Source: MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV submitted to NRP
NUTRIENT NEEDS FOR OPTIMAL GROWTH, MEAT PRODUCTION, AND IMMUNITY IN COMMERCIAL BROILERS
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0186186
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Jul 1, 2000
Project End Date
Jun 30, 2005
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV
(N/A)
MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762
Performing Department
POULTRY SCIENCE
Non Technical Summary
Nutrient needs of commercial broilers to optimize growth, carcass composition, and immunity are poorly understood. Many nutrient interactions may occur in diets fed to commercial broilers and be of economic significance. To evaluate nutrient needs that may affect growth, meat production, and immunity in commercial broilers.
Animal Health Component
70%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
25%
Applied
70%
Developmental
5%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
3023210101010%
3023220101050%
3023270101010%
3023210109010%
3023220109020%
Knowledge Area
302 - Nutrient Utilization in Animals;

Subject Of Investigation
3210 - Egg-type chicken, live animal; 3220 - Meat-type chicken, live animal; 3270 - Eggs;

Field Of Science
1090 - Immunology; 1010 - Nutrition and metabolism;
Goals / Objectives
To determine essential amino acid requirements for growth, carcass composition, and immunity in commercial broilers. To elucidate interactive effects of essential amino acids (and other ingredients/nutrients with possible interactive effects) in diets with practical relevance to the broiler industry. To evaluate ingredients and nutrient levels in broiler breeder diets, chick diets or in ovo that heighten chick immunity. To evaluate the efficacy and cost effectiveness of newly developed feed ingredients for the poultry industry and relate findings to nutrient management isues when applicable.
Project Methods
Commercial broilers will be housed in floor pen or battery facilities and fed diets differing in nutrient composition. Growth, carcass composition, and immune system functions will be evaluated. In addition, nutrients will be injected in ovo to further evaluate nutritional implications in ovo on growth and immunity.

Progress 07/01/00 to 06/30/05

Outputs
Research conducted, published, and presented, of which concluded experimentation of this project midyear in 2005, dealt primarily with amino acid nutrition and the practical implementation of nutritional by immune system interactions. The need to further evaluate the impact of amino acid needs for broiler growth and subsequent yields has been justified by the industries use of modern-high yield broilers. Although these birds are late maturing, the importance of optimizing amino acid needs early in life was observed. Indeed, optimizing amino acid nutrition for broilers that are late maturing begins at placement

Impacts
The research presented in this termination report has aided commercial broiler companies in making decisions regarding feeding and health related management programs needed to be implemented in order to produce heavy (6.0 to 8.3 pound) broilers.

Publications

  • Kidd, M. T., C. D. McDaniel, E. D. Peebles, S. J. Barber, A. Corzo, S. L. Branton, and J. C. Woodworth, 2005. Breeder hen dietary L-carnitine affects progeny carcase traits. Br. Poult. Sci. 46:97-103.
  • Kidd, M. T., W. S. Virden, A. Corzo, W. A. Dozier, III, and D. J. Burnham, 2005. Amino acid density and L-threonine responses in Ross broilers. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 4 (5):258-262.
  • Corzo, A., C. A. Fritts, M. T. Kidd, and B. J. Kerr, 2005. Response of broiler chicks to essential and non-essential amino acid supplementation of low crude protein diets. Anim. Feed. Sci. Tech, 118:319-327.
  • Corzo, A., M. T. Kidd, M. D. Koter, and S. C. Burgess, 2005. Assessment of dietary amino acid scarcity on growth and blood plasma proteome status of broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 84:419-425.
  • Corzo, A., M. T. Kidd, D. J. Burnham, S. L. Branton, R. Gonzalez-Esquerra, and E. R. Miller, 2005. Dietary amino acid density effects on growth and carcass of broilers differing in strain cross and sex. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 14:1-9.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2005. Relationships between the nutritional requirements and the immune system. Pages 61-73 in: Proceedings of the II International symposium on nutritional requirements of poultry and swine. Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2005. Nutricao proteica de frangos de corte. I Workshop sobre: Nutricao de Aves. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
  • Park, S., E. Peebles, S. Branton, M. T. Kidd, S. Whitmarsh, and P. Gerard, 2005. Effects of F-strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum inoculation at twelve weeks of age and diet supplementation on the performance and egg characteristics of commercial layers. Poult. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1): 101.
  • Dozier, W. A., III, M. T. Kidd, A. Corzo, D. Miles, and S. L. Branton, 2005. Growth responses, plasma metabolites, nitrogen excretion, and ammonia production of male broilers provided diets varying in amino acid density. Poult. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1): 42.
  • Dozier, W. A., III, C. J. Price, M. T. Kidd, A. Corzo, and S. L. Branton, 2005. Dietary metabolizable needs of heavy broiler. Poult. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1): 68.
  • Park, S., E. Peebles, S. Branton, M. T. Kidd, S. Whitmarsh, and P. Gerard, 2005. Effects of F-strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum inoculation at twelve or twenty two weeks of age and diet supplementation on blood characteristics of commercial layers. Poult. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1): 72.
  • Park, S., E. Peebles, S. Branton, M. T. Kidd, S. Whitmarsh, and P. Gerard, 2005. Effects of F-strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum inoculation at twelve or twenty two weeks of age and diet supplementation on egg yolk characteristics of commercial layers. Poult. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1): 73.
  • Kidd, M. T., A. Corzo, W. A. Dozier, III, E. R. Miller, and D. Hoehler, 2005. Broiler responses to amino acid density in a digestible ideal pattern during various feed phases throughout life. Poult. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1): 115.
  • Virden, W. S., A. Corzo, W. A. Dozier, III, J. Burnham, and M. T. Kidd, 2005. Amino acid density and L-threonine responses in Ross broilers. Poult. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1): 40.
  • Corzo, A., M. T. Kidd, A. Shack, and S. C. Burgess, 2005. Effect of dietary methionine on breast muscle accretion and protein expression. Poult. Sci. 84 (Suppl. 1): 41.


