Progress 07/01/07 to 06/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: During the life of this project, work has been completed on numerous diseases of importance to the potato industry in Colorado and the western U.S. Substantial progress has been made on management and control of powdery scab utilizing a series of integrated steps to inform the producer of potential problems and then use specific strategies to manage and control the disease. The steps include analyzing all of the common cultivars grown within the Colorado potato industry for susceptibility to powdery scab problems, conducting a soil assay using a specific PCR technique to determine the population of spore balls present in any given field, to assist the producer in making good decisions regarding the susceptibility of specific cultivars, planting in the right fields, using chemical controls when warranted, and correctly managing the field production environment to minimize infection by the pathogen. This program has had extraordinary success for many producers and appears to be firmly established as a normal part of their operations. Communication has been disseminated through a series of newsletter articles, an annual research progress report, presentations during the annual Southern Rocky Mt. Ag Conference, and numerous one-on-one contacts. Evaluations of new germplasm for the Colorado Cultivar Development program have been ongoing and have been instrumental in assisting in the release of several new cultivars during this project. Cultivars include; Rio Grande Russet, Canela Russet, Colorado Rose, Rio Colorado, Crestone Russet and Masquerade. Finally, work with several chemical companies has assisted in the registration of several new chemistries including; Ranman (for pink rot control), Beleaf (for aphid control), Luna (for early blight control), and several numbered compounds which are in line for registration in the near future. PARTICIPANTS: Participants for this project included; all potato producers in the San Luis Valley, the seed potato growers in Colorado, several chemical companies such as Bayer Crop Sciences, Syngenta, and BASF, and potato growers in North America (for new cultivars developed from Colorado's breeding program). Professional development and training for the various entities served include one-on-one visits to the various research plots, newsletters and research reports, and presentations during the annual Southern Rocky Mt Ag Conference. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences include mostly potato producers in Colorado and the western U.S. as well as certain chemical companies. Changes in knowledge occur when producers put into practice the information developed as part of this research effort or grow the new cultivars developed during this time of the project. This has been ongoing and many producers indicate that they have benefited from this research either in increased revenues and quality from the new cultivars or in managing previously difficult to control disease problems. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Major behavioral shifts have occurred in grower attitudes about several disease issues which include early blight, pink rot, PVY, and powdery scab. Growers have begun to utilize production techiques, laboratory testing, and cultivars to assist in controlling problems. Additionally, we have seen a significant increase in attendance of events such as the Southern Rocky Mt Ag Conference (up 25-30% per year over the past three years).
Impacts
The impacts from this research have been varied and consistently benefited the potato producers in Colorado. One impact has been the reduction and management of several major disease issues including; early blight, pink rot, powdery scab, bacterial ring rot, soft rot, PVY and PLRV, and silver scurf. Any one of these disease problems can reduce yield and quality and can have a major influence on a producers yield, quality and ultimately, the marketing of the potato product. For example, controlling early blight utlizing the rotation of chemistries used in this research project coupled with the proper timing of the applications results in a savings to the average producer based on their former practices of over 50%/ha or about $61.75/ha. Producers for at least 5,000 ha of potatoes have indicated that they are using these early blight treatments for an annual savings of $309,000. Another impact has been the release of new cultivars with better yield and quality characteristics. Rio Grande Russet has yields better than Russet Norkotah Selection 3 (a prominent cultivar grown in the SLV) of about 6% more resulting in $3.5 million increase in revenues. All told, producers are in a better position to handle some very major disease issues and grow a higher yielding, better quality product for better marketing.