Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/04
Outputs
A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate methods to manipulate the cows' diet to cause increased concentrations of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and its precursor, trans-11 C18:1 (vacennic acid [VA]) in milk, two compounds that are effective in preventing cancer. Some of our results include the following: 1) Feeding ingredients that contain high concentrations of linoleic acid such as soybeans and sunflower seeds increased the CLA and VA concentrations in milk fat 2 to 3 fold, while feeding ingredients that were high in oleic acid (e.g. high oleic sunflower seeds) or linolenic acid (e.g. flaxseed/linseed) were much less effective in increasing milk CLA and VA concentrations. 2) Feeding up to 3% of the diet as fish oil, which contains high amounts of the n-3 fatty acids eicosapentanoic acid (EPA; C20:5n-3) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA; C22:6n-3) increased the concentrations of CLA and VA 3 to 6 fold. 3) Adding a small amount of fish oil (e.g.
less than 0.5% of diet dry matter, an amount that can be supplied by fish meal) to diets with a source of fat high in linoleic acid increased milk CLA and VA just as much as by feeding the larger amounts of fish oil, and increased by more than anticipated based on the additive effects of feeding the linoleic source or fish oil source alone. 5) The fish oil modifies fatty acid metabolism in the rumen. 4) Feeding a small amount of linseed oil, which is a source of the n-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid, with a source of linoleic acid (e.g. sunflower seeds) did not further increase milk CLA and VA concentrations. 6) When diets were fed to cows that increase milk CLA and VA concentrations, the increase occurred within a week, reached maximum concentrations within three weeks, declined slightly, and then remained constant by 5 weeks and thereafter in long-term studies. 7) Milk from Brown Swiss inherently contained more CLA and VA than milk from Holsteins but Brown Swiss milk was less
responsive to dietary manipulation. 8) Consumer and expert taste panel evaluations of milk from cows fed control or fish oil found no difference in milk flavor. No defects in flavor or processing properties of butter made from these milks were detected, and consumers appeared to be receptive to these higher CLA products
Impacts
The concentration of CLA and VA in milk fat can be increased 2 to 3 fold by feeding a source of fat such as soybeans or sunflower seeds that contains high amounts of linoleic acid, but can be increased 3 to 5 fold by including a small amount of fish oil in the diet with the linoleic acid source. These dietary manipulations did not cause detectable defects in milk flavor or products made from the milk.
Publications
- AbuGhazaleh, D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, and K. F. Kalscheur. 2004. Conjugated linoleic acid increases in milk when cows are fed fish meal and extruded soybeans for an extended period of time. J. Dairy Sci. 87:1758-1766.
- Kalscheur, K. F., A. R. Hippen, and D. J. Schingoethe. 2004. Milk fatty acid composition and lactation performance of cows fed linseed oil or fish oil in combination with sunflower seeds. J. Dairy Sci. 87(Suppl.1):337 (Abstr.).
