Progress 10/01/99 to 10/30/04
Outputs
The recent spread of several weedy plant species across the SEUS has revealed a need to better understand the biology competitive potential of these threats to commercial nursery and landscape systems. Weeds of increasing concern include chamberbitter (Phyllanthus urinaria), long-stalked phyllanthus (P. tenellus) and mulberry weed (Fatuoa villosa). These plants produce abundant seeds in explosively dehiscent fruits and generate dense, fibrous root systems. A study was initiated to determine the competitive potential and water demand of these weeds in comparison to eclipta (E. alba). Eclipta is well recognized by nursery producers for its competitive ability. Results are expected to compel grounds and nursery professionals to manage the weed with herbicides before installing landscape plants or nursery crops. Data from the first season have been compiled and are being analyzed. A 4-page survey was distributed among about 1,800 TN Master Gardener Volunteers. Respondents
returned 601 completed surveys that are expected to demonstrate their awareness and perception about genetically modified ornamental plants. Data are being analyzed. Field collected strains of Beauveria bassiana were investigated to determine the acute and chronic pathogenicity to tomato aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae). Limited direct mortality to aphids suggest that an alternate foliage-feeding arthropod would better demonstrate the efficacy of our experimental model. The efficacy of fuchsia and purple strip sticky traps to monitor flight activity of flatheaded borers (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) was tested again in 2004. Commercially available pheromone lures were also used to monitor dogwood borer (Synanthedon scitula) and other clearwing moth borers seasonal flight activities in east Tennessee. Borers are being identified and data from these studies are being compiled and analyzed. A new Hatch Project Proposal has been written and submitted for approval.
Impacts
New knowledge of hopes and concerns voiced by Tennessees Master Gardener Volunteers are expected to provide guidelines by which researchers, educators, and Extension personnel can meaningfully contribute to debate about the role, benefit and limitations of genetically modified plant commodities. Flatheaded borer trapping confirms the value of visual cues and color for collecting these economically important pests. Clearwing borer trapping confirms grower complaints about the inability of commercially available lures to trap the dogwood borer, but has provided important season flight information, in eastern TN, for lilac and banded ash clearwings. Investigations are underway to better understand the competitive influence of weedy plant species new to SEUS commercial production and landscape systems. Studies will direct future research to determine best management practices to control these weedy pest plants.
Publications
- Klingeman, W. E., D. B. Eastwood, J. R. Brooker, C. R. Hall, B. K. Behe and P. R. Knight. 2004. Consumer Survey Identifies Plant Management Awareness and Added Value of Dogwood Powdery Mildew-Resistance. HortTechnology 14(2): 275-282.
- Klingeman, W. E., D. K. Robinson and G. L. McDaniel. 2004. Regeneration of Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) Rhizome Sections in Pine Bark, Sand and Soil Substrates. J. Envir. Hort.: 22(3): 139-143.
- Klingeman, W. E., D.K. Robinson and G.L. McDaniel. 2004. Mugwort regeneration from rhizome sections in sand, pine bark, and soil substrates. Proc. Ann. Res. Conf. Southern Nursery Association. 49: 375-379.
- Cannon, A.D., D. Deyton, C. Sams, D. Fare and W. E. Klingeman. 2004. Effects of soybean oil formulations powdery mildew and net photosynthetic of dogwoods. Proc. Ann. Res. Conf. Southern Nursery Association. 49: 214-218.
- Vaughn, C. R., W. E. Klingeman, F. Hale and J. Grant. 2004. Clearwing moth attraction to commercial pheromone lures and colored traps in East Tennessee. Proc. Ann. Res. Conf. Southern Nursery Association. 49: 195-199.
- Hadziabdic, D., R. N. Trigiano, S. R. Garton, M. T. Windham, W. E. Klingeman and L. A. Weaver-May. 2004. In vitro regeneration of Cladrastis lutea. Proc. Ann. Res. Conf. Southern Nursery Association. 49: 346-348.