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Powdery scab of potato caused by the protest Spongospora subterranean has been an ongoing disease problem for Colorado producers. This is especially true of producers of the thin-skinned, specialty type cultivars, the yellows, reds, fingerlings and newer clones. Producers have been hamstrung by the inability to adequately control this skin defect problem. Because of the powdery scab lesions on the tubers, production of many of the cultivars which can make high dollars in the market place are being replaced with more of the russet, commodity type cultivars. The reason for this is that russet cultivars are generally resistant to the skin lesions associated with powdery scab. However, these cultivars can often produce spores which can infest the soil by the formation of root galls. This program has been quite successful in developing a comprehensive management strategy which couples use of a PCR technique to screen soils for the sporeball inoculum with use of a chemical, fluazinam or trade name Omega, on the most susceptible cultivars applied during the planting phase. Also, a technique to apply the chemical into the covering soil and over the seed piece was developed which made this chemistry even more effective in controlling the disease. Finally, through use of a greenhouse screening technique developed by this program, many new cultivars have been screened for the various phases of the disease and two commercial russets have been identified with very low sporeball production, both on the tubers and on the roots, Mesa Russet and Rio Grande Russet, as well as several specialty type clones. PARTICIPANTS: Several presentations were made to key clientele and a webinar on the Plant Management Network for potatoes was produced. TARGET AUDIENCES: The potato growers of Colorado have had major success with the management program. Additionally, other growers in the western U.S. are utilizing the lab at the SLV Research Center to test their field soils. Overall, potato growers in North America and other parts of the world which can access the webinar at the PMN site should be able to utilize this management scheme and increase production of non-affected tubers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project. PARTICIPANTS: Syngenta Chemical Company, Bayer Chemical Company, BASF Chemical Company, Valent Chemical Company, Grower cooperators - Cary Hoffman, Mt. King Produce, Colorado Certified Seed Potato Growers' Association, Colorado Potato Administrative Committee (Area II), and Colorado potato producers TARGET AUDIENCES: The potato growers of Colorado have had major success with the management program. Additionally, other growers in the western U.S. are utilizing the lab at the SLV Research Center to test their field soils. Overall, potato growers in North America and other parts of the world which can access the webinar at the PMN site should be able to utilize this management scheme and increase production of non-affected tubers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The impact from this research has been dramatic for the growers following the management plan. The largest potato producer in Colorado and much of the Southwest has indicated that by following this plan his problems with powdery scab have diminished to the point that he no longer considers this a major disease threat to his production. For the past three years his farming operation has screened in excess of 50 fields for the presence of soil borne inoculum. He has utilized this information in his planting schemes when production of susceptible cultivars is necessary. In addition, he has used the soil screening program to assess his other field production practices such as the growth of certain green manure crops on the level of inoculum found in the field. Additionally, the release and growth of several newer cultivars which are resistant or moderately resistant to the disease has impacted Colorado producers. Overall this component of the project has resulted in the successful production of susceptible cultivars with few grade related problems due to powdery scab. This has generated an additional estimated 480,000 cwt of clean, marketable potatoes with a fair market value in excess of $7.2 million, due to the nature of the high prices received for specialty type potatoes. Mesa Russet and Rio Grande Russet now account for about 20% of the russets raised in the San Luis Valley and will help in control of the buildup in inoculum as well.
Publications
- Davidson, R.D., A.J. Houser and R. Haslar. 2011. Practical management of powdery scab. Plant Management Network webinar for potatoes.
- O. Kulen, C. Stushnoff, R.D. Davidson, and D.G. Holm. 2010. Gibberellic Acid and Ethephon alter potato minituber bud dormancy and improve seed tuber yield. AJPR (DOI 10.1007.s12230-010-9178-8), published online December 24, 2010.
- Davidson, R.D. and A.J. Houser. 2011. 2011 Research Report, Extension Potato Disease Control Project, 52 pp.