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
A study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding a conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) stimulating diet for an extended period of time on concentrations of cis-9, trans-11CLA and vaccenic acid (TVA) in milk. Twenty Cows (16 Holstein, 4 Brown Swiss) were divided into 2 groups (n=10 /treatment) for a 10 wk study. Cows in group one were fed a traditional corn-soybean-basal diet (Control), while those in group two were fed a blend of 0.5% fish oil from fish meal and 2% soybean oil from extruded soybeans (FMESB) to achieve higher milk fat cis-9, trans-11CLA and TVA. Diets were formulated to contain 18% crude protein and were composed (dry basis) of 50% concentrate mix, 25% corn silage, and 25% alfalfa hay. Dry matter intake was not affected by diet (29.3 and 27.7 kg/d for control and FMESM, respectively). Milk production (34.5 and 38.9 kg/d) increased (P < 0.01) in cows fed the FMESB diet. Milk fat (3.74 and 3.17) and milk protein (3.39 and 3.18) percentages decreased
(P < 0.01) with the FMESB diet; however, milk fat (1.29 and 1.21 kg/d) and protein (1.16 and 1.23 kg/d) yields were not affected by treatments. Milk fat cis-9, trans-11 CLA and TVA concentrations (g/100 of fatty acids) and yields (g/d) were 2.5 fold greater for cows fed the FMESB diet over the 10 wk of fat supplementation. For cows fed the FMESB diet, contents of milk fat cis-9, trans-11 CLA and TVA gradually increased from the first week of fat supplementation, reached the highest concentrations in wk 3, then gradually decreased during wk 4 and 5, and then remained relatively constant until wk 10. The concentrations of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and TVA from the FMESB diet over the 10 wk of fat supplementation averaged 1.16 and 2.1 g/100 of fatty acids, respectively. The concentration of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and TVA from the control diet was relatively constant over the 10 wk of fat supplementation averaging 0.33 and 0.58 g/100g of fatty acids, respectively. Concentrations of cis-9, trans-11
CLA and TVA in milk fat can be increased within a week by feeding a blend of fish meal and extruded soybeans, and that increase remains relatively constant after wk 5 of fat supplementation.
Impacts
Yields of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid in milk fat can be increased by feeding a blend of fish meal and extruded soybeans. That increase occurs rapidly, peaks out quite high within three weeks, decreases slightly, but then remains relatively constant after 5 weeks on the diet.
Publications
- AbuGhazaleh, A. A., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, and K. F. Kalscheur. 2003. Conjugated linoleic acid in milk, plasma, and ruminal contents of cows fed fish oil and fat sources that differed in saturation of 18-carbon fatty acids. Proc. 25th National Sunflower Association Research Forum, Fargo, ND.
- AbuGhazaleh, A., D. Schingoethe, A. Hippen, and K. Kalscheur. 2003. Rumen, plasma, and milk conjugated linoleic acid and transvaccenic acid response to fish oil supplementation of diets differing in fatty acid profile. J. Dairy Sci. 86:3809 (Abstr).
- AbuGhazaleh, D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, and K. F. Kalscheur. 2003. Conjugated linoleic acid and transvacennic acid content of milk from cows fed fish meal and extruded soybeans for an extended period of time. J. Dairy Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):218 (Abstr.).
- AbuGhazaleh, A. A., D. J. Schingoethe, L. A. Whitlock, A. R. Hippen, and K. F. Kalscheur. 2003. Milk conjugated linoleic acid response to fish oil supplementation of diets differing in fatty acid profiles. J. Dairy Sci. 86: 944-953.
- Whitlock, L. A., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, K. F. Kalscheur, and A. A. AbuGhazaleh. 2003. Milk production and composition from cows fed high oil or conventional corn at two forage concentrations. J. Dairy Sci. 86:2428-2437.