- Klingeman, W. E., D. K. Robinson and G. L. McDaniel. 2004. Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) rhizome regeneration in pine bark, soil and sand substrates. HortScience 39(4): 746.
- Cannon, A., D. Deyton, C. Sams and W. Klingeman. 2004. Evaluation of soybean oil formulations for effects on powdery mildew and net photosynthetic rates of dogwoods. HortScience 39(4): 792.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Powdery mildew-resistance in newly patented flowering dogwood cultivars has enabled consumer surveys at home and garden shows in TN, MI and MS metropolitan areas. A refined willingness-to-pay (WTP) model was applied to investigate consumer survey responses. Data yielded an average price premium of $13.35 for disease resistant trees. Regression analyses revealed characteristics that influence consumer WTP amd support acceptance of a substantially higher price for a disease-resistant landscape tree. Marketing should include point-of-sale information, interaction with customers to determine the characteristics of their landscapes, and placement of disease-resistant trees near flowering plants at retail outlets. Survivorship, developmental rate, and host feeding preferences of bagworm larvae (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haworth) was examined among arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis) subjected to a range of slow release fertilizer rates. Bagworm larvae were used in
laboratory no-choice and choice tests, and outdoor caged-shrub trials under simulated nursery conditions. Thuja tissue samples were collected from treatments for foliar nutrient tests. Mugwort (Artimisia vulgaris L.) is an introduced weed in eastern U.S. field nurseries and landscapes. Mugwort produces seed, but reproduction more commonly occurs when mechanical harvesting or digging cuts rhizomes. We are quantifying the reproductive potential of cut rhizome sections in soil, pine bark, and sand media. Adult whitefringed beetle (Naupactus leucoloma Boheman) survivorship and fecundity were quantified for several susceptible ornamental host plants. In greenhouse trials, adult beetles were confined singly and fed foliage from individual plants. Longevity and egg numbers were tallied among individual beetles. Commercially available pheromone lures to trap the dogwood borer (Synanthedon scitula) are being tested in east Tennessee. In separate studies, multiple brands of lures were deployed
with a standard bucket trap or compared among three trap colors. Clearwing species collected in bucket traps will be identified. Species will be photographed to develop a diagnostic tool to Green Industry professionals. A survey has been prepared for distribution to TN Master Gardener Volunteers that will explore their awareness and perception about genetically modified ornamental plants. Preliminary results are being used to refine the survey instrument. Field collected strains of Beauveria bassiana are being investigated for their ability to colonize and grow endophytically in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Research is underway to determine the acute and chronic pathogenicity to tomato aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae). The efficacy of a novel strip sticky trap to monitor flight activity of flatheaded borers (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is being tested with TN State University, USDA-ARS, and Oregon State University cooperators. Traps have worked for buprestid borers in the eastern
U.S. locations. Borers are being identified. Trap design, orientation, and quantity will be refined for 2004. Data from these studies are being compiled and analyzed.
Impacts
Consumers are willing to pay a substantially higher price for a flowering dogwood that maintains a healthier appearance without the use of chemical fungicides. This knowledge, along with factors affecting consumer demand for landscape nursery products and services and consumer awareness of integrated pest management terminology and practices, can be used to develop an effective market strategy for these novel tree cultivars. The potential benefit of Glomus intraradices (an AM fungus) to mitigate drought stress in hybrid roses has been investigated in a closed-gas exchange system and found to be negligible. Ecological investigations of ornamental plant-arthropod interactions will aid in crop- or weed-specific IPM programs. Host plant/pest assessments can be used to establish a marketing program for pest- and disease-resistant plant materials. Investigations are underway to better understand the role that play in moderating pest populations of the whitefringed in
nursery fields.
Publications
- Oliver, J. B., D. C. Fare, N. Youssef, S. Scholl and W. E. Klingeman. 2003. Collection of adult flatheaded borers using multi-colored traps. Proc. Ann. Res. Conf. Southern Nursery Association. 48: 199-205.
- Auge, R. M., A. J. W. Stodola, J. Moore, W. E. Klingeman, and X. Duan. 2003. Comparative Dehydration Tolerance of Foliage of Several Ornamental Crops. Sci. Hort. 98: 511-516.
