Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/04
Outputs
During the lifetime of the project over 70 orchard trials were conducted to evaluate over 470 experimental and registered insecticide and acaricide treatments for their pest efficacy and natural enemy toxicity on apples, peaches and pears. Acetamiprid, novaluron, and thiacloprid (classified as reduced-risk compounds and as organophosphate replacements) provided control of two serious internal fruit feeding pests--the oriental fruit moth (OFM) and codling moth (CM)--equivalent to the standard azinphosmethyl when applied at the correct timings and rates. All three products showed varying levels of toxicity to a number of mite and aphid natural enemies commonly found in orchards. Resistance to the organophosphate insecticides by both CM and OFM adults and larvae was documented via adult and larval bioassays in apple and peach orchards scattered throughout south-central Pennsylvania. In some instances these resistance levels were high enough to result in orchard control
failures when organophosphates were used at recommended rates. A new predatory mite, 'Typhlodromus pyri', was found for the first time in Pennsylvania in 2003 in apple orchards sprayed with reduced risk insecticides. A large survey in 2004 found the mite species in 13 of 20 orchards across a three county area. Various technologies for dispensing pheromone into orchards to disrupt mating of both CM and OFM were evaluated. Various hand-applied formulations (CM--Isomate C+, Isomate CM TT, Isomate CM/OFM TT; OFM--Isomate M-100 Isomate Rosso, Isomate CM/OFM TT, Hercon OFM) were effective in preventing male moths from orienting to monitoring traps while reducing both fruit injury and insecticide use. Various sprayable formulations of microencapsulated sex pheromone of both species were also evaluated for mating disruption. Only OFM sprayable formulations from 3M Canada and Suterra were found effective enough to disrupt adult orientation to monitoring traps and subsequent fruit injury.
Spraying only one side of the tree with sprayable pheromones using the alternate row middle application method was found to be an effective and economical way to use this technology. Biological and behavioral studies indicated that OFM are affected differentially by host plant. OFM larvae exhibited faster development on peach shoots and fruit in comparison to apple and preferred to oviposit on peach when given a choice. On apple, OFM adults exhibited a higher preference to oviposit on certain apple cultivars and certain locations on the fruit (e.g., calyx and stem). Various mark-recapture studies were conducted to examine the dispersal capability of OFM male adults with apple and peach orchards. Host and tree and row orientation were found to be important factors affecting dispersal distance and movement. A degree-based, predictive egg hatch model was developed from daily egg hatch data collected on peaches for five years. The model was found to accurately predict egg hatch events
from a biofix (e.g., first sustained trap capture) for the first three generations of OFM on peaches, but only the first generation on apples.
Impacts
The scientific information generated from our thorough evaluation of registered and experimental insecticides and acaricides on pest efficacy and natural enemy toxicity has formed the basis of Penn State's recommendations to the tree fruit industry. This information has also allowed growers to achieve the most effective and yet economical control of pests while at the same time preserving the integrity of our IPM program. In addition, this data has significantly helped the fruit industry better transition to new reduced-risk products that have replaced many of the older products lost due to changes mandated by the Food Quality Protection Act. The detection of resistance to the organophosphate insecticides in populations of both codling moth (CM) and oriental fruit moth (OFM) is very troublesome for the fruit industry in Pennsylvania. Fortunately, our work on mating disruption for both species has shown that it can be integrated with the current arsenal of products to
successfully control this pest complex. The identification of a new mite predator in Pennsylvania may allow fruit growers to again achieve biological control of phytophagous mites without additional applications of acaricides. Our research on the effects of crop host (apples and peaches) on the population dynamics of OFM has helped us to better understand, model and time control measures for this pest within each crop. All of this information has been rapidly transferred to the industry through a serious of reports, meetings, publications, and newsletters.
Publications
- Krawczyk, G. and Hull, L. A. 2004. Utilization of various technologies for understanding, monitoring and controlling codling moth in PA apple orchards. Penn Fruit News 84: 21-39.
- Myers, C. T. and Hull, L. A. 2004. Effects of orchard host plants on population dynamics of Oriental fruit moth ('Grapholita molesta' Busck): Larval survival and adult flight on apple vs. peach. Penn Fruit News. 84(2): 37-39.
- Myers, C. T. and Hull, L. A. 2004. Beyond predators: pyrethroids may enhance oviposition in European red mites. Penn Fruit News. 84(6):34-40.