- AbuGhazaleh, A. A., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, and K. F. Kalscheur. 2003. Conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid in rumen, plasma, and milk of cows fed fish oil and fats differing in saturation of 18 carbon fatty acids. J. Dairy Sci. 86: 3648-3660.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Inclusion of fish oil into the diets of lactating dairy cows has been shown to be one of the most effective ways of increasing the concentration of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and its precursor transvaccenic acid (TVA) in the milk of dairy cows. Several experiments were conducted to determine the minimum level of dietary fish oil necessary to increase milk TVA and CLA concentrations and to gain information about the mechanisms involved. One experiment evaluated 4 diets: 1) control; 2) control diet with 0.33% (DM basis) added fat from menhaden fish oil and 1.67% added fat from extruded soybeans; 3) control diet with 0.67% added fat from fish oil and 1.33% added fat from extruded soybeans; and 4) control diet with 1% added fat from fish oil and 1% added fat from extruded soybeans. Milk from cows fed the three diets containing supplemental fat contained greater (P < 0.01) concentrations of TVA (1.12, 2.47, 2.13, and 2.63 g/100g fatty acids) and CLA
(0.55, 1.17, 1.02, and 1.19 g/100g fatty acids) than did milk from cows fed the control diet. Optimal TVA and CLA concentrations were achieved at the lowest level of fish oil inclusion. Another experiment examined the effect of feeding fish oil with fat sources that varied in their fatty acid compositions (high stearic, high oleic, high linoleic, or high linolenic acids) in order to determine which combination will lead to maximum CLA and TVA concentrations in milk fat. Milk CLA (0.75, 1.00, 1.67, and 1.07 g/100g fatty acids for diets 1 to 4) and TVA (1.75, 2.41, 3.86, and 2.38 g/100g fatty acids) were highest (P < 0.05) with the high linoleic and were the lowest with high stearic acid diets. Concentrations of CLA and TVA in milk when fed the pretreatment diet (no supplemental fat) were 0.40 and 1.01 g/100g of fatty acids. Therefore, all supplemental fat sources caused at least some increase in milk CLA and TVA, but the high linoleic acid source was most effective and the high stearic
acid source was least effective. Ruminally fistulated cows were used in an experiment to evaluate the effect of feeding fish oil, extruded soybeans, or their combination on milk and rumen digesta fatty acid profiles. As with milk fat, proportions of ruminal CLA (0.09, 0.26, 0.18, and 0.18 g/100g fatty acids) and TVA (2.61, 4.56, 4.61, and 4.39 g/100g fatty acids) were increased (P < 0.01) with fat supplements. The effect of fat supplements on ruminal TVA and CLA concentrations were also reflected in rumen soaps, free fatty acids, and neutral lipids. A higher TVA to CLA ratio in the rumen compared with milk indicated that fat supplements increased milk CLA concentration mainly by increasing ruminal production of TVA, which also implied the significant role that mammary delta-9 desaturase plays in milk CLA production. A fourth experiment compared milk from Holsteins versus Brown Swiss for cheese manufacture. In other research, increased cheese yield from Brown Swiss milk relative to
Holstein milk was attributed to its higher protein content and higher fat recovery in cheese. Rennet curd formation time was consistently shorter and rennet curd was consistently firmer for Brown Swiss milk.
Impacts
Optimal concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and its precursor transvaccenic acid (TVA) in milk can be obtained with as little as 0.33% fish oil in the diet that contains a supplemental fat source of linoleic acid. The high concentrations of CLA in milk fat are due primarily to increased ruminal production of TVA, which is likely converted to CLA by delta-9 desaturase in the mammary gland or elsewhere in the cow. Increased cheese yield from Brown Swiss milk was attributed to its higher protein content and higher fat recovery in cheese
Publications
- Whitlock, L. A., D. J. Schingoethe, A., R. Hippen, K. F. Kalscheur, R. J. Baer, N. Ramaswamy, and K. M. Kasperson. 2002. Fish oil and extruded soybeans fed in combination increase CLA in milk of dairy cows more than when fed separately. J. Dairy Sci. 85:234-243.
- Abu-Ghazaleh, A. A., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, and L. A. Whitlock. 2002. Feeding fish meal with extruded soybeans enhances the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk. J. Dairy Sci. 85:624-631.
- AbuGhazaleh, A. A., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, K. F. Kalscheur, and L. A. Whitlock. 2002. Fatty acid profiles of milk and rumen digesta from cows fed fish oil, extruded soybeans, or their blend. J. Dairy Sci. 85:2266-2276.
- Mistry, V. V., M. J. Brouk, K. M. Kasperson, and E. Martin. 2002. Cheddar cheese from milk of Holstein and Brown Swiss cows. Milchwissenschaft 57:19-23.
- Franklin, S. T., R. J. Baer, and D. J. Schingoethe. 2001. Dairy products with enhanced CLA content. Australian Patent No. 728842. May 3, 2001.
