Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Dr. Russell developed a method for sanitizing hatching eggs using a non-toxic, potable sanitizer that is applied using electrostatic sprayers. This method was found to be excellent for killing Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria, and Staph aureus attached to the surface of eggs. In many cases, poultry companies that are not able to meet the Salmonella performance requirements of the USDA, attribute the failure to cross-contamination from eggshells to chicks during hatching, which leads to contaminated flocks during growout and contaminated carcasses during processing. Dr. Russell developed a technique for applying chlorine dioxide gas to hatching eggs contaminated with pathogenic and indicator bacteria. These studies demonstrated that this gas would be an efficient means of eliminating Salmonella during hatching and preventing the spread of Salmonella from the eggshell surface to chicks as the chicks emerge from the shell. Dr. Russell studied the effect of electrolyzed
oxidative (EO) water applied using electrostatic spraying or immersion on Salmonella and E. coli on broiler chicken carcasses. These studies showed that a non-toxic, potable sanitizer can be used to reduce E. coli by 6.27 log10 CFU/mL during chilling and reduce Salmonella by 1 log10 CFU/mL. Dr. Russell conducted a study to determine the effect of air sacculitis processing parameters and populations of Campylobacter spp. and Escherichia coli on processed carcasses. This study demonstrated that air sacculitis in flocks is directly linked to the presence of high numbers of E. coli and a higher prevalence of Campylobacter. From these data, Cox and Associates calculated that if the live chickens have air sacculitis, then the food-borne illness risk due to campylobacteriosis increases (9.1 times the risk).
Impacts
Using an environmentally friendly sanitizer such as electrolyzed oxidative water applied using electrostatic spraying to disinfect hatching eggs should prove beneficial in allowing poultry companies to continue processing and avoid plant closures due to excessive Salmonella numbers. ClO2 gas, applied during hatching may assist poultry companies to remain in compliance with regard to the Salmonella performance standards. ClO2 is inexpensive, easy to use and does an excellent job eliminating pathogenic bacteria from eggshell surfaces. Application of electrolyzed oxidative water to chicken carcasses during chilling may significantly improve the ability to processing plants in Georgia to remain in compliance with regard to Salmonella performance standards set by the USDA. The study on air sacculitis is extremely significant in that the FDA is pushing for a ban on use of fluoroquinolones in the poultry industry. These are the only medications that are effective for treating
air sacculitis infections. The data from our studies indicate that if the FDA bans fluoroquinolones, it will directly impact food safety by increasing the prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter.
Publications
- Russell, S. M., 2003. The effect of electrolyzed oxidative (EO) water applied using electrostatic spraying on pathogenic and indicator bacteria on the surface of eggs. Poultry Science.
- Russell, S. M., and T. L. Isaac, 2003. The effect of chlorine dioxide gas on pathogenic and indicator bacteria attached to eggs. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. Russell, S. M., 2003. The effect of sanitizers applied using electrostatic spraying on pathogenic and indicator bacteria attached to the surface of eggs. Journal of Applied Poultry Research.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of N-Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride(MaxSpray-MS) in combination with an electrostatic spraying system (ESS) on populations of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) coated onto the surface of eggs. MS at 3600ppm was electrostatically sprayed onto the eggs using two-10s bursts every hour for 6 h. Microbiological tests indicated that for the three replicate trials, the initial inocula averaged 185, 370, and 120 SE/mL, respectively. SE was recovered from all control eggs, which had an average impedance detection time (DT) of 8.8, 8.7, and 8.0 for unsprayed control eggs, respectively, and 9.8 h for controls sprayed with tap water. Results demonstrated that MS was able to eliminate all SE on 19/30, 28/30, and 24/30 eggs in trials 1, 2, and 3, respectively. For eggs that remained contaminated with SE, the average DT significantly increased from 9.8 for the controls to 10.6, 11.1, and 13.3 (MS treated) in trials 1, 2, and 3,
respectively, indicating a significant decrease in the number of SE. Thus, MS, in combination with ESS, appears to be an effective means of eliminating SE from egg surfaces. Another study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chlorine dioxide as a gas or in combination with an electrostatic spraying system (ESS) on Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) attached to the surface of eggs. The initial inoculum contained 200 SE/mL. SE was recovered from all control eggs, which had an average detection time (DT) of 8.7. Results demonstrated that ClO2 gas eliminated all SE on all 20 eggs and ClO2 solution applied using ESS was able to eliminate all SE on 19 out of 20 eggs. Thus, ClO2 in combination with ESS appears to be an effective means of eliminating SE from egg surfaces. A third study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Primacide acid water (PA) in combination with an electrostatic spraying system (ESS) on populations of Salmonella typhimurium (ST), Staphylococcus aureus (SA), Listeria
monocytogenes (LM), and Escherichia coli (EC) coated onto the surface of eggs. PA water completely eliminated all ST on 3, 7, 1, and 8 out of 15 eggs in Reps 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, even when very high inoculations were used. PA water completely eliminated all SA on 12, 11, 12, and 11 out of 15 eggs in Reps 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. PA water completely eliminated all LM on 8, 13, 12, and 14 out of 15 eggs in Reps 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. PA water completely eliminated all EC on 9, 11, 15, and 11 out of 15 eggs in Reps 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Even when very high concentrations of bacteria were inoculated onto eggs, PA water was found to effective when used in conjunction with electrostatic spraying for eliminating pathogenic and indicator populations of bacteria from hatching eggs. Elimination of pathogens from hatching eggs has been shown in the literature to have a dramatic impact on elimination of pathogens from poultry products.