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Potato Virus Y (PVY) continues to be an ongoing disease threat to the Colorado potato industry. This disease has contined to be epidemic in certain cultivars such as Russet Norkotah and Shepody. Producers, especially certified seed producers, have been having severe difficulties in keeping seed in the certification program because of PVY infection. Additionally, commercial producers have seen a drop in overall yield of larger tubers due to virus infection. Ongoing projects have helped in understanding the way the virus moves between fields and how this movement might be controlled. Growers have been utilizing the findings from these projects to help reduce the overall impact from PVY. During the year, the 'Certified Seed Potato Act' was made law. As a co-author of this legislation, it is expected that significant control of PVY as well as other diseases may be forthcoming due to the planting of all certified seed or at least fully tested seed sources. A poster was presented at the annual National Potato Council Potato Expo as well. Additional work focused on the disease dry rot which was expressed in a newer cultivar, Canela Russet. Through one on one visits and specific targeted profiles, growers were educated and adopted new production techniques to handle this disease. PARTICIPANTS: Training was provided to several grower groups in the Western U.S. and Canada. Also, a report was given to the Certication Section of the Potato Association of America and to the WERA - 089 Potato Virus Control group. TARGET AUDIENCES: The potato growers in Colorado have continued to demonstrate significant changes in their production of the most susceptible cultivars, especially Russet Norkotah, in 2010. This change helped them pass a higher percentage of certified seed than in 2010 because the newer russet cultivars demonstrated less issues with PVY. Additionally, efforts in both demonstration type on-farm projects and during grower meetings resulted in behavioral changes by producers in how they produce the most susceptible cultivars which also reduced loss of seed acreage due to disease issues. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Potato producers in Colorado and surrounding western states. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The impact from this research is varied, but includes the use of better field placement of the most susceptible cultivars, early planting and killing dates for those same cultivars, using improved roguing techniques to remove infected plants where appropriate, and increased accuracy during the field and post harvest test inspections for certified seed. Additionally, production practices have been modified to reduce the impact from diseases such as Fusarium dry rot. The CSU Cultivar Development program has released several new russet clones in the last two to three years which demonstrate limited impact to PVY, potato leafroll virus, and many of the other common diseases which are found during potato production. In 2009, growers raising Canela Russet had 650 to 700 acres of potatoes with high levels of dry rot making them unmarketable in a very good market year. This resulted in losses in excess of $3 million. After our educational efforts, growers raising the same cultivar in 2010 saw little to no dry rot disease. With excellent yields and prices, the additional profits from this production as compared to 2010 can potentially fall in the $3.5 to 4 million range.
Publications
- Davidson, R.D. and A.J. Houser. 2010. 2010 Research Report, Extension Potato Disease Control Project, 45 pp.
- Davidson, R.D., K. Sather, R. Haslar, and A. Houser. 2010. Controlling PVY; what works and what doesn't. Poster presentation at the annual National Potato Council Potato Expo held in Orlando, FL. 1/2010.
- Davidson, R.D., A. Houser and R. Haslar. 2010. Benefits of controlling early blight of potatoes in the San Luis Valley, CO. Abstract, Potato Association of America. August 15-19. Corvallis, OR, USA. Pp. 96
- Essah, SYC, D.G. Holm, and R.D. Davidson. 2010. Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer application and plant population for maximum tuber yield and quality in Mesa Russet, a new Colorado cultivar. In Annual Meetings Abstract. Potato Association of America. August 15-19. Corvallis, OR, USA. Pp. 46
- Essah, SYC, R.D. Davidson, and D.G. Holm. 2010. Response of potato to potassium fertilizer source and form of application in the San Luis Valley of Colorado. In Annual Meetings Abstract. Potato Association of America. August 15-19. Corvallis, OR, USA. Pp. 110
- Houser, A.J. and R.D. Davidson, 2010. Development of a greenhouse assay to evaluate potato germplasm for susceptibilty to powdery scab. Am. J. Pot Res 87:285-298.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Potato Virus Y (PVY) continues to be an ongoing disease threat to the Colorado potato industry. This disease has contined to be epidemic in certain cultivars such as Russet Norkotah and Shepody. Producers, especially certified seed producers, have been having severe difficulties in keeping seed in the certification program because of PVY infection. Additionally, commercial producers have seen a drop in overall yield of larger tubers due to virus infection. Ongoing projects have helped in understanding the way the virus moves between fields and how this movement might be controlled. Growers have been utilizing the findings from these projects to help reduce the overall impact from PVY. During the year, presentations regarding this information were delivered to several grower groups across Colorado and the western U.S. and Canada. A poster was presented at the annual National Potato Council Potato Expo as well. PARTICIPANTS: Training was provided to several grower groups in the Western U.S. and Canada. Also, a report was given to the Certication Section of the Potato Association of America and to the WERA - 089 Potato Virus Control group. TARGET AUDIENCES: The potato growers in Colorado demonstrated significant changes in their production of the most susceptible cultivar, Russet Norkotah, in 2009. This change helped them pass a higher percentage of certified seed than in 2008 because the newer russet cultivars demonstrated less issues with PVY. Additionally, efforts in both demonstration type on-farm projects and during grower meetings resulted in behavioral changes by producers in how they produce the most susceptible cultivars which also reduced loss of seed acreage due to PVY. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The impact from this research is varied, but includes the use of better field placement of the most susceptible cultivars, early planting and killing dates for those same cultivars, using improved roguing techniques to remove infected plants where appropriate, and increased accuracy during the field and post harvest test inspections for certified seed. These steps have been utilized by growers to reduce their overall PVY load in the crop and to make better decisions regarding whether or not to plant a given seed lot. Numerous producers have dropped the most susceptible cultivars from their programs and have had good success with production of newer, less susceptible cultivars. Additionally, the CSU Cultivar Development program has released several new russet clones in the last two to three years which demonstrate limited impact to PVY. Currently, acreage of Russet Norkotah has dropped significantly in Colorado (40-50% reduction to approximately 900 ha) and cultivars from the CSU breeding program have increased (30-40% to approximately 1500 ha). This, in turn, has allowed an additional 1000 ha of seed to pass certification requirements resulting in a potential additional revenue generation of approximately $2.2 million in seed sales for the certified seed producers.