Progress 01/01/04 to 12/30/04

Outputs
Research in 2004 and subsequent peer review publications from said research were concerned with: amino acid nutrient needs and feed enzyme ingredient needs on broiler carcass traits and live performance; nutrition and immune interactions; and the impact of hen nutrition on status of progeny. Much of the broiler nutrition research pointed to the importance of optimizing nutrition early, rather than later, in a broilers life. However, breast meat yield of high yield mature broilers was optimized by high amino acid dense diets throughout life. Nutritional modifications for health (e.g., immune modulating nutrients/ingredients) proved efficacious in impacting broiler status, as well as some aspects of progeny.

Impacts
Genetic improvements in growth rate and feed conversion have allowed broiler companies to meet the demand for chicken meat consumption in the United States. However, as commercial broilers are improved and thus are marketed at heavier weights earlier in life, it is clear that nutritional programs in broilers need to be modified. We conducted a series of nutrient density research trials and noted improvements in income over feed costs up to $0.15/bird. This improvement in profit was predicted from our research results and commodity prices of November 2004 (breast meat value of $1.43/pound). This type of improved profit margin results in increased income of $7.8 million for a 1 million bird complex per year ($120 million to Mississippi broiler companies per annum; assuming 800 million birds produced per annum). Globally, our research has resulted in many broiler integrators feeding for white meat production rather than least costs.

