Progress 10/01/99 to 10/01/05
Outputs
Variance amoung broilers in their growth and quality characteristics is required in order to implement welfare while maintaining product quality. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of strain-cross and feeding programs such as lighting, diet density and various feed additives on live performance, processing yields and feet (paw) quality and yields of male and female broiler chickens. Lighting programs having short duration and low intensity that excessively restricted development were detrimental to meat yields eventhough long-term stress response, as measured by heterophil:lymphocyte ratio remained unaltered. Expression of quality in terms of carcass defects and fillet characteristics is not constant amoung strains and between sexes with age at marketing. Differences fatness are obvious in terms of abdominal depots. Extent of wing bruising was the dominant carcass defect, and strain differences suggest preslaughter behavior as the predominant reason.
Fillet percentages after simulated commercial deboning also varied widely amoung four strains and increased from 6 to 8 weeks age, but differences remained similar between the sexes. Tenders changed in paralled with fillets, however, females always had distinct advantage compared to males. Microbial control during processing is paramount. Effective biocides and sanitary conditions necessitate a cleansable surface. Austenitic stainless steels used in food processing undergo microstructural changes during welding that result in 3 distinctive zones and termed- weld, heat affected zone(HAZ), and parent metal. Attachment of Listeria monocytogenes to weld vs HAZ vs parent metal, and effect of corrosion of these 3 zones on bacterial attachment were determined. Polished stainless steel welds do not lead to differences in bacterial attachment; however, corrosion of different weld zones leads to differential attachment of L. monocytogenes to stainless steel. Alterations with increasing hen age
on the total microflora counts and prevalence of Salmonella associated with the egg was studied. As the hen aged total microbial load increased but not necessaily salmonella. The egg breaking industry has reported variable whipping performance of egg whites that seems to be associated with selection pressure on hen performance. Five of the most popular egg strains were tested. Both strain of hen and its age led to significant differences in egg functionality. Cool water washing was tested in two shell egg operations. Results indicated that cool water washing could enhance the cooling of shell eggs and potentially reduce pathogen growth.
Impacts
Terms of live production and preslaughter handling must be considered together to assure both broiler welfare and consumer quality. Reduced duration and intensity of lighting used to relieve late mortality may excessively impair live performance and meat yield when aggressively imposed. Such restrictions are not easily remedied by either increased diet density or feed additives that improve performance. While body weight and carcass quality is expected to differ between broiler sexes and change with age, variance of expression amoung commercial strains appears to be be equally extensive. In turn, response to feed formulation modifications, environment, and preslaughter handling indicated by one strain may not be equivalently expressed by another. Maintaining product quality must continue in the processing plant. Alterations to exposed steel surfaces at the point of weld attachment during equipent assembly can be modified by differential heating to create aberations that
harbor micro-organisms and impair sanitation. Access to data regarding quality, functionality and microbial susceptibility of eggs among hen strains over time will enable processors to select strains, process products to meet for target markets. Cool water washing information provides baseline data for submission to USDA for approval of an alternative washing process. Approving the use of cool water wash process would not only reduce energy costs but improve egg quality and safety.
Publications
- Bilgili, S. F., M. A. Alley, J. B. Hess, and E. T. Moran, Jr., 2005. Influence of strain cross, sex, and feeding programs on broiler chicken paw (feet) yield and quality. Pages 342-349 Proc. European Symposium on the Quality of Poultry Meat, Doorwerth, The Netherlands.
- Curtis, P.A. 2005. Food Laws and Regulations. Blackwell Publishing Professional, 2121 State Avenue, Ames, IA 50014-8300. (ISBN 0 8138 1946 6).
- Curtis, P.A. 2005. HACCP in Poultry Processing In: Food Safety Control in the Poultry Industry. Woodhead Publishing Company, Cambridge, CB1 6AH, UK. (ISBN 1 85573 954 2).
- Galobart, J., and E.T. Moran, Jr. 2005. Influence of stocking density and pellet quality on heat stressed broilers from 6 to 8 weeks of age. Int.J.Poul.Sci.,4:55-59.
- Hess, J. B., S. F. Bilgili, and E. R. Miller, 2005. Nutritional influences on broilers raised on a restrictive lighting schedule. Pages 9-18 Proc. Arkansas Nutrition Conference,Rogers, AR.
- Joseph, N.S., and E.T. Moran, Jr. 2005. Effect of flock age and postemergent holding in the hatcher on broiler live performance and further-processing yield. J.Appl.Poul.Res., 14:512-520.
- Joseph, N.S., and E.T. Moran, Jr. 2005. Characterisics of eggs, embryos, and chicks from broiler breeder hens selected for growth or meat meat yield. J.Appl.Poul.Res., 14:275-280.