Publications
- Davidson, R.D., K. Sather, R. Haslar, and A. Houser. 2009. Controlling PVY; what works and what doesn't. Poster presentation at the annual National Potato Council Potato Expo held in Orlando, FL. 1/2010.
- Davidson, R.D. and A.J. Houser. 2009. 2009 Research Report, Extension Potato Disease Control Project, 55 pp.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Potato Virus Y has been an ongoing disease threat and problem for both seed and commercial producers in Colorado. This disease is especially problematic in cultivars such as Russet Norkotah. PVY can reduce yields and size of tubers harvested and is instrumental in the majority of rejections from the Colorado certification program. Several projects were conducted to examine the efficacy of roguing, that is physically removing diseased plants from seed fields, the accuracy of post harvest test results on certified seed potatoes, and the manner in which visual mosaic symptoms are expressed during the growing season. This information was presented at a series of grower's meetings, in newsletters and during the Southern Rocky Mt. Ag Conference. Additionally, commercial growers were targeted in explaining the potential threat from PVY toward their crop health. PARTICIPANTS: Colorado certified growers were cooperators during this research. These growers allowed access to their seed fields, access for roguing of selected lots, and were willing to share information regarding their post harvest test results and summer field inspection readings. TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary target audience for this information are the potato growers in Colorado. Especially important to this effort to reduce overall inoculum load of PVY in the potato crop is to achieve a better understanding by the growers of the impact of this virus on their yields and overall crop quality. This effort has been ongoing and is slowing starting to pay off in reducing the overall number of rejected lots for PVY and seeing commercial growers more routinely plant certified seed. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Findings of the PVY research indicate that certain cultivars such as Russet Norkotah tend to have a higher variance regarding PVY infection in the Post Harvest Testing than other less susceptible cultivars. This variance, however, is still well within a percent of the following season's inspection readings in the certified seed crop and thus the post harvest results accurately reflect the true virus content in the lot. Additionally, roguing infected plants from lots with higher levels of PVY was found to be an ineffective mechanism for reducing the overall inoculum in the lot. In fact, roguing tended to mechanically spread the virus to other nearby plants resulting in a situation where for each three infected plants rogued, there were an additional two plants infected but not visually evident. Finally, PVY symptom expression in Russet Norkotah was found to be transient, not latent, and expression occurred throughout the season. This trait by this cultivar makes it virtually impossible to effectively rogue out all PVY positive plants and leaves between 10-25% of the infected plants in the field after roguing is finished to act as late season inoculum sources within the field. Currently, 45% of the certified seed acreage in Colorado is grown to Russet Norkotah selections, about 2800 ha. This research impacts over 1700 ha of seed which is annually rejected for certification. Improved management of PVY can reduce rejections and result in additional $2.5 to 3.5 million in revenue to the certified seed growers.
Publications
- Davidson, R.D. and A.J. Houser. 2008. 2008 Research Report, Extension Potato Disease Control Project, 65 pp.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Powdery scab caused by the organism, Spongospora subterranea, has had an increasingly important role in the production of red and yellow skinned cultivars and specialty-type potatoes in the San Luis Valley, Colorado. This disease has become widespread and can effectively remove a crop from the marketing system because of tuber surface scab symptoms creating grade defects. As one step of a comprehensive management program, the chemical fluazinam (Omega) was utilized in a series of soil treatments applied in-furrow at planting using a highly susceptible clone, DT6063-1R. The chemical was sprayed over both the seed piece and into the covering soil using a double nozzle type approach. Results from two years of testing indicate that 1.75 l/ha (1.5 pt/a) Omega applied in-furrow provided significant protection preventing infection and powdery scab symptoms on the daughter tubers. This resulted in a marketable yield increase of 20% or 7.2 mt/ha (65 cwt/a). Omega was granted a 24C
label for Colorado primarily based on research data generated by this project. Grower trials in 2007 demonstrated excellent disease control with three growers using Omega on several highly susceptible cultivars.