Publications

  • Corzo, A., and M. T. Kidd, 2004. Amino acid nutrition and breast meat yield in broilers. Pages 52-66 in: Proceedings of the 31st Carolina Poultry Nutrition Conference. Raleigh, North Carolina.
  • Hale, L. L., Pharr, G. T., S. Burgess, A. Corzo, and M. T. Kidd, 2004. Delineating isoleucine needs of female broilers for productive efficiency and immune responsiveness. Mississippi State University Graduate Research Symposium: 33.
  • Virden, W. S., J. B. Yeatman, C. D. Zumwalt, S. J. Barber, K. O. Wileford, R. F. Wideman, Jr., and M. T. Kidd, 2004. Live performance, immunity, andcardiac function of progeny of broiler breeders fed diets differing in zinc and manganese level and source. Mississippi State University Graduate Research Symposium: 32.
  • Pharr, G. T., A. M. Cookey, M. T. Kidd, B. Felfoldi, S. C. Burgess, and F. M. McCarthy, 2004. Identification of membrane proteins expressed by developing B-cells in the bursa of frabricius. Annual Meeting of the South Central Branch of the American Society for Microbiology (IP2).
  • Koter, M. D., T. Pechan, A. Corzo, M. T. Kidd, S. Burgess, 2004. Developing mass spectrometric quantitation of complex protein mixtures using O18 labeling. Annual Meeting of the South Central Branch of the American Society for Microbiology (IE4).
  • Hale, L. L., S. J. Barber, A. Corzo, B. J. Kerr, and M. T. Kidd, 2004. Isoleucine needs of female broilers: Growth and processing measurements. Poult. Sci. 83: 1768.
  • Hale, L. L., G. T. Pharr, S. C. Burgess, A. Corzo, and M. T. Kidd, 2004. Isoleucine needs of female broilers: Immunity. Poult. Sci. 83: 1768.
  • Corzo, A., M. T. Kidd, and S. C. Burgess, 2004. Dietary lysine need of broiler chicks and implementation of proteomics on its nutritional mode of action. Poult. Sci. 83: 1770.
  • Corzo, A. and M. T. Kidd, 2004. Starter phase dietary lysine and strain cross effects on performance of female broilers. Poult. Sci. 83: 1770.
  • Corzo, A. and M. T. Kidd, 2004. Amino acid needs of broiler chickens: From dose response to proteomics. Proc. Multi-State Poult. Feeding Nutr. Health Mgt. Conf., Indianapolis, Indiana, CD-ROM.
  • Thronton, S. A., G. T. Pharr, S. L. Branton, and M. T. Kidd, 2004. Posthatch immunity similarities of various commercial broiler strains. Poult. Sci. 83: 1795.
  • Corzo, A., J. P. Thaxton, S. L. Branton, and M. T. Kidd, 2004. Arginine needs of female broilers from 21 to 35 days of age. Poult. Sci. 83: 1801.
  • Corzo, A., M. T. Kidd, S. L. Branton, and B. J. Kerr, 2004. Threonine need of female broilers from 30 to 42 days of age. Poult. Sci. 83: 1801-1802.
  • Virden, W. S., C. D. Zumwalt, J. P. Thaxton, S. L. Branton, and M. T. Kidd, 2004. Evaluation of different means of feeding corticosterone to broilers to elicit a stress response. Poult. Sci. 83 (Suppl. 1): 74.
  • Tanksley, J. P., E. D. Peebles, M. T. Kidd, C. D. McDaniel, S. K. Whitmarsh, H. M. Parker, and P. D, Gerard, 2004. Impact of supplemental L-carnitine in broiler breeder diets on subsequent egg hatchability and progeny embryogenesis. Poult. Sci. 83 (Suppl. 1): 152.
  • Thornton, S. A., G. T. Pharr, A. Corzo, S. L. Branton, and M. T. Kidd, 2004. Valine needs for immune responses in male broilers from day 21 to 42. Poult. Sci. 83 (Suppl. 1): 186.
  • Thornton, S. A., S. J. Barber, A. Corzo, and M. T. Kidd, 2004. Valine needs of broilers from 21 to 42 days of age. Poult. Sci. 83 (Suppl. 1): 266.
  • Corzo, A., M. T. Kidd, D. J. Burnham, S. L. Branton, and B. J. Kerr, 2004. Dietary glycine needs of broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 83 (Suppl. 1): 314.
  • Corzo, A., M. T. Kidd, D. J. Burnham, S. L. Branton, and B. J. Kerr, 2004. Interrelationships of threonine and glycine in growing broilers. Poult. Sci. 83 (Suppl. 1): 316.
  • Corzo, A., M. T. Kidd, J. P. Thaxton, and B. J. Kerr, 2004. Effect of dietary tryptophan on growth and stress of broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 83 (Suppl. 1): 432.
  • Fritts, C. A., A. Corzo, and M. T. Kidd, 2004. Chick responses to diets differing in essential and nonessential amino acids. Poult. Sci. 83 (Suppl. 1): 433.
  • Lemme, A., M. T. Kidd, D. Hoehler, and A. Petri, 2004. Responses of various broiler strains to graded levels of dietary threonine. July 2004, XXII World Poultry Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, CD-ROM.
  • Kidd, M. T., D. J. Burnham, and B. J. Kerr., 2004. Dietary isoleucine responses in male broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 45:67-75.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2004. Nutritional modulation of immune function in broilers. Poult. Sci. 83:650-657.
  • Kidd, M. T., A. Corzo, D. Hoehler, B. J. Kerr, S. J. Barber, and S. L. Branton, 2004. Threonine needs of broiler chickens with different growth rates. Poult. Sci. 83:1368-1375.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2004. Nutrient needs of poultry: Nutrient density/feeding regime changes in poultry markets. Mississippi Feed and Grain Seminar, Jackson, Mississippi.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2004. Broiler breeder nutrition impacts progeny status. Pages 217-233 in: Proceedings of the California Nutrition Conference, Fresno, California.
  • Corzo, A. and M. T. Kidd, 2004. Starter dietary lysine level and strain cross effects on performance and carcass traits of broiler females. Brazilian J. Poult. Sci. 6:93-97.
  • Corzo, A., M. T. Kidd, S. C. Burgess, 2004. Whole-plasma maldi-tof proteomics for identification of biomarkers of nutritional status in the chicken. J. An. Vet. Advan. 3:514-518.
  • Corzo, A., C. D. McDaniel, M. T. Kidd, E. R. Miller, B. B. Boren, and B. I. Fancher, 2004. Impact of dietary amino acid concentration on growth, carcass yield, and uniformity of broilers. Aus. J. Ag. Res. 55:1133-1138.
  • Corzo, A., M. T. Kidd, and D. Hoehler, 2004. Revision de la importancia de la threonina para pollos de engorde. Industria Avicola 51:16-18.
  • Corzo, A., M. T. Kidd, B. I. Fancher, and T. Miller, 2004. Regimes alimentares afetam o crescimento e a carcaca do frango de engorda. AveWorld, Jun/Jul:34-38.
  • Kidd, M. T., C. D. McDaniel, S. L. Branton, E. R. Miller, B. B. Boren, and B. I. Fancher, 2004. Increasing amino acid density improves live performance and carcass yields of commercial broilers. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 13:593-604.
  • Kidd, M. T., C. D. McDaniel, S. L. Branton, E. R. Miller, B. B. Boren, and B. I. Fancher, 2004. High nutrient density improves live performance and yields of Ross 508 broilers. Poult. Sci. 83: 1770.
  • Kidd, M. T., C. D. McDaniel, E. D. Peebles, S. J. Barber, A. Corzo, S. L. Branton, and J. C. Woodworth, 2004. Breeder hen and broiler dietary carnitine: Carry-over and dietary effects on progeny growth and carcass traits. Poult. Sci. 83 (Suppl. 1): 314.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2004. Current status and future direction of amino acid research in broilers at Mississippi State University. Tyson Foods Planning Meeting, Magee, Mississippi.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2004.Broiler nutrition-Impact for Mississippi. Farm Bureau Mississippi State University Tour, Mississippi State, Mississippi.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2004. Nutrition and immune interactions in broilers. Proceedings of the Arkansas Nutrition Conference, Rogers, Arkansas. CD-ROM.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2004. Current and future challenges in the US broiler industry and implementation of feed grade amino acids. Degussa 10th Technical Service Manager Symposium. Wolfgang, Germany.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2004. Current understanding of trace elements for immunity. Alltech Russian and Eastern European Delegation. Dunboyne, Ireland.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2004. Minerals, disease, and immune function. Redefining mineral nutrition. Dublin, Ireland.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2004. Broiler nutrition: The US perspective. San Fernando internal technical meeting. Lima, Peru.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2004. Annual Conference for broilers nutrition research at Mississippi State University. Annual Nutrition Update. Mississippi State University.
  • Virden, W. S., J. B. Yeatman, S. J. Barber, K. O. Willeford, T. L. Ward, T. M. Fakler, R. F. Wideman, Jr., and M. T. Kidd, 2004. Immune system and cardiac functions of progeny chicks from dams fed diets differing in zinc and manganese level and source. Poult. Sci. 83:344-351.
  • Kerr, B. J., M. T. Kidd, J. A. Cuaron, K. L. Bryant, T. M. Parr, C. V. Maxwell, and J. M. Campbell, 2004. Isoleucine requirements and ratios in starting (7 to 11 kg) pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 82:2333-2342.
  • Kerr, B. J., M. T. Kidd, J. A. Cuaron, K. L. Bryant, T. M. Parr, C. V. Maxwell, and E. Weaver, 2004. Utilization of spray-dried blood cells and crystalline isoleucine in nursery pig diets. J. Anim. Sci. 82:2397-2404.
  • Hale, L. L., G. T. Pharr, S. C. Burgess, A. Corzo, and M. T. Kidd, 2004. Isoleucine needs of thirty-to forty-day-old female chickens: Immunity. Poult. Sci. 83:1979-1985.
  • Hale, L. L. S. J. Barber, A. Corzo, and M. T. Kidd, 2004. Isoleucine needs of thirty-to forty-two-day-old female chickens: Growth and carcass responses. Poult. Sci. 83:1986-1991.
  • Corzo, A., M. T. Kidd, G. T. Pharr, and S. C. Burgess, 2004. Initial mapping of the chicken blood plasma proteome. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 3:157-162.
  • Corzo, A., M. T. Kidd, D. J. Burnham, and B. J. Kerr, 2004. Dietary glycine needs of broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 83:1382-1384.


Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03

Outputs
Published peer reviewed manuscripts in 2003 are concerned with: limiting amino acids in broiler diets and the impact of various feed additives on the efficiency of broiler production. Abstracts and proceedings in 2003 have been concerned with the former topics, in addition to dietary nutrient density research in broilers. These areas of research have demonstrated the importance of feeding optimal amino acids to attain maximal performance and meat yields, while minimizing nitrogen excretion. Also, a critical review was published concerning the effect of hen maternal nutrition on the growth, health status, and immunity of progeny chicks. This review points to the importance of optimizing hen nutrition to heighten chick quality. More specifically, level and source of vitamin E, dietary fat, and trace metals (i.e., manganese, selenium, and zinc) have a direct impact of progeny status.

Impacts
The nutrient density research demonstrates the importance of feeding higher amino acids to high yielding broilers to improve breast meat yield and feed conversion, with no impact on mortality. Coupled with our amino acid research, poultry companies can compare our nutrient minimums to theirs and make adjustments to dietary amino acid levels to optimize profit. Namely the importance of feeding high amino acids (methionine, lysine, and threonine) up to 28 days of age in a chick was noted. These high amino acid levels resulted in 6 to 9% more breast meat when diets beyond 28 days of age were the same. The improved breast meat yield (6% more yield) on a 2.5kh bird (18.5 to 19.6%) results in 0.028kg more breast meat/bird. There are over 13 million broilers processed/week in Mississippi. Assuming that the 13 million broilers have an average weight of 2.5kg, total breast meat is 32,500,000kg/week. The former improvement results in 364,000kg more breast meat/week in Mississippi. This results in $1.2million increased returns/week or $66.0 million increased returns/annum, assuming a price a wholesale price of $3.24/kg of boneless skinless breast meat.