- Ellis, N. H. and Hull, L. A. 2004. Dispersal and dispersion phenomena of the Oriental fruit moth ('Grapholita molesta' Busck) in Pennsylvania 'Prunus' and 'Malus' host crops. Penn Fruit News 84(2):34-35.
- Hull, L. A. and Biddinger, D. J. 2004. European apple sawfly/internal lepidopteran study, 2003. Arthropod Management Tests. 29:A6. http://www.entsoc.org/pubs/index.html
- Hull, L. A., Biddinger, D. J., Krawczyk, G. and Myers, C. 2004. Large plot lepidopteran study, 2003 Arthropod Management Tests. 29:A7. http://www.entsoc.org/pubs/index.html
- Hull, L. A. and Myers, C. 2004. Concentrate airblast insect experiment, 2003 Arthropod Management Tests. 29:A8. http://www.entsoc.org/pubs/index.html
- Hull, L. A. and Myers, C. 2004. Mite threshold airblast experiment, 2003 Arthropod Management Tests. 29:A9. http://www.entsoc.org/pubs/index.html
- Hull, L. A., Myers, C. and Biddinger, D. J. 2004. Codling moth and oriental fruit moth control on apples, 2003 Arthropod Management Tests. 29:A10. http://www.entsoc.org/pubs/index.html
- Hull, L. A. and Ellis, N. 2004. Seasonal pear psylla control with various insecticide programs, 2003 Arthropod Management Tests. 29:A31. http://www.entsoc.org/pubs/index.html
- Hull, L. A. and Myers, C. 2004. Oriental fruit moth timing study, 2003 Arthropod Management Tests. 29:B8. http://www.entsoc.org/pubs/index.html
- Travis, J.W., Crassweller, R., Halbrendt, J., Krawczyk G. and Kleiner, B. 2004. Evaluation of orchard floor treatments at an apple replant site to determine the effect on tree health, productivity, soil microbial activity, and the reduction of root diseases , wooly apple aphid infestation and nematodes. Penn Fruit News. 84(2): 13-18.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Numerous small and large plot orchard trials were conducted to evaluate over 90 experimental and registered insecticide and acaricide treatments for their efficacy and toxicity against the pest and natural enemy complex, respectively, presently found on deciduous tree fruits. The products novaluron, thiacloprid, and acetamiprid provided control of the Oriental fruit moth (OFM) and codling moth (CM) equivalent to that of azinphos-methyl. The addition of oil to thiacloprid and acetamiprid improved the efficacy of each product against this pest complex. Two large crop destruct trials were conducted for thiacloprid in commercial apple orchards in comparison to grower standard programs and reduced-risk insecticide programs. One trial for apple maggot under high pressure demonstrated thiacloprid to be 10-fold more effective than imidacloprid and equivalent control to azinphos-methyl. In the second trial, thiacloprid applications at pink or bloom provided superior European
apple sawfly control to an application at petal fall or an application of azinphos-methyl at petal fall. Resistance to azinphos-methyl by both CM and OFM adults and larvae was documented in both apple and peach orchards, respectively, with resistance levels greater than 5 fold for each pest. Microencapsulated sprayable pheromones were evaluated for their efficacy to disrupt mating of both OFM and CM under various application methods and rates of application. Sprayable pheromones for OFM applied using the alternate row middle method of application on a 10-14 day interval and at rates as low as 2.5 g ai/acre (50% below label rates) were found to prevent male OFM from orienting to monitoring traps, and contributed to an overall lowering of apple injury when compared to an insecticide program alone. Sprayable pheromones for CM were not effective in preventing adult males from orienting to monitoring traps and from preventing fruit injury. A hand-applied dual dispenser containing pheromone
of both CM and OFM was highly effective in preventing male adults of either species from orienting to monitoring traps while reducing fruit injury from both pests. Biological and behavioral studies indicated that OFM are affected by the host plant they inhabit. OFM larvae exhibited faster development on peach shoots and fruit in comparison to apple. Additionally, survival in the orchard was found to vary greatly between the two hosts over the course of the season and OFM adults exhibited ovipositional preference for peach over apple. Degree-day timings for insecticide applications for OFM control on apples were established. These timings for second and third brood egg hatch are approximately 300 degree days later than those for peach because of the effect of hosts on OFM development. Protocols were established for investigating the dispersal and directional movement of adult male OFM that were marked with rubidium in small plot trials. In addition, male OFM adults marked with rubidium
responded similar to unmarked males to a sex pheromone source in wind tunnel trials.
