121110110010%
7121420110010%
7121820110010%
Knowledge Area
501 - New and Improved Food Processing Technologies; 502 - New and Improved Food Products; 712 - Protect Food from Contamination by Pathogenic Microorganisms, Parasites, and Naturally Occurring Toxins; 111 - Conservation and Efficient Use of Water; 511 - New and Improved Non-Food Products and Processes;

Subject Of Investigation
4010 - Bacteria; 1110 - Apple; 1510 - Corn; 1820 - Soybean; 1420 - Melons;

Field Of Science
2000 - Chemistry; 1100 - Bacteriology; 1000 - Biochemistry and biophysics; 1040 - Molecular biology;
Goals / Objectives
1. Identify and develop value-added uses for commodities and waste streams in food and industrial applications. 2. Improve the quality and safety of commodity and processed products to maintain or increase their value in the marketplace. 3. Strive to transfer the technology developed from any successful research efforts to the marketplace to facilitate economic development by providing employment and improving the profitability of Iowan farmers and industry.
Project Methods
The initial focus will be to advance research projects where technological progress has been made, such as in adding value to corn and soybeans in both food and nonfood areas. Methods to add value to crops will capture crop diversity created by both traditional and biotechnological approaches. Crop components of greatest interest include modified oil, protein and carbohydrate, as well as unique microorganisms. The diverse crops can be a source of microorganisims with modified metabolic systems, which have the potential for more efficient conversion of low-value high-cellulosic materials or for conversion of waste streams into high-value products. Methods to improve the efficiency and safety of processing by small processors in the state will be directed at products such as apple cider and tofu. A sampling of the projects to be tackled is described: 1) hydrolysates of low-priced soy protein flour as adhesives, plastics and edible products; 2) new soybean oil extraction processes to replace hexane; 3) new soybean oils with altered fatty acid and minor constituent compositions; 4) chemical modification of partially hydrogenated soybean oil to change its crystallization behavior; 5) improved yield of ethanol and quality of distiller's dry grain from corn; 6) pharmaceuticals and therapeutic proteins from corn; 7) new starches and oils with better functional and health-promoting structures from corn; 8) rapid detection of pathogens and food spoilage organisms; 9) antimicrobials to prevent growth of unwanted spoilage and pathogenic microbes; and 10) beneficial microbes utilized in the production of crops. All successful efforts will be directed toward technology transfer.

Progress 10/01/06 to 10/01/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Food grade chemical sanitizers, functional food ingredients, antimicrobials derived from value-added agricultural waste streams, and multicomponent antimicrobial systems were applied to fresh produce for killing or detaching pathogens. Also, natural antimicrobials including phenyllactic acid and phosvitin were evaluated for their effectiveness in controlling foodborne pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. New Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) probes targeting the 28S rRNA of the yeast, Candida albicans, were developed and compared to DNA analogs targeting the same region of the ribosome. In collaborative work with Dr. Michael Kessler's group in Materials Science and Engineering, antibacterial soybean oil-based cationic polyurethane coatings were successfully prepared from five different amino polyols. The antimicrobial effect of phenyllactic acid, an antimicrobial produced by some strains lactic acid bacteria, was tested against several pathogenic foodborne bacteria in cream of chicken soup. Phenyllactic acid was also evaluated for its effectiveness in controlling the growth of two types of important foodborne molds, namely Penicillium and Aspergillus. We evaluated the effects of high pressure processing on the structure and function of phosvitin, a natural antimicrobial and antioxidant protein found in yolk of hens' eggs. High-amylose maize was crossed with high-oil content lines to develop starch that is resistant to enzyme hydrolysis. Selected resistant starch varieties were used to study in vitro and in vivo enzyme digestibility and impacts on microbial developments in colons of the rats. Experiments were conducted to compare roller-mill flaking with hammer mill grinding for dry-grind corn ethanol production and use of soybean whey and the thin stillage from corn ethanol production for growing algae. We used an environmentally friendly, countercurrent, two-stage, enzyme-assisted aqueous processing of soybeans at pilot-plant scale to concentrate protein-rich fractions and determined the functional properties of the protein-rich fraction and the quality of oil recovered. A process that utilizes the enzyme mannase in the beer well of a dry-grind corn ethanol plant was developed to improve the quality of feed for poultry. Ligno-cellulosic biomass was degraded by heating and used for growing microalgae containing high lipid content. Tests were performed on the degraded product to characterize chemical compounds, develop methods to reduce its toxicity, and adapt the microalgae to tolerate the toxicity. Descriptive analysis was performed to determine the aroma and flavor profile of wine made from 'La Crescent' grapes, a variety of grapes that is widely planted in Iowa vineyards. All research results were disseminated through presentations at various professional scientific meetings and peer-reviewed scientific publications. PARTICIPANTS: Show-ling Lee, scientist; Linxing Yao, postdoc; Jun Yi Lio (MS graduate student); J. Jane, Y. Ai, M. Reed, S. Moore, H. Yangcheng, S. Akuzawa (Visiting Scientist), T.S. Rocha (Visiting Student), T. Nakamura (Collaborator, Japanese Ministry of Agriculture). Dr. Aura Daraba (Associate Professor, University "Dunarea de Jos" of Galati, Romania); Dr. Makuba Lihono, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff; Chris Penet, BioCat, Troy, VA (Chris worked with us to commercialize countercurrent, two-stage, enzyme-assisted aqueous processing of soybeans). We partnered with Greg Keeley and Klaudija Milos, Direvo Biotechnology, Cologne, Germany, to develop the mannase treatment. Juliana Nobrega (Post-doctoral Research Associate); Yi Liang (Ph.D. student); Zongyu Zhang (Graduate student); Hyun Joong Kim (Postdoctoral Research Associate); Michael Kessler, Associate Professor, Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University; Hongwei Xin, Professor, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Director of Egg Industry Center, Iowa State University; Michael Pate, Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University; Mary Lou Tortorello, FDA, National Center for Food Safety and Technology, Summit-Argo, IL; Lee-Ann Jaykus, Professor, North Carolina State University; Eric Miller, Professor, North Carolina State University; Salam Ibrahim, North Carolina A&T State University; Sean O'Keefe, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech); Paul Sarnoski, University of Florida; Arun Bhunia, Purdue University; John Sofos, Colorado State University; Steve Lasky, Advanced Analytical Technologies, Ames, IA; Pierre Varineau, Advanced Analytical Technologies, Ames, IA David Alburty, InnovaPrep, LLC; Andrew Page, InnovaPrep, LLC. TARGET AUDIENCES: General public, the starch industry, nutritionists, the bioethanol industry; corn-based dry-grind ethanol industry, food industry, equipment (extruder) manufacture industry; Corn and soybean producers and grower organizations; and the biofuels industry; Biological and environmental engineering research community, governmental agencies, U.S. biofuel industry and local farmers; Growers, packers, and processors of fresh-cut fruit and vegetables, food scientists in industry and academia, federal food agencies, and consumers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
Based on our research results, experiments were designed to teach students novel ways to extract, and rapidly detect Salmonella from foods and food processing surfaces. Changes in knowledge occurred regarding optimal conditions for capillary electrophoresis-based methods for characterizing foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella spp. Knowledge was incorporated by industry personnel through modification of equipment and reagents to accommodate these discoveries. Based on our results we know that high-pressure processing of the egg protein phosvitin at 600 MPa does not alter its structure; therefore, these findings pave the way for exploring the use of phosvitin as a natural food preservative to offer antimicrobial and antioxidant protection to high-pressure-processed foods. From results obtained to date we now know that the nutritional value of soybean fiber and soy skim is enhanced by fermenting them to produce essential fatty acids arachidonic acid (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) with up to 1.3 mg of ARA and 1.6 mg of EPA in 1 g of dried fiber. Total yield of 125.7 mg ARA/L and 92.4 mg EPA /L can be obtained from soy skim. Also, integrating soybean aqueous processing with corn ethanol fermentation saves water, efficiently produces fuel ethanol, and yields fermentation products that improve animal feed composition. Starch produced from cross breeding high-amylose maize with high-oil maize exhibits reduced digestibility, with resistant-starch contents up to 22%, and therefore has good potential for lowering blood glucose level in humans. Based on our findings that ethanol yield from roller mill grinding of corn (a low-energy process) is comparable to that of hammer mill grinding, the ethanol industry can lower energy costs by using roller mill grinding as an alternative feedstock preparation method. From our research results, we now understand that the economic value of thin stillage and soy whey, relatively inexpensive agro-industry co-products, can be enhanced by using them to grow algae to produce high-value algal oil. Our countercurrent, two-stage, enzyme-assisted aqueous processing of soybeans eliminates the highly polluting and flammable petroleum-derived solvent hexane and integrates very well in a dry-grind corn ethanol plant. The protein-rich fraction of the soybeans has good potential as a specialty food ingredient, feed quality enhancer, ethanol production enhancer, and plant growth promoter; excellent quality oil is produced suitable for food or biodiesel. The mannase-treated corn ethanol beer reduces beer viscosity enhancing process performance and makes the residual feed product more digestible by poultry. From our research results we now know that use of low cost ligno-cellulosic biomass can significantly reduce the algal and biofuel production cost and provide a new line of value-added product for farmers. From our sensory evaluation tests, wines made from LaCrescent grapes have fruity aroma and flavor characteristics. Based on these results we now know that LaCrescent grapes produce a fruity white wine and may be especially valuable for use by wineries to produce a high quality sparkling wine.

Publications

  • Lio, J. Y., T. Wang. 2012. Pythium irregulare fermentation to produce arachidonic acid (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) using soybean processing co-products as substrates. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. DOI 10.1007/s12010-012-0032-y
  • Lio, J. Y. and Wang, T. 2012. Improvement of non-ruminant feed digestibility by solid-state fermentation using mixed fungi culture. Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, June 25-28.
  • Mitra, D., van Leeuwen, J., and Lamsal, B.P. 2012. Heterotrophic cultivation of oleaginous alga Chlorella Vulgaris on some bioprocessing coproduct streams, Algal Research, 1:40-48.
  • Manu, D. 2012. Antimicrobial effectiveness of phenyllactic acid against foodborne pathogenic bacteria and Penicillium and Aspergillus molds. M.S. Thesis, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
  • Manu, D., Mendonca, A., Sebranek, J., and Daraba, A. 2012. Antimicrobial Efficacy of DL-3-Phenyllactic acid against selected species of Aspergillus and Penicillium molds at 25 degrees celcius, IFT Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada, June 25-28.
  • Manu, D., Mendonca, A., Sebranek, J., and Daraba, A., and Brehm-Stecher, B. 2012. Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Phenyllactic acid against Gram-positive and Gram-negative foodborne pathogens at pH 6.0 and 7.2, IAFP Annual Meeting, Providence, Rhode Island, , July 22-25.
  • Mendonca, A., and Daraba, A. 2012. Application of Chemical and Irradiation Treatments to Destroy Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica on the Outer Rind Surface of Cantaloupe, IFT Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada, June 25-28.
  • Ndlela, S.C., de Moura, J.M.L.N., Olson, N. K., and Johnson, L.A. 2012. Aqueous Extraction of Oil and Protein from Soybeans with Subcritical Water. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 89(6):1145-1153.
  • Newell, M.A., Asoro, F.G., Scott, M. P., White, P.J., Beavis, W.D., and Jannink, J.-L. 2012. Genome-wide association study for oat (Avena sativa L.) beta-glucan concentration using germ plasm of worldwide origin. Theoretical Applied Genetics. Accepted 15 July 2012.
  • Pananun, T., Montalbo-Lomboy, M., Noomhorm, A., Grewell, D., and Lamsal, B.P. 2012. High power ultrasonication-assisted extraction of soybean isoflavones and effect of toasting, LWT-Food Science and Technology, 47(1):199-207.
  • Rezaei, K., Beta, T., Bern, C.J., and White, P.J. 2012. Characterization of Free and Bound Lipids among Four Corn Genotypes As Affected by Drying and Storage Temperatures. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society. 89(7):1201-1210.
  • Rocha, T.S., Felizardo, S.G., Jane, J., and Franco, C.M.L. 2012. Effect of annealing on the semicrystalline structure of normal and waxy corn starches. Food Hydrocolloids, 29:93-99.
  • Shimbata, T., Ai, Y., Fujita, M., Inokuma, T., Vrinten, P., Sunohara, A., Saito, M., Takiya, T., Jane, J., Nakamura, T. 2012. Effects of Homoeologous Wheat Starch Synthase IIa Genes on Starch Properties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60:12004-12010.
  • Volk S.P., Ahn D.U., Zeece M., Jung S. 2012. Structure, ACE inhibition and antioxidant activity of dephosphorylated and pressurized egg phosvitin Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture, 92:3095-3098.
  • Xia, Y., Zhang, Z., Kessler, M.R., Brehm-Stecher, B. and R.C. Larock. 2012. Antibacterial soybean-oil-based cationic polyurethane coatings prepared from different amino polyols. ChemSusChem. 5:2221-2227.
  • Yao, L., Lee, S., Wang, T., de Moura, J.M.L.N., and Johnson, L.A. 2012. Effects of fermentation substrate conditions on cornm-soy co-fermentation for fuel Ethanol production. Bioresource Technology. 120:140-148.
  • Akuzawa, S., Okada, N., Tamaki, Y., Ikegami, A., Yoshida, M., Fujita, N., Vilpoux, O., Cereda, M. P., and Jane, J. 2012. Physicochemical properties of selected cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) starches. Journal of Applied Glycoscience 59:131-138.
  • Brehm-Stecher, B.F. and Johnson, E. A. 2012. Isolation of Carotenoid Hyperproducing Mutants of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) by flow cytometry and cell sorting. Methods Mol. Biol. 898:207-217.
  • Dutilly, D. K., Brehm-Stecher, B., Dickson, J. S. and Mendonca, A. 2012. Response of Listeria monocytogenes to high hydrostatic pressure or freeze-thaw cycles following exposure to selected environmental stress. American Society for Microbiology General Meeting, San Francisco, CA, June 16-19.
  • Karki B., Maurer D., Kim H., Jung S. 2012. Ethanol production from soybean fiber, a co-product of soybean oil extraction, using aqueous ammonia soaking, Journal of American Oil Chemists Society, 89:1345-1353.
  • Kim, H. J., and White, P. J. 2012. Interactional effects of oat beta-glucan, starch, and protein in heated oat slurries on viscosity and in vitro bile-acid binding. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 60(24):6217-6222.
  • Kim, H. J., and White, P. J. 2012. In vitro digestion rate and estimated glycemic index of oat flours from typical and high beta-glucan oat lines. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60(20):5237-5242.
  • Lamsal, B.P., and Johnson, L. A. 2012. Flaking as a corn preparation technique for dry-grind ethanol production using raw starch hydrolysis, Journal of Cereal Science, 56:253-259.
  • Lamsal, B. 2012. Galactooligosaccharides-Valuable dairy prebiotics: health implications and potential for food uses, A review paper, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 92:2020-2028.
  • Liang Y, Zhao XF, Chi Z, Rover M, Johnston P, Brown R, Jarboe L, Wen Z. 2013. Utilization of acetic acid-rich pyrolytic bio-oil by microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Reducing bio-oil toxicity and enhancing algal toxicity tolerance. Bioresource Technology, 133:500-506.
  • Lineberry, K.R., Pate, M. and Brehm-Stecher, B. 2012. A proposed method of test of fruits and vegetables. ASHRAE Transactions, v. 118, pt. 1.
  • Lio, J. Y. and T. Wang. 2012. Solid-state fermentation of soybean and corn processing co-products for improved feed quality. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 60:7702−7709.
  • Acero-Lopez A., Ullah A., Jung S., Wu, J. 2012. Effect of high pressure treatment on ovotransferrin, Food Chemistry, 135:2245-2252.


Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Resistant starches (Types 2 and 5) were prepared from high-amylose cornstarch, and their impacts to colon-health were studied using rats as a model. Different cooking methods of grains were studied to reduce the starch digestive rate and alleviate the postprandial blood glucose level to prevent development of diabetes. Modified soy protein was added to egg white to increase height, volume and tenderness of angel food cake made with egg white contaminated with yolk. Aronia berry juice (containing anthocyanans) and other commercially available juices were analyzed for degrees brix, pH, and sugar acid ratios. Phenolic components, antioxidants properties, and unique pigments of Aronia berry were characterized for its potential commercial applications. Waxy corn of different genetic background was investigated for ethanol fuel productions. Quality protein maize (QPM) lines were back-crossed with inbred opaque2 lines to identify unknown QPM modifier genes in the QPM lines. On the second and third generation of back-crosses, scoring the progeny by analysis of vitreousness (kernel hardness) and isolating DNA for bulk segregant analysis were conducted. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), were produced by fungal (Pythium irregulare) fermentation using various agricultural-based byproducts, such as animal rendered proteins and corn-ethanol thin stillage as nutrients sources. The fungal fermentation also removed organic compounds from the raw thin stillage to produce a nutrient-depleted liquid. Membrane filtration methods were developed to further concentrate protein-rich fractions obtained from our environmentally friendly, countercurrent, two-stage, enzyme-assisted aqueous processing of soybeans at pilot-plant scale. We demonstrated at the pilot-plant scale that protein-rich skim fraction can be used to enhance corn-ethanol fermentation and improve the residual (DDGS) for feeding cattle, swine and poultry. Using this hydrolyzed soy protein fraction for ethanol production allows the industry to maximally utilize the resources (water and unrecoverable proteins). Growth rates of different bacterial strains on aqueous soybean fractions to produce value-added chemicals, such as surfactants, were compared. The recovery and characterization of α-zein from corn co-products of raw starch hydrolysis and cold-fermentation was studied. Adding value to agriculture waste and co-products of crops processing using environmental friendly technologies has been intensively studied. Improved surface sanitization methods were developed to destroy pathogens on whole tomatoes and peppers. Antimicrobial actions of carvacrol, extracted from oregano, and ovotransferrin and phosvitin, value-added egg proteins, were tested against human enteric pathogens in soup and processed meat. Progress was made on development of new methods for microbiological sampling, pre-analytical sample processing and rapid detection techniques. All the results obtained were disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and at various national and international meetings, and samples were provided to industries for testing. PARTICIPANTS: Graduate students: Antonio Martinez Abad, a Spanish exchange PhD student in the Group of New Materials and Nanotechnology at Instituto de Agroquimicay Technologia de Alimentos (IATA) in Valencia, Spain; Yongfeng Ai (PhD student); Timothy Anderson (MS student); Shannon Box (MS student); Yi Liang (PhD student); Jun Yi Lio (MS student); Ilankovan Paraman; Debjani Mitra (PhD student, graduated December 2011); Kristopher Lineberry (PhD student, graduated December 2011); David Manu, Sun-Hee Moon. Juliana Nobrega (Post-doctoral research associate); Michael Reed (MS student); Shecoya White, Hanyu Yangcheng (MS student); Linxing Yao (Postdoc-doctoral research associate); Zongyu Zhang (PhD student). Collaborators: Dr. Dong Ahn (ISU); Dr. Aura Daraba, Associate Professor, University "Dunarea de Jos" of Galati, Romania (Visiting Professor); Bill Colonna (ISU); Charles E. Glatz (ISU); Show-Ling Lee (P&S scientist); Mustafa Marti; Devin Maurer (Research Associate); Mike Persia (ISU); Shengli Yang (Visiting Scientist). Industrial collaborations: Collaborative work on pre-analytical sample preparation with InnovaPrep, LLC, Drexel, MO; Collaborative work on rapid methods for detection and characterization of microbial pathogens with Advanced Analytical Technologies, Ames, IA; Collaborative work on identification of effective antimicrobial mixtures of plant essential oils and organic acids with Van Beek Natural Science, Orange City, IA. Collaborated with Chris Penet, BioCat, Troy, VA, to commercialize countercurrent, two-stage, enzyme-assisted aqueous processing of soybeans. TARGET AUDIENCES: General public who have concerns about health, processors and packers of fresh and fresh-cut fruits and vegetables, processed meat manufacturers, oil dispersant industry, corn-based ethanol industry, food industry, animal feed industry, biological and environmental engineering research community, governmental agencies, U.S. animal industry and local farmers, corn and soybean producers and grower organizations, soybean and corn processors, small scale niche soybean processors, fruit juice and drink manufactures, the Food and Drug Administration, Aronia Berry Associations, plant breeders, health professionals, researchers. USDA AMS. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
The Type-5 resistant starch developed in the lab showed substantial suppression of colon-cancer precursor development in rats. Rice cooked using different methods displayed different rates of starch hydrolysis: fried rice was hydrolyzed to release glucose more slowly than steamed rice counterpart. Thus, eating fried rice can alleviate blood glucose level. Improved foaming properties of egg white products by adding modified soy protein increase profitability to egg processors and egg farmers. Using a cold-fermentation process for ethanol production, waxy corn produced ethanol substantially faster than normal corn, which can reduce the ethanol production cost. The countercurrent, two-stage, enzyme-assisted aqueous processing of soybeans eliminates the use of flammable solvent, hexane. Results confirmed that replacing 100% of water used in corn ethanol fermentation with the aqueous skim fraction is feasible. The ethanol production rate is increased compared with a control (using water), and the DDGS products have significantly higher concentrations of protein (>50% versus >28 for conventional DDGS) and reduced fat and fiber contents. This DDGS allowed for efficient use in feeding swine and poultry, which are higher-value feeds and had a much better solid state fermentation (SSF) performance compared with conventional DDGS. The production cost of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA) is substantially reduced from fungi fermentation using low cost feedstock of animal rendered proteins from the animal rendering industry and thin stillage from the corn-ethanol industry. The low-cost EPA will be available for fish feed and benefit the aquaculture industry. Using environmentally friendly approaches to convert soybean fiber, a low value byproduct of the soybean oil production, to bioethanol, we have added tremendous value to the soybean crop, which benefits the industry. We have also developed means to add value to other agricultural wastes by converting food waste into bioethanol. The aqueous soybean fractions were used as a medium for microbial production of surfactants, but the yields were lower than the conventional methods. Potential inhibitors present in the soybean fraction are being identified and removed to increase the yield. Yields of α-zein isolated from DDGS of raw starch hydrolysis process (32.7%) were obtained and compared with that obtained from the conventional 2-stage cooked fermentation process (29.8%). The α-zein isolated from DDG of raw starch fermentation, however, showed superior solubility and film forming characteristics. The microbial safety of peppers and tomatoes for consumers is enhanced by sanitizing their surfaces to kill foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The microbial safety of soup and meat is improved by adding carvacrol from oregano and ovotransferrin and phosvitin from culled eggs. Methods for more efficient means for sampling and sample processing and more sensitive pathogen detection have been identified. These will play an important role in maintaining the safety of the food supply and in allied fields, such as environmental and clinical microbiology.

Publications

  • Ai, Y. Medic, J. Jiang, H. Wang, D. and Jane, J. (2011) Starch characterization and ethanol production of sorghum. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 59, 7385-7392.
  • Anderson, T. J. Paraman, I. and Lamsal, B.P. (2011) Two fraction extraction of α-zein from DDGS and its characterization. In press: Industrial Crops and Products. DOI:10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.07.022.
  • Anderson, T. J. and Lamsal, B.P. (2011) Development of new Method for extraction of α-Zein from corn gluten meal using different solvents. Cereal Chemistry. 88, 356-362.
  • Bisha, B. Brehm-Stecher, B.F. (2010) Combination of adhesive-tape-based sampling and fluorescence in situ hybridization for rapid detection of Salmonella on fresh produce. Journal of Visualized Experiments. DOI:10.3791/2308 (2010).
  • Campbell, K.A. Glatz, C.E. Johnson, L.A. Jung, S. de Moura, J.M.N. Kapchie, V. and Murphy, P. ( 2011) Advances in aqueous extraction processing of soybeans. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 88, 449-465.
  • de Moura, J.M.L.N. Campbell, K. de Almeida, N M. Glatz, C.E. and Johnson, L.A. (2011) Protein extraction and membrane recovery in enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processing of soybeans. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 88, 877-889.
  • de Moura, J.M.L.N. Hernandez-Ledesma, B. de Almeida, N.M. Hsieh, C. de Lumen, B.O. and Johnson, L.A. (2011) Lunasin and Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor concentrations of protein extracts from enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of soybeans. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 59, 6940-6946.
  • Garcia, R. Pyle, D. Piazza, G. Wen, Z. (2011) Hydrolysis of animal protein meals for improved utility in non-feed applications. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 27, 269‐275.
  • Jiang, H. Przybyszewski, J. Mitra, D. Becker, C. Brehm-Stecher, B. Tentinger, A. MacDonald, R.S. (2011) Soy protein diet, but not Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, decreases mucin-1, trefoil factor-3, and tumor necrosis factor-α in colon of dextran sodium sulfate-treated C57Bl/6 mice. Journal of Nutrition. 141, 1239-1246.
  • de Moura, J.M.L.N. Maurer, D. Jung, S. and Johnson, L.A. (2011) Integrated countercurrent two-stage extraction and cream demulsification in enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of soybeans. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 88, 1045-1051.
  • de Moura, J.M.L.N. Campbell, K. de Almeida, N M. Glatz, C.E. and Johnson, L.A. (2011) Protein recovery in aqueous extraction processing of soybeans using isoelectric precipitation and ultrafiltration. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 88, 1447-1454.
  • de Moura, J.M.L.N. Maurer, D. Jung, S. and Johnson, L.A. (2011) Pilot-plant proof-of-concept for countercurrent two-stage enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processing of soybeans. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 88, 1649-1658.
  • Karki, B. Maurer, D. Jung, S. (2011) Efficiency of pretreatments for optimal enzymatic saccharification of soybean insoluble fractions. Bioresource Technology. 102 , 6522-6528.
  • Karki, B. Maurer, D. Kim, T.H. Jung, S. (2011) Comparison and optimization of enzymatic saccharification of soybean fibers recovered from aqueous extractions, Bioresource Technology. 102, 1228-1233.
  • Lamsal, B.P. Wang, H. and Johnson, L.A. (2011) Effects of corn preparation methods on raw starch hydrolysis and partitioning of beer solids in dry-grind ethanol production. Bioresource Technology. 102, 6680-6686
  • Liang, Y. Garcia, R. Piazza, G. Wen, Z. (2011) Nonfeed application of rendered animal proteins for microbial production of eicosapentaenoic acid by the fungus Pythium irregulare. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 59, 11990-11996.
  • Majoni, S. Wang, T. and Johnson, L.A. (2011) Physical and chemical processes to enhance oil Recovery from condensed corn distillers solubles. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 88, 425-434.
  • Majoni, S. Wang, T. and Johnson, L.A. (2011) Enzyme treatments to enhance oil recovery from condensed corn distillers solubles. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 88, 523-532.
  • Mendonca, A. Daraba, A. Manu, D. K. and Woods, F. (2011) Inactivation of Salmonella enterica on whole tomatoes and serrano peppers immersed in Pro-San, a biodegradable vegetable sanitizer. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology. ISSN 1311-5065, Book II, pp.769-780.
  • Moon, S. H. Paik, H.D. White, S. Daraba, A. Mendonca, A. F. and Ahn, D. U. (2011) Influence of nisin and selected meat additives on the antimicrobial effect of ovotransferrin against Listeria monocytogenes. Poultry Science. 90, 2584-2591.
  • Moon, S. H. Lee, K, A. H. Park, K. K. Kim, K. T. Park, K. S. Nah, S. Y. Mendonca, A. F. and Paik. H. D. (2011) Antimicrobial effects of natural flavonoids and a novel flavonoid, 7-O-Butyl Naringenin, on growth of meat-borne Staphylococcus aureus strains. Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources. 31, 413-419
  • Paraman, I. and Lamsal, B.P. (2011) Recovery and Characterization of α-Zein from Corn Fermentation Coproducts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 59, 3071-3077.
  • Towa, L.T. Kapchie, V. N. Wang, G. Hauck, C. Wang, T. and Murphy, P. A. (2011) Aqueous enzymatic extraction process operating conditions affect quantity and quality of oil recovered from isolated oleosomes. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. DOI: 10.1007/s11746-011-1817-9.
  • Yao, L. T. Wang, H. Wang. (2011) Effect of soy skim from soybean aqueous processing on the performance of corn ethanol fermentation. Bioresource Technology. DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.071.
  • Zhang, B. Huang, Q. Luo, F.X. Fu, X. Wang, K. Jiang, H. and Jane, J. (2011) Effects of octenylsuccinylation on the structure and properties of high-amylose maize starch. Carbohydrate Polymers. 84, 1276-1281.
  • Zhao, Y. Hasjim, J. Li, L. Jane, J. Hendrich, S. Birt, D. F. (2011) Inhibition of azoxymethane-induced preneoplastic lesions in the rat colon by a cooked stearic acid complexed high-amylose cornstarch. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 59, 9700-9708.
  • Anderson, T.J. (2011) Extraction of zein from corn co-products; Master of Science; Iowa State University.
  • Medic, J. (2011) Starch properties, endogenous amylase activity, and ethanol production of corn kernels with different planting dates and drying conditions. Ph.D. Iowa State University.
  • White, S. B. (2011) Antibacterial efficacy of phosvitin, carvacrol, or nisin alone or combined against foodborne human enteric pathogens. Ph.D. Thesis, Iowa State University. 191 pages; AAT 3473115
  • Ai, Y. Leutscher, J. Zhao, Y. Birt, D. Wang, T. and Jane, J. (2011) Effects of lipids on physical properties, digestibility and nutritional benefits of starchy foods. Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting. In New Orleans, LA.
  • Ai, Y. Zhao, Y. Birt, D. Wang, T. and Jane, J. (2011) In vivo digestibility of amylose-stearic acid complex in rats. American Association of Cereal Chemists International Annual Meeting. In Palm Springs, CA.
  • Colonna, W. Marti, M.E. Pynn, M. Reznik, G. Jarrell, K. Lamsal, B. and Glatz, C. E. (2011) Integration of biosurfactant production into advanced biorefineries. American Institute of Chemical Engineers Annual Meeting. In Minneapolis, MN.
  • Hasjim, J. Ai, Y. Setiawan, S. Lee, S.O. Hendrich, S. Zhao, Y. Birt, D. Jane, J. (2011) The health benefits of resistant starch type 5. Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting. In New Orleans, LA.
  • Lester, A.W. Boylston, T. D. Brekke, S. Griep, E. Li, G. Mattiussi, J. and Williamson, A. (2011) Antioxidant levels of Aronia berries and Aronia berry products. Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting. In New Orleans LA.
  • Leutcher, J. Ai, Y. and Jane, J. (2011) Effects of heat treatments and storage on the physicochemical properties of oat starch. American Association of Cereal Chemists International annual Meeting. In Palm Springs, CA.
  • Rocha, T. S. Jane, J. and Franco, C. M. L. (2011) Effect of annealing on the acid susceptibility of different starches. American Association of Cereal Chemists International annual Meeting. In Palm Springs, CA.
  • Wang, G. Troendle, M, Reitmeier, C. and Wang, T. (2012) Using modified soy protein to enhance foaming of egg white protein. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. Online pre-publication.
  • White, S. B. Mendonca, A. F. Daraba, A. and Ahn, D. U. (2011) Control of Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus in a Laboratory Medium and a Commercial-type Soup Using Phosvitin, Carvacrol or Combinations. International Association for Food Protection Annual Meeting. In Milwaukee, WI.
  • White, S. B. Mendonca, A. F. Daraba, A. and Ahn, D. U. (2011) Antimicrobial efficacy of phosvitin, nisin, and combinations against Salmonella enterica in a laboratory medium and a commercial-type soup. Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting. In New Orleans, LA.
  • Yangcheng, H. Jiang, H. Medic, J. Jane, J. (2011) Characterization of waxy corn starch for ethanol production. American Association of Cereal Chemists International annual Meeting. In Palm Springs, CA.
  • Srichuwong, S. and Jane, J. (2011) Characterization of residual starch in distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Cereal Chemistry. 88, 278-282.
  • Rocha, T.S. Gunha, V.A.G. Jane, J. and Franco, C.M.L. (2011) Structural characterization of Peruvian carrot starch and effect of annealing on its semi-crystalline structure. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 59, 4208-4216.
  • Shrestha, N.K. Scalera, N.M. Wilson, D.A. Brehm-Stecher, B., Procop, G.W. (2011) Rapid identification of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistance by flow cytometry using a peptide nucleic acid probe. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 49, 3383-3385.


Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: The suitability of soy whey (SW) as a medium for the fermentative production of the high-value food preservative nisin was investigated. Various treatments were examined to optimize nisin production from SW, including different methods for SW sterilization, ultrasonication of soy flake slurries for possible nutrient release, comparison of diluted and undiluted SW and supplementation of SW with nutrients. Glycoproteins derived from hens' eggs (ovotransferrin and phosvitin) were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against Listeria monocytogenes, both alone and in combination with the natural antimicrobial nisin (from fermentation) or with select meat additives. Treatments were evaluated in both laboratory media and in model food systems. A residue-free, environmentally friendly sanitizing process was developed for production of corn cob-based animal bedding of high microbiological quality. The process obviates the need for time-consuming or energy-intensive preparations such as autoclaving prior to use. A bench-scale algal culture process was optimized for high cell density for an omega-3 fatty acid-producing alga, using low cost crude glycerol from biodiesel production. Algal biomass was analyzed for the effects of this process on neutral lipid content. Process scalability was investigated through culture at the pilot scale. Sugars sourced from renewable feedstocks were compared against pure sugars for production of value-added chemicals such as biosurfactants. Methods for the rapid detection of Candida albicans and Candida spp. that are suitable for application to environmental, food or clinical samples were developed. A video protocol for the use of sterile adhesive tape for sampling and whole cell molecular analysis of Salmonella spp. on produce surfaces was developed. Cost-effective wet and dry corn processing strategies were developed for recovery of valuable biologically active recombinant proteins, also yielding starch-rich co-products suitable for ethanol manufacture. Optimal procedures were developed for zein extraction from dry-grind Distillers Dried Grains (DDG) and yields were compared against those obtained using existing processes. Effects of storage on cornstarch structure and functional properties were studied. Environmentally friendly methods for enzyme-assisted aqueous processing of soybeans were improved using a countercurrent two-stage extraction process. The process incorporated efficiencies such as enzyme recycling and was operated at pilot scale for two weeks. The use of the aqueous skim fraction from soybean processing operations was investigated as a complete replacement for water used in the fermentation of corn for ethanol production. Modified soy protein (sonicated and alkaline) was used to alter the foaming properties of egg albumen contaminated with yolk. The physical and sensory characteristics of angel food cake made with yolk-contaminated egg white was examined, with or without soy protein addition. The outputs from this project have been shared with stakeholders and funding agencies and have been incorporated into teaching curricula. PARTICIPANTS: Participants included all PI's, as listed, as well as additional Iowa State faculty members from FSHN and allied departments, postdoctoral research assistants and laboratory technicians. Industrial partners included Advanced Analytical Technologies, Inc. (Ames, IA), Van Beek Natural Sciences (Orange City, IA), Genencor International (a division of Danisco US, Inc., Rochester, NY), BIO-CAT, Inc. (Troy, VA), Nugenplasm, LLC (Indonesia), United Fresh Produce Association, (Washington, D.C.). Federal and academic collaborators included USDA-ARS, The Ohio State University and Truman State University. Seven graduate students were trained: Shannon Box, Timothy Anderson, Steven Setiawan, Debjani Mitra, Devin Dutilly, Shecoya White and David Manu. TARGET AUDIENCES: Corn and soybean processors, food manufacturers, the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industry, ethanol industry, animal feed industry, farmers, chefs, research chefs, consumers, educators, companies that grow or use spices for their antimicrobial, aromatic or flavor properties, fresh produce growers/food processors, Iowan veterinary suppliers, Iowan biotechnology companies, medical/heath care researchers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Nisin yield obtained from optimized soy whey (SW) fermentations was 619 mg/L, compared to 672 mg/L from growth in complex media. Nutrient supplementation to SW resulted in ~7% increase in nisin yield. Use of SW as base for fermentation of nisin may lead to more cost-effective nisin production. In laboratory media, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against Listeria monocytogenes (LM) of nisin and egg glycoprotein phosvitin (PV) were 1,000 IU and 80 mg/ml, respectively. When sub-MIC levels of nisin and PV were combined, LM was completely inhibited. Ovotransferrin (OTH) activity in brain heart infusion broth was not affected by the meat additives salt (to 1%) or lactate (to 1.56%). In frankfurters, a combination of 1,000 IU nisin and 40 mg/ml OTH prevented the growth of LM. These results suggest use of PV and OTH as novel antimicrobials that can be sourced from hen's eggs not meeting specifications for sale as shell eggs. The new process for sanitizing corn cob-based animal bedding provides an environmentally friendly alternative to autoclaving. Bedding material treated in this way is useful directly from the bag for most laboratory rodent studies. The process provides energy savings, improved cage lifespan and enhanced biosecurity. Efficient production of eicosapentaenoic acid from crude biodiesel glycerol wastes will provide an alternative source of this omega-3 fatty acid for aquaculture. Biosurfactant concentrations up to 4.5 g/L for surfactin, and 0.5 g/L for a modified surfactant with enhanced properties were obtained using value-added sugar sources. Biosurfactants produced in this way can be used to disperse oil spills or create emulsions in foods. DNA probes allowed rapid labeling of Candida spp., and specific labeling of C. albicans. This improved method has applications in food and clinical microbiology. The novel video journal format used to report our rapid test for Salmonella on fresh produce will benefit scientists and laypeople alike. Scientists viewing our article will quickly learn how to perform this type of assay in their own labs. Laypeople can access our work in a format more approachable than traditional academic manuscripts. Our corn fractionation method simplifies the extraction of valuable therapeutic recombinant proteins. Fermented extractate solids can be fed to livestock for additional value. α-zein yields from DDGS using 70% w/w aqueous 2-propanol solvent were 13.5% w/w compared to 2.5% for the control. Higher yields of α-zein from DDGS can be utilized for non-feed purposes. Understanding the mechanisms of starch structure and function changes during storage will enable industry to improve corn use for food or other applications. Water in corn ethanol fermentation can be replaced with the aqueous skim fraction from soybean processing. The ethanol production rate and protein content of the DGGS product is increased. Water is saved and protein is recovered. Modified soy protein increased height, volume and tenderness of angel food cake made with yolk-contaminated egg whites. Application of this research in egg-processing facilities could improve quality of foam products, increasing profitability.

Publications

  • Jiang, H., Horner, H.T., Pepper, T.M., Blanco, M., Campbell, M. and Jane, J. 2010. Formation of elongated starch granules in high-amylose maize. Carbohydr. Polym. 80: 534-539.
  • Jiang, H., Jane, J., Acevedo, D., Green, A., Shinn, G., Schrenker, D., Srichuwong, S., Campbell, M. and Wu, Y. 2010. Variations in starch physicochemical properties from a generation-means analysis study using amylomaize V and VII parents. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58: 5633-5639.
  • Jiang, H., Blanco, M., Campbell, M. and Jane, J. 2010. Resistant-starch formation in high-amylose maize during the kernel development. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58: 8043-8047.
  • Jiang, H., Campbell, M. and Jane, J. 2010. Characterization of maize amylose-extender (ae) mutant starches: Part III. Structures and properties of the Naegeli dextrins. Carbohydr. Polym. 81: 885-891.
  • Jiang, H., Campbell, M., Blanco, M. and Jane, J. 2010. Characterization of maize amylose-extender (ae) mutant starches. Part II: Structures and properties of starch residues remaining after enzymatic hydrolysis at boiling-water temperature. Carbohydr. Polym. 80: 1-12.
  • Karki, B., Lamsal, B., Jung, S., van Leeuwen, J. H., Grewell, D., Pometto, A.L. and Khanal, S.K. 2010. Enhancing protein and sugar release from defatted soy flakes using ultrasound technology. J. Food Eng. 96: 270-278.
  • Lantz, A.W., Nelson, R.E., Bisha, B., Tong, M.-Y., Brehm-Stecher, B.F. and Armstrong, D.W. 2010. Rapid identification of Candida albicans in blood by combined capillary electrophoresis and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Electrophoresis 31: 2849-2853.
  • White, S.B., Mendonca, A.F., Daraba, A. and D.U. Ahn. 2010. Antimicrobial efficacy of phosvitin alone or combined with nisin against Listeria monocytogenes in a laboratory broth medium at 35 degrees C. Abstract P1-06. Poster presentation at International Association for Food Protection Annual Meeting, Anaheim, CA, August 1-4.
  • Bisha, B., and Brehm-Stecher, B.F. 2010. Combination of adhesive-tape-based sampling and fluorescence in situ hybridization for rapid detection of Salmonella on fresh produce. J. Vis. Exp. 44.
  • Bisha, B., Weinsetel, N., Brehm-Stecher, B.F. and Mendonca, A. 2010. Antilisterial effects of Gravinol-S grape seed extract at low levels in aqueous media and its potential application as a produce wash. J. Food. Prot. 73: 266-273.
  • Franco, C.M.L., Ogawa, C. Rabachini, T., Rocha, T.S., Cereda, M.P. and Jane, J. 2010. Effect of lactic acid and uv irradiation on the cassava and corn starches. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 53: 443-454.
  • Gidley, M.J., Hanashiro, I., Hani, N.M., Hill, S.E., Huber, A., Jane, J., Lu, Q., Morell, M., Morris, G.A, Rolland-Sabate, A. and Gilbert, R.G. 2010. Reliable measurements of the size distributions of starch molecules in solution: current dilemmas and recommendations. Carbohydr. Polym. 79: 255-261.
  • Hasjim, J., Lee, S.-O., Hendrich, S., Setiawan, S., Ai, Y. and Jane, J. 2010. Effects of a novel resistant-starch on postprandial plasma-glucose and insulin responses. Cereal Chem. 87: 257-262.
  • Mitra, D., Pometto, A.L. III, Khanal, S.K., Karki, B., Brehm-Stecher, B.F., and J.H. van Leeuwen. 2010. Value-added production of nisin from soy whey. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 162: 1819-1833.
  • Nobrega de Moura, J.M.L, de Almeida, N.M., Jung, S. and Johnson, L.A. 2010. Flaking as a pretreatment for enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processing of soybeans. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 87: 1507-1515.
  • Paraman, I., Moeller, L., Scott, M.P., Wang, K., Glatz, C.E. and Johnson, L.A. 2010. Utilizing protein-lean co-products from corn containing recombinant pharmaceutical proteins for ethanol production. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58: 10419-10425.
  • Paraman, I., Fox, S.R., Glatz, C.E. and Johnson, L.A. 2010. Recovering corn germ enriched with recombinant protein by wet-fractionation. Biotech. Resource 101: 239-244.
  • Setiawan, S., Widjaja, H., Rakphongphairoj, V. and Jane, J. 2010. Changes in starch structures and functions after storage of dried con-kernels at an elevated humidity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58: 12260-12267.
  • Speroni F, Jung S., de Lamballerie M. 2010. Thermal gelation of high-pressure treated soy protein. J. Food Sci. 75: E30-38.
  • Srichuwong, S., Gutesa, J., Blanco, M., Duvick, S.A., Gardner, C. and Jane, J. 2010. Characterization of corn grains for dry-grind ethanol production. J. ASTM Intl. (published online).
  • Taboada-Gaytan, O., Pollak, L.M., Johnson, L.A., Fox, S.R. and Montgomery, K.T. 2010. Variation among physical, compositional, and wet-milling characteristics of the F1 generation of corn hybrids of introgressed exotic and adapted inbred lines. Cereal Chem. 87: 175-181.
  • Taboada-Gaytan, O., Pollak, L.M., Johnson, L.A., Fox, S.R. and Montgomery, K.T. 2010. Physical, compositional, and wet-milling characteristics of grain from crosses of corn ionbreds with exotic and non-exotic background. Cereal Chem. 87: 486-496.
  • Wang, H., Johnson, L.A. and Wang, T. 2010. Effects of corn breaking and fermentation on germ integrity and oil quality. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58: 10039-10044.
  • Yao, L., Jung, S. 2010. 31P NMR Phospholipids profiling of soybean emulsion recovered from aqueous extraction. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58: 4866-4872.
  • Jane, J., C. C. Maningat, R. Wongsagonsup. 2010. Starch characterization, variety and application. In Industrial Crops and Uses, pp. 207-235, B. Singh (ed.). CABI Bookshop, Oxfordshire, UK.
  • Anderson, T.J. and Lamsal, B. P. 2010. Modified method for extraction of functional zein from corn coproducts, IFT abstract 229-20. Poster presentation at Institute of Food Technologists 2010 Annual Meeting and Conference, Chicago, July 17-21.
  • Anderson, T.J. and Lamsal, B. P. 2010. Improved extraction and functionality of α-zein from corn gluten meal and dry-grind distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS), Cereal Foods World, 55:A55. Poster presentation American Association of Cereal Chemists International (AACCI) Annual Conference, Savannah, GA, Oct 24-27, 2010.
  • Johnson, D.K., A. Mendonca, D. Dutilly, E. Allen, B. Sanchez, and L. DeTolla. 2010. Improved Biosecurity of Laboratory Animal Bedding. P53. Poster presentation at the 61st annual meeting of The American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, October 10:14, Atlanta, GA.
  • Lee, J.-H., Quarterman, J., Lee, W.-H., Seo, J.-H., Brehm-Stecher, B.F., Mitra, D., and Jin, Y.-S. 2010. Identification of genes conferring bacterial resistance to cinnamon oil. Abstract 037-09. Poster presentation at Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, July 17-20.
  • Mendonca, A.F., Manu, D., Daraba, A. and Brehm-Stecher, B.F. 2010. Fate of Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on romaine lettuce following immersion in PRO-SAN : a biodegradable food grade sanitizer. Poster presentation at United Fresh Produce Association Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, April 20-23.
  • Mendonca, A.F., Moon, S.H., Daraba, A., White, S.B., Paik, H.-D. and D.U. Ahn. 2010. Influence of nisin or selective meat additives on the antimicrobial effectiveness of ovotransferrin against Listeria monocytogenes. Abstract P1-07. Poster presentation at International Association for Food Protection Annual Meeting, Anaheim, CA, August 1-4.
  • Mitra, D., van Leeuwen, J. and Brehm-Stecher, B.F. 2010. Group- and strain-specific antimicrobial properties of select plant essential oils. Abstract P1-22. Poster presentation at International Association for Food Protection Annual Meeting, Anaheim, CA, August 1-4.


Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Microbial: Research with industry partners conducted on detection and control of foodborne pathogens. Results delivered at: ASM Biodefense Meeting, Baltimore, MD, Feb, 2008: (Weinkauf, H., Brehm-Stecher, B. "Wide-spectrum biomimetic antimicrobial systems"); Fresh Tech Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, May, 2008: (Bisha, B., Brehm-Stecher, B. "Tape-FISH for Salmonella: Simple Adhesive Tape-Based Sampling of Tomato Surfaces Coupled with a Rapid Culture-Independent Detection Step"; Woods, F., Mendonca, A. "Influence of Electron Beam Irradiation on Quality and Microbial Safety of Fresh-cut Cantaloupe Stored at 5 C"); ASM Meeting, Boston, MA, June, 2008; IAFP Meeting, Columbus, OH, Aug, 2008: (Weinkauf, H., Brehm-Stecher, B. "Antibacterial activities of metal nanoparticle catalysts"; "Polyionic compounds enhance the antimicrobial activities of plant essential oils"). Soybeans: Research results delivered at: IFT Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, June, 2008: (Studies on use of soybeans in soy-based snack foods, soynuts, and textured soy protein products; Smith K., Ericksen A., Mendonca A., Jung S. "Microbial shelf-life of pressurized soymilk"; Sala I., Jung S. "Activity of thermal- and pressure-treated lipoxygenase, beta-glucosidase and trypsin inhibitors"); AOCS Meeting, Seattle, WA, May, 2008: (Jung S. "Functionality of soy protein submitted to extrusion and high-pressure prior to enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction"; Maurer D., Johnson L., Jung S. "Enzymatic destabilization of natural occurring soy emulsion and oil quality"). Information on protection of soybean oil delivered to companies who prepare oils for food use. A new environmentally friendly strategy of using water and enzymes to recover oil and value-added protein products from soybeans was described to companies that process soybeans. Soywax modification procedure is positioned for adoption by industry through ISU licensing. Corn: Information on biofuels and dispelling myths about how biofuels impact the food industry was presented at the AOCS annual meeting. Resistant starch with significant health benefits was presented to industry for further testing. Results on impacts of delayed planting of corn due to the flood and post-harvest treatments of corn on the quality of corn grains and ethanol yield made available to the ethanol industry. Results shared at: ACS Meeting, Philadelphia, PA. Aug, 2008: (J. Jane, Jiang, H., Li, L., Campbell, M. "Structure of enzyme-resistant high-amylose maize starch."); Corn Utilization and Technology Conference, Kansas City, June, 2008: (Jiang, H., Li, L., Campbell, M., Jane, J. "Characterization of enzyme-resistant starch in maize amylose-extender mutant starches"; Hasjim, J., Srichuwong, S., Scott, M., Jane, J. "Starch digestibility and physicochemical properties of opaque-2 maize and quality protein maize"; Srichuwong, S., Gutesa, J., Jane, J. "Methods for characterization of the residual starch in distiller's dried grains with solubles -DDGS"). Apple cider: Information on procedures for producing hard apple cider disseminated to Iowa apple growers. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: Byron Brehm-Stecher, PhD, principal investigator on following projects: Flow cytometric detection of microbes in foods, selective capture, concentration and visual molecular detection of pathogens from foods (Bledar Bisha, PhD candidate, graduate student); Development and evaluation of multicomponent antimicrobial systems (essential oil-based and biomimetic polymer-based) (Heidi Weinkauf, PhD candidate, graduate student); Building and testing of a refrigeration unit with precise relative humidity control (Kristopher Lineberry, PhD candidate, graduate student, co-advised with Michael Pate, Mechanical Engineering); Combination of capillary electrophoresis and molecular tagging for detection of Candida in blood (Andrew Lantz, Grand Valley State University; Dan Armstrong, University of Texas at Arlington); Atomic force microscopy for deposition of antimicrobial polymer arrays (Heidi Weinkauf, PhD candidate, graduate student). Aubrey Mendonca, Associate Professor. Stephanie Jung, Assistant professor. Stephanie Volk, Graduate student. Andriy Chernyshov, Graduate student. Devin Maurer, Research associate. Abdulah Mahfuz, Post doctoral research associate. Collaborators or contacts: Daniel Armstrong, Professor of Chemistry, University of Texas-Arlington; Earl Hammond, Emeritus Professor, Iowa State University; Andrew Lantz, Assistant Professor of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI; Michael Pate, Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University; Mary Lou Tortorello, FDA, National Center for Food Safety and Technology, Summit-Argo, IL; Lee-Ann Jaykus, Professor, North Carolina State University; Charles Young, National Security and Technology Department, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Floyd F. Woods, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL. Poet Company; Nugenplasm; USDA, ARS; Truman State University. TARGET AUDIENCES: Food processors, food scientists in industry and academia, federal agencies that deal with food safety and quality issues, educators, and consumers. Food industry, ethanol industry, animal feed industry. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Microbial: Development of new enhancers of essential oil antimicrobial activity resulted in a change in action (industry re-formulation of essential oil-based products) and change in conditions (increased food safety, increased productivity of food production animals). The microbial safety of the fresh-cut cantaloupe for consumers is improved by low dose irradiation treatment of cantaloupe to destroy foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Soybeans: Understanding the mechanism by which the protective agent, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS ), protects frying oils during heating will help in discovering "natural" compounds that can act synergistically or even replace this agent. The use of "natural" compounds would appeal to consumers. A water- and enzyme-based oil extraction process for soybeans is safer than conventional processes, which use flammable orgranic solvents (e.g. hexane), eliminates hazardous environmental air emissions, and can be used by a soybean biorefinery to produce edible oil, biodiesel, value-added protein ingredients for food and feed, and biofuel fermentation feedstocks. High pressure processing (HPP) of soy milk simplifies the steps in tofu production to make HPP appealing to commercial tofu manufacturers. The textural properties of the hydrogenated soybean oil can be modified to achieve improved cohesiveness, so it can partly replace petrochemical in food or non-food applications. The anti-nutritional factors in soy can be denatured by non-heat treatment, so functional properties of soy proteins (from the aqueous processing) are maintained while nutritional quality as food or feed is improved. Okara, a by-product from soymilk production, produces a consumer-acceptable high fiber, high protein snack cracker. The technology has been transferred to food companies and the Iowa Soybean association. Corn: Development of fast and reliable methods to assess corn quality for major uses (wet milling, dry milling, alkali cooking) enable seed breeders to produce corn lines better suited for specific uses and for the processing industry to selectively purchase feedstocks that give higher returns. Resistant starch made from high-amylose cornstarch and lipids substantially reduces the number of precursors of colon cancer in rats. Results obtained for the impacts of late planting dates of corn and post-harvest treatments of corn were used by the ethanol producer to improve the ethanol yield. Apple cider: Approximately fifty Iowa apple growers became aware of procedures for producing hard apple cider.

Publications

  • Lantz, A.W., Brehm-Stecher, B, and Armstrong, D.W. 2008. Combined Capillary Electrophoresis and DNA-FISH for Rapid Molecular Identification of Salmonella Typhimurium in Mixed Culture. Electrophoresis 29: 2477-2484.
  • Wilford, J., Mendonca, A., and Goodridge, L. 2008. Water pressure effectively reduces Salmonella Enteritidis on the surface of raw almonds. J. Food Prot. 71:825-829.
  • Faris, R., Wang, H. and Wang, T. 2008. Improving Digestibility of Soy Flour by Reducing Disulfide Bonds with Thioredoxin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56(16):7146-7150.
  • Johnson, L., White, P.J. and Galloway, R. (Editors). 2008. Soybeans: Chemistry, Production, Processing and Utilization, first edition. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, 843 pages.
  • Gerde, J., and White, P.J. 2008. Lipids in Soybeans, in Johnson, L., White, P.J. and R. Galloway, R. (editors), Soybeans: Chemistry, Production, Processing and Utilization, first edition. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL. Pp. 193-227.
  • Nobrega de Moura, J.M.L, Campbell, K., Mahfuz, A., Jung, S., Glatz, C.E., and Johnson, L.A. 2008. Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of soybeans and cream de-emulsification. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 85:985-995.
  • Johnson, L., White, P.J., and Galloway, R. (Editors). 2008. Soybeans: Chemistry, Production, Processing and Utilization, first edition. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, 843 pages.
  • Johnson, L.A., Maiers, J., and Jarboe, D. 2008. Sample cards for teaching processing of oilseeds and cereals. In Teaching Innovations in Lipid Science edited by R. Weselake, AOCS Press and CRC Press, American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, IL.
  • Johnson, L.A. 2008. Recovery, refining, converting, and stabilizing edible fats and oils. In Food Lipids: Chemistry, Nutrition and Biotechnology, 3rd ed., edited by C. Akoh and D. Min. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY.
  • Johnson, L.A. 2008. Oil recovery from soybeans. In Soybeans: Chemistry, Production, Processing and Utilization edited by L. Johnson, P. White and R. Galloway, AOCS Press, American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, IL.
  • Johnson, L.A., Deak, N.A., Lusas, E.W., and Rhee, K.C. 2008. Soy protein products, processing and utilization. In Soybeans: Chemistry, Production, Processing and Utilization edited by L. Johnson, P. White and R. Galloway, AOCS Press, American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, IL.
  • Schmitz, J.F., Erhan, S.Z., Sharma, B.K., Johnson, L.A., and Myers, D.J. 2008. Biobased products from soybeans. In Soybeans: Chemistry, Production, Processing and Utilization edited by L. Johnson, P. White and R. Galloway, AOCS Press, American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, IL.
  • de Moura, J.M.L.N., Mahfuz, A., Campbell, K., Jung, S., Glatz, C.E., Johnson, L.A. 2008. Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of oil and proteins from soybeans and cream de-emulsification. JAOCS 85:985-995.
  • Jung, S., Murphy, P.A., Sala, I. 2008. Conversion and water-extractability of isoflavones during high-pressure processing of soymilk and soybeans. Food Chem. 111:592-598.
  • Chabrand, R.M., Kim, H.-J., Zhang, C., Glatz, C.E., Jung, S. 2008. Destabilization of emulsion formed during aqueous extraction of soybean oil. JAOCS 85:383-390.
  • Katayama, K. and Wilson., L.A. 2008. Utilization of Okara, a byproduct from Soymilk Production, through the Development of a Soy-based Snack Food. JFS. 73:S152-S157.
  • Katayama, M. and Wilson, L.A. 2008. Utilization of Soybeans and Their Components through the Development of Textured Soy Protein Foods. J. Food Sci. 73:S158-S164.
  • Shepherd, C.T., Vignaux, N., Peterson, J.M., Johnson, L.A., and Scott, M.P. 2008. Green florescent protein as a tissue marker in transgenic maize seed. Cereal Chem. 85:188-195.
  • Shepherd, C.T., Vignaux, N., Peterson, J.M., Scott, M.P., and Johnson, L.A. 2008. Dry-milling and fractionation of transgenic maize seed tissues with green florescent protein as a tissue marker. Cereal Chem. 85:196-201.
  • Lee, K.M, Herrman, T.J., Rooney, L., Jackson, D.S., Bean, S.R., Lingenfelser, J., Rausch, K.D., McKinney, J., Iiams, C., Byrum, L., Hurburgh, C.R., Johnson, L.A., and Fox, S.R. 2008. Corroborative study on maize quality, dry-milling and wet-milling properties of selected maize hybrids. J. Feed. Ag. Sci. 55:10751-10763.
  • Li, L., Jiang, H., Campbell, M., Blanco, M., and Jane, J. 2008. Characterization of maize amylose-extender (ae) mutant starches. Part I: Relationship between resistant starch contents and molecular structures. Carbohydr. Polym. 74:396-404.
  • Yotsawimonwat, S., Sriroth, K., Kaewvichit, S., Piyachomkwan, K., Jane, J., and Sirithunyalug, J. 2008. Effect of pH on complex formation between debranched waxy rice starch and fatty acids. International J. of Biolog. Macromolecules. 43:94-99.
  • Stevenson, D.G., Eller, F.J., Jane, J., and Inglett, G.E. 2008. Structure and physicochemical properties of defatted and pin-milled oat bran concentrated fractions separated by air-classification. International J. of Food Sci. and Technol. 43:995-1003.
  • Wittrock, E., Jiang, H., Campbell, M., Blanco, M., Jane, J., Anih, E., and Wang, Y.-J. 2008. A simplified isolation of high-amylose maize starch using neutral protease. Starch/Staerke 60:601-608.
  • Jiang, H., Li, l., Campbell, M., and Jane, J. 2008. Resistant starch from high-amylose maize: structures and development." In the Proceedings of the Carbohydrate Division Symposium "Functional Carbohydrates in Foods: Principles and Applications." Gwangju, Korea, pp 15-23.


Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Microbial: A course was developed and is being taught at ISU: Rapid Methods in Food Microbiology. Research results are being shared with industrial collaborators as noted: label-free detection of foodborne pathogens using atomic force microscopy (BioForce Nanosciences, Ames, IA); cytometric detection of foodborne pathogens in complex food matrices (Advanced Analytical Technologies, Ames, IA and Amnis Corporation, Seattle, WA); biomimetic antimicrobial systems for pathogen inactivation (PolyMedix, Inc., Radnor, PA); antimicrobial metal nanoparticles for inactivation of food pathogens (QuantumSphere, Inc., Santa Ana, CA and Aetos Technologies, Auburn, AL); capture, concentration and visual molecular identification of pathogens in complex food matrices (Matrix Microscience, Cambridge, U.K.); enhanced essential oil compositions as alternatives to antibiotics (Van Beek Natural Sciences, Orange City, IA); capillary electrophoresis-based method for detecting Salmonella in mixed cultures (Andrew Lantz, Grand Valley State University, Daniel Armstrong, University of Texas-Arlington). Results were presented at over 10 conferences, symposia, workshops, trainings and site visits, including a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on food safety and security, Galati, Romania, from which a Website and DVD's were generated. A New Zealand student was mentored on rapid detection of bacteria in milk, the relationship aiding an Ames company, Advanced Analytical Technologies, Inc., to enhance ties to Fonterra Dairy, the world's largest exporter of milk and milk products. Soybeans: A catalog of compositional and functional properties was developed, comparing beta-conglycinin-rich and glycinin-rich fractions produced by our soy protein fractionation process with competing products. This catalog can identify foods in which these products may be placed to deliver health-promoting benefits with improved quality. Results from a no-trans fat study were shared with the Associate Food Editors, Soyfoods Council, Iowa Soybean Association, Culinary Colleges, and the soy industry at three conferences. Information has been incorporated into college classes and soy presentations. The influence of low-dose radiation and storage of soybeans on their functional properties and quality was shared with Johnson Space Center NASA staff. Methods for synthesizing soy-based biolubricants and their performance, and other basic and applied research results were presented at over 20 conferences, symposia, workshops, trainings and site visits, including the NATO workshop in Romania. Corn: Results regarding oil recovery from corn fermentation by-products were regularly shared with our industry partner. Enzyme-resistant maltodextrins derived from cornstarch developed in our lab were disseminated to a major maltodextrin manufacturer for commercial application evaluation. Resistant starch derived from high-amylose cornstarch was manufactured and provided for human and animal nutrition studies. Waste Streams: A national presentation was given on water usage and water reclamation on ethanol plants. Other: Egg white protein functionality research was reported quarterly to the funding agency. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: Includes all original PIs, as listed, and part-time professional and scientific staff, Carol Ziel. Partner organizations: BioForce Nanosciences (Ames, IA) (atomic force microscopy); Advanced Analytical Technologies (Ames, IA) (flow cytometry); PolyMedix, Inc. (Radnor, PA) (biomimetic antimicrobial polymers); Matrix Microscience, Ltd. (Cambridge, U.K.) (selective capture of pathogens from foods); QuantumSphere, Inc., (Santa Ana, CA) (antimicrobial metal nanoparticles); Amnis Corporation, Seattle, WA (image-based flow cytometry); Aetos Technologies, Inc. (Auburn, AL) (characterization of nanoparticle-cell interactions); USDA- ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (David Stevenson and George E. Inglett); USDA-ARS GEM Project (Mark Campbell, Linda Pollak, Mike Blanco, and A O'Brien); Iowa Soybean Association, University of Massachusetts, Kendall College, Soyfoods Association; ENITIAA, Nantes, France; The Ohio State University; FEC Solution (Des Moines, IA), Lincolnway Energy (Nevada, IA), University of Northern Iowa, Sparboe Egg (New Hampton, IA); Archer Daniels Midland; Asoyia. Collaborators and Contacts: Daniel Armstrong, Professor of Chemistry, University of Texas-Arlington; Michael Pate, Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University; Zihua Ao; Li Li; Sang-Ho Yoo; Cathy Keppel; Martin Spalding; Napaporn Atichokudomchai; Jin-Hee Park; Sathaporn, Srichuwong; Romania; Eastern Europe; EU counties; Univerisity of Nebraska; Clemson University; Hans van Leeuwen, ISU Professor in Civil and Construction Environmental Engineering (CCEE), and Samir Khanel, ISU Research Professor, CCEE. Training or professional development: Hui Wang (postdoc); and PhD students: Sandra Majoni, Guang Wang, Lixing Yao, Jose Gerde, Bledar Bisha, Heidi Weinkauf, Kristopher Lineberry, Andrew Lantz, Suwat Saengkerdsub; and MS students, Kim Rohfling, Sheu-L Lock. One graduate student in Environmental Engineering. TARGET AUDIENCES: Processors of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables, Wet-milling industry, Health food industry, Food Scientists, Nutrition Scientists, Educators, Governmental bodies dealing with food, food industries, and consumers, Ethanol fermentation and feed industry, Biodiesel and biolubricant industry, Food processing operations with a contaminated water waste stream, Egg production and processing industry, Undergraduate and graduate students in food science. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: None

Impacts
Microbial: Sequential application of acidified hydrogen peroxide solutions and irradiation significantly reduced populations of pathogenic bacteria on whole cantaloupe. Newly developed methods for rapid detection of Salmonella will increase the safety of Iowa-produced seed sprouts. Rapid detection methods for Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes will increase pork safety, and will serve hog producers (8,700 Iowa farms) and Iowa-based producers of finished food products. Van Beek Natural Sciences adopted more effective non-antibiotic antimicrobials for treatment of food production animals. New fundamental knowledge on enhancing antimicrobial efficacy of essential oils was discovered, and shared with Van Beek Natural Sciences, who is re-formulating essential oil-based products. Rapid detection of bacteria in milk will change actions in dairy companies. A new course in rapid microbial methods is teaching students new knowledge for increased food safety. Soybeans: Companies have adopted ISU procedures for recovering soy beta-conglycinin as a health-promoting product for cardiovascular health and cancer protection, and are scaling up our process to verify commercial potential. A new Iowa company has commercialized carbon-dioxide-assisted screw pressing to process identity-preserved oils and produce specialty protein products. A major advance in recovering oil by using extrusion and enzymes to assist vegetable oil extraction from soybeans using water was achieved, with industry commercializing the process. Interesterified shortenings and ultra-low linolenic acid soybean oil were effective in replacing hydrogenated oils/shortenings in bakery products, information critical for replacing trans-fats in foods. Low-dose irradiation of soybeans with subsequent storage lowered the sensory properties of soymilk and tofu, a finding important for long-term planetary exploration by NASA Astronauts and Homeland Security. High-pressure processing combined with mild thermal treatment extended the shelf-life of soymilk to 28 days, contributing to better understanding of the mechanisms. Soy protein hydrolyzed by enzymes, bromelain and FPC proteases, produced soy protein with little bitterness, and hydrolysis by alpha-galactosidase increased the sweetness and decreased the bitterness of MN-modified soy flour. Corn: ISU and a company commercialized corn containing recombinant gelatin for use as gel caps in pharmaceuticals. Efficient wet-milling and dry-milling procedures were adapted to recover biologically active fractions rich in recombinant proteins. Structures of resistant starch and its mechanism for formation in new high-amylose cornstarch were revealed, and a starch with 75 percent resistance was developed. Wastewater: Treatment of wet corn-milling wastewater with filamentous fungi to obtain fungal biomass as an additional byproduct was accomplished. Other: Sensory characteristics of hard apple cider, produced from several Iowa apples were determined. Improved foaming properties of yolk-contaminated egg white will reduce the loss in egg products.

Publications

  • Ao, Z. and Jane, J. 2007. Characterization and modeling of A- and B-granule starches of barley, wheat, and triticale. Carbohydr. Polym. 67:46-55.
  • White, P.J. 2007. Fatty acids in oilseeds (vegetable oils) Chapter 10, in edited by Ching K. Chow, Fatty Acids in Foods and their Health Implications, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y.
  • White, P.J., Pollak, L.M., and Duvick, S. 2007. Improving the fatty acid composition of corn (Zea mays L.) oil by using germplasm introgression. Lipid Technology. Feb, Vol. 19 (2) 2007.
  • Wilson, L.A., Perchonok, M.H., French. S.J. 2007. Influence of Low Level Irradiation of Soybeans on the Quality of Soyfoods during Mars Missions, The World of Food Science. http://www.worldfoodscience.org.
  • Yao, L., Hammond, E.G., and Wang, T. 2007. Melting points and viscosities of fatty acid esters that are potential targets for engineered oilseed. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. Published online: 14 November 2007.
  • Yoo, S.-H., Keppel ,C., Spalding, M., and Jane, J. 2007. Effects of growth condition on the structure of glycogen produced in cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. International J. Biolog. Macromol. 40:498-504.
  • Deak, N.A., Murphy, P.A., and Johnson L.A. 2007. Characterization of Fractionated Soy Proteins Produced by a Simplified Procedure. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 84(2):137-149.
  • Brehm-Stecher, B.F. and Johnson, E.A. 2007. Rapid Detection of Listeria. In: E. Marth and E. Ryser (ed.) Listeria, Listeriosis and Food Safety, third edition, Marcel Dekker, New York.
  • Brehm-Stecher, B.F. 2007. New Technologies for Imaging Individual Microbial Cells. In: Imaging Cellular & Molecular Biological Function, F. Frischknecht and S. Shorte, (eds.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
  • Campbell, M. R., Jane, J., Pollak, L., Blanco, M., and O'Brien, A. 2007. Registration of maize germplasm line GEMS-0067. J. Plant Regist. 1:60-61.
  • Deak, N.A., and Johnson, L.A. 2007. Effects of Extraction Temperature and Preservation Method on Functionality of Soy Protein. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 84(3):259-268.
  • Deak, N.A., and Johnson, L.A. 2007. Preparation of Glycinin and β-Conglycinin from High-sucrose/Low-stachyose Soybeans. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 84(3):260-279.
  • Deak, N.A., and Johnson, L.A. 2007. Fate of Phytic Acid in Producing Soy Protein Ingredients. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 84(4):369-376.
  • Eyherabide, G., Borras, F., Robutti, J., Presello, D., and White, P.J. 2007. Gelatinization and retrogradation traits of starches from Argentinian maize inbred lines: Patterns of Correlation among traits. Cereal Chemistry. 84:220-224.
  • Eyherabide, G., Borras, F., Robutti, J., Presello, D., and White, P.J. 2007. Genotypic and environmental variability in thermal traits of starches from Argentinian maize inbreds. Cereal Chemistry. 84:92-96.
  • Gerde, J., Hardy, C., Fehr, W., and White, P.J. 2007. Frying performance of no-trans, low-linolenic acid soybean oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 84:557-563.
  • Gerde, J., Hardy, C., Hurburgh, C.R., and White, P.J. 2007. Rapid determination of degradation in frying oils with near-infrared spectroscopy. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 84:519-522.
  • Jane, J. 2007. Structure of Starch Granules. J. Appl. Glycosci. 54:31-36.
  • Jane, J., Atichokudomchai, N., and Park, J. H. 2007. Reaction patterns of enzyme hydrolysis of starch. In: Starch: Progress in Basic and Applied Science. Ed. P. Tomasik, V. P. Yuryev, E. Bertoft. Polish Soc. of Food Technol. Cracow, Poland. pp. 173-182.
  • Johnson, L., Penet, C., Lamsal, B., Jung, S., Zhang, C., Wu, J., Gerstner, J., and Birschbach, P. 2007. Enzyme-Assisted Soy Aqueous Process with De-Emulsification, Patent.
  • Lamsal, B.P., and Johnson, L.A. 2007. Separating Oil from Aqueous Extraction Fraction of Soybeans. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 85(8):785-792.
  • Lamsal, B.P., Jung, S., and Johnson, L.A. 2007. Rheological Properties of Soy Protein Hydrolysates Obtained from Limited Enzymatic Hydrolysis. LWT-Food Sci. Tech. 40:1215-1223.
  • Li, L., Blanco, M., and Jane, J. 2007. Physicochemical properties of endosperm and pericarp starches during maize development. Carbohydr. Polym. 67:630-639.
  • Li, W., White, P.J., Bern, C.J. Wei, C., and Beta, T. 2007. High-amylose corn exhibits better antioxidant activity than typical and waxy genotypes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55:291-298.
  • Lock, S.-L. 2007. Flavor characteristics of soy products modified by proteases and alpha-galactosidase. M.S. Thesis, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
  • Onal, B., White, P.J., and Hammond, E.G. 2007. Effects of linalyl oleate on soybean oil flavor and quality in a frying application. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 84:157-163.
  • Srichuwong S., and Jane, J. 2007. Physicochemical properties of starch affected by molecular composition and structures: A review. Food Sci. and Biotech. 16:663-674.
  • Stevenson, D. G., Jane, J., and Inglett, G. E. 2007. Characterisation of jicama (Mexican potato) (Pachyrhizus erosus L. Urban) starch from taproots grown in USA and Mexico. Starch/Staerke 59:132-140.
  • Stevenson, D. G., Jane, J., and Inglett, G. E. 2007. Structures and physicochemical properties of starch from immature seeds of soybean varieties Glycine max (L.) Merr.) exhibiting normal, low-linolenic or low-saturated fatty acid oil profiles at naturity. Carbohydr. Polym. 70:149-159.
  • Traynham, T.L., Myers, D.J., Carriquiry, A.L., and Johnson, L.A. 2007. Evaluation of Water-holding Capacity for Wheat-Soy Flour Blends. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 84(2):151-155.
  • Wang, L. and Wang, T. 2007. Chemical modification of partially hydrogenated vegetable oil to improve its functional properties. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 84:1149-1159.
  • Wang, H. 2007. Enhanced protein products from extruded-expelled soybean meal. PhD Thesis, Iowa State Univerisity, Ames, IA. 155 pages.


Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06

Outputs
Microbial: The sanitizing effect of organic acid or hydrogen peroxide solutions against pathogenic bacteria on the outer rind surface of cantaloupe skin and on raw whole almonds has been improved by the addition of a foodgrade surfactant. The microbial flora of processed soy products was characterized, with the data being used to improve process control and product quality for the Iowa company, MicroSoy. Essential oil-based antimicrobial formulations from plants were developed to guard against four foodborne pathogens in veterinary practice for use by the Iowa company, Van Beek. The feasibility of producing high-quality "hard" (fermented) cider from Iowa-grown apple cultivars was demonstrated. Soybeans: Low dose (1-5 Gy) radiation of bulk whole soybeans and storage for two years increased the beany/oxidized aroma of soymilk and tofu made from the stored beans, but provided microbial safety. In general, the gamma irradiation decreased the yield and increased off-aromas of soymilk and tofu. Solid content and pH of beans impacted the viscosity and emulsification stability of soymilks made with high pressure processing and thermal treatment, The processing also modified the distribution of isoflavone forms; however neither pressure nor temperature affected soymilk isoflavone content. Protease hydrolysis of soy flour increased bitterness, and alpha-galactosidase hydrolysis increased sweetness and reduced bitterness. The process for producing hydrolysates from soy flour for industrial use was optimized by using a combination of protease and carbohydrate enzymes, thus replacing the process that only used protease enzymes. The enzymes influenced resin strength, allowing formulations for many product needs. The hydrolysate can be used to replace up to 20% of the petroleum-based chemicals in phenol formaldehyde adhesives. Soybean oil was modified by the addition of functional groups, such as epoxy, hydroxyl, and ester branches, to increase plasticity and cohesiveness for use in soy candles and waxes. Soybean oil with low-linolenic acid concentrations was successfully used as a no-trans frying oil, and frying oil life was extended by the addition of terpene-based antioxidants. Soy protein fractionation to recover one of the major health-promoting soy proteins (beta-conglycinin) in high yield and purity, was developed while retaining useful properties in foods. Corn: Innovative processing of high-amylose corn starch produced 60% enzyme resistance by chemical testing and 52% resistance in humans to create resistant starch. Resistant maltodextrins from normal cornstarch produced 90% enzyme resistance. Waste streams: Treatment of nonsterile corn wet-milling wastewater with an attached growth system (PCS biofilm reactor) to enhance value by using Rhizopus oligosporus, out-performed the conventional suspended-culture continuous-stirred-reactor. Meanwhile, the use of enzymes and water enhanced oil extraction during extrusion, especially when followed by phospholipase addition to de-emulsify the recovered crea so that free oil could be obtained by this water-based oil recovery process.

