Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
This project introduces a drought tolerant crop into the farming system of the Delmarva region. The objectives are to: 1) characterize cowpea genotypes for suitable planting times and maturity, high and stable yields, nutritional quality, resistance to drought, and pests, and develop IPM technology; 2) enhance cowpea yield by spraying plants with PPFM; 3) develop elite rhizobia for effective nodulation and N2 fixation with cowpea and examine the interactions between rhizobia and cowpea cultivars; and 4) develop extension and training materials on cowpea production, processing and utilization, nutritional values and health. Greenhouse and field trials were conducted at UMES under rain-out shelters to examine the response of cowpea genotypes to drought stresses. Under non-watered stressed conditions genotypes California Blackeye 5, Champion and Mississippi Silver gave higher seed yield while the highest biological yield was given by genotypes Two Crop Brown, White Acre
and Elite. Under water stressed conditions, genotypes California Blackeye 5 and Champion gave similar seed yield. However, the highest biological yield was given by Texas Cream 8, California Blackeye 5, and Mississippi Silver. Quickpick Pinkeye and Elite were identified as early maturing genotypes. Results of other experiments showed that Colossus, Mississippi Silver and California Blackeye 5 gave significantly higher seed yields. The highest biological yield was provided by genotypes Champion (11,596 kg/ha), White Acre (9.447 kg/ha) and California Blackeye 5 (9,447 kg/ha) making these genotypes good candidates to be used for green manuring or as cover crops in the Delmarva region. Quickpick Pinkeye and Elite were identified as early maturing (65 days), and might escape the terminal drought. Cowpea plants were inoculated with bradyrhizobia at sowing and Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylobacteria (PPFM) was applied at flowering stage. Elite bradyrhizobia strains (CG 003, CG 016 and CG
020) were identified and found to be more effective on most cowpea genotypes studied than all commercial inoculants. Results of the IPM studies showed that there was 30% increase in cowpea seed yield as a result of spraying the mixture of cypermethrin + dimethoate insecticides. The damage to cowpea pods was also significantly reduced in the sprayed treatments. The first and second sowing dates of cowpea sprayed treatments gave 30 % and 45 % increase in seed yield over the first and second unsprayed dates of sowing cowpea treatments, respectively. Antibiosis studies indicated that cowpea genotypes Mississippi Silver and Quickpick Pinkeye have higher levels of antibiosis to corn earworm larvae. These superior genotypes need to be evaluated for multiple pest resistance and other desirable agronomic traits.
Impacts
Anticipated impacts from this project include: (i) stabilized and enhanced production of cowpea in dry years; (ii) farmers assured of an alternative economic income in dry years; (iii) stabilized and/or improved incomes for growers in the Delmarva region; (iv) enhanced sustainable cropping systems through large foliage deposition, application of elite bradyrhizobia, reduced mineral fertilizer application for ensuing crops, and use of PPFM technology; and (v) contribution of trained minority graduates to the workforce locally and internationally.
Publications
- Javaid I., R. B. Dadson, J. Joshi, F. M. Hashem and A. L. Allen (2005). Effect of insecticide spray application, sowing dates and crop resistance to insect pests in diverse cowpea genotypes in the Delmarva region. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 26(3):57-68.
- Javaid I., R. B. Dadson., J. Joshi, F. M. Hashem and A. Allen (2005). Antibiosis to corn earworm, Helicovrpa zea Boddie by cowpea genotypes. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 26(3):125-134.
- Dadson. R. B., F. M. Hashem, I. Javaid, J. Joshi, and A. L. Allen (2005). Effect of water stress on the yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) genotypes in the Delmarva Region of the United States. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 119:210-217.
- Dadson. R. B., I. Javaid, J. Joshi, F. M. Hashem and A. L. Allen (2005). Cowpea as an alternative crop for sustainable crop production in the Delmarva region of the United States 27:105-116.
- Javaid I., R. B. Dadson, F. M. Hashem, A. L. Allen and J. Joshi 2004. Leaf Feeding Resistance to Corn Earworm by Cowpea Cultivars. CD of Abstracts, ASA, CSSA, SSSA Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA.
- Javaid I., R. B. Dadson, F. M. Hashem and J. Joshi (2005). Antibiosis in Cowpea Genotypes for Corn Earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie). CD of Abstracts, ASA, CSSA, SSSA Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah.
- Dadson R. B., I. Javaid, F. M. Hashem and J. Joshi (2005). Minimum uses of insecticide spray applications for the management of insect pests of cowpea in the Delmarva region of the United States. CD of Abstracts, ASA, CSSA, SSSA Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah.