Impacts
The information generated from our evaluation of commercially available insecticides and acaricides on pest efficacy and natural enemy toxicity is quickly transferred to consultants, chemical industry personnel and growers through a serious of meetings, publications, and newsletters. In turn, the growers and consultants are able to quickly use this information to apply the lowest effective rates of these products (i.e., usually 25-75% below label rate) through the proper selection of the correct product, proper timing and method of application. This information has allowed growers to achieve the most effective control of pests and at the same time result in the least harm to natural enemies and the environment. The recent detection of resistance to the organophosphate insecticides in populations of both codling moth and Oriental fruit moth (OFM) is very troublesome for the fruit industry in Pennsylvania. This evidence will force growers to use various alternative
products that are either more expensive or less effective. Fortunately, our work on using both sprayable sex pheromones and hand-applied dispensers for mating disruption of both CM and OFM control has shown they can be integrated with the current arsenal of products to successfully control this pest complex. Our research on the effects of crop host (apples and peaches) on the population dynamics of OFM is helping us better time control measures for this pest within each crop.
Publications
- Krawczyk, G. 2003. The efficacy of horticultural oils for European red mite control in Pennsylvania fruit orchards. Penn Fruit News 83(2):36-40.
- Travis, J. W., Crassweller, R. C., Halbrendt, J., Krawczyk, G., Kleiner, B. and Roth, L. 2003. Evaluate orchard floor treatments at an apple replant site to determine the effect on tree health, productivity, soil microbial activity, and the reduction of root diseases, wooly apple aphid infestation, and nematodes. Penn Fruit News 83(2):30-35.
- Myers, C. T. and Hull, L. A. 2003. Insect growth regulator impact on fecundity and fertility of adult tufted apple bud moth, 'Playtnota idaeusalis' Walker. J. Entomol. Sci. 38(3):420-430.
- Hull, L. A., Myers, C., Ellis, N. and Krawczyk, G. 2003. Management of the internal lepidopteran complex in Pennsylvania. Compact Fruit Tree. 36(1):21-25.
- Hull, L. A. and Biddinger, D. J. 2003. CM/OFM apple timing study, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests. 28:A4. http://www.entsoc.org/pubs/index.html
- Hull, L. A. and Ellis, N. 2003. Concentrate Airblast Insect Experiment, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests. 28:A5. http://www.entsoc.org/pubs/index.html
- Hull, L. A. and Biddinger, D. J. 2003. Insecticide timing for fruit-feeding lepidoptera, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests. 28:A6. http://www.entsoc.org/pubs/index.html
- Hull, L. A. and Myers, C. 2003. Spirea aphid study, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests. 28:A7. http://www.entsoc.org/pubs/index.html
- Hull, L. A., Biddinger, D. J. and Krawczyk, G. 2003. Large plot study, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests. 28:A8. http://www.entsoc.org/pubs/index.html
- Hull, L. A. 2003. Mite threshold airblast experiment, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests. 28:A9. http://www.entsoc.org/pubs/index.html
- Hull, L. A. and Ellis, N. 2003. Seasonal pear psylla experiment, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests. 28:A25. http://www.entsoc.org/pubs/index.html
- Hull, L. A. and Myers, C. 2003. Oriental fruit moth timing study, 2003. Arthropod Management Tests. 28:B6. http://www.entsoc.org/pubs/index.html
- Myers, C. T. and Hull, L. A. 2003. Differential development, reproduction, and field phenology of the oriental fruit moth on apples and peaches in Pennsylvania. Penn Fruit News 83(2):45-46.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Eleven small and large plot orchard experiments were conducted to evaluate 88 experimental and registered insecticide and acaricide treatments for their efficacy and toxicity against the pest and natural enemy complex, respectively, presently found on apple, peaches and pears. The products novaluron and acetamiprid provided control of the Oriental fruit moth (OFM) and codling moth (CM) equivalent to that of azinphosmethyl. Horticultural oils applied during the summer provided seasonal control of phytophagous mites while replacing standard acaricide programs and reducing pesticide input. A large project was conducted in seven apple sites across Pennsylvania to compare insect control and associated costs in blocks receiving standard insecticide programs versus blocks receiving reduced-risk tactics. Insect efficacy of the reduced-risk tactics was equivalent or better than the standard programs, but their costs were 67% higher. Resistance to the organophosphate