- Gardner, J. G., D. B. Eastwood, J. R. Brooker, and W. E. Klingeman. 2003. Consumers Valuation of Disease-Resistant Landscape Plants: A Case Study of Flowering Dogwoods. J. Agribusiness 21(1): 103-116.
- Ketchersid, D. R. and W. E. Klingeman. 2003. Ornamental host influences the longevity and fecundity of whitefringed beetles. Proc. Ann. Res. Conf. Southern Nursery Association. 48: 142-145.
- Klingeman, W. E., M. T. Windham, A. S. Windham, P. C. Flanagan, V. C. Gibson and R. N. Trigiano. 2003. Dogwood powdery mildew management: an efficacy comparison of selected system fungicidal compounds. Proc. Ann. Res. Conf. Southern Nursery Association. 48: 232-237.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
A Tennessee nursery field-soil survey found that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were routinely encountered with ornamental flowering dogwood (Cornus florida Cherokee Princess), cherry (Prunus serrulata Kwanzan) and red maple (Acer rubrum October Glory) trees regardless of soil pH, K, and P levels. This indicates good AM fungal competitive ability and nursery soil health. Results have been published in HortScience. Survivorship and feeding preferences of bagworm larvae (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haworth) were tested among several species and cultivars of ornamental maples. No-choice tests, choice tests, and trials using bagworms field-caged in trees revealed that paperbark (Acer griseum (Franch.) Pax) and trident (A. buergerianum Miq.) maples were resistant to bagworm feeding. Autumn Blaze Freeman maple (A.x freemanii E. Murray) was moderately resistant. Results have been published in the Journal of Environmental Horticulture. Consumer's willingness to pay a price
differential for a powdery mildew-resistant flowering dogwood tree has been surveyed at home and garden shows in Knoxville and Nashville, TN; Detroit, MI; and Jackson, MS. A total of 610 questionnaires were returned that demonstrated relatively consistent willingness to pay across all four locations. Average tree premiums ranged from 11.87 in Jackson to 16.38 in Detroit and indicates that customers are willing to pay a substantially higher price for a landscape tree that will maintain a healthier appearance without the use of chemical sprays. This information, along with factors that affect consumer demand for landscape nursery products and services and consumer awareness of integrated pest management terminology and practices, has been prepared for submission to peer-review. The survival and feeding of Japanese beetle larvae (Popillia japonica Newman) were investigated for a final season among nursery weeds that are common throughout Tennessee. Data from these studies are being
compiled and analyzed. Greenhouse and laboratory investigations are underway to better understand the role that ornamental host plants play in moderating pest populations of the whitefringed beetle (Naupactus leucoloma Boheman) in nursery fields. AM fungal mitigation of drought stress has been investigated in a replicated greenhouse trial using Iceberg hybrid roses (Rosa x hybrida Iceberg), which were inoculated with Glomus intraradices (Schenk and Smith) AM fungi. Data from closed-gas exchange system measurements have been compiled, analyzed statistically, and prepared for peer-review. Popular press articles have been written that introduce and inform nursery and grounds management professionals of weed and arthropod pests including: 1) invasive aquatic plants, 2) ornamental and weedy plants that are potentially toxic to fish, 3) scale insect monitoring and management tactics, 4) whitefringed beetles (Naupactus leucoloma Boheman), and 5) Southern Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus
frontalis).
Impacts
Consumers are willing to pay a substantially higher price for a flowering dogwood that maintains a healthier appearance without the use of chemical fungicides. This knowledge, along with factors affecting consumer demand for landscape nursery products and services and consumer awareness of integrated pest management terminology and practices, can be used to develop an effective market strategy for these novel tree cultivars. The potential benefit of Glomus intraradices (an AM fungus) to mitigate drought stress in hybrid roses has been investigated in a closed-gas exchange system and found to be negligible. Ecological investigations of ornamental plant-arthropod interactions will aid in crop- or weed-specific IPM programs. Host plant/pest assessments can be used to establish a marketing program for pest- and disease-resistant plant materials.