Publications

  • Virden, W. S., S. J. Barber, C. D. Zumwalt, S. L. Branton, D. Hoehler, and M. T. Kidd, 2003. Nutritional experiments in broilers reared in hot temperatures. Poult. Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1): 129.
  • Kerr, B. J. and M. T. Kidd, 2003. Update on amino acid nutrition of swine and poultry. Minnesota Nutrition Conference, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2003. Mineral nutrition of the hen: Impact on progeny immunity. Charoen Pokphand Group and BASF Thailand Zinpro Seminar. 10 July 2003, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2003. Water symposium: Impact on bird performance. Poultry Production and Health Seminar, Memphis, Tennessee.
  • Waldroup, P. W., C. A. Fritts, J. H. Kersey, E. A. Saleh, B. J. Kerr, and M. T. Kidd, 2003. Evaluation of crude protein needs for large white male turkeys from 16 to 20 weeks of age. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 2:15-18.
  • Fidler, D. J., B. George, C. L. Quarles, 2003. Broiler performance and carcass traits as affected by dietary liquid saccharopolyspora solubles concentrate. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 12:153-159.
  • Dozier, W. A., III, E. T. Moran, Jr., and M. T. Kidd, 2003. Broiler chick utilization of threonine from fermentation by-product broth. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 12:299-305.
  • Corzo, A. and M. T. Kidd, 2003. Arginine need of the chick and growing broiler. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 2:379-382.
  • Corzo, M. T., M. T. Kidd, and B. J. Kerr, 2003. Threonine need of growing female broilers. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 2:367-371.
  • Campbell, J. M., J.D. Quigley, III, L.E. Russell, and M.T. Kidd, 2003. Effect of spray-dried bovine serum on intake, health and growth of broilers housed in different environments. J. Anim. Sci. 81:2776-2782.
  • Virden, W. S., J. B. Yeatman, S. J. Barber, C. D. Zumwalt, T. L. Ward, A. B. Johnson, and M. T. Kidd, 2003. Hen mineral nutrition impacts progeny livability. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 12:411-416.
  • Lott, B., A. Corzo, and M. T. Kidd, 2003. Efectos del amoniaco sobre la salud y productividad del pollo de engorda. Tecnologia Avipecuaria. 16 (184):6-8.
  • Corzo, A., D. Hoehler, and M. T. Kidd, 2003. Added threonine may sustain growth in low-protein diets. Feedstuffs 75:12-14.
  • Corzo, A., M. T. Kidd, and D. Hoehler, 2003. La threonina en la nutricion del pollo de engorde. Selecciones Avicolas 9:624-630.
  • Corzo, A. and M. T. Kidd, 2003. Impact of parental nutrition on the progeny. ZooTecnica International. 10:40-50.
  • Dozier, W. A., III, E. T. Moran, Jr., and M. T. Kidd, 2003. Broiler chick utilization of threonine from fermentation by-product broth. Poult. Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1): 39.
  • Thornton, S. A., S. J. Barber, W. S. Virden, J. P. Thaxton, B. J. Kerr, and M. T. Kidd, 2003. Arginine and coccidiosis responses in broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1): 93.
  • Chamblee, T. N., M. T. Kidd, S. J. Barber, and D. W. Chamblee, 2003. Field trial examining the effect of broiler strain on processing yield. Poult. Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1): 103.
  • Hill, S. M., S. J. Barber, E. H. Robinson, D. M. Holifield, and M. T. Kidd, 2003. Impact of feed processing on broiler performance. Poult. Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1): 106.
  • Kidd, M. T., S. J. Barber, W. S. Virden, W. A. Dozier, III, D. W. Chamblee, and C. Wiernusz, 2003. Threonine responses of Cobb male finishing broilers in differing environmental conditions. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 12:115-123.
  • Kidd, M. T., C. D. Zumwalt, S. J. Barber, W. A. Dozier, III, D. W. Chamblee, and C. Wiernusz, 2003. Threonine responses of female Cobb 500 boilers from days 42 to 56. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 12:130-136.
  • Kidd, M. T., L. M. Pote, and R. W. Keirs, 2003. Lack of interaction between dietary threonine and Eimeria acervulina in chicks. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 12:124-129.
  • Kidd, M. T., D. J. Fidler, K. B. Koch, B. George, and C. L. Quarles, 2003. Dietary addition of liquid saccharopolyspora solubles concentrate positivily affects pellet mill throughput and broiler performance. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 12:145-152.
  • Kidd, M. T., S. J. Barber, C. D. Zumwalt, S. L. Branton, and D. Hoehler, 2003. Dietary amino acid and sodium bicarbonate responses in broilers reared in hot environmental temperatures. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 12:321-327.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2003. A treatise on chicken dam nutrition that impacts progeny. World Poult. Sci. J. 59:475-494.
  • Kidd, M. T. and A. Corzo, 2003. Efecto de la nutricion parental. Avicultores 98:42-45.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2003. Nutritional modulation of immune function in broilers. Poult. Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1): 4.
  • Kidd, M. T., C. D. McDaniel, S. J. Barber, E. R. Miller, B. I. Fancher, and B. B. Boren, 2003. Reduced amino acid density feeding programs impact variability and performance of broilers. Poult. Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1): 38.
  • Kidd, M. T., S. J. Barber, C. D. Zumwalt, D. J. Burnham, and B. J. Kerr, 2003. Isoleucine needs of Ross male broiler. Poult. Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1): 116.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2003. Efecto de la nutricion parental sobre el desarrollo del pollito. Associacion Nacional de Especialistas en Ciencias Avicolas de Mexico XXVIII Convencion Annual. Boca del Rio, Veracruz, Mexico, CD-ROM.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2003. Farm water: Supply, quality, interaction with feed, flow rate, and quantity. Mississippi Poultry Association Poultry Management School. Mississippi State, Mississippi.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2003. Nutrition Primer-What am I seeing? Mississippi Poultry Association Poultry Management School. Mississippi State, Mississippi.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2003. Optimizing performance and profit in commercial broilers via amino acid nutrition. Novus Nutrition Sydney Seminar Program, Sydney, Australia.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2003. Feeding the broiler breeder hen to impact early growth, immunity, and livability. Novus Nutrition Sydney Seminar Program, Sydney, Australia.
  • Kidd, M. T. and A. Corzo, 2003. Recent amino acid research in broiler: Fine tuning nutrient minimums to optimize profit. Pages 52-61 in: Proceedings of the Advancing Poultry Production Massey University Technical Update Seminar, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
  • Kidd, M. T., D. Hoehler, and B. J. Kerr, 2003. Threonine is the key to lowering dietary crude protein: A response study in three commercial broiler strains. I CLANA and XI AMENA Congress, Cancun, Quintana Roo, Mexico.


Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02

Outputs
Research was conducted with the third limiting amino acid (i.e., threonine) in broilers. We elucidated threonine needs of growing and finishing broilers so that crude protein could be reduced without affecting bird performance. Research with arginine was conducted in chicks and it was demonstrated that this dietary amino acid improves the performance of broilers and may help broilers recover from intestinal parasites. Level and source of zinc and manganese were evaluated in broiler breeders. We determined that organic sources of these metals did not alter broiler breeder performance, but they did improve progeny livability as mediated by an improved cellular immune response. A feed additive isolated from a soy rich fermentation broth was evaluated in broiler diets in terms of feed mill processing and broiler performance. Diets containing the additive resulted in improved pellet mill throughput (less electricity cost) and improved broiler performance.

Impacts
We hypothesized that marginal reductions of the less limiting amino acids will save diet cost without resulting in negative growth rate, feed conversion, or processing yields. Our research demonstrated that allowing dietary crude protein to fall by 1.5% and balancing the most limiting amino acids did not significantly decrease growth, but did decrease diet cost by $4.00/ton on average based on 2002 feed ingredient prices in Mississippi. There are 77,000 tons of broiler feed made in Mississippi each week. A cost savings of $4.00/ton results in profit savings of $308,000/week or $17.2 million/year in Mississippi. Our Research has demonstrated that feeding broiler breeders an organic source of zinc and manganese significantly improves livability of progeny chicks. Chicks placed in Mississippi are worth $0.22/chick at placement and there are 13.8 million chicks placed in Mississippi/week. Improving livability by 2.5% (a modest increase based on our results) improves the value of chicks in a broiler house (20,000 chick capacity) by $88.00. This translates into a cost saving to Mississippi poultry operations of $60,720/week or $3.4 million/year. A soy based fermentation broth was tested in a feed mill for throughput and significant improvements in feed output and electrical motor load were observed. A feed mill in Mississippi verified our test with their local power company and indicated that they could save $0.042/ton of feed milled. There are 77,000 tons of broiler feed pelleted in Mississippi/week resulting in cost savings of $3,234/week or $181,104/year.

Publications

  • Virden, W. S., J. B. Yeatman, S. J. Barber, K. O. Willeford, T. L. Ward, T. M. Fakler, and M. T. Kidd, 2002. Responses of chicks from broiler breeders fed supplemental zinc and manganese from sulfate or amino acid complexed sources: Cellular immunity. Poultry Sci. 81 (Suppl. 1): 119.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2002. El minimo de treonina en dietas para pollos parrilleros es esencial para minimizar la proteina cruda y maximizar la rentabilidad. Pages 84-92. 1er Seminario Tecnico Ajinomoto Biolatina y Indukern Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2002. Necesidades de lisina y threonina en pollos. II Jornada International de Nutricion Animal. Medellin y Bogota, Colombia. CD-ROM.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2002. Commercial broiler nutrition with lysine and threonine. Degussa Ag/Feed Additives Division Workshop for Cargill and Agribrands-Honduras, Nicaragua, and Guatemala. San Pedro Sula, Honduras.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2002. Commercial broiler nutrition with lysine and threonine. Degussa-Guatemala Amino Acids Workshop. Guatemala City, Guatemala.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2002. Balanceamento da treonina dietetica para otimizar desempenho de frangos de corte a custom minimo.8th Seminario Tecnico Ajinomoto Biolatina. Campinas, SP, Brazil, Chapeco, SC, Brazil.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2002. Balance de threonine para optimizer el rendimiento de pollo sen engorda con un costo minimo. Nutricion con aminoacidos mas reduction proteica y formulacion de costo minimo. Santiago, Chile.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2002. Chick performance as affected by parental nutrition. Proceedings of the Annual Nutrition Conference. Fayetteville, Arkansas.
  • Kidd, M. T., C. D. Zumwalt, D. W. Chamblee, M. L. Carden, and D. J. Burnham, 2002. Broiler growth and carcass responses to diets containing L-threonine versus diets containing threonine from intact protein sources. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 11:83-89.
  • Waldroup, P. W., J. H. Kersey, and M. T. Kidd, 2002. Dietary interactions between threonine and crude protein in growing tom turkeys 8 to 12 weeks of age. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 1:74-77.
  • Kidd, M. T., J. P. Thaxton, and S. J. Barber, 2002. Arginine needs of broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 81 (Suppl. 1): 56.
  • Kidd, M. T., J. P. Thaxton, J. B. Yeatman, S. J. Barber, and W. S. Virden, 2002. Arginine responses in broiler: Live performance. Poultry Sci. 81 (Suppl. 1): 114.
  • Kidd, M. T., W. A. Dozier, III, S. J. Barber, W. S. Virden, D. W. Chamblee, and C. Wiernusz, 2002. Threonine needs of Cobb female broilers from Days 42 to 56. Poultry Sci. 81 (Suppl. 1): 115.
  • Kidd, M. T., W. A. Dozier, III, S. J. Barber, W. S. Virden, D. W. Chamblee, and C. Wiernusz, 2002. Threonine needs of Cobb male broilers from Days 42 to 56. Poultry Sci. 81 (Suppl. 1): 115.
  • Kidd, M. T., D. J. Fidler, K. B. Koch, B. George, and C. L. Quarles, 2002. Impact of liquid Saccharopolyspora solubles concentrate on pellet mill throughput and broiler performance. Poultry Sci. 81 (Suppl. 1): 139.
  • Barber, S. J., W. S. Virden, T. L. Ward, A. B. Johnson, C. D. Zumwalt, M. T. Kidd, and C. D. McDaniel, 2002.Broiler breeder reproductive performance as affected by AvailaOZinc and AvailaOManganese. Poultry Sci. 81 (Suppl. 1): 119.
  • Chamblee, T. N., M. T. Kidd, J. B. Yeatman, C. D. Schultz, and J. M. Campbell, 2002. Evaluation of water-soluble serum in the drinking water of broilers. Poultry Sci. 81 (Suppl. 1): 122.
  • Fidler, D. J., B. George, C. L. Quarles, and M. T. Kidd, 2002. Effect of dietary liquid Saccharopolyspora solubles concentrate on broiler performance and carcass traits. Poultry Sci. 81 (Suppl. 1): 140.
  • Kerr, B. J., T. M. Parr, B. S. Borg, J. M. Campbell, K. L. Bryant, and M. T. Kidd, 2002. Development of an isoleucine deficient diet in growing and finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 80 (Suppl. 2): 72.
  • Thaxton, J. P., M. T. Kidd, J. B. Yeatman, S. J. Barber, and W. S. Virden, 2002. Arginine responses in broiler: Coccidiosis and stress. Poultry Sci. 81 (Suppl. 1): 115.
  • Virden, W. S., T. L. Ward, R. F. Wideman, Jr., and M. T. Kidd, 2002. Cardio-pulmonary evaluations of cold-challenged chicks from parents fed supplemental zinc and manganese amino acid complexes. Poultry Sci. 81 (Suppl. 1): 38.
  • Virden, W. S., J. B. Yeatman, S. J. Barber, C. D. Zumwalt, T. L. Ward, A. B. Johnson, and M. T. Kidd, 2002. Responses of chicks from broiler breeders fed supplemental zinc and manganese from sulfate or amino acid complexed sources: Live performance and processing. Poultry Sci. 81 (Suppl. 1): 119.


Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01

Outputs
Research was conducted with an enzyme preparation (alpha galactocidase) for broilers fed corn and soybean meal diets. Because most dietary enzymes improve nutrient availability of wheat based diets (which are not typically used in the U.S.), this research was of interest to integrated poultry operations. Practically, we found that the dietary addition of alpha galactosidase improved feed utilization and livability in broilers during hot temperature conditions. Scientifically, we demonstrated that an enzyme preparation containing alpha galactosidase may heighten the energy availability of soybean meal. Interactive effects between threonine and crude protein were evaluated in chicks. Scientifically, we concluded that dietary levels of nonessential amino acids may impact the threonine requirement of the chick. Practically, we increased knowledge concerning the expression of nutrient requirements relative to crude protein. The lysine requirement of chicks was determined in two experiments. We determined the lysine requirement for a new genetic broiler strain and evaluated subsequent effects of starter lysine on carcass composition (this information is of importance for feeding programs of integrated broiler companies). Research was conducted to evaluate broiler responses to dietary threonine from intact protein sources (corn and soybean meal) or intact protein sources plus L-threonine. Results of this research are of practical significance in that they demonstrate the ability to use L-threonine and reduce dietary crude protein which supports adequate bird growth and carcass yields with a cheaper diet. Chick trials were conducted evaluating arginine responses in terms of growth and immunity. Scientifically, it was demonstrated that arginine:lysine interactions do not occur for immunity if arginine and lysine levels are fed near those recommended by the 1994 National Research Council. Practically, it indicated that feeding arginine levels near industry standards supports growth and immunity if birds are reared in a clean environment. Our laboratory engaged in a collaborative effort with a Japanese scholar to investigate the ability to inject amino acids into eggs during incubation with the intent to impact chick weight at hatch. The optimal ratio of amino acids was developed (which matched the amino acid composition of the embryo) and injected at different concentrations and times during incubation. Scientifically, we demonstrated that we could inject an amino acid solution and not kill the embryo. Practically, we demonstrated that injecting amino acids in ovo resulted in an improved chick weight at hatch (relative to initial egg weight) and increased embryo amino acid concentrations.

Impacts
The impact of this CRIS is to improve the efficiency of broiler production (health, growth, and meat yield) at least cost. Because amino acid needs represent a large portion of the diet costs in the U.S., we have been primarily concerned with amino acid needs of commercial broilers. The current impact of this CRIS is that commercial nutritionists with poultry companies around the world are modifying their amino acids needs for broilers and improving their profitability. Examples of this are noted in section 41 (progress report).