TARGET AUDIENCES: Potato growers in Colorado. Potato growers in U.S.
Impacts
Reds, yellows and specialty-type potato cultivars account for approximately 18% of the total production for the San Luis Valley potato crop. Of these 4,350 ha of potatoes, about 50-60% are threatened by powdery scab. In any given year, 1,000+ ha may be affected by scab. These cultivars tend to be marketed at much higher returns than the standard commodity-type russets. It is not unusual for producers to return $0.55/kg versus $0.18/kg. By using a more comprehensive powdery scab management program which incorporates Omega, growers could realize up to an additional $4,000.00/ha in those years when powdery scab damage is highest. This could result in additional profits exceeding $4 million annually.
Publications
- Davidson, R.D. and Houser, A. 2007. Comprehensive Potato Research Progress Report for 2007. CPAC Research Subcommittee. 60 pp.
- Essah, S.Y.C., Delgado, J.A., Holm, D.G., and Davidson, R.D. 2007. Response of irrigated colored flesh potato to nitrogen fertilization in a soil with high residual nitrogen. In Annual Meetings Abstract [CD-ROM]. Potato Association of America. August,2007. Idaho Falls, Idaho, U.S.A.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Numerous advanced clones were evaluated for their reaction to potato diseases. These diseases included: potato leafroll virus, PVY, bacterial ring rot, powdery scab, and the storage rots caused by Fusarium, Erwinia carotovora, and Alternaria solani. Clonal information was developed and reported to both the Cultivar Development Program and to the producers of these new clones. Certain clones were dropped from the cultivar program when disease reactions were inadequate and/or latent. During the last five years, six cultivars were released to the growers and are currently undergoing registration under Federal Plant Variety Protection. These clones are: Purple Majesty, Mountain Rose, Rio Grande Russet, Colorado Rose, Canela Russet, and Rio Colorado. Each of these clones has distinct advantages over other's of the same category regarding disease reactions. Specifically, Rio Grande Russet shows little damage from powdery scab even having extremely low root gall ratings. All
of these clones have excellent field characteristics and show low levels of virus spread in-field, even under very challenging conditions. This information has been incorporated into the cultivar management profiles for each cultivar.
Impacts
Colorado's certified seed potato industry recorded an average of around 2500 ha of Colorado developed cultivars representing around 50% of the annual production. Yields of the newest Colorado developed cultivars have exceeded the standard cultivars produced in the San Luis Valley by 6 to 11 mt/ha annually. This has resulted in generating more revenue for the producer. CSU derived cultivars account for approximately $10-12 million annually to the seed producers. These cultivars have also helped generate royalties to support the potato research effort in Colorado in excess of $200,000 yearly.
Publications
- Davidson, R.D., R.T. Zink and A. Houser. 2005. Comprehensive Potato Research Progress Report for 2005. CPAC Research Subcommittee. 52 pp.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Advanced clones developed by the Colorado Cultivar Development program are evaluated for numerous traits prior to release to producers. Examining and rating these clones for susceptibility and expression to the major potato pathogens and subsequent diseases of concern is critical for grower acceptance. In 2005, 58 advanced clones from the Colorado program and the Western Regional programs were evaluated for their reaction to bacterial ring rot. Additionally, up to 22 clones were evaluated for their reaction to potato leaf roll virus and PVY in the field and for their reaction to Fusarium and Erwinia spp. in the tubers, while 36 clones were examined for susceptibility to powdery scab. Clones varied in their reaction to these diseases with some showing excellent tolerance or resistance to specific diseases. The challenge will be to appropriately report on these reactions so that growers can make proper decisions about whether or not to use certain clones in their own
operations. It is of note, that for the last several years, the advanced clones that have been released to the grower community have been widely accepted and have shown few major disease problems. Results from the Colorado certified seed potato program continue to show that the clones and cultivars released since the inception of this research program have continued to demonstrate low levels of disease. Acceptance by the grower is no longer a matter of uncontrollable disease issues, but now one of how well a clone or cultivar fits within any given market niche. Colorado producers are also demanding more disease profile information to help in making good management decisions about which cultivars will be planted on high value land with limited water resources.