Publications
- Auge, R. M., M. T. Windham, J. L. Moore, W. T. Witte, E. Kubikova, W. E. Klingeman, R. M. Evans, and J. H. Reiss. 2002. Leaf curl and water relations of kousa dogwoods showing resistance to summer stress. J. Environ. Hort. 20(3): 143-147.
- Gardner, J. G., D. B. Eastwood, J. R. Brooker, J. B. Riley, and W. E. Klingeman. 2002. Consumers Willingness-to-Pay for Flowering Dogwoods That are Resistant to Powdery Mildew. UTIA Agric. Econ. Res. Ser. 02-02. [http://economics.ag.utk.edu/pubsvalue.html]
- Klingeman, W. E., J. Brooker, D. B. Eastwood, B. Behe, J. Riley, and P. Knight. 2002. Consumers See Value in Disease Resistant Dogwoods. Proc. 12th Plant Development and Utilization Symposium: Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance (METRIA), Asheville, NC. [http://fletcher.ces.state.nc.us/programs/nursery/metria/metria12].
- Klingeman, W. E., G. M. McDaniel, and P. C. Flanagan. 2002. Survivorship and Growth of Japanese Beetle Larvae on Common Nursery Weeds. Proc. Ann. Res. Conf. Southern Nursery Association. 47: 155-161.
- Vaughn, C. and W. E. Klingeman. 2002. Pheromone and Trap Color Influences Clearwing Borer Collection in East Tennessee. Proc. Ann. Res. Conf. Southern Nursery Association. 47: 162-166.
- Ashburn, D., M. Windham, W. Klingeman, C. Canaday, and A. Windham. 2002. Predisposition of Leyland Cypress to Canker Diseases by Water Stress. Proc. Ann. Res. Conf. Southern Nursery Assoc. 47: 250-253.
- Ketchersid, D., W. E. Klingeman, F. Hale, and J. Oliver. 2002. The Whitefringed Beetle: An Overlooked Pest of Ornamentals. Tennessee Green Times. Fall 3(3): 18-21.
- Klingeman, W. E., J. Oliver, and F. Hale. 2002. Trees in Trauma: Will the Southern Pine Beetle Outbreak Ever End? Permission to reprint requested by the GGIA. Georgia Green Industry Journal. June, p. 47-48.
- Klingeman, W. E., T. Hill, G. L. McDaniel, and S. Garton. 2002. Select and Manage Ornamental Plants to Limit Fish Toxicity and Stress. Tennessee Green Times. Summer 3(2): 17-19.
- Klingeman, W. E., S. Garton, and G. L. McDaniel. 2002. Caveat Emptor (Let the Buyer Beware): Some Aquatic Aggressors Demand Special Attention. Tennessee Green Times. Summer 3(2): 39-41.
- Klingeman, W. E., R. M. Auge, and P. C. Flanagan. 2002. Arbuscular mycorrhizal assessment of ornamental trees grown in Tennessee field soils. HortScience 37(5): 778-782.
- Klingeman, W. E. 2002. Bagworm survival and feeding preferences as indicators of resistance among maples. J. Environ. Hort. 20(3): 138-142.
- Klingeman, W. E. and S. Garton. 2002. Flowering Dogwoods in Tennessee: A Glimpse at the Past, Present, and Future. The Leaflet: UT Arboretum Society Journal Spring. Spring 22(1): 6-7.
- Klingeman, W. E., P. Lambdin, and F. A. Hale. 2002. Top Tips for Managing Scales and Mealybugs on Ornamentals. Tennessee Green Times. Spring 3(1): 34-37.