Impacts
Microbial: Addition of a foodgrade surfactant to solutions of organic acid or hydrogen peroxide for washing fresh produce significantly reduced numbers of pathogenic bacteria to improve microbial safety. Rapid microbial detection systems will enhance company safety and profit margins, and have resulted in collaborations between Van Beek and ISU, and development of new markets for an Iowa-based biotechnology company (AATI). With the production of hard cider as a value-added product, the profitability of Iowa apple orchards may be increased. Soybeans: Improved performance and expanded uses of soy products, by treatment with enzymes, gamma-irradiation, toasting, fractionation, and high-pressure processing, and to create candles/edible waxes and no-trans frying oils, means better economic impact of the crop. Partnerships with companies have arisen from the following projects, adhesive work, recovery of soy beta-conglycinin as a health-promoting product for cardiovascular health and cancer protection. Corn: The resistant starch and maltodextrin products will improve human nutrition by reducing obesity and diabetes. Characterization of chemical compositions of distiller's dry grain with solubles (DDGS) will help the ethanol industry improve ethanol yield. Waste streams: Corn wet milling wastewater, having no value and costing money to bioremediate, can be used to produce a value-added fungal product, such as chitin/chitosan or protein. The water-based oil recovery process may allow the industry to replace hazardous and polluting hexane-extraction of soybeans.

Publications

  • Aldin, E., Reitmeier, C.A. and Murphy, P. 2006. Bitterness of soy extracts containing isoflavones and saponins. J. Food Sci. 71(3):211-215.
  • Atichokudomchai, N., J. Jane, and G. Hazlewood, 2006. Reaction pattern of a novel thermostable -amylase. Carbohydr. Polym. 64 (2006) 582-588.
  • Vignaux, N., S.R. Fox, and L.A. Johnson. 2006. A 10-g Laboratory Wet-milling Procedure for Maize and Comparison with Larger Scale Laboratory Procedures. J. Cereal Sci. 83(5):482-490.
  • Vlad, J. Jane, P. Mungara, D. Grewell, 2006. Mechanical properties of soy protein isolate/soy hydrolysate plastics, In: 64th Annual Technical Conference for the Society of Plastic Engineers Proceedings (2006), Society of Plastic Engineers, Brookfield, CT
  • Jane, J., N. Atichokudomchai, J.-H. Park, and D.-S. Suh, 2006. Effects of amylopectin structure on the organization and properties of starch granules. In Advances in Biopolymers: Molecules, clusters, networks and interactions. Ed. M. L. Fisherman, P. X. Qi, L. Wicker. ACS, Washington D.C. pp. 146-164 (2006).
  • Jane, J., 2006. Current understanding on starch granule structure. J. Appl. Glycosci., 53 (2006) 151-159.
  • Jasti, N., S.K. Khanal, A. L. Pometto III and J. (Hans) van Leeuwen. 2006. Fungal treatment of corn processing wastewater in an attached growth system. Water Science and Practice. 1(3):1-8 http://www.iwaponline.com/wpt/001/03/default.htm
  • Jung, S., B.P. Lamsal, V. Stepien, L.A. Johnson and P.A. Murphy. 2006. Functionality of Soy Proteins Produced by Enzyme-assisted Extraction. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 83(1):71-78.
  • Khiyami, M.A., A. L. Pometto III, and W. J. Kennedy. 2006. Lignolytic Enzyme Production by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in PCS Biofilm Sitrred Tank Bioreactor. J. Ag. Food Chem. 54: 1693-1698.
  • Lakshmanan, R., de Lamballerie-Anton, M., Jung, S. 2006. Effect of soybean-to-water ratio and pH on pressurized soymilk properties, Journal of Food Science, 71: E384-391, 2006.
  • Lamsal, B.P., S. Jung and L.A. Johnson. 2006. Rheological Properties of Soy Protein Hydrolysates Obtained from Limited Enzymatic Hydrolysis. LWT-Food Sci. Tech. Journal of Food Technology (on-line Oct. 18).
  • Lamsal, B.P., P.A. Murphy, and L.A. Johnson. 2006. Flaking and Extrusion as a Mechanical Treatment for Enzyme-assisted Aqueous Extraction of Oil from Soybeans. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 83(11):973-979.
  • Lamsal, B.P., Reitmeier, C., Murphy, P.A., and Johnson, L.A. 2006. Enzymatic hydrolysis of extruded-expelled soy flour and resulting functional properties. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 83(8):731-737.
  • Li, W., P.J. White, and T. Beta. 2006. Antioxidant activity of typical and mutant corn genotypes. World Grain Summit: American Association of Cereal Chemists annual meeting. San Francisco, CA. September. Abstract in AACC Annual meeting Program Book.
  • Brehm-Stecher, B.F., Hyldig-Nielsen, J.J., and E.A. Johnson. 2005. Design and Evaluation of 16S rRNA-Targeted Peptide Nucleic Acid Probes for Whole Cell Detection of The Genus Listeria, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71: 5451-5457.
  • Deak, N.A., and L.A. Johnson. 2006. Functional Properties of Soy Protein Ingredients Prepared from High-sucrose/Low-stachyose Soybeans. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 83(9):811-818.
  • Deak, N., P. Murphy, and L.A. Johnson. 2006. Effects of Reducing Agent Concentration on Soy Protein Fractionation and Functionality. J. Food Sci. 71(3):C200-208.
  • Deak, N.A., P. Murphy, and L.A. Johnson. 2006. Effects of NaCl Concentration on Salting-in and Dilution during Salting-out on Soy Protein Fractionation. J. Food Sci. 71(4):C247-254.
  • Deak, N., P. Murphy, and L.A. Johnson. 2006. Compositional Characteristics of Protein Ingredients Prepared from High-sucrose/Low-stachyose Soybeans. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 83(9):803-810.
  • Deak, N.A., P. Murphy, and L.A. Johnson. 2006. Fractionating Soybean Storage Proteins Using Calcium and Sodium Bisulfite. J. Food Sci. 71(7):C413-424.
  • Duvick, S.A., L.M. Pollak, J.W. Edwards, and P.J. White. 2006. Altering the fatty acid composition of corn belt corn through tripsacum introgression. Maydica. 51:409-416.
  • Duvick, S., L.M. Pollak, and P.J. White. 2006. Breeding corn for altered fatty acids. American Oil Chemists Society annual meeting. St. Louis, MO. May. Abstract in AOCS Annual meeting Program Book, p. 88.
  • Gerde, J., C. Hardy, W.Fehr and P.J. White. 2006. Impact of reducing linolenic acid composition in soybean oil on quality of food and oil during frying. American Oil Chemists Society annual meeting. St. Louis, MO. May. Abstract in AOCS Annual meeting Program Book, p. 38-39. This paper won an Outstanding Paper Award.
  • Han, X.-Z., Z. Ao, S. Janaswamy, J. Jane, R. Chandrasekaran and B. R. Hamaker, 2006. Development of a Low Glycemic Maize Starch: Preparation and Characterization, Biomacromolecules, 7 (2006) 1162-1168.
  • Lin, H., Y.-H. Chang, J.-H. Lin, J. Jane, M.-J. Sheu, and T.-J. Lu, 2006. Heterogeneity of lotus rhizome starch granules as revealed by α-amylase degradation. Carbohydr. Polym. 66 (2006) 528-536.
  • Mendonca, A. F., O. Byelashov, L. Goodridge, and J. Lopes. 2006. Combined effectiveness of lactic acid and sodium lauryl sulfate in destroying Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes on whole raw almonds. Abstr. P5-35, In Book of Abstracts, International Association for Food Protection Annual Meeting, Calgary, Canada, Aug. 13-16, 2006.
  • Mendonca, A. F., and A. Orozalieva. 2006. Combined effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide and a foodgrade surfactant for destroying Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on whole cantaloupe. Abstr 016-6, In Abstracts of the S-294 Regional Project Science Symposium and International Fresh Produce Association Meeting, Baltimore, MD, April 27-39, 2006.
  • Onal, B., E. G. Hammond, and P.J. White. 2006. Effect of Some Terpenyl Oleates on Soybean Oil Oxidation at 180 degrees C. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society. 83:1027-1032.
  • Onal-Ulusoy, B., E.G. Hammond, and P.J. White. 2006. Performance of terpenyl oleates as oxidation inhibitors in frying oil. American Oil Chemists Society annual meeting. St. Louis, MO. May. Abstract in AOCS Annual meeting Program Book, p.88.
  • Pollak, L.M. S. Duvick, and P.J. White. 2006. Variation in fatty acid content in a wide breeding cross. American Oil Chemists Society annual meeting. St. Louis, MO. May. Abstract in AOCS Annual meeting Program Book, p. 88-89.
  • Stevenson, D.G., P. A. Domoto, and J. Jane, 2006. Structural and functional properties of apple (Malus domestica Borkh) fruit starch. Carbohydr. Polym. 63 (2006) 432-441.
  • Stevenson, D.G., R. K. Doorenbos, J. Jane, and G. E. Inglett, 2006. Structures and functional properties of starch from seeds of three soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) varieties. Starch/Staerke 58 (2006) 509-519.
  • Stevenson, D.G., J. Jane, and G. E. Inglett, 2006. Physicochemical properties of pin oak (Quercus Palustris Muenchh.) acorn starch. Starch/Staerke 58 (2006) 553-560.
  • Stevenson, D.G., S. R. Johnson, J. Jane & G. E. Inglett, 2006. Chemical and Physical Properties of Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) Starch. Starch/Staerke (2006) 323-329.
  • Wang, H., T. Wang and L.A. Johnson. 2006. Mechanism for Refunctionalizing Heat-denatured Soy Protein by Alkaline Hydrothermal Cooking. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 83(1):39-45.
  • Yang, I., M. L. Kuo, and D. J. Myers. 2006. Soy protein combined with copper and boron compounds for providing effective wood preservation. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 83(3):239-245.
  • Yang, I., M. L. Kuo, and D. J. Myers. 2006. Bond quality of soy-based phenolic adhesives in southern pine plywood. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 83(3):231-237.
  • Yang, I., M. L. Kuo, D. J. Myers, and A. Pu. 2006. Comparison of protein-based adhesive resins for wood composites. Japan Journal of Wood Science 52(6) 503-508.
  • Zhang, J., L. Jiang, L. Zhu, P. Mungara, and J. Jane, 2006. Morphology and properties of soy protein and polylactide blends, Biomacromolecules 7 (2006) 1551-1561.
  • Patents- J. Jane, B. Mou, C. Jansson, and C. Sun, 2006. Genetic modification of cornstarch structure and functionality with barley starch branching enzyme IIa gene. US Patent 7,009,092, March 7, 2006.
  • Theses- Chiew-Ling Chai. 2006. Influence of radiation encountered on Mars missions on the yield and quality of soymilk and tofu from bulk soybeans. M.S. Thesis. 131p.
  • Jose Gerde. 2006. Frying performance of soybean oils with reduced linolenate content and methods to monitor deteriorative changes. M.S. Thesis.
  • Ileana Sala, 2006. Effects of high pressure processing on soymilk enzymes, proteins and isoflavones. M.S. Thesis. 146 p.
  • N.A. Weinsetel, 2006. Antimicrobial action of selected plant-derived compounds against Listeria monocytogenes. Ph.D. Thesis.


Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05

Outputs
Research activities of the program in 2005 focused on following crops. Soybeans: uses of soy protein for plastics, adhesives, and various food products, removing odor and beany flavor of soy material, isolating and fractionating soy protein for healthy food application, using low and ultra-low linolenic acid soy oil as replacement of hydrogenated oil that contains trans fatty acids, sphingolipids isolation from soy flakes, development of new lubricants from novel fatty acids, using high-pressure processing with other additives to delay oil oxidation, and using the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus as a way to encapsulate fat. Soybean oils with an ultra-low linolenic acid (ULL) concentration and a low linolenic acid (LL) concentration display better frying. Corn: characterization of cornstarch and relating the starch structure to enzyme hydrolysis and alcohol production, development of resistant starch to improve human health and intervention obesity and diabetes, isolation and fractionation of pharmaceutical proteins from corn. Molecular structures of starch and internal structures of starch granules have been revealed and their impacts on the enzyme digestibility have been established. Apple and other fresh produce: sanitizing washes of apples and other fresh produce using food grade organic acids to reduce microbial contamination and prevent food poisoning. Oats: production of high beta-glucan oat lines to provide healthy oats products for food. Eggs: fractionation and characterization of egg yolk lecithin. Research Centers: The Center for Crops Utilization Research continues providing industry-incubating facilities to companies. NASA Food Technology Commercial Space Center (FTCSC) worked with a variety of food companies to develop commercial and space foods.

Impacts
Our efforts strive to increase demand and the prices farmers receive and to improve life of people. The outcome of this program contributes to rural economic development by creating new uses of crops and job opportunities in Iowa. The production of ULL and LL oils have increased the value of Iowa-grown soybeans. Occurrence of human enteric pathogens on fresh produce eaten raw is a major safety problem. Washing produce with a food-grade organic acid-based sanitizer significantly reduces Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. Containers made from soy protein foam provide good thermal insulation. Molded products provide good mechanical properties. Used containers can be ground and used for compositing, soil conditioners, and stimulants for plant growth. Technology has been licensed for commercial applications. A technology was developed to produce textured soy chicken flavored bits and tenders for an Iowa Company which received a U.S. grant for commercialization. Fractionation of the major components of soy protein is being transferred to a start-up company. ISU is moving toward the transfer and commercialization of the soy protein hydrolysate to be used in the formulation of soy protein-based adhesives. A NASA FTCSC affiliated company in Iowa was to develop a bench scale extruder to process soybeans on planetary outpost and to help small soybean processors produce food grade soy products.