Impacts
Colorado's certified seed potato program accepted a total of 2908 ha of Colorado developed cultivars or clones as certified seed in 2005 representing 56% of the crop. Yields were excellent with the crop demonstrating relatively low levels of disease. Of note is the fact that the releases in the last three years have consistently shown sustainable low levels of disease in an environment where certain diseases like PVY has become increasingly difficult to control. This project has assisted growers in understanding the disease risks involved in producing certain cultivars and demonstrated methods to manage potential problems. Since a very large portion of the seed crop is utilized locally (in excess of 21,000 mt/year), cultivars with reduced disease issues have helped the overall commercial industry in Colorado remain competitive. Overall yields in 2005 in the San Luis Valley exceeded 42 mt/ha. The portion of the commercial crop utilizing direct planting of Colorado
certified seed accounted for 350,000 mt of production in the San Luis Valley at an average price of $190/mt or approximately $60 million in gross revenues after accounting for shrink and cullage. A large portion of these revenues were generated by Colorado developed cultivars helping to fuel a successful commercial industry. Additional planting of year out or older seed of Colorado developed cultivars occurs, but is difficult to measure. Cultivars under Federal PVP developed by CSU generated over $190,000 in royalty revenues to support CSU research programs.
Publications
- Davidson, R.D., Zink, R.T., and Houser, A. 2005. Reports for the CPAC Research Committee; Potato Disease Control Project. 65 pages.
- Essah, S.Y.C., Holm, D.G., and Davidson, R.D. 2005. Timing vine kill to manipulate yield, tuber size distribution and quality of two red potatoes. In Annual Meetings Abstract. P22. http://www.umaine.edu/paa/
- Whitworth, J.L., Nolte, P., McIntosh, C., and Davidson, R. 2005. Effect of Potato Virus Y on yield of three potato cultivars grown under different nitrogen levels. Plant Disease 90:73-76.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
In 2004, twenty advanced clones were evaluated for their disease reaction to potato leafroll virus and PVY, forty four for their reaction to bacterial ring rot, twenty two for their reaction to powdery scab, and thirty plus for their reaction to various storage rots. Results varied by clone and disease screened with some clones demonstrating high levels of either tolerance or resistance to certain diseases. Further work will be needed to evaluate these lines. During this progress report, however, it is appropriate to discuss the release of two cultivars which have come through the full disease screening profile, AC89536-5RU (Rio Grande Russet) and CO89097-2R (Colorado Rose). Federal PVP has recently been applied for with each cultivar. Both cultivars demonstrate excellent mid level resistance to the virus problems potato leafroll and PVY. In addition, Rio Grande Russet has overall good storage characteristics accompanied by high yield while Colorado Rose shows
moderate susceptibility to powdery scab, an improvement over the current red cultivars being grown. Recent post harvest results from the certified seed acreage grown in Colorado have shown very favorable readings for each of these cultivars. It is expected that these cultivars will continue to climb in acreage and prominence within their respective categories. These two clones indicate that the Cultivar Development Program as well as the growers in Colorado are using the disease profile information generated to make better decisions about which cultivars will be developed and planted on the existing acreage.
Impacts
Colorado's certified seed potato program recorded a total of 2771 ha of Colorado developed cultivars or clones representing 55% of the seed acreage accepted in 2004. Again, yields were excellent with the crop demonstrating relatively low levels of disease. This project assists growers in assessing the risk to their individual operations regarding growth of specific clones or cultivars and sensitivity to diseases. By understanding these risks, seed growers have become more knowledgeable about their crop and have seen profits rise. A large portion of the seed crop is used locally by the commercial industry (22,000+ mt/year) helping the overall Colorado potato industry maintain their commercial edge by having access to less expensive seed. Additionally, at an average price of $198/mt for certified seed and an output of 25.8 mt/ha usuable as seed, this represents approximately $13.7 million in sales generated by Colorado developed cultivars. Additionally, protected
cultivars generated over $220,000 in royalty revenues to support Colorado State University research programs.