- Klingeman, W. E. 2002. TennOvations. Tennessee Green Times. Spring 3(1): 19-20.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were surveyed, data were statistically analyzed and a manuscript is being prepared for peer-reviewed journal submission. As reported in January 2000, AM fungi were found throughout samples of Tennessee nursery soils and root samples of field-grown flowering dogwood (Cornus florida 'Cherokee Princess'), cherry (Prunus serrulata 'Kwanzan') and red maple (Acer rubrum 'October Glory') taken from six field nurseries. In a greenhouse trial, seedling Sorghum bicolor DeKalb plants were used as a trap crop. Sorghum grown in minimally disturbed field soil cores were colonized by AM fungi after 10 wk. AM fungi were recovered from varied soil pH, K, and P levels. Evaluations continued that assess the feeding preferences of bagworm larvae (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haworth) among several species and cultivars of ornamental maples. In 2001, data include survival and performance trials of bagworm larvae field-caged in trees. The survival and feeding
of Japanese beetle larvae (Popilia japonica Newman) were investigated for a second season among common nursery weeds. Data are being compiled and analyzed. The capacity of AM fungi mitigate drought stress was investigated in a greenhouse trial. 'Iceberg' hybrid roses (Rosa x hybrida 'Iceberg') were inoculated with Glomus intraradices (Schenk and Smith) AM fungi. Treatments, which included mycorrhizal colonization and either low or high phosphorus levels, were compared to a non-mycorrhizal, low phosphorus control. Gas exchange was measured, using a closed-gas exchange system, on roses subjected to three cycles of four-day long dry-down periods followed with re-watering. Data are being investigated statistically. Independent research projects on azalea physiology, rate of injury, and plant growth reductions attributed to azalea lace bug (Stephanitis pyrioides) feeding damage have been compiled and published to yield guidelines for controlling azalea lace bugs in landscape settings that
are based on consumer perceptions of plant aesthetics. The trunk-protective potential of a sprayed, clay-based coating was investigated. Several combinations of clay and stucco substrates were tested on live and cut trunk sections of ornamental trees. Tree bark textures ranged from smooth (Acer and Prunus sp.) to rough (Quercus and Cornus sp.). The durability of sprayed formulations was limited and did not consistently exceed one month. A student project investigated the potential of eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridus) to vector weed species in nurseries and landscapes. Seeds of two plant species, nimblewill (Muhlenbergia schreberi) and Washington hawthorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum) grew from cultured pellet excreta. Popular press articles have been written, which introduce and inform nursery and grounds management professionals of weed and arthropod pests that include: mugwort/false chrysanthemum (Artemisia vulgaris), bagworms (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis), Boxelder bugs
(Leptocoris trivittatus), Red Shoulder bugs (Jadera haematoloma), Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), and Southern Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis).
Impacts
The recognition that arbuscular-mycorrhizal associations are common among economically important horticultural crops and field soils has been conveyed in popular press articles, professional and industry presentations, and will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal. Additional benefits of AM fungi, which may be a value-added product of Tennessee field nursery production, are being investigated. Ecological investigations of ornamental plant-arthropod interactions will aid in crop- or weed-specific IPM programs. Host plant/pest assessments can be used to establish a marketing program for pest- and disease-resistant plant materials.
Publications
- Klingeman, W. E. and F. A. Hale. 2001. Bagworms: Well-Adapted Native Pests of Woody Ornamentals. Tennessee Green Times. Spring, 2(1): 22-24.
- Klingeman, W. E., S. K. Braman, and G. D. Buntin. 2001. Azalea growth in response to azalea lace bug (Heteroptera: Tingidae) feeding. J. Econ. Entomol. 94(1): 129-137.
- Klingeman, W. E., G. D. Buntin, and S. K. Braman. 2001. Aesthetic assessments of azalea lace bug feeding injury guide pest management decisions. J. Econ. Entomol. 94(5): 1187-1192.
- Klingeman, W. E., M. W. van Iersel, J. G. Kang, J. Croker, P. C. Flanagan and R. M. Auge. 2001. Whole-plant Responses to Drought of Mycorrhizal and Non-Mycorrhizal 'Iceberg' Roses. Proc. Ann. Res. Conf. Southern Nursery Association. 46: 24-29.