Publications

  • Khiyami, M. A., A. L. Pometto III, and R. C. Brown. 2005. Detoxification of Corn Stover and Corn Starch Pyrolysis Liquors by Ligninolytic Enzymes of Phanerochaete chrysporium. J. Ag. Food Chem. 53:2969-2977
  • Khiyami, M. A., A. L. Pometto III, and R. C. Brown. 2005. Detoxification of Corn Stover and Corn Starch Pyolysis Liquors by Pseudomonas putida and Streptomyces setonii Suspended Cells and PCS Biofilms. J. Ag. Food Chem. 53:2978-2987.
  • Lenihan, E., L. Pollak, and P.J. White. 2005. Thermal properties of starch from exotic by adapted corn (Zea mays L.) lines grown in four environments. Cereal Chemistry. 82:683-689.
  • Sayar, S., J.-L. Jannink, and P.J. White. 2005. In vitro bile acid binding of flours from oat lines varying in percentage and molecular weight distribution of the beta-glucan. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 53:8797-8803.
  • Tziotis, A., K. Seetharaman, J. Klucinec, P. Keeling, and P. J. White. 2005. Functional properties of starch from normal and mutant corn genotypes. Carbohydrate Polymers. 61:238-247.
  • Palacios L. E. and T. Wang. 2005. Extraction of egg-yolk lecithin, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 82:565-569.
  • Palacios L. E. and T. Wang. 2005. Egg-yolk lipid fractionation and lecithin characterization, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 82:571-578.
  • Jiang, Y. and T. Wang. 2005. Phytosterols in agricultural by-products. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 82:439-444.
  • Wang, T., V. K.S. Shukla, and G.R. List, 2005. Storage, Stability, and Transport of Fats and Oils, in Baileys Industrial Oil and Fat Products, 6th Edition.
  • Hammond, E.G., L.A. Johnson. P.J. White, T. Wang, and C. Su, 2005. Soybean Oil, in Baileys Industrial Oil and Fat Products, 6th Edition.
  • G. Stevenson, S.H. Yoo, P. L. Hurst, and J. Jane. 2005. Structural and physicochemical characteristics of winter squash (Cucurbita maxima D.) fruit starches at harvest. Carbohydr. Polym. 59, P153-163.
  • J. Patindol, Y.-J. Wang, and J. Jane. 2005. Structure-functionality changes in starch following rough rice storage. Starch/Staerke 57 P197-207.
  • J. Bao, Z. Ao, and J. Jane. 2005. Characterization of physical properties of flour and starch obtained from gamma-irradiated white rice. Starch/Staerke 57, P 480-487.
  • Brehm-Stecher, B.F., J.J. Hyldig-Nelson, and Eric A. Johnson (2005). Design and evaluation of 16S rRNA-targeted peptide nucleic acid probes for whole-cell detection of members of the genus Listeria. Appl. and Environ. Microbiol. 71(9):5451-5457.
  • Wilson, L.A. French, S.J. Perchonok, M. 2005. Use of Irradiation as a HACCP.CCP Step for Bulk Soybeans Prior to Their Transit to Mars: Influence on Microbial Load, Functional Properties and Yield of Soymilk and Tofu. 35th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Rome, Italy, Luly 9-12. ICES Manuscript # 2005-01-2925. P1-14.
  • Jung, S., P.A. Murphy, and L.A. Johnson. 2005. Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Soy Protein Substrates Modified by Low Levels of Protease Hydrolysis. J. Food Sci. 70(2):C180-187.
  • Jung, S., B.P. Lamsal, V. Stepien, L.A. Johnson, P.A. Murphy. 2005. Functionality of Soy Proteins Produced by Enzyme-assisted Extraction, JAOCS, Vol 83, N1, pp 71-78.
  • Wang,T, Y. Jiang and E.G. Hammond. 2005. Effect of Randomizationon the Oxidative Stability of Corn Oil, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 82(2)111-118.
  • Onal-Ulusoy, B., E.Hammond and P. White, 2005. Linalyl Oleate as a Frying Oil Autoxidation Inhibitor, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 82(6):433-438.
  • E.G. Hammond and T. Wang, Nov. 15, 2005. Method of Converting Free Fatty Acids to Fatty Acid Methyl Esters with Small Excess of Methanol. U.S. Patent 6,965, 044.


Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04

Outputs
This program focuses on developing technologies that add value to agricultural products produced in Iowa. Where possible our efforts strive to increase demand and prices farmers receive and contribute to rural economic development by creating new businesses and job opportunities in rural areas. Many of these activities are coordinated by the Center for Crops Utilization Research and the NASA Food Technology Commercial Space Center in partnership with faculty in the depts. of Food Science & Human Nutrition and Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering. Both centers seed research and commercialization activities to develop products and processes that add value to Iowa agriculture, especially corn and soybeans. The centers staffs assist ISU scientists, emerging and established private companies, producers of grain, food and materials for bio-based products in developing new technologies as well as assist ISU scientists find companies interested in commercializing new technologies developed at ISU. The three goals are: 1) to develop food and bio-based, value-added products from agricultural materials, including low-value commodities and waste streams; 2) to improve the quality, safety, and efficiency of producing these commodities and process them to improve their values in the marketplace; 3) to conduct technology transfer activities that increase rural development, employment, and the profitability of growers and processors. Goal 1 Accomplishments: -Working to reduce COD in fermentation waste stream and produce value-added fungal biomass in non-sterile environment using PCS biofilm reactors and bacterial sanitizers. -Characterized new low-fiber soy protein concentrate, which achieves greater yields & better functionality properties, and contains more healthy isoflavones. -Developed a chicken flavored textured soy product that is an okara based snack chip. -Modified glycogen in cyanobacteria to induce crystalline starch granule formation. -Developed confocal laser scanning microscopic method to study internal structures of starch granules. -Investigated chicken feather meal use as biopolymer for biodegradable plastics. Goal 2 Accomplishments: -Provided food safety training and certification to 17 apple cider processors. -Evaluated irradiating soybeans during bulk storage prior to shipping which could provide microbial safety, but potential germination, sensory, and functional property changes due to oxidation might make soybeans unsuitable. Goal 3 Accomplishments: -Developed 10-g procedure for testing wet milling properties of different lines of corn. -Washed fresh produce with foodgrade organic acid-based sanitizer (PRO-SAN; Microcide, Inc.) significantly reduces populations of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. on whole tomatoes surface to improve microbial safety of these products. -PRO-SAN (Microcide, Inc.) was an effective sanitizing treatment for apples, strawberries and tomatoes at refrigeration temperatures. During room temperature storage, PRO-SAN and FreshDip treatment was as effective as chlorine in preventing spoilage without the bleaching effect of hydrogen peroxide.

Impacts
Goal 1: -Developed new oat lines with increased beta-glucan concentrations that will allow delivery of nutritionally effective dose of 3-g beta-glucan in one bowl of oatmeal. -Developed a spread with soy protein and vegetable oils that had pleasant dairy-like flavor. -Develop new processing techniques for starch to reduce the rate of enzyme digestibility of starch to reduce obesity problems. -Developed new soy protein fractionation procedure to fractionate the two major storage proteins, one of which is believed to be responsible for cardiovascular benefits. -Demonstrated that diterpene alcohol esters, such as linalyl oleate can be effective antioxidants in soybean oil and replace synthetic methyl silicon that currently is used. -Developed unique egg lecithin preparation procedure (patent pending). Impacts, Goal 2: -Apple cider producers who pasteurize their juice on farm, received training and were evaluated on their ability to produce the FDA mandated HACCP documentation. -Demonstrated that soybeans should be stored be at 32-50% RH and 4-20oC to maintain optimum quality. Impacts, Goal 3: -Developed new dry corn milling system that can be mounted on a truck and taken to the field to fractionate transgenic corn containing therapeutic proteins to fight various diseases. -Develop a process to hydrolyze soy protein and provide industry with hydrolysate for adhesive manufacturers to make soy protein-based adhesive. -Working with industry to develop supercritical carbon dioxide screw pressing.

Publications

  • Briggs, J.L., and T. Wang. 2004. Influence of shearing and time on the rheological properties of milk chocolate during tempering, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 81:117-121.
  • Chen, S., G. Bobe, S. Zimmerman, E.G. Hammond, C.M. Luhman, T.D. Boylston, A.E. Freeman, and D.C. Beitz. 2004. Physical and Sensory Properties of Dairy products from Cows with Various Milk Fatty Acid Compositions, J.Ag. Food Chem. 52: 3422-3428.
  • Colleoni-Sirghie, M., J.-L. Jannink, and P.J. White. 2004. Pasting and thermal properties of flours from oat lines with high and typical amounts of beta-glucan. Cereal Chemistry. 81:686-692.
  • Colleoni-Sirghie, M., J.-L. Jannink, I.V. Kovalenko, J.L. Briggs, and P.J. White. 2004. Prediction of beta-glucan concentration based on viscosity evaluations of raw oat flours from high-beta-glucan and traditional oat lines. Cereal Chemistry. 81:434-443.
  • Du, G., A. Tekin, E.G. Hammond and L.K. Woo. 2004. Catalytic Epoxidation of Methyl Linoleate, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 81:477-480.
  • Glanville, T.D., R.A. Persyn, T.L. Richard, J.M. Laflen, and P.M. Dixon. 2004. Environmental effects of applying composted organics to new highway embankments - Part 2 - Water quality. Trans. ASAE 47(2):471-478.
  • Guiterrez, E. and T. Wang. 2004. Effect of processing on sphingolipid content in soybean products, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc 81:971-977.
  • Guiterrez, E., T. Wang, and W. R. Fehr. 2004. Quantification of sphingolipids in soybeans, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 81:737-742.
  • Iassonova, D. And E. G. Hammond. 2004. Production of soy cheese for ISS and planetary outpost. 34th International Conference of Environmental Systems, Colorado Springs, Colorado, July 19-22, 2004.
  • Ji, Y., K. Seetharaman, and P.J. White. 2004. Optimizing a small-scale corn-starch extraction method for use in the laboratory. Cereal Chemistry. 81:55-58.
  • Ji, Y., L. M. Pollak, S. Duvick, K. Seetharaman, P. M. Dixon, and P. J. White. 2004. Gelatinization Properties of Starches from Three Successive Generations of Six Exotic Corn Lines Grown in Two Locations. Cereal Chemistry. 81:59-64.


Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03

Outputs
The focus of this research continues to be in the area of finding value-added uses for soybeans and corn with a special emphasis in protein-based adhesives. The two major areas of focus are the technology transfer and commercialization of soy protein-based adhesives and the development of a new hydrolysis process for protein-based adhesive formulation. The status of these projects is as follows: A. Technology Transfer and Commercialization. The first objective in this research project was to identify and confirm the interest of a manufacturer in the soybean-based adhesive. One company has been identified and has an interest in using the adhesive in manufacturing molded wood products. Their reasons for their interest include: 1. Potential lower cost compared to their current adhesive. 2. Reduced formaldehyde emission during manufacture. 3. Reduction in product sticking in the press, which would improve process efficiency. 4. Lighter product color, which could reduce the amount of paint required in the process. One of the major issues that needed to be addressed was the identification of a resin manufacturer to supply the company with the adhesive once the development process was completed. The molded wood products company agreed to work with their current supplier. The resin manufacturer showed interest in the technology; however, they wanted to see the results from a more extensive pilot trial. A plant trial was held at the molded wood products manufacturer that showed excellent results. The results of the pilot trial led to a formal working relationship with the resin manufacturer for the purpose of technology transfer and commercialization of the soy adhesive. Research efforts are also underway with a company in the State of Iowa to manufacture a soy-based component that will be used in the soy adhesive formulation. This effort is underway and essentially completed. The company has a good understanding of the process and the importance of specific quality parameters in the manufacture of the soy component. The next steps are to confirm the processing scheme and the ingredients that the company will use to scale-up the process. B. Alternative Hydrolysis Process Research has shown that soy flour can be hydrolyzed using enzymes to produce a hydrolysate that can be used in wood adhesive formulations. Previous studies were carried out using the enzyme at a 50 mean l/g enzyme to substrate concentration level with a reaction time of 2 hrs. Recent experiments studied the relationship of reaction time to the properties of the adhesive made with the hydrolysate. Testing different reaction times were successfully completed with the results showing no significant difference. This result could prove beneficial in reducing the time to produce a hydrolysate for adhesive manufacture.

Impacts
1.A benefit to the farmers of a new market for soybeans via the commercialization of soy protein adhesives. 2.Rural development and support of local industry in the State of Iowa through the technology transfer efforts of the manufacture of the soy protein-based adhesive component with an Iowa-based company.

Publications

  • No publications reported this period


Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02

Outputs
This program focused on developing technologies that add value to agricultural products produced in Iowa. Where possible our efforts strived to increase demand and prices farmers receive to contribute to rural economic development by creating new businesses and job opportunities in rural areas. Many of these activities were coordinated by the Center for Crops Utilization Research (CCUR) and the NASA Food Technology Commercialization Space Center (NASA FTCSP) in partnership with faculty of the departments of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering. Both centers facilitated research and commercialization activities that develop products and processes that add value to Iowa agriculture, especially corn and soybeans. The center staffs and affiliated faculty assisted emerging and established companies and producers of grain, food and bio-based products in developing new processing and product technologies. Over 15 different companies used the pilot-plant crops-processing facilities of CCUR during the past year in developing their own proprietary technologies. The NASA FTCSP has 17 commercial partners and is close to getting three food products onto the Astronauts' Menu List. This center has over $1.7 million in in-kind activities through its commercial partners. Research on the effects of irradiation on cider safety and quality could lead to the development of an alternative processing method for cider. Cider safety information was posted on the ISU Food Safety Website. Several microbial bioconversion strategies for solid-state fermentation of agro-industrial byproducts into value-added products were developed, including corn masa, spent fermentation bacteria, and bioconversion of corn stover for energy, industrial chemicals and fiber. Spent microbial biomass was successfully incorporated into a biocomposite adhesive system. In cooperation with Genencor International, technologies were developed to utilize enzymes to enhance soy protein products. Various carbohydrases were shown to improve protein recovery from soybean meal. Both proteases and pectinases were shown to improve functionality and performance properties in foods. A new antioxidant for use in industrial products was discovered, which gives about 10-fold improved stability to lipid oxidation. This antioxidant was shown to be quite effective in various industrial lubricant applications. Meadowfoam is a crop that produces a unique oil comprised of long-chain fatty acids that are useful in many applications (lubricants, cosmetics, etc.). Unfortunately, the high-protein meal is not utilized well as livestock feed due to high levels of glucosinolates. A water extraction procedure was shown to efficiently remove these compounds. Several cornstarch structures were identified as having better enzyme digestibilities, which may be important in improving the efficiency of converting corn to fuel ethanol and industrial chemicals via fermentation. Several corn lines possessing starches with improved cooking properties, such as low gelatinization temperature, were discovered. Various exotic corn lines are being explored for other unique starch properties.

Impacts
The Small Business and Industry Incubator program coordinated by CCUR had several resident companies during the past year including: Proliant, Ames, IA; Ajinomoto, Eddyville, IA; and Kemin Americas, Des Moines, IA. Ajinomoto relocated during the year to new facilities in the ISU Research Park. Nationally, the food safety of apple cider has come into serious question because of E. coli outbreaks. ISU research on apple cider has improved the quality and safety of products produced in Iowa as well as large numbers of producers have been retained in this important rural industry. Outreach efforts have assisted them in implementing good manufacturing practices (GMP), standard operating procedures (SOP), and hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP) plans. Incorporation of microbial biomass into biocomposite adhesives provides a high-value use for a common industrial byproduct, while achieving several important performance properties for the biocomposite industry. One particular enzyme treatment for soy flour was shown to produce a protein hydrolysate, which conferred improved adhesive properties. This hydrolysis method is much more environmentally friendly and requires less capital investment than the traditional alkaline hydrolysis method. A method was developed for measuring fluid properties in foods, especially thick viscous foods such as catsup. The Brookfield Company is now manufacturing a Rheometer based on these achievements for quality control in food plants.