Impacts
Numerous studies have demonstrated that the control of pathogenic bacterial species on processed poultry is dependant upon the spread of pathogens very early in the process. Many researchers have shown that cross-contamination in the broiler hatchery from contaminated eggs to newly hatched chicks contributes greatly to contamination in the processing plant. Many of the serotypes of Salmonella collected from the hatchery have also been found on processed carcasses. Our research demonstrated that treating hatching eggs with sanitizers can dramatically decrease the number of pathogen positive hatching eggs. This process, if implemented in an industrial hatchery, should have a positive impact on reduction of pathogen contamination of finished poultry products. This effect has been observed in field studies conducted by the poultry industry.
Publications
- Russell, S. M., 2001. Evaluation of the BioSys optical method for rapidly enumerating populations of aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) from broiler chicken carcasses. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 10:141-149.
- Russell, S. M., 2001. Evaluation of an optical microbiological method for rapidly enumerating populations of aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) from ground pork. J. Food Prot. 64(5):669-673.
- Glassmoyer, K. E., and S. M. Russell, 2001. Evaluation of a selective broth medium for detection of Staphylococcus aureus using impedance microbiology. J. Food Prot. 64:44-50.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
The specificity of a rapid method for enumeration of E. coli from chicken carcasses was tested. E. coli (EC), Citrobacter freundii (CF), Salmonella enteritidis (SE), and Shigella sonnei (SS) were diluted and inoculated into identical chicken carcass rinses. Results indicated that CF did not grow to an appreciable degree in the selective medium at 44 C. SE grew similarly to EC; however, an initial level of 10e6 SE in the food product would be required for SE to interfere with the enumeration of EC using this method. SS grew at more rapid rate than EC; however, there was an interaction between the regression lines formed when comparing serial dilutions (log10 colony forming units/ml - CFU) to ECDT for these two species of bacteria. Hence, the presence of organisms that are genetically and phylogentically similar to EC would not preclude enumeration of EC using conductance under these conditions. A study was conducted to determine the effect of Timsen (T-N-Alkyl dimethyl
benzyl ammonium chloride linked to urea) on pathogenic, spoilage, and indicator populations of bacteria associated with poultry. Timsen appears to be effective for eliminating pathogens, spoilage bacteria, and E. coli, while allowing competing organisms to survive, when used at concentrations well below label recommendations. Petrifilm, SimPlate, BioSys optical, and Bactometer conductance methods were compared to the MPN procedure for enumerating E. coli from meat and poultry products. The correlation coefficients for the regression lines comparing E. coli MPN to PEC, SEC, BDT and CDT for ground beef were 0.93, 0.91, -0.93, -0.96, and for poultry carcasses were 0.95, 0.94, -0.91, and -0.90. Although PEC and SEC performed well, E. coli were not able to be enumerated from 16.7 and 10 % of samples, respectively. Using the BioSys optical and Bactometer conductance methods, results for samples that contain high levels of E. coli were able to be obtained within one working shift, rather
than the 48 hours required to conduct PEC or SEC, or 5 days required to conduct the MPN procedure. The BioSys optical methods for enumerating populations of aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and E. coli from ground beef were evaluated. The correlation coefficients for the regression lines comparing APC to BioSys TVC detction times (DT), VRB to BioSys coliform DT, and MPN to BioSys E. coli DT were -0.92, -0.95, and -0.93 and the line equations were log10 cfu/ml = 8.47 - 0.61 x DT, log10 cfu/ml = 8.47 - 0.61 x DT, log10 cfu/ml = 8.41 - 0.79 x DT, respectively. Experiments were conducted to evaluate a selective nutrient broth containing acriflavine and nalidixic acid for detection of Staphylococcus aureus using an impedance microbiological method. Nutrient broth solution containing 10 ppm nalidixic acid and 10 ppm acriflavine (Staphylococcus aureus Impedance Broth-SIB) inhibited multiplication of most of the bacterial species tested and allowed S. aureus to be detected in an average of 16.4
h. Additionally, impedance assays were conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of the broth for detecting S. aureus. S. aureus could be detected on poultry products when present at low levels (10e1 CFU/ml) in less than 24h.
Impacts
The Bactometer electrical and BioSys optical methods for counting aerobic bacteria, coliforms, or E. coli or detecting the presence of Staphylococcus aureus would allow processors to count or detect the presence of these bacteria on chicken products prior to shipment, avoiding the cost and loss of reputation associated with a food-borne illness outbreak. Timsen is an efficacious means of eliminating various bacteria from poultry environments.
Publications
- Edmiston, A. L. and S. M. Russell, 2000. Specificity of a conductance assay for enumeration of Escherichia coli from broiler carcass rinse samples containing genetically similar species. J. Food Prot. 63:264-267.
- Russell, S. M., 2000. The effect of a novel sanitizer on pathogenic, spoilage, and indicator populations of bacteria associated with chicken carcasses. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 9:393-402.
- Russell, S. M., 2000. Comparison of the traditional three-tube MPN method with the PetrifilmT, SimPlateT, BioSys optical, and Bactometer conductance methods for enumerating Escherichia coli from chicken and ground beef. J. Food Prot. 63(9):1179-1183.
- Russell, S. M., 2000. Evaluation of the BioSys optical method for rapidly enumerating populations of aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) from broiler chicken carcasses. J. Appl. Poult. Res. (In Press).
- Glassmoyer, K. E., and S. M. Russell, 2000. Evaluation of a selective broth medium for detection of Staphylococcus aureus using impedance microbiology. J. Food Prot. (In Press)
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