- Conlon, S. and W. E. Klingeman. 2001. Rabbits as Weed Vectors and Vegetative Dispersal Agents. Proc. Ann. Res. Conf. Southern Nursery Association. 46: 421-424.
- Klingeman, W. E. 2001. Bagworm Feeding Preferences among Native and Ornamental Maples. Proc. Ann. Res. Conf. Southern Nursery Association. 46: 182-187.
- Klingeman, W. E. 2001. Clay-based Protective Trunk Sprays for Ornamental Trees. Proc. Ann. Res. Conf. Southern Nursery Association. 46: 146-150.
- Brooker, J. R., D. B. Eastwood, and W. E. Klingeman. 2001. Added Value of a Powdery Mildew Resistant Dogwood. Proc. Ann. Res. Conf. Southern Nursery Association. 46: 568-571.
- Klingeman, W. E., J. R. Brooker, D. B. Eastwood, B. K. Behe, J. B. Riley, and P. Knight. 2001. Consumer perceptions of Landscape Characteristics, Disease and Pest Problems, and the Value of Powdery Mildew Resistant Flowering Dogwoods. UTIA Agric. Econ. Res. Ser. 07-01.
- Vail K., F. Hale, and W. Klingeman. 2001. Boxelder Bugs and Red-Shouldered Bugs. UT-Agric. Ext. Pub. No. SP341H.
- Hale, F., W. Klingeman, and K. M. Vail. 2001. The Bagworm and Its Control. UT-Agric. Ext. Pub. No. SP341U.
- Klingeman, W. E., J. Oliver, and F. Hale. 2001. Trees in Trauma: Will the Southern Pine Beetle Outbreak Ever End? Tennessee Green Times. Fall, 2(3): 20-21.
- Robinson, D. and B. Klingeman. 2001. Bermudagrass Control in Ornamentals: Production and Landscape Management. Tennessee Green Times. Summer, 2(2): 18-19.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Feeding preferences of the eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum (Fabr.)) were assessed among ornamental crabapples using natural populations of the lepidopteran (Lasiocampidae) pest. Malus spp. 'Red Barron', 'Profusion', 'Royalty', 'Selkirk', 'Liset', and 'Dolgo' had the highest levels of defoliation, while M. sargentii, M. sargentii 'Dwarf', Malus spp. 'Coralburst' and 'Brandywine' appeared uninjured by eastern tent caterpillar feeding. Resistance was not correlated to leaf color. Arbuscular mycorrizal fungi were found throughout samples of Tennessee nursery soils and root samples of field-grown ornamental flowering dogwood (Cornus florida 'Cherokee Princess'), cherry (Prunus serrulata 'Kwanzan') and red maple (Acer rubrum 'October Glory') taken from six field nurseries. In a greenhouse trial, seedling Sorghum bicolor DeKalb plants were used as a trap crop. Sorghum plants were grown in relatively undisturbed field soil cores and were colonized by AM fungi
10 wk after planting. AM fungi were recovered across a wide range of soil pH, K, and P levels, indicating good AM fungal competitive ability and nursery soil health. Feeding preferences of bagworm larvae (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haworth) are being studied among several species and cultivars of ornamental maples. The survival and feeding of Japanese beetle larvae (Popilia japonica Newman) is being investigated among nursery weeds that are common throughout Tennessee. Seedpod morphology of ornamental redbud trees (Cercis canadensis L. and C. chinensis Bunge) and seed parasitism by bruchid seed beetles (Gibbobruchus mimus Say) are being investigated. All studies of arthropod/plant interactions require a second season for evaluation.
Impacts
Arbuscular-mycorrhizal associations among economically important horticultural crops and field soils indicate biologically active and healthy nursery soils. Tennessee ornamental growers do not need to supplement mycorrhizae for field production. Ornamental plant-arthropod interaction studies are in progress for Japanese beetles, bagworms, bruchid seed beetles on select hosts.
Publications
- Klingeman, W. E., W. T. Witte, and P. C. Flanagan. 2000. Ornamental crabapples range in resistance to injury by eastern tent caterpillar feeding. Malus 14(1):7-11.
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