insecticides by both OFM and CM adults and larvae was documented in apple and peach orchards scattered throughout south-central Pennsylvania. Microencapsulated sprayable pheromones were evaluated for their efficacy to disrupt mating of both OFM and CM under various application methods and rates of application. Sprayable pheromones for OFM applied using the alternate row middle method of application on a 10-14 day interval and at rates as low as 1.25 to 2.5 g ai/acre (50-75% below recommendations) were found to prevent male OFM from orienting to monitoring traps, and contributed to an overall lowering of apple injury when compared to broad-spectrum insecticides alone. Other large OFM mating disruption studies were conducted in both apples and peaches that included the products Isomate M-100 and Isomate Rosso. All products prevented male moths from finding pheromone traps and prevented fruit injury by OFM. Sprayable pheromones for CM were not as effective as the OFM sprayables in
preventing adult males from orienting to monitoring traps and from preventing fruit injury by this pest. Experiments were conducted on the effects of common orchard host plants on the development and behavior of OFM. OFM larvae developed faster on peach fruit than on apple fruit. Feeding success and larval survival on plant shoots was somewhat variable over the season. OFM adults also exhibited a season-long ovipositional preference toward peach trees rather than apple trees over the course of the season. Methods were developed for enriching OFM tissues with rubidium chloride for the purposes of tracking released insects. Enriching diet with concentrations of 3,000 and 6,000 ppm of rubidium chloride successfully marked both male and female adults moths with no apparent effects on development and survival. A degree-day model to predict cumulative egg hatch previously developed from data collected on peaches continued to accurately predict the egg hatch periods for the first three
broods on peaches. This same egg hatch model only accurately predicted the first brood of OFM on apples due to effects of the host on OFM development.
Impacts
The information generated from our evaluation of commercially available insecticides and acaricides on pest efficacy and natural enemy toxicity is quickly transferred to consultants, chemical industry personnel and growers through a serious of meetings, publications, and newsletters. In turn, the growers and consultants will be able to use this information to apply the lowest effective rates of these products (i.e., usually 25-75% below label rate) through the proper selection of the correct product, proper timing and method of application. This information has allowed growers to achieve the most effective control of pests and at the same time result in the least harm to natural enemies and the environment. The recent detection of resistance to the organophosphate insecticides in populations of both codling moth and Oriental fruit moth (OFM) is very troublesome for the fruit growers in Pennsylvania. This evidence will force growers to use various alternative products
that are either more expensive or less effective. Fortunately, our work on using sprayable sex pheromone products for OFM control shows that growers can apply these products at lower rates while using the alternate row middle method of application. Our research on the effects of crop host (apples and peaches) on the population dynamics of OFM is allowing us to better time control measures for this pest within each crop.
Publications
- Ellis, N. H. 2002. Efficacy and integration of two novel mating disruption technologies and biorationals insecticides for the Oriental fruit moth [`Grapholita molesta'] and leafrollers in apples and the response of Oriental fruit moth to delayed mating. M.S. Thesis. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. 137 pp.
- Hull, L. A. and Myers, C. 2002. Timing of insecticides for Oriental fruit moth control on apple, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests. 27:A34.
- Hull, L. A. and Myers, C. 2002. Large plot leafroller and internal lepidoptera trials, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests. 27:A36.
- Hull, L. A. and Ellis, N. 2002. Concentrate airblast insect study, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests. 27:A37.
- Hull, L. A. and Robertson, S. P. 2002. Novaluron rate study. Arthropod Management Tests. 27:A38.
- Hull, L. A. and Robertson, S. P. 2002. Green aphis and natural enemy study, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests. 27:A39.
- Hull, L. A. 2002. Insecticide timing for fruit feeding lepidoptera, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests. 27:A35.
- Hull, L. A. 2002. Mite threshold airblast study, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests. 27:A40.
- Hull, L. A. and Ellis, N. 2002. Pear psylla control with various insecticide programs, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests. 27:A65.