- Kerr, B.J., E.T. Moran, Jr., and M.T. Kidd. 2005. Effect of supplementary tryptophan prior to marketing on carcass quality in broilers. J.Appl.Poul.Res., 14:306-314.
- Moran,E.T., Jr., J. Galobart Cots, and N.S. Joseph. 2005. Yield & quality of breast and thigh meats from diverse strain broiler males in response to carrying stress imposed preslaughter. Pages 1-6, Proc. European Symposiuam on the Quality of Poultry Meat, Doorwerth, The Netherlands.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Trauma experienced by broilers during normal marketing procedures was investigated.Imposing carrying prior to slaughter led to a loss in chilled carcass weight and a 30% decrease in the percentage not having defects. Pre-slaughter carrying increased the incidence of wings that were bruised and having red tips, as well as bruised and broken drumsticks, breast bruising, and the thigh-back area with bruises and scratches. Although distinct differences in live and carcass weights existed between strains, their response to carrying was indistinguishable. Bruising at all levels was the defect most extensively increased by the standard of carrying. Contamination of the meat with blood from vascular faults in the shoulder area was evident with fillets after carrying at 7weeks, but L* (lightness) at the muscle center was unaltered. Thigh meat was contaminated with blood near the upper femoral head because of upper head breakage and/or separation of its cartilage cover.
Incidence of myopathy with tenders also increased with a* and b* reflectance values corroborating the visual alterations. Physiological response of broiler chickens to the pre-slaughter stressors of catching, crating and transportation increases with age. In broilers <42 days of age, transportation was an important stress factor. Crating was more stress-full for birds >49 days of age most likely due to high crating density. When performed near optimal conditions, pre-slaughter stress can be reduced. Two studies on egg composition and funcionality will conclude in March 2005. Proximate composition and functionality of albumen, yolk and whole egg products were conducted over the two year life cycle of a variety of strains of commercial layer hens. An addition study on the eggs from these same birds is correlating environmental microbial loads to the interior and exterior microbial loads of the eggs being produced. A forth study that will conclude in May 2005 is evaluating a cold water
washing process for shell eggs.
Impacts
Broken bones, bruising, and other defects with the chilled carcass indicate adverse animal welfare and loss in product yield. Broilers may encounter many sources of trauma during pre-slaughter handling. Manually carrying the live bird after catching until cooping for transportation is a potentially extensive contributor in this respect. Present experimentation verified that bruising and impaired quality of skinless boneless meats significantly increased from the most common method of carrying broilers. Such problems increase with age and transportation. The egg industry has identified problems with consistency of functionality in egg products. Variance in product composition and changes in method of handling will enable an evaluation these factors as militants in the progression of change.
Publications
- Keener, K.M., M.P. Bashor, P.A. Curtis, B.W. Sheldon and S. Kathariou. 2004. Comprehensive Review of Campylobacter and Poultry Processing. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 3:105-116.
- Keener, K.E. Anderson, P.A. Curtis, and J.B. Foegeding. 2004. Determination of Cooling Rates and Carbon Dioxide Uptake in Commercially Processed Shell Eggs Using Cryogenic Carbon Dioxide Gas. Poultry Sci. 83:89-94.
- Moran, E.T., Jr. 2004. Production Techniques- Husbandry. Pp 38-62. In Poultry Meat Processing and Quality. Edited by G.C Mead. Woodhead, England.
- Moran, E.T., Jr. 2004. GI Tract: Anatomical and Functional Comparisons. In:Encyclopedia of Animal Science. Ed. By Pond and Bell. Marcel Dekker, N.Y.
- Musgrove, M.T., D.R. Jones, J.K.. Northcutt, P.A. Curtis, K.E. Anderson, D.L. Fletcher and N.A. Cox. 2004. Survey of Shell Egg Processing Plant Sanitation Programs: Effects of Non-Egg Contact Surfaces. J. Food Prot. 67:2801-2804.
- Yalcin, S., S. Ozkan, G. Oktay, M. Cabuk, Z. Bayraktar, and S. F. Bilgili, 2004. Age-related effects of catching, crating, and transportation on core body temperature and blood parameters of broilers measured a different seasons. J. Appl. Poultry Res. (13):549-560.
- Zarate, A.J., E.T. Moran, Jr., and H.L. Stilborn. 2004. Comparison of normal dent with waxy, high-oil, and waxy-high-oil corns on pellet quality of associated feeds and response by broilers. J.Appl.Poul.Res., 13:650-659.
- Anderson, K.E., J.B. Tharrington, P.A. Curtis and F.T. Jones. 2004. Shell Characteristics of Eggs From Historic Strains of Single Comb White Leghorn Chickens and the Relationship of Egg Shape to Shell Strength. International Journal of Poultry Science 3:17-19.