- Abu-Ghazaleh, A. A., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, K. F. Kalscheur, and L. A. Whitlock. 2002. Fatty acid profiles of milk and rumen digesta from cows fed fish oil, extruded soybeans or their blend. J. Dairy Sci. 85:1347(Abstr).
- Whitlock, L. A., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, K. F. Kalscheur, and A. A. Abu-Ghazaleh. 2002. Evaluation of graded levels of fish oil and extruded soybeans in diets of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85:1351 (Abstr.)
- Abu-Ghazaleh, A. A., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, K. F. Kalscheur, and L. A. Whitlock. 2002. Milk fatty acid profiles of cows fed fish oil with fat sources that differed in fatty acid profiles. J. Dairy Sci. 85(Suppl.1):316 (Abstr.)
- AbuGhazaleh, A. A. 2002. Dietary manipulations to improve the nutritional value of milk be increasing the milk content of conjugated linoleic acid. Ph.D. Dissertation, South Dakota State University, 120 pp.
- Whitlock, L. A. 2002. The feeding of fish oil and high linoleic acid sources of fat to increase conjugated linoleic acid and transvaccenic acid concentrations in milk fat. Ph.D. Dissertation. South Dakota State University, 126 pp.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
A 4 X 4 Latin square experiment with 8 multiparous Holsteins and 4 multiparous Brown Swiss cows indicated that milk from cows fed 2% fish oil (FO) contained 3.5 times as much conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and more than 4 times as much transvaccenic acid (TVA) as when fed the control diet. When fed 2% added fat from extruded soybeans (ESB), CLA and TVA doubled, but when fed a combination of 1% fat from each of FO and ESB, CLA and TVA concentrations were greater than anticipated indicating a possible modifying affect of fish oil. However, there may be a breed affect on the dietary response. Reexamination of the data indicated that milk from Brown Swiss inherently contained more CLA and TVA than Holstein milk but was less responsive to dietary manipulations. When fed the combination (FO and ESB) diet, these fatty acids were 50% higher than expected in Holstein milk, whereas concentrations were similar in Brown Swiss milk compared with feeding each fat source separately.
Twelve multiparous Holstein cows were used in a 4 X 4 Latin square to study the effect of feeding fish meal (FM) and/or extruded soybeans (ESB) on feed intake, milk yield and composition, and milk fatty acids. Treatment diets were: 1) control; 2) 0.5% fish oil from FM; 3) 2.5% soybean oil from ESB; and 4) 0.5% fish oil from FM and 2% soybean oil from ESB. Milk production was increased (P<0.05) by all treatments compared with control. Milk fat percentages and milk protein percentages were decreased (P<0.05) with ESB and FM+ESB diets. Milk fat yield was not affected by treatments (P>0.05), but yield of milk protein increased (P<0.05) with supplemental FM, ESB, or their blend. When FM, ESB, or their blend were fed, concentrations of CLA in milk fat increased (P<0.01) by 0.4, 1.4, and 3.2 fold and TVA concentrations increased (P<0.01) by 0.4, 1.8 and 3.5 fold compared with control. The increases in CLA and TVA were much higher when a blend of FM and ESB was fed than the
additive effect of FM and ESB. This indicated that fish oil caused increased production of CLA and TVA from other dietary sources of linoleic acid such as ESB. Four fistulated cows (two Holstein and two Brown Swiss) were used in a 4 X 4 Latin square to determine the effect of feeding fish oil (FO), ESB, or their combination on fatty acid profiles of milk and rumen digesta. Experimental diets consisted of: 1) control diet; 2) 2% added fat from menhaden FO; 3) 2% added fat from ESB; and 4) 1% added fat from FO and 1% fat from ESB. Milk fat CLA and TVA increased (P<0.01) with all fat supplements compared with control. However, no differences in milk CLA and TVA were observed between fat supplements. As with milk fat, proportions of ruminal CLA and TVA increased (P<0.01) with fat supplements. The effect of fat supplements on ruminal TVA and CLA concentrations were also reflected in rumen soaps, free fatty acids, and neutral lipid. A higher TVA to CLA ratio in the rumen compared with
milk indicated that fat supplements increased milk CLA concentration mainly by increasing ruminal production of TVA, and implied the significant role that mammary delta-9 desaturase plays in milk CLA concentration.