- Hashem F. M., R. B. Dadson, I. Javaid, B. M. Green and J. Joshi (2005). Response of cowpea genotypes to Bradyrhizobium inoculation in the Delmarva Peninsula Region. CD of Abstracts, ASA, CSSA, SSSA Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
This project introduces a drought tolerant crop into the farming system of the Delmarva region. The objectives are to: 1) characterize cowpea genotypes for suitable planting times and maturity, high and stable yields, nutritional quality, resistance to drought, and pests, and develop IPM technology; 2) enhance cowpea yield by spraying plants with PPFM; 3) develop elite rhizobia for effective nodulation and N2 fixation with cowpea and examine the interactions between rhizobia and cowpea cultivars; and 4) develop extension and training materials on cowpea production, processing and utilization, nutritional values and health. Greenhouse and field trials were conducted at UMES under rain-out shelters to examine the response of cowpea genotypes to drought stresses. Under non-watered stressed conditions genotypes California Blackeye 5, Champion and Mississippi Silver gave higher seed yield. while the highest biological yield was given by genotypes Two Crop Brown, White Acre
and Elite. Under water stressed conditions, genotypes California Blackeye 5 and Champion gave similar seed yield. However, the highest biological yield was given by Texas Cream 8, California Blackeye 5, and Mississippi Silver. Quickpick Pinkeye and Elite were identified as early maturing genotypes. Results of other experiments showed that Colossus, Mississippi Silver and California Blackeye 5 gave significantly higher seed yields. The highest biological yield was provided by genotypes Champion (11,596 kg/ha), White Acre (9.447 kg/ha) and California Blackeye 5 (9,447 kg/ha) making these genotypes good candidates to be used for green manuring or as cover crops in the Delmarva region. Quickpick Pinkeye and Elite were identified as early maturing (65 days), and might escape the terminal drought. Cowpea plants were inoculated with bradyrhizobia at sowing and Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylobacteria (PPFM) was applied at flowering stage. Elite bradyrhizobia strains (CG 003, CG 016 and CG
020) were identified and found to be more effective on most cowpea genotypes studied than all commercial inoculants. Results of the IPM studies showed that there was 30% increase in cowpea seed yield as a result of spraying the mixture of cypermethrin + dimethoate insecticides. The damage to cowpea pods was also significantly reduced in the sprayed treatments. The first and second sowing dates of cowpea sprayed treatments gave 30 % and 45 % increase in seed yield over the first and second unsprayed dates of sowing cowpea treatments, respectively. Antibiosis studies indicated that cowpea genotypes Mississippi Silver and Quickpick Pinkeye have higher levels of antibiosis to corn earworm larvae. These superior genotypes need to be evaluated for multiple pest resistance and other desirable agronomic traits.
Impacts
The anticipated impacts from this project include: (i) stabilized and enhanced production of cowpea in dry years; (ii) farmers assured of an alternative economic income in dry years; (iii) stabilized and/or improved incomes for growers in the Delmarva region; (iv) enhanced sustainable cropping systems through large foliage deposition, application of elite bradyrhizobia, reduced mineral fertilizer application for ensuing crops, and use of PPFM technology; and (v) contribution of trained minority graduates to the workforce locally and internationally.
Publications
- Javaid I., R. B. Dadson, J. Joshi, F. M. Hashem and A. L. Allen (2005). Effect of insecticide spray application, sowing dates and crop resistance to insect pests in diverse cowpea genotypes in the Delmarva region. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 26(3):57-68.
- Javaid I., R. B. Dadson., J. Joshi, F. M. Hashem and A. Allen (2005). Antibiosis to corn earworm, Helicovrpa zea Boddie by cowpea genotypes. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 26(3):125-134.
- Dadson. R. B., F. M. Hashem, I. Javaid, J. Joshi, and A. L. Allen (2005). Effect of water stress on the yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) genotypes in the Delmarva Region of the United States. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. (In Press).
- Dadson. R. B., I. Javaid, J. Joshi, F. M. Hashem and A. L. Allen (2005). Introduction of cowpea in the Delmarva region for sustainable crop production. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. (In press).
- Javaid I., R. B. Dadson, F. M. Hashem, A. L. Allen and J. Joshi 2004. Leaf Feeding Resistance to Corn Earworm by Cowpea Cultivars. CD of Abstracts, ASA, CSSA, SSSA Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
In a field trial conducted in 2003 growing season, 12 cowpea genotypes which had provided good results in the previous two seasons under the water stressed and non-water stressed conditions were grown under the natural conditions. Genotypes Mississippi Silver, Dixielee and White Acres gave maximum grain yields of 2182, 2094 and 1906 kg/ha, respectively. In the same experiment, highest biological yield of 7731 and 6298 kg/ha was given by Genotypes Champion and White Acres respectively. Also, Genotypes Quickpick Pinkeye and Elite were identified to be early maturing. Genotype White Acres showed resistance to leaf hoppers and virus diseases. The results of another field trial showed that insecticide spray applications gave 40 % increase in the seed yield as compared with untreated control. The early sown cowpea gave 38.5 % more seed yield than the late sown cowpea. The results of a series of bioassay tests showed that some genotypes, namely Mississippi Silver and Quick
pick Pinkeye, provided an evidence of partial antibiosis type of resistance to Corn earworm larvae. Champion was identified as the most susceptible genotype to Corn Earworm in all bioassay tests.