- Bashor, M.P., P.A. Curtis, K.M. Keener, B.W. Sheldon, S. Kathariou, J.A. Osborne. 2004. Effects of Carcass Washers on Campylobacter contamination in Large Broiler Plants. Poultry Sci. 83:1232-1239.
- Corzo, A., E.T. Moran, Jr., and D. Hohler. 2004. Valine needs of male broilers from 42 to 56 days of age. Poultry Sci.,83:946-951.
- Corzo, A., E.T. Moran, Jr., and D. Hohler. 2004. Isoleucine need of heavy broilers. Arch. Geflugelk., 68:1-5.
- Galobart, J. and E.T. Moran, Jr. 2004. Changes in light reflectance and extent of thawing loss after extended freezing with breast fillets from late marketed broiler males using population representatives having L* above and below the median. Int. J. Poul.Sci., 3:586-587.
- Galobart, J., and E.T. Moran, Jr. 2004. Freeze-thaw and cooking effects on broiler breast fillets with extreme initial L* values. Poultry Sci., 83:2093-2097.
- Jones, D.R., P.A. Curtis, K.E. Anderson and F.T. Jones. 2004. Microbial Contamination in Inoculated Shell Eggs: II. Effects of Layer Strain and Egg Storage. Poultry Sci. 83:95-100.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Arginine is an essential amino acid that is often submarginal to need prior to marketing. Use by the body at this time is intricately involved in both connective tissue formation and immunological response. Broiler males were given feeds from 6 to 8 weeks of age that contained arginine that progressed from adequate to deficient. Resulting chilled carcasses were individually evaluated for defects. Incidence of wing dislocation from the joints where extensive connective tissue development occurs increased as arginine level decreased. Similarly, incidence of infections associated with skin scratches on the back increased as arginine decreased whereas total skin scratces did not. Yield of breast meats also decreased with arginine, but their quality was minimally affected. Arginine is not only necessary to attain live performance and meat yield but integrity of connective tissue and immunological capability. Lysine, isoleucine, and valine are commonly submarginal to need
in the final feed for broilers receiving corn-soybean meal feeds and grown to heavy weight for further processing. Experiments were conducted using broiler males that received feeds that progressed from adequate to deficient levels for each of these amino acids. Resulting carcasses were deboned and fillets quality assessed by light reflectance. Although decreases in fillet yield occurred, The L* values marginally decreased as the level of the amino acid became inadequate. The extent of change was statistically significant but of little influence from a practical perspective.
Impacts
Arginine, lysine, isoleucine, and valine are essential amino acids commonly submarginal to need in the final feed for broilers to attain optimum live performance. Inadequacies of arginine may decrease connective tissue integrity with processing such as bone joint dislocations as well as skin infections from impaired immunological unction but not the quality of skinless boneless breast meat. Absence of obvious carcass problems and decreasing L* (lightness) values of breast fillets with reduced lysine,isoleucine, and valine indicate that adverse quality is not an issue although yield suffers.
Publications
- Collins, N.E., E.T. Moran, Jr., and H.L. Stilborn. 2003. Performance of broilers fed normal and waxy corn diets formulated with chick and rooster derived apparent metabolizable energy values for the grains. J.Applied Poultry Res.,12:196-206.
- Zarate, A.J., E.T. Moran, Jr., and D.J. Burnham. 2003. Reducing crude protein and increasing essential amino acids levels with summer-reared, slow- and fast-feathering broilers. J.Applied Poultry Res.,12:160-168.
- Corzo, A, E.T. Moran, Jr., and D. Hoehler. 2003. Lysine needs of summer-reared male broilers from six to eight weeks of age. Poultry Sci.,82:1602-1607.
- Kalinowski, A., E.T. Moran, Jr., and C. Wyatt. 2003. Methionine and cystine requirements of slow- and fast-feathering male broilers from three to six weeks of age. Poultry Sci.,82:1428-1437.
- Kalinoski, A., E.T. Moran, Jr., and C. Wyatt. 2003. Methionine and cystine requirements of slow- and fast-feathering male broilers from zero to three weeks of age. Poultry Sci.,82:1423-1427.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Sub-objective 1: Broiler males grown to 8 weeks of age received either normal or minimal preslaughter handling, then carcasses from each treatment were deboned either 6 or 30 hours after processing. Normal handling invoved carrying by one leg in groups of three from pens to coops on a truck, then transported for 1 hour (ca.18C)followed by stationary holding prior to processing for a total of 12 hours. Amounts of whole carcass and abdominal fatwere not altered by carrying anf transport; however, static chilling fro 30 hours in sluch-ice increased carcass weight over those iced for 6 hours. The deboned major breast muscle lost yield as a result increased handling and suffered additional "blood splash" while deboning 30 hour post mortem accentuated loss without altering detection of blood splash. Light reflectance of the major breast muscle indicated a reduced lightness and increased redness with normal handling whereas delayed deboning did not alter lightness but
accentuated redness and yellowness. Weight loss of the minor breast muscle was not significant reduced from additional handling prior to slaughter, but the incidence of deep pectoral myopathy was greatly acentuated, whereas delayed deboning reduced yield without altering incidence of myopathy. Sub-objective 2. Biologically impaired meat. A flock of broiler males were individually weighed at 21, 42, and 56 days of age, processed under common terms, and deboned 24 hours later. CIE light reflectance was conducted on the major breast muscle from each bird 24 hours after deboning. L* values were positively correlated with live weights at 21 and 42 days of age and gain from 21 to 42 days. L* was also positively correlated with the relative chilled carcass yield from live weight at 56 days of age but not their absolute weights. Negative correlations existed for percentages of abdominal fat and minor breast muscles obtained from the carcasses.