Publications
- Zink, R.T., Davidson, R.D. and Houser, A. 2004. 2004 Research Report for the Potato Disease Management Project. Submitted to the San Luis Valley Research Center Committee. 68 pp. (unpub.)
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Evaluation of advanced clones being developed by the Colorado cultivar development program for specific disease reactions is critical for grower acceptance and production management. In 2003 eighteen advanced clones were evaluated for their reaction to potato leafroll virus and PVY, sixty nine for their reaction to bacterial ring rot, thirty one for their reaction to powdery scab, and twenty three for their reaction to various storage rots. As usual, results varied by clone and disease screened. Results from the leafroll and PVY evaluations are pending. Bacterial ring rot testing demonstrated that most clones developed adequate visual symptoms to the disease within an appropriate time frame. Two clones, CO93037-6R and CO94019-1R did not demonstrate any symptoms. CO93037-6R has been dropped from further consideration or release because of this lack of expression. CO94019-1R will be tested an additional year. Powdery scab trials indicated several test clones with good
resistance to the disease. One clone, CO89097-2R has shown excellent yields with little or no powdery scab symptoms. Growers are finding similar results and partially based upon data from this project have decided to ask Colorado State University to release, name and protect (under Federal Plant Variety Protection) this clone. Clones with potential resistance to storage rots are still demonstrating adequate control. One clone, VC0967-2R/Y has consistently shown good resistance to Fusarium and Erwinia spp. Colorado producers will be allowed to grow this clone as seed under the experimental category for the first time in 2004. Two other clones, VC0967-5R/Y and VC1002-3W/Y are also scheduled for initial release to the growers this coming year. Finally, a rating system has been put in place for each of the diseases examined to assist in making appropriate decisions regarding whether the various clones will be released. The rating system ranges from 1-5 with 1 being poor symptom expression
and 5 being excellent expression. Full assessments for each clone tested are collated, ratings developed, and results distributed to the leader of the Colorado cultivar developement program and grower cooperators.
Impacts
Colorado's certified seed potato program recorded a total of 2800 ha of Colorado developed cultivars or clones representing 47% of the seed acreage accepted in 2003. Yields were excellent with the crop demonstrating relatively low levels of disease. This project assists growers in assessing the risk to their individual operations regarding growth of specific clones or cultivars and sensitivity to diseases. By understanding these risks, seed growers have become more knowledgeable about their crop and have seen profits rise. A large portion of the seed crop is used locally by the commercial industry (21,000 mt/year) helping the overall Colorado potato industry maintain their commercial edge by having access to less expensive seed. Additionally, at an average price of $198/mt for certified seed and an output of 24.7 mt/ha usuable as seed, this represents approximately $13.7 million in sales generated by Colorado developed cultivars. Additionally, protected cultivars
generated over $200,000 in royalty revenues to support Colorado State University research programs.
Publications
- Zink, R.T., Davidson,R. D. and Houser, A. 2003. 2003 Research Report for the Potato Disease Management Project. Submitted to the San Luis Valley Research Center Committee. 60 pp.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Nineteen advanced clones were evaluated for their reaction to potato leafroll virus and PVY, fifty eight for their reaction to bacterial ring rot, thirty two for their reaction to powdery scab, and forty for their reaction to storage rots caused by Fusarium spp., Erwinia carotovora, and Alternaria solani. Results varied dramatically by clone and disease screened. Regarding leafroll, CO94019-1R did not show any visible plant symptoms after inoculation for the second year in a row. An additional clone, VC1015-1R/Y also did not demonstrate symptoms. These two will be tested for one more year. Natural-in-field spread of leafroll was overall quite high in the plots in 2002 with most clones exhibiting high to very high spread rates. All clones tested demonstrated typical symptoms to PVY with one clone, CO95077-3R, having very high spread of PVY within the plots. Bacterial ring rot testing showed that all but six clones developed in Colorado had adequate symptoms within an
appropriate time frame to the disease. The six clones, CO95051-7W, VC1009-1W/Y, VC1015-1R/Y, VC0967-5R/Y, VC1002-3W/Y and CO93037-6R, ranged from low or late symptom development to no symptom development and will be tested again in 2003. Results from the powdery scab trials indicated that were some clones exhibited good resistance to scab lesions. However, often this did not translate into a low level of root galling from the organism. Finally, many clones with potential resistance to the storage rots are still demonstrating adequate control. One clone, CO96197-3RU, has good resistance to both Fusarium and Erwinia, but does show an elevated risk of early blight tuber decay. Full assessments for each clone tested will be collated and distributed to the leader of the cultivar development program and the grower cooperators.