Impacts
The concentrations of CLA and TVA in milk fat can be increased substantially by adding fish oil to cattle diets that contain a source of linoleic acid such as extruded soybeans. Brown Swiss milk contains more CLA and TVA than Holstein milk with all diets but is less responsive to dietary changes. The enhancing affects of fish oil on milk CLA can also occur when the fish oil is fed as fish meal. Ruminal biohydrogenation causes formation of CLA and TVA, and much of the TVA is converted back to CLA in the cow's mammary gland.
Publications
- Baer, R.J., Ryali, J., Schingoethe, D.J., Kasperson, K.M., Donovan, D.C., Hippen, A.R., and Franklin, S.T. 2001. Composition and properties of milk and butter from cows fed fish oil. J. Dairy Sci. 84:345-353.
- Ramaswamy, N., Baer, R.J., Schingoethe, D.J., Hippen, A.R., Kasperson, K.M., and Whitlock, L.A. 2001. Short communication: consumer evaluation of milk high in conjugated linoleic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 84:1607-1609.
- Abu-Ghazaleh, A.A., Schingoethe, D.J. and Hippen, A.R. 2001. Conjugated linoleic acid and other beneficial fatty acids in milk fat from cows fed soybean meal, fish meal, or both. J. Dairy Sci. 84:1845-1850.
- Whitlock, L.A., Schingoethe, D.J., Hippen, A.R., Baer, R.J., Ramaswamy, N., and Kasperson, K.M. 2001. Difference in response of Holstein and Brown Swiss cows to diets containing fish oil, extruded soybeans, or their combination. J. Dairy Sci. 84:1567 (Abstr.).
- Abu-Ghazaleh, A.A., Schingoethe, D.J., Hippen, A.R., and Whitlock, L.A. 2001. The feeding of fish oil as fish meal with linoleic acid sources enhances milk CLA content. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):352 (Abstr.).
- Ramaswamy, N., Baer, R.J., Schingoethe, D.J., Hippen, A.R., Kasperson, K.M., and Whitlock, L.A. 2001. Composition and flavor of milk and butter from cows fed fish oil, extruded soybeans, or their combination. J. Dairy Sci. 84:2144-2151.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
The objective of this research was to test our hypothesis that something in fish oil may serve as a modifier, either in the rumen or systemically, to stimulate additional synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and its precursor transvaccenic acid (TVA) from linoleic acid already present in other dietary ingredients. We tested this hypothesis by feeding additional amounts of linoleic acid as extruded soybeans in a diet that also contained fish oil to 12 lactating dairy cows in a 4 x 4 Latin square with 4 wk periods. The four treatment diets consisted of a control diet (C) with a 50:50 ratio of forage to concentrate, a diet with 2% (DM basis) added fat from menhaden fish oil (FO), a diet with 2% added fat from extruded soybeans (ES), and a diet with 1% added fat from fish oil and 1% fat from extruded soybeans (FOES). All diets consisted of 25% corn silage, 25% alfalfa hay, and 50% of the respective concentrate mix. Milk yield was higher (P < 0.01) when fed the ES
instead of the FO diet. Milk fat percentages were lower (P < 0.01) when fed additional fat, especially when the fat source was FO. Milk protein percentages were similar for all diets although they were lower (P < 0.05) when fed FOES versus the average of FO and ES diets. Dry matter intake was lowest (P < 0.01) when fed FO. Milk from cows fed FO contained 3.5 times as much CLA and more then 4 times as much TVA as milk from cows fed the control diet (P < 0.01). The concentrations of CLA and TVA were doubled when fed the ES diet. Thus, one would expect the milk to contain 2.75 and 3 times as much CLA and TVA, respectively, when fed the FOES diet, if there was not any modifying affect of fish oil. However, milk from cows fed the FOES diet contained 3.3 times as much CLA and 3.8 times as much TVA as when fed the control diet. This was more CLA (P < 0.07) and possibly more TVA (P < 0.27) than anticipated, indicating a possible modifying affect of fish oil. Milks from cows fed the various