Publications

  • Boylston TD, CA Reitmeier, JH Moy, GA Mosher and L Taladriz. 2002. Sensory quality and nutrient composition of three Hawaiian fruits treated by X-irradiation. J. Food Qual. 25(5):419-433.
  • Crowe TW, TD Crowe, LA Johnson and PJ White. 2002. Impact of extraction method on yield of lipid oxidation products from oxidized and unoxidized walnuts. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 79(5):453-456.
  • Cummins A, CA Reitmeier, LA Wilson and BA Glatz. 2002. a survey of apple cider production practices and microbial loads in cider in the state of Iowa. Dairy, Food and Environ. Sanitation 22(10):745-751.
  • Feng F, DJ Myers, MP Hojilla-Evangelista, KA Miller, LA Johnson and SK Singh. 2002. Quality of corn oil obtained by Sequential Extraction Processing. Cereal Chem. 79(5):707-709.
  • Heywood AA, DJ Myers, TB Bailey and LA Johnson. 2002. Functional properties of low-fat soybean flour produced by an extrusion-expelling system. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 79(7)699-702.
  • Heywood AA, DJ Myers, TB Bailey and LA Johnson. 2002. Chemical, physical and sensory properties of extended beef patties with TSP from extruded-expelled soybean flour from value-enhanced soybean varieties. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 79(7):703-707.
  • Hojilla-Evangelista MP and LA Johnson. 2002. Factors affecting oil extraction/water in Sequential Extraction Processing of corn. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 79(8):815-823.
  • Jennings S, DJ Myers, LA Johnson and LM Pollak. 2002. Effects of mautrity on grain quality and wet-milling properties of two selected maize hybrids. Cereal Chem. 79(5):697-702.
  • Jennings S, DJ Myers, LA Johnson and LM Pollak. 2002. Efects of maturity on starch properties. Cereal Chem. 79(5):703-706.
  • Jiang YJ and EG Hammond. 2002. Toluenesulfonate-acyl esters of ethylene glycol and other 1,2-diols as industrial antioxidants with cupric ion. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 79:791-796.
  • Johnson LA, CL Hardy, CP Baumel, TY Yu and JL Sell. 2001. Identifying valuable corn quality traits for livestock feed. Cereal Foods World 46(10):472-481.
  • Katopo H, Y Song and J Jane. 2002. Effect and mechanism of ultrahigh-hydrostatic pressure on the structure and properties of starches. Carbohydr. Polymer 47:233-244.
  • Kuo ML, D Adams, DJ Myers, D Curry, H Heemstra and DD Stokke. 2001. Soybean-based wood adhesives and wood composites bonded with these resins. U.S. Patent No. 6,306,997, October 23, 2001.
  • Miller KA, MP Hojilla-Evangelista and LA Johnson. 2002. Optimizing the oil extraction/water adsorption step in Sequential Extraction Processing of corn. Trans. ASAE 45(1):137-144.
  • Rezaei K, T Wang and LA Johnson. 2002. Combustion characteristics of candles made from hydrogenated soybean oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 79:803-808.
  • Rezaei K, T Wang and LA Johnson, 2002. Hydrogenated vegetable oils in candles. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 79(12):1241-1247.
  • Ruger CW, EJ Klinker and EG Hammond. 2002. Abilities of some antioxidants to stabilize soybean oil in industrial use conditions. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 79:733-736.
  • Selden GL Jr, PB Brown, AC Ostrowski, FA Flores and LA Johnson. 2001. Evaluation of belends of soybean meal-red blood cell co-extruded feed ingredients in diets fed to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J. World Aquaculture Soc. 32:409-415.
  • Vidal-Quintanar RL, J Love and LA Johnson. 2001. Role of germs on physical properties of corn masa flours and sensory characteristics of corn tortillas. Food Sci. Tech. Int. 7(3):363-367.
  • Wang T and JL Briggs. 2002. Rheological and thermal properties of soybean oils with modified FA compositions. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 79:831-836.
  • Wang X, T Wang and LA Johnson. 2002. Composition and sensory qualities of minimum refined soybean oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 79(12):1207-1214.
  • Yu T, CP Baumel, CL Hardy, MJ McVey, LA Johnson and JL Sell. 2002. Impacts of six genetic modifications of corn on feed cost and consumption of traditional feed ingredients. Agribus. 18(1):1-13.
  • Zhou A, WL Boatright, LA Johnson and MA Reuber. 2002. Binding properties of 2-pentylpyridine to soy protein as measured by solid phase microextration. J. Food Sci. 67(1):142-145.


Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01

Outputs
The primary research focus is to evaluate the functionality of soy protein from different varieties (both value-enhance and genetically modified) manufactured using both traditional and nontraditional processing methods and to develop food and nonfood value-added products using the protein. In the nonfood area, these investigations have led to the development of soy protein-based adhesive technology that has been patented and is currently being commercialized. In the food area, we have developed a greater understanding of the functionality of lowfat soy protein flour manufactured using extruder-expeller technology and investigated the application of the flour in a cake doughnut formulation and as a replacement for ground beef in hamburger as textured soy protein.

Impacts
This program has: 1) Developed food and industrial value-added products from agricultural materials, including low-value commodities and waste streams; 2) improved the quality, safety, and efficiency of production of these commodity and processed products to improve their value in the marketplace; 3) conducted technology transfer activities that, ultimately, increased rural development, employment, and the profitability of growers and small businesses, and 4) provided a number of opportunities for minority and female students to work in professional research situations.

Publications

  • Cotton JC. M.S. Thesis. Evaluatation of continuous lactic acid fermentation using a plastic composite support biofilm reactor and lactic acid recovery using emulsion liquid membrane extraction. June 2000.
  • Cervantes-Martinez CT, KJ Frey, PJ White, DM Wesenberg and JB Holland. 2001. Selection for greater beta-glucan content in oat grain. Crop Science 41:1085-1091.
  • Choi HL, TL Richard and HK. Ahn. 2001. Composting High Moisture Materials: Biodrying Poultry Manure in a Sequentially Fed Reactor. Compost Sci. and Util. 9(4):303-311.
  • Cotton JC, AL Pometto III and J Gvozdenovic-Jeremic. 2001. Continuous lactic acid fermentation using a plastic composite support biofilm reactor. J. Appl. Biotech. Microbiol. 57:626-630.
  • Crowe, T.D., and P.J. White. 2001. Adaptation of the AOCS Official Method for Measuring Hydroperoxides from small-scale oil samples. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78:1267-1269.
  • Crowe TW and LA Johnson. 2001. Twin-Screw Texturization of Extruded-Expelled Soybean Flours. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78:781-786.
  • Crowe, TW, LA Johnson and T Wang. 2001. Characterization of Extruded-Expelled Soybean Flours. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78:775-779.
  • Crowe, Tammy (Lester). Ph.D. Thesis. Flavor and stability of walnuts partially defatted using supercritical carbon dioxide. 2001. Iowa State University.
  • Demirci A and AL Pometto III. 2000. Enhanced Organically Bound Chromium Yeast Production. J. Ag. Food Chem. 48:531-536.
  • Fuentes-Granados R, MP Widrlechner and LA Wilson. 2000. Inheritance studies of aromatic compounds in Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze. J. Essent. Oil Res. 12:581-594.
  • Garrison MV and TL Richard. 2001. Iowa Livestock Industry Waste Characterization and Methane Recovery Information Dissemination Project. Final Report for Contract 00-6147-01. Iowa Dept. of Natural Resources.
  • Geater CW, WR Fehr and LA Wilson. 2000 Association of Soybean Seed traits with Physical Properties of Natto. Crop. Sci. 40:1529-1534.
  • Geater CW, WR Fehr, LA Wilson and JF Robyt. 2001. An improved method of total sugar analysis for soybean seed. Crop Sci. 41:250-252.
  • Hammond EG. 2000. Genetic Alteration of Food Fats and Oils in Fatty Acids in Foods and Their Health Implications 2nd Ed. C.K. Chow, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York. pp. 357-374.
  • Harmon JD, T Glanville and TL Richard. 2001. Demonstration of Swine Carcass Composting as Part of An Environmentally Friendly Production System. Final Report for Project 00-33. Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, Ames, IA.
  • Hinrichs CC and TL Richard. 2000. Socio-Technical and Environmental Dimensions of Swine Manure Management Decisions. Final Report for Project 99-69. Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, Ames, IA.
  • Ho KLG, AL Pometto III, A Gadea-Rivas, JA Briceno and A Rojas. 2000. Degradation of Polylactic Acid (PLA) Plastic in Costa Rica Soil and Iowa State University Compost Rows. J. Environ. Poly. Degrad. 7:173-177.
  • Ho KLG, AL Pometto III, PN Hinz, A Gadea-Rivas, JA Briceno and A Rojas. 2000. Field exposure study of polylactic acid (PLA) plastic films in the banana fields of Costa Rica. J. Environ. Poly. Degrad. 7:167-172.
  • Johnson LA and T Wang. 2000. Effects of processing on soybean meal quality (Invited). Proceeding of the 61th Minnesota Nutrition Conference & Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council Technical Symposium, September 19-20, Bloomington, Minnesota. pp5-17
  • Johnson LA, CL Hardy, CP Baumel and PJ White. 2001. Identifying valuable corn quality traits for starch production. Cereal Foods World 46:417-423.
  • King JM, SM Chin, LK Svendsen, CA Reitmeier, LA Johnson and WR Fehr. 2001. Processing of Lipoxygenase-Free Soybeans and Evaluation in Foods. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78:353-360.
  • Koch K and J Jane. 2000. Chemical surface gelatinization of different starches. Cereal Chem. 77:115-120.
  • McPherson AE and J Jane. 2000. Extrusion of cross-linked hydroxypropylated corn starches. II. Morphological and molecular characterization. Cereal Chem. 77:326-332.
  • McPherson AE, TB Bailey and J Jane. 2000. Extrusion of cross-linked hydroxypropylated corn starches. I. Pasting properties. Cereal Chem. 77:320-325.
  • Pan DD and J Jane. 2000. Internal structure of normal maize starch granules revealed by chemical surface gelatinization. Biomacromolecules 1:126-132.
  • Reuber MA, LA Johnson and LR Watkins. 2001. Dehulling Crambe Seed for Improved Oil Extraction and Meal Quality. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78:661-664.
  • Singh SK, LA Johnson, PJ White, J-L Jane and LM Pollak. 2001. Thermal properties and paste and gel behaviors of starches recovered from accessions used in the Germplasm Enhancement of Maize Project. Cereal Chemistry. 78:315-321.
  • Song Y and J Jane. 2000. Characterization of barley starches from waxy, normal and high amylose varieties. Carbohydr. Polym. 41:365-377.
  • Tekin A and EG Hammond. 2000. Factors Affecting the Electrical Resistivity of Soybean Oil Methyl Ester, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 77:281-283.
  • Tiquia SM, TL Richard and MS Honeyman. 2000. Effect of Windrow Turning and Seasonal Temperatures on Composting of Hog Manure from Hoop Structures. Environ. Technol. 20(9):1037-1046.
  • Velazquez AC, AL Pometto III, K-LG Ho and A Demirci. 2001. Evaluation of Plastic Composite-Supports in Repeated-fed-batch Biofilm Lactic Acid Fermentation by Lactobacillus casei. J. Appl. Biotech. Microbiol. 55:434-441
  • Vidal-Quintanar RL, J Love and LA Johnson. 2001. Note. Effect of Nixtamal Degermination on Some Physical Properties of Corn Masa Flours and on Sensory Characteristics of Corn Tortillas. Food Sci. Tech. Int. 7(4):363-367.
  • Vidal-Quintanar RL, J Love and LA Johnson. 2001. Role of Oil on Physical Properties of Corn Masa Flours and Sensory Characteristics of Corn Tortillas. J. Food Processing Preservation. 25(4):1-14.
  • Ratnayake WS, R Hoover, F Shahidi, C Perera and J Jane. 2001. Composition, molecular structure and physicochemical properties of starches from four field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars. Food Chem. 74:189-202.
  • Richard TL, CA Cambardella and TE Loynachan. 2000. Nitrogen Conservation in Swine Manure Composting - Land Application Systems. Final Report for Project 99-62 Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, Ames, IA.
  • Seetharaman K, A Tziotis, F Borras, PJ White, M Ferrer and J Robutti. 2002. Thermal and functional characterization of starch from Argentinean corn. Cereal Chemistry 78:379-386.
  • Selden GL Jr, PB Brown, AC Ostrowski, RA Flores and LA Johnson. 2001. Evaluation of Blends of Soybean Meal-Red Blood Cell Co-extruded Feed Ingredients in Diets Fed to Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J. World Aquaculture Soc. 32:409-415.
  • Shen N, S Moizuddin, LA Wilson, S Duvick, P White and L Pollak. 2001. Relationship of electronic nose analyses and sensory evaluation of vegetable oils during storage. JAOCS 78:737-940.
  • Singh SK, LA Johnson, LM Pollak and CR Hurburgh. 2001. Compositional, Physical, and Wet-milling Properties of Accessions Used in the Germplasm Enhancement of Maize Project. Cereal Chem. 78(3):330-335.
  • Singh SK, LA Johnson, LM Pollak and CR Hurburgh. 2001. Heterosis in Compositional, Physical, and Wet-milling Properties of Adapted X Exotic Corn Crosses. Cereal Chem. 78(3):336-341.
  • Wang C and LA Johnson. 2001. Functional Properties of Hydrothermally Cooked Protein Products. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78:189-195.
  • Wang T, EG Hammond and WR Fehr. 2001. Neutral and polar lipid phase transition of soybeans with altered saturated fatty acid contents. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78:1139-1144.
  • Wang T and LA Johnson. 2001. Natural refining of extruded-expelled soybean oils having various fatty acid compositions. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78:461-466.
  • Wang T and LA Johnson. 2001. Refining normal and genetically enhanced soybean oils obtained by various extraction methods. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78:809-815.
  • Wang T and LA Johnson. 2001. Refining High-Free Fatty Acid Wheat Germ Oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78:71-78.
  • Wang T and LA Johnson. 2001. Survey of soybean oil and meal qualities produced by different processes. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78:311-318.
  • Wang T, EG Hammond and WR Fehr. 2001. Neutral and Polar Lipid Phase Transition of Soybeans with Various Saturated Fatty Acid Contents, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78:1139-1144.
  • Wang T, T Harp, EG Hammond, JS Burris and WR Fehr. 2001. Seed physiological performance of soybeans with altered fatty acid contents. Seed Science Research 11:93-97.
  • White PJ. 2000. Fatty acids in oilseeds (vegetable oils), 2nd Edition, Revised and Expanded, in edited by Ching K. Chow, Fatty Acids in Foods and their Health Implications, Second Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y. Chapter 10, pp 209-238.
  • White PJ. 2000. Flavor quality of fats and oils, in edited by D. O'Brien, W. Farr, and P. Wan, Introduction to Fats and Oils Technology, second edition, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL. Chapter 18, pp. 341-370.
  • White PJ. 2000. Lipid oxidation and methods of analysis. pages 237-242 in edited by S.C. Singhal and J. Rattray, Current Topics in Processing of Fats and Oils. American Oil Chemists' Society and Oil Technologists' Association of India, Delhi, India.
  • White PJ. 2001. Properties of corn starch. In Specialty Corn (A Hallauer, ed.), second edition. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL. Chapter 2, pp. 33-62.
  • White PJ. 2000. Genetic Potential, 7D. Dietary Fiber. In Designing Crops for Added Value (HR Boerma, CF Murphy, H Ohm, DM Peterson and AA Rosielle, eds.), American Society of Agronomy. pp. 201-213.
  • Wisniewsky MA, BA Glatz, ML Gleason and CA Reitmeier. 2000. Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 counts on whole fresh apples by treatment with sanitizers. J. Food Protect. 63:703-708.
  • Zhang J, P Mungara and J Jane. 2000. Properties of extruded soy protein sheets. Polymer, 42:2569-2578.