Impacts
Colorado's certified seed potato program recorded a total of 7,884 acres of Colorado developed cultivars grown in 2002 representing 53% of the seed acreage entered into the program. Yields were at an all time high averaging 390 cwt/acre for the overall Colorado potato industry with seed growers averaging approximately 20% more in yield per acre. At an average price of $10/cwt for certified seed and an output of around 200 cwt/acre usable as seed, this represents approximately $15.8 million in sales generated by Colorado developed cultivars. Additionally, protected cultivars generated over $160,000 in royalty revenues to support CSU research programs.
Publications
- Zink, R.T, R.D. Davidson, and A. Houser. 2002. 2002 Research Report for the Potato Disease Management project. Submitted to the San Luis Valley Research Center Committee. 58 pp.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Specific disease reactions of advanced potato clones from the Colorado Cultivar Development Program must be obtained before release of any clones to the potato industry. In 2001, sixteen advanced clones were evaluated for their reaction to potato leafroll virus, twenty five for their reaction to bacterial ring rot and thirty five for their reaction to the storage rots; Fusarium spp., Erwinia carotovora, and Alternaria solani. All but two advanced selections demonstrated adequate symptom development to leafroll. Natural in-field spread of leafroll was low to medium this year with only one clone demonstrating high levels of leafroll compared to the check cultivars. Bacterial ring rot expression was good for all but three clones. Two of the clones, NDC5281-2R and TC1675-1RU, have been tested for three years and still show very low symptom expression. Less than 15% of the plants demonstrated bacterial ring rot within 100 days after planting. While this is low, the clones
do express good disease symptoms well within the 90 days after planting time frame and thus, should be released to growers with a caution about disease reaction. Finally, several advanced selections with resistance to storage rots have been screened for two years. Five of these selections show high levels of resistance to both Fusarium spp. and Erwinia carotovora and will be used as parents in further breeding as well as having their horticultural characteristics evaluated.
Impacts
Information generated by this research is used to help determine which advanced clones should be released to the potato industry. Growers and the Colorado Potato Certification Service have found that ignoring a clone's reaction to serious diseases can cause significant impact on farms under pressure from these diseases and can cripple the potato industry's use of a clone or cultivar soon after release. This creates a situation which is both costly and detrimental to the growers and the Colorado Cultivar Development Program.
Publications
- Davidson, R.D. and R.T. Zink. 2001. 2001 Research Report for Extension Potato Disease Control Project. Submitted to the San Luis Valley Research Center Committee. 31 pages.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Reaction of advanced clones from the Colorado Cultivar Development Program to specific diseases is one of the primary objectives of this research. In 2000, seven advanced clones were evaluated for their response to potato leafroll and twenty seven clones and/or cultivars for their response to bacterial ring rot. This project has been ongoing for several years and check or control cultivars are used as comparisons in these evaluations. All of the advanced selections checked for leafroll had adequate symptom expression to the disease. In addition, in-field spread of the virus was consistent and high among the clones, ranging from 58 to 94% as compared with the check cultivars in the range of 0 to 85%. All of the advanced selections fit into the high category for leafroll spread. They also all demonstrated symptoms to potato virus Y infection, another virus which the clones will be evaluated against in the future. Each of the twenty seven clones and/or cultivars screened
for bacterial ring rot symptom expression did demonstrate ring rot in the plots. Most of the material screened had adequate symptom expression and the timing of the expression was well within the parameters set by the Certification Program for identifying bacterial ring rot in the field. However, two clones and two cultivars, CO92059-8, TC1675-1, Crispin and Huckleberry did express few or no symptoms and the symptoms expressed were mild. Each of these clones needs further evaluation prior to acceptance and release to the growers.
Impacts
This research is critical to the needs of the Cultivar Development Program in that it aids in choosing the appropriate advanced selections for release into the general certification program. Growers and the Potato Certification Service have found that ignoring reactions to critical diseases can cause significant impact on farms under disease situations and can cripple a clone or cultivar soon after release. This in turn can cause major financial impact to both the growers and the Cultivar Development Program.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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