diets above were evaluated for flavor and processed into butter. An experienced sensory panel found no flavor differences in milks or butters. Butter made from milk produced when fed the ES diet was softer (P < 0.05) at both 4 C and 20 C than when fed any of the other diets. Control and FO milks collected during wk 4 of period 2 were homogenized and pasteurized. The milks were then evaluated by 299 South Dakota State University Dairy Bar consumers (148 were given C and 151 were given FO milks) who also filled out questionnaires. Consumer evaluations found no difference in milk flavor. Consumers indicated enthusiasm toward purchasing dairy products that contain higher concentrations of CLA. Consumers preferred ice cream (84%) and cheese (83%) over butter (65%) and yogurt (58%) to contain higher concentrations of CLA. People with a family history of cancer would be willing to pay more for higher CLA dairy products than would people with no history of cancer.
Impacts
When cows are fed a fat source that contains a high concentration of linoleic acid, including fish oil in the diet will cause a greater than expected increase in CLA and TVA content of milk fat. No defects were observed in flavor or processing properties of these milks, and consumers appeared to be receptive to these more healthful dairy products.
Publications
- Donovan, D. C., D. J. Schingoethe, R. J. Baer, J. Ryali, A. R. Hippen, and S. T. Franklin. 2000. Influence of dietary fish oil on conjugated linoleic acid and other healthful fatty acids in milk fat from lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83:2620-2628.
- Abughazaleh, A. A., D. J. Schingoethe, and A. R. Hippen. 2000. Blood amino acids and milk fatty acids in cows fed fish meal and/or soybean meal. J. Dairy Sci. 83:1182 (Abstr.).
- Ramaswamy, N., R. J. Baer, D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, L. A. Whitlock, and K. M. Kasperson. 2000. Influence of feeding fish oil, extruded soybeans, or their combination on the composition of milk, cream, and butter. J. Dairy Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):82 (Abstr.).
- Whitlock, L. A., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, R. J. Baer, N. Ramaswamy, and K. M. Kasperson. 2000. Milk production and composition from cows fed fish oil, extruded soybeans, or their combination. J. Dairy Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):134 (Abstr.).
- Whitlock, L. A., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, and K. M. Kasperson. 2000. The lactational response to diets containing conventional or high oil corn fed at two dietary energy concentrations. J. Dairy Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):249 (Abstr.).
- Schingoethe, D. J., D. C. Donovan, R. J. Baer, and A. R. Hippen. 2000. Production of cancer-preventing milk. Pages 6-8 in Proc. 2000 SDSU Dairy Sci. Dept. Res. Updates, Brookings.
- Schingoethe, D. J., L. A. Whitlock, A. R. Hippen, and R. J. Baer. 2000. Can the feeding of fish oil with another source of fat increase the CLA content of milk fat? Pages 9-10 in Proc. 2000 SDSU Dairy Sci. Dept. Res. Updates, Brookings.
- Schingoethe, D. J., A. A. Abughazaleh, and A. R. Hippen. 2000. Blood amino acids and milk fatty acids in cows fed fish meal and/or soybean meal. Pages 11-13 in Proc. 2000 SDSU Dairy Sci. Dept. Res. Updates, Brookings.
- Schingoethe, D. J., L. A. Whitlock, and A. R. Hippen. 2000. High oil corn for lactating cows. Pages 14-15 in Proc. SDSU Dairy Sci. Dept. Res. Updates, Brookings.
- Abughazaleh, A. 2000. Fish meal versus soybean meal in the diet of lactating cows. M. S. Thesis, South Dakota State University, 67 pp.
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