- Hull, L. A. and Myers, C. 2002. Timing of insecticides for Oriental fruit moth control on peaches, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests. 27:B6.
- Paulson, G. S. and Hull, L. A. 2002. Evaluation of Confuse for control of OFM on apple. Arthropod Management Tests. 27:A43.
- Paulson, G. S. and Hull, L. A. 2002. Evaluation of various rates of Confuse for control of Oriental fruit moth on apple in a large block study, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests. 27:A44.
- Paulson, G. S. and Hull, L. A. 2002. Evaluation of various rates of Confuse to control Oriental fruit moth on apples in a small block study, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests. 27:A44.
- Hull, A. L., Krawczyk, G., Ellis N. and Myers, C. 2002. Progress in OFM Management - latest research findings and recommendations. The Mountaineer Grower, No. 568, pp. 4-13.
- Hull, L. A. and Robertson, S. P. 2002. Mating disruption of codling moth and Oriental fruit moth in apple with dual release pheromone twist ties - 2001. Pennsylvania Fruit News. 82(5): 22-24.
- Robertson, S. P. and Hull, L. A. 2002. Area-wide mating disruption of the Oriental fruit moth, `Grapholita molesta', in Pennsylvania apples and peaches - 2001. Pennsylvania Fruit News. 82(3):19-22.
- Hull, A. L., Krawczyk, G., Ellis, N. and Myers, C. 2002. Management Tactics for the Oriental Fruit Moth (`Grapholita molesta') in Pennsylvania Apple Orchards. Pennsylvania Fruit News, 82(2): 29-38.
- Krawczyk, G. 2002. Control of European red mite populations in apple orchards - a demonstrational plot in a commercial apple orchard. A second year report. Pennsylvania Fruit News. 82(3):26-28.
- Krawczyk, G. and Greene, G. M. 2002. The impact of plant growth regulator Apogee on insect pest populations and fruit quality. Pennsylvania Fruit News. 82(2): 18-24.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Sixteen small and large plot orchard studies were conducted to evaluate over 100 experimental and registered insecticide and acaricide treatments for their efficacy and toxicity against the pest and natural enemy complex, respectively, presently found on deciduous tree fruits. Treatments involving various combinations and timings of emamectin benzoate, indoxacarb, spinosad, and methoxyfenozide were extremely effective against the leafrollers, tufted apple bud moth (TABM) and obliquebanded leafroller, while the products novaluron and acetamiprid provided excellent control of the Oriental fruit moth (OFM) and codling moth (CM). OFM adult moths were monitored throughout the season for tolerance/resistance to azinphosmethyl, methomyl and esfenvalerate. A decrease in moth sensitivity to azinphosmethyl was found as the season progressed; whereas, it was not observed with methomyl and esfenvalerate. Microencapsulated sprayable pheromones and aerosol pheromone dispensers
("puffers") were deployed for comparison with conventional insecticide programs in the control of OFM in commercial apple orchards. Pheromones in both sprayable and aerosol form prevented male OFM from finding traps, and contributed to an overall lowering of apple injury that was comparable to the protection afforded by broad-spectrum insecticides. Other large OFM mating disruption studies were conducted in both apples and peaches that included the products Isomate M-100, Isomate Rosso and Confuse OFM. All products provided prevented males moths from finding pheromone traps and prevented fruit injury by OFM. Confuse OFM (paraffin emulsion formulation) was applied at various rates and to various locations within apple trees. The product inhibited male response to pheromone traps for a period of approximately 34 days at rates as low as 34.6 g AI/hectare. Also, the best inhibition of male response occurred when the product was applied to both high and low locations within the tree rather
than either high or low alone. Studies were initiated to determine the effect of host (apple versus peach) on OFM development. OFM larvae exhibited a faster developmental rate in peach fruit than in apple fruit; however, higher pupal weights were recorded for apple-fed versus peach-fed larvae. The egg hatch periods for each generation of OFM were monitored on both apple and peach. It was very difficult to define the hatch periods for broods 2-4 on apple. An egg hatch model previously developed from data collected on peaches accurately predicted the egg hatch periods on peach. Insecticides were applied to both apple and peach based on an egg hatch model developed from peaches that utilizes degree-day accumulations from biofix (i.e., first capture in a pheromone trap). Optimum timing of insecticides for egg hatch on peaches appears to change with the brood: Brood I (40-50% egg hatch), Brood II (10-15%) and Brood III (10-20%). Various insecticides were timed specifically for OFM control
on apples in a block infested with both OFM and CM. Intrepid prevented the least number of CM/OFM entries, followed in order by Guthion, Imidan, Calypso, Asana and Avaunt.