Impacts
(1) Enhanced seed yield of cowpea in the dry areas of Delmarva; (2) High organic matter deposition on soil for improved soil fertility; (3) Use of less fertilizer for ensuring cereal crops; (4) Improved socio-economic well being of Delmarva farmers who grow cowpea.
Publications
- Dadson R.B., F.M. Hashem., I. Javaid., J. Joshi and A. L. Allen. 2003. Response of diverse Cowpea Genotypes to Drought. In: CD Rom of the Abstracts of the 2003 Annual meeting of the American Society of Agronomy, Denver, Co, Nov. 2003.
- Dadson R.B., F.M. Hashem., B. Green., J. Joshi and A. L. Allen. 2003. Drought Effects on Diverse Cowpea Genotypes in the Delmarva Region. Association of Research Directors, Thirteenth Biennial research Symposium, 1890 Research: Expanding the Vision, Impacting the Future. Atlanta, Georgia
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Field trials under rain-out shelter were conducted in 2002 growing season using 20 genotypes to evaluate the seed yield and yield components response under water stress or without water stress conditions during seed formation. The 2002 annual rainfall season was 30% below normal and trials received supplementary irrigation until the time of flowering. There were significant differences among different varieties in both water stressed plants and unstressed plants. Varieties that did not have water stress had a seed yield of between 30 and 100 percent increase in yield over the varieties that were stressed with water during seed formation. There were also significant differences in biological yield among the varieties. All the varieties flowered between 30 to 50 days after planting. The erect varieties had a relatively low biomass than the creeping varieties. From the results obtained, we identified varieties that can grow better in the Delmarva region and with a short
maturity time.
Impacts
Expected impacts from this project are: (i) Stabilized or enhanced production in dry years; (ii) Farmers assured an alternative economic income in dry years; (iii) Stabilized and/or improved incomes of growers in the Delmarva region; (iv) Enhanced sustainable cropping systems through large foliage deposition, application of elite rhizobia, reduced mineral fertilizers for ensuing crops, and PPFM technology; and (v) Enhanced contribution of trained minority graduates to the workforce locally and internationally.
Publications
- Dadson, R. B. F. M. Hashem, J. Joshi and B. M. Green 2002. The genetypic response of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata, to drought In: United Sciences: Solution for the Global Community, A CD-ROM of the abstracts of the 2002 Annual Meetings of the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America and Soil Science Society of American, November 10-14, Indianapolis, IN.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Drought and high summer temperatures depress yields of corn and soybean, the two main crops of the Delmarva region. The problem is exacerbated by the free draining sandy soils on the peninsula. An alternate crop species, such as cowpea that possesses high yield plasticity under diverse environments, could alleviate the economic hardships of farmers in case of severe drought and heat. Therefore, the main goal of this proposal is to introduce a drought tolerant crop into the farming system of the Delmarva region to protect farmers against complete loss of farm income when corn and soybean fail during severe drought seasons. Through this project we will identify cowpea genotypes with great potential for high sustainable yield, high nutritional quality and the traits that directly or indirectly contribute significantly to yield. These genotypes can be used for production or in breeding programs. Furthermore, cowpea has a high organic matter content that makes it suitable
to be used as a green manure and cover crop in a rotation with corn and other non legume crops. It will also replenish soil nutrients, limit the use of poultry manure, thus decreasing the amount of phosphorus and nitrogen leaching into ground water and water bodies.
Impacts
The expected outcomes of this project are:
(a) cowpea genotypes that mature early and have high stable seed yield and desirable nutritive value, resistant to drought, high temperatures and insect pests will be available to growers;
(b) Yield components that are stable across the Delmarva region will be identified;
(c) a new technology to enhance cowpea yield in drought prone zones would be available to farmers;
(d) identified planting date that permits cowpea to escape the adverse effects of drought, diseases and pests without sacrificing yield;
(e) developed specific and efficient bradyrhizobia strains for more effective nodulation and N2 fixation by cowpea genotypes under drought and high temperature stress to enhance yield of cowpea;
(f) established superior combinations of drought- and heat- tolerant cowpea and elite bradyrhizobia for high seed yield;
(g) cowpea genotypes with desirable traits selected for breeding; (h), and UMES
would become a leader in drought stress research on the Eastern Shore of Maryland and would be able to recruit outstanding scientists; and
(i) state-of- the- art equipment acquired for crop/plant physiology.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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