Publications

  • Ohta, Y., Kidd, M. T., and Ishibashi, T., 2001. Embryo growth and amino acid concentration profiles of broiler breeder eggs, embryos, and chicks after In ovo administration of amino acids. Poultry Sci. 80:1430-1436.
  • Ohta, Y. and Kidd, M. T., 2001. Optimum site for In ovo amino acid injection in broiler breeder eggs. Poultry Sci. 80:1425-1429.
  • Thaxton, J. P. and Kidd, M. T., 2001. Arginine as a medicament in poultry. United States Provisional Patent Application.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2001. Lysine and threonine needs of commercial broilers. Ajinomoto Heartland Poultry Symposium. Nashville, Tennessee.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2001. Dietas de baja proteina complementada com amino acidos pollos parrilleros. Pages 47-53. I Workshop latino-americano Ajinomoto Biolatina, Foz do lguacu, PR, Brazil.
  • Kidd, M. T., 2001. Nutricion en ambiente caliente. Pages 54-60. I Workshop latino-americano Ajinomoto Biolatina, Foz do lguacu, PR, Brazil.
  • Kidd, M. T., Morgan, Jr., G. W., Rogers, S. R., Pierson, E. E., and Wyatt, C., 2001. Commercial broiler responses to enzymes and diet density. Poultry Sci. 80:1031.
  • Kidd, M. T., Heger, J., Rowe, D. E., Sistani, K., Burnham, D. J., and Kerr, B. J., 2001. Broiler chick responses to threonine and crude protein. Poultry Sci. 80:1011.
  • Kidd, M. T., Yeatman, J. B., and Fancher, B. I., 2001. Lysine needs of starting chicks and subsequent effects during the growing period. Poultry Sci. 80 (Suppl. 1):47.
  • Kidd, M. T., Zumwalt, C. D., Chamblee, D. W., Carden, M. L., and Burnham, D. J., 2001. Broiler growth and carcass responses to diets containing L-threonine versus diets containing threonine from intact protein sources. Poultry Sci. 80 (Suppl. 1):47.
  • Ohta, Y. and Kidd, M. T., 2001. Optimum site for in ovo amino acid injections in broiler breeder eggs. Poultry Sci. 80:1033.
  • Ohta, Y., Kidd, M. T., and Ishibashi, T., 2001. Impact of in ovo amino acid administration on embryo growth and egg content amino acid profiles. Poultry Sci. 80:1034.
  • Dozier, W. A., III, Moran, Jr., E. T., and Kidd, M. T., 2001. Threonine requirement of broiler males from 42 to 56 days of age in a summer environment. Poultry Sci. 80:1028.
  • Dozier, W. A., III, Moran, Jr., E. T., and Kidd, M. T., 2001. Male and female broiler responses to low and adequate dietary threonine on nitrogen and energy balance. Poultry Sci. 80 (Suppl. 1):47.
  • Ohta, Y., T. Yoshida, and M. T. Kidd, 2001. Optimum timing of amino acid injections in broiler breeder eggs. Poultry Sci. 80 (Suppl. 1):264.
  • Kidd, M. T., Morgan, Jr., G. W., Price, C. J., Welch, P. A., and Fontana, E. A., 2001. Enzyme supplementation to corn and soybean meal diets for broilers. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 10:65-70.
  • Kidd, M. T., Morgan, Jr., G. W., Zumwalt, C. D., Price, C. J., Welch, P. A., Brinkhaus, F. L., and Fontana, E. A., 2001. Alpha galactosidase enzyme supplementation to corn and soybean meal diets. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 10:186-193.
  • Kidd, M. T. and Fancher, B. I., 2001. Lysine needs of starting chicks and subsequent effects during the growing period. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 10:385-393.
  • Kidd, M. T., Gerard, P. D., Heger, J., Kerr, B. J., Rowe, D., Sistani, K., and Burnham, D. J., 2001. Threonine and crude protein responses in broiler chicks. An. Feed Sci. Tech. 94:57-64.
  • Kidd, M. T., Peebles, E. D., Whitmarsh, S. K., Yeatman, J. B., and Wideman, Jr., R. F., 2001. Growth and immunity of broiler chicks as affected by dietary arginine. Poultry Sci. 80:1535-1542.
  • Dozier, III, W. A., Moran, Jr., E. T., and Kidd, M. T., 2000. Responses of fast- and slow-feathering male broilers to dietary threonine during 42 to 56 days of age. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 9:460-467.
  • Dozier, III, W. A., Moran, Jr., E. T., and Kidd, M. T., 2000. Threonine requirement of broiler males from 42 to 56 days in a summer environment. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 9:496-500.
  • Ruiz-Feria, C. A., Kidd, M. T., and Wideman, R. F., 2001. Plasma levels of arginine, ornithine, and urea, and growth performance of broilers fed supplemental L-arginine during cool temperature exposure. Poultry Sci. 80:358-369.
  • Dozier, W. A., III, Moran, Jr., E. T., and Kidd, M. T., 2001. Comparisons of male and female broiler responses to dietary threonine from 42 to 56 days of age. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 10:53-59.
  • Dozier, W. A., III, Moran, Jr., E. T., and Kidd, M. T., 2001. Male and female broiler responses to low and adequate dietary threonine on nitrogen and energy balance. Poultry Sci. 80:926-930.