Impacts
All of the orchard efficacy trial information on registered insecticides and acaricides were rapidly transferred to the respective recipients of the data - growers, consultants and chemical industry personnel. The growers and consultants were able to use this information to apply the lowest effective rates of these products (i.e., usually 25-75% below label rate) through the proper selection of the correct product, proper timing and method of application. This information enabled growers to achieve the most effective control of pests and at the same time result in the least harm to natural enemies and the environment. An egg hatch model for the Oriental fruit moth (OFM) based on degree-day accumulations was further validated on peach. This model helped growers and consultants better time their control tactics for a pest that is presently causing serious problems for many growers. In fact, in 2001 growers were able to reduce by 80% the number of loads of fruit rejected
at processing plants for OFM larvae. Various pheromone mating disruption technologies have been evaluated and are now available for growers to use to control OFM in both apple and peach orchards. These technologies are effective if used against low to moderate OFM populations and can save a significant amount of insecticides commonly applied for this pest.
Publications
- Robertson, S. P. 2001. The role of pheromones and larval behavior in the management of the tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apples. Ph.D. Thesis. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. 191 pp.
- Hull, L. A. and Myers, C. 2001. Mite threshold airblast study, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests 26:A20.
- Hull, L. A. and Robertson, S. P. 2001. Insecticide timing for fruit feeding lepidoptera, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests 26:A18.
- Hull, L. A. and Robertson, S. P. 2001. Avaunt spray interval study, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests 26:A17.
- Hull, L. A. and Ellis, N. 2001. Concentrate airblast insect study, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests 26:A19.
- Hull, L. A. and Myers, C. 2001. Large plot leafroller and internal lepidoptera study, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests 26:A16.
- Hull, L. A. and Ellis, N. 2001. Pear psylla control with various insecticide programs, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests 26:A34.
- Hull, L. A. and Myers, C. 2001. Timing of insecticides for Oriental fruit moth control on peaches, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests 26:B5.
- Hull, L.A., Krawczyk, G., and Ellis, N. 2001. Management tactics for the Oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta) in Pennsylvania apple orchards. Pennsylvania Fruit News 81(2): 23-35.
- Krawczyk, G., Bogash, S., Elkner, T., Hautau, M., Kleiner, W., Mizer, J., Muza, A., Oesterling, E., and Perry, G. 2001. Monitoring of lepidopteran pests in Pennsylvania fruit orchards - a multi-county orchard demonstration. Pennsylvania Fruit News 81(3):43-44.
- Krawczyk, G. 2001. Control of European red mite populations in apple orchards - a demonstrational plot in a commercial orchard. Pennsylvania Fruit News 81(3): 45-47.
- Krawczyk, G. and Greene, G. M. 2001. The impact of pruning, thinning and the plant growth regulator Apogee on insect pest populations and fruit quality. Pennsylvania Fruit News 81(2):16-22.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Twelve orchard efficacy studies were conducted to evaluate 99 experimental and registered insecticide and acaricide treatments for their pest activity and natural enemy toxicity. Emamectin benzoate and methoxyfenozide were both extremely effective against the tufted apple bud moth (TABM), while indoxacarb failed to control leafrollers and showed some repellency towards the mite predator `Stethorus punctum.' Insecticides were applied to both apple and peach based on an egg hatch model developed at Penn State University for the Oriental fruit moth (OFM) that utilizes degree-day accumulations. Phosmet was much more effective on peach than thiacloprid when applied at various timings during the first brood of OFM. On apple, thiacloprid and esfenvalerate were equally as effective in one or two applications per brood of OFM and more effective than a single application of azinphos-methyl. Apogee, a plant growth regulator, applied to pear trees reduced shoot growth and
subsequent pear psylla populations without the use of insecticides. No differences in adult OFM susceptibility to azinphos-methyl and esfenvalerate were found among eight populations sampled from commercial peach and apple orchards in Pennsylvania using a topical adult pheromone trap bioassay, but some of the populations of OFM were found less susceptible to methomyl. Two new technologies for dispensing sex pheromone into orchards for mating disruption (i.e., microencapsulated sprayable formulations from 3M Canada and puffers from Paramount Farming) were effective in preventing injury by OFM in commercial apple orchards without the supplemental use of insecticides when populations of OFM were low to moderate. In one orchard that contained high populations of OFM, the combination of sprayable pheromones and insecticides failed to prevent substantial fruit injury from this pest. A microencapsulated sprayable formulation for TABM and a unit termed a microsprayer from Michigan State