Impacts
Increasing the extent of stress prior to slaughter adversely affects the recovery of breast major muscle and incidence of blood splash. The minor breast muscle also suffers from this stress, particularly an accentuation of myopathy. Minimizing preslaughter handling not only improves general welfare of the bird but yield and quality of products also benefit. Delaying the removal of both breast meats from the carcass is know to improve its tenderness, but amounts of meat are substancially lost in the mechanics of recovery without altering either blood splash or myopathy. Extending duration after processing to improve sensory value is compromised by product loss.
Publications
- Galobart, J., A. Corzo, and E.T. Moran, Jr. 2003. Fillet L* from a broiler population: Correlations with preceeding production-processing and changes to represenative extremes after refrigeration and freeze-thaw. Poultry Science Assoc. Mtg., University of Wisconsin, Madison.
- Moran, E.T., Jr., and J. Galaobart. 2003. Response of breast meat to preslaughter handling and delayed carcass deboning. XVI European Symposium on the Quality of Poultry Meat, Ploufragan, France.
- Galobart, J., A.Corzo, and E.T. Moran, Jr. 2003. Correlation of P. major L* from a broiler population at 8 weeks with live weights, and changes to represenative extremes after freeze-thaw and cooking. XVI European Symposium on Quality of Poultry Meat, Ploufragan, France.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Experiments that varied nutrition of broilers were conducted to examine the incidence of fillet pale soft exudative appearance and "green muscle disease" of tenders. Level of dietary threonine and the imposition of restrictive feeding regimens that are intended to releive mortality did not affect the proportions of each type problem nor was use of selected strains or sexes involved. However, the dimensions of the fillet used for further-processing were altered more in depth than either length or width whenever yield was adversely affected. Such change increased the variance associated with portion control.
Impacts
Generally, quality problems such as pale soft exudative like fillets and necrotic tenders do not appear to be greatly alter by common nutritional problems in practice as much as their yield. Reduction in yield alters fillet dimension differentially to adversely affect portion control of final product.
Publications
- Dozier, W.A.,III, E.T. Moran, Jr., and W.T. Kidd, 2000. Response of fast- and slow- feathering male broilers to dietary threonine during 42 to 56 days of age. J. Applied Poul. Res., 9:460-467.
- Dozier, W.A., III, E.T. Moran, Jr., and W.T. Kidd, 2001. Male and female broiler responses to low and adequate dietary threonine on nitrogen and energy balance. Poultry Sci., 80:926-930.
- Collins, N.E., E.T. Moran, Jr., and H.L. Stilborn. 2001. Influence of yellow dent corn hybrids having different kernel characteristics yet similar nutrient composition on broiler production. J. Applied Poultry Res., 10:228-237.
- Dozier, W.A., III, and E.T. Moran, Jr. 2001. Dimensions and light reflectance of broiler breast fillets: Influence of strain, sex, and feeding regimen. J. Applied Poultry Res., 10:581-588.
- Dozier, W.A., III, and E.T. Moran, Jr. 2001. Response of early- and late-developing broilers to nutritionally adequate and restrictive feeding regimens during the summer. J. Applied Poultry Res., 10:92-98.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Supplemental essential amino acids (EAA) enable formulation of feeds having low CP and low NEAA.Connective tissue has high need for non-essential amino acids(NEAA). Broiler males were grown to 7 wks on balanced low CP feeds in the winter and repeated in the summer. Resulting carcasses were evaluated for susceptibilty to trauma. Bruising was the predominant defect, and wings and back suffered most. Wing bruising occurred to a greater degree in the winter whereas back bruising predominated during the summer. Accentuation in the incidence of bruising during both seasons that could be reduction in dietary CP and associated levels of NEAA available for connective formation was small and did not alter proportions of total grade A's.
Impacts
Commercially available EAA are economically important to least cost broiler feeds. Resulting low dietary CP not only decreases excreta N content and pollution potential, but this formulation strategy does not affect incidence of carcass marring fron inadequate NEAA and connective tissue.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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