University, also loaded with TABM pheromone, were evaluated in commercial apple orchards for their ability to disrupt mating of this pest. The sprayable formulation was more effective than the microsprayers in preventing fruit injury by TABM. In peaches, various hand-applied mating disruption formulations (i.e., Isomate M-100 and OFM Confuse) were evaluated in commercial peach orchards for their effects on trap capture and control of OFM. The Isomate M-100 formulation completely shutdown the response of male adults to sex pheromone traps for over 100 days, while OFM Confuse, a paraffin emulsion applied to the tree with a forestry marking gun, only shutdown trap capture for approximately 7-30 days. The exact placement of OFM Confuse on the tree affected adult male response. The phenology of OFM egg hatch on apple was found to parallel that on peach and that predicted by Skybit, Inc. during the first brood, but the egg hatch phenology was somewhat different between apple and peach for
subsequent broods. The effect of host (apple versus peach) on OFM development is suspected. The vast majority of eggs on apple fruit were found on either the stem or calyx end of the fruit.
Impacts
All of the orchard efficacy trials on new and registered insecticides and acaricides are rapidly transferred to the respective recipients of the data - growers, consultants and chemical industry personnel. The growers and consultants are able to use this information to apply the lowest effective rates of these products (i.e., usually 25-75% below label rate) through the proper selection of the correct product, proper timing and method of application. These methods result in the least harm to natural enemies and the environment. An egg hatch model for the Oriental fruit moth based on degree-day accumulations has been developed and validated on both apple and peach. This model will help growers and consultants better time their control tactics for a pest that is presently causing serious problems for many growers. New methods are being evaluated for dispensing sex pheromone into the orchard environment to disrupt adult mating for the management of certain pests of both
apple and peach. These new methods appear to be relatively effective towards managing these pests without the use of insecticides, dependent upon the population density of the pest in the orchard, and can save time and money in application costs.
Publications
- Hull, L. A. 2000. Acaricide airblast evaluation, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests 25:14-17.
- Gronning, E. K., Borchert, D. M., Pfeiffer, D. G., Felland, C. M., Walgenbach, J. W., Hull, L. A. and Killian, J. C. 2000. Effect of specific and generic sex attractant blends on pheromone trap captures of four leafroller species in mid-Atlantic apple orchards. J. Econ. Entomol. 93(1):157-164.
- Robertson, S., Hull, L. A. and Ellis, N. 2000. New technologies for mating disruption - sprayables, microsprayers and puffers. Penn Fruit News 80(4):59-66.
- Paulson, G. S., Hull, L. A. and Greene, G. M. 2000. Does Apogee fit into apple pest management systems. Penn Fruit News 80(5):32-34.
- Hull, L. A., Greene, G. M. and Paulson, G. 2000. Apogee/green aphis study, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests 25:17.
- Hull, L. A. 2000. Avaunt adjuvant study, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests 25:18-20.
- Hull, L. A. 2000. Avaunt/OP study, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests 25:20-23.
- Hull, L. A. 2000. Concentrate airblast insect evaluation, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests 25:24-27.
- Hull, L. A. 2000. Secondary pest experiment, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests 25:28.
- Hull, L. A. 2000. Tufted apple bud moth control tactics, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests 25:29-33.
- Paulson, G. and Hull, L. A. 2000. Control of obliquebanded leafroller with apogee and confirm, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests 25:33-34.
- Hull, L. A. and Paulson, G. 2000. Apogee and insecticides for pear psylla control, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests 25:45-47.
- Hull, L. A. 2000. Seasonal insecticide evaluation for pear psylla control, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests 25:47-48.
- Hull, L. A. 2000. Peach, green peach aphid timing study, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests 25:58.
- Hull, L. A. and Ellis, N. 2000. Peach, OFM timing IGR evaluation, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests 25:59.
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