Progress 11/01/99 to 09/30/04
Outputs
Appropriate sensing technology is at the core of product and process automation and control. Efficient control of food quality and process could be achieved by using sensors that are non-destructive, rapid, reliable, and tolerant to harsh environments in the food processing plant. The proposed effort explores a range of sensor concepts and measurement methods for food quality and safety monitoring. Honey samples were scanned using micro attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy in the region from 600-4000 cm-1 and the spectral data were compressed using principal component and linear discriminant analysis and canonical variate analysis were used for floral classification. Classification accuracy of 100% was achieved using the canonical variate analysis of alfalfa, buckwheat, clover, orange blossom, wildflower, basswood, and carrot honey. Measurement of the same honey types using the surface acoustic wave based z-Nose (TM) technology was done using the chromatogram and
a spectral approach for interpretation of the z-Nose (TM) signal. An algorithm was developed to correct for the baseline and time shifts of the znose data. Applying multivariate methods, a classification accuracy of 100% was accomplished using the z-Nose (TM) analysis. Identification and differentiation of different species of microorganisms were explored in the near and mid-infrared range. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was found to be a rapid method for identification and differentiation of not only closely related Escherichia coli strains but also pathogenic and non-pathogenic E. coli strains. Results clearly demonstrate the potential of FTIR spectroscopy as a tool for microbial strain identification and classification. The method is rapid, inexpensive, reproducible, and requires minimum sample preparation. Other sensor technologies explored include a Microdialysis coupled Flow Injection Amperometric Sensor designed for the determination of glucose, galactose and
lactose in milk. The multianalyte sensor could detect glucose and galactose by sequential injection of their corresponding oxidase enzymes: glucose oxidase and galactose oxidase, while lactose was determined by injection of a mixture of beta-galactosidase and glucose oxidase enzymes. The sensor showed a linear response between 0.05 mM and 10 mM for glucose. The present study demonstrates that the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic and biosensor approaches could be used for rapid and non-destructive determination of multiple constituents for food quality evaluation as well as for authentication. Similar platforms are being examined for microorganism detection.
Impacts
For the first time, a surface acoustic wave biosensor as well as mid-infrared spectroscopy has been used for honey authenticity studies. The developed procedures will have significant impact in cost and time in food quality and safety inspection.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
The application of mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy as a screening tool for the determination of sugar adulteration in agricultural commodities is discussed. Experiments were conducted using the attenuated total reflectance accessory of the Bio-Rad FTS-6000 and the 3000 Fourier transform spectrometer. Experiments were also conducted using znose, a surface acoustic wave based sensor system. Honey adulterants considered were cane sugar invert and beet sugar invert. Spectral data was compressed using principal component analysis, and linear discriminant and canonical variate techniques were used to discriminate adulterated honey samples. A 100 percent classification accuracy was achieved using canonical variate analysis Results demonstrated that discriminant analysis of the spectra of adulterated honey samples could be used for classification. Further work is in progress on classification of honey based on floral source. A combination of Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy and chemometrics was used as a screening tool for the determination of sugars and organic acids such as sucrose, glucose, fructose, sorbitol, citric acid, and malic acid in processed commercial and extracted fresh apple juices. The calibration models were successfully validated by HPLC measurements against several commercial juice varieties as well as juice extracted from different apple varieties to provide an overall R2 correlation of 0.998. The present study demonstrates that Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy could be used for rapid and non-destructive determination of multiple constituents for food quality evaluation. Results indicate that this approach can be a rapid and cost-effective tool for routine monitoring of multiple constituents in a fruit juice production facility.
Impacts
Adulteration of honey by cheaper sugars has been one of the most critical problem to the honey industry. Our research proposes to directly address this issue through a rapid spectroscopic process to impact the quality evaluation and assurance process both at the analysis and consumer level. Another critical issue addressed in this proposal is the determination of multiple components in food systems for effective on-line quality evaluation.
Publications
- Sivakesava, S., Irudayaraj, J., and Debroy, C. 2003. Differentiation of microorganisms by FTIR-ART and FT-NIR spectroscopy. Transactions of the ASAE. Accepted for Publication.
- Yang, H. and Irudayaraj, J. 2003. Rapid detection of foodborne microorganisms on food surface using Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. J. Molecular Structure. 646: 35-43.
- Tewari, J. and Irudayaraj, J. 2003. Simultaneous monitoring of organic acids and sugars in fresh and processed apple juice by FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. Applied Spectroscopy. 57(12):1599-1604.
- Tewari, J., Mehrotra, R., and Irudayaraj, J. 2003. Direct NIR analysis of sugarcane clear juice using fiber optic transmittance probe. J. NIR spectroscopy, 11(5):351-356.
- Tewari, J., and Irudayaraj, J. 2003. Rapid estimation of Pol content in sugarcane juice using FTIR-ATR Spectroscopy. Intl. J of Sugar Tech. 5(3):143-148.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
The application of mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy as a screening tool for the determination of sugar adulteration in honey is discussed. Other applications include detection of caffeine in beverages and determination of cholesterol in food products. Experiments were conducted using the attenuated total reflectance accessory of the Bio-Rad FTS-6000 Fourier transform spectrometer. Honey adulterants considered were cane sugar invert, beet sugar invert, and corn syrup. Biosensor methodology was also developed to determine glucose fructose and sucrose in milk. Predictive models were developed to classify the adulterated honey samples using discriminant analysis. Spectral data was compressed using principal component analysis, and linear discriminant and canonical variate techniques were used to discriminate adulterated honey samples. The correct classification of 100% was achieved using canonical variate analysis for honey samples adulterated with corn syrup and sugar
mixtures. The best predictive models achieved using linear discriminant analyses correctly classified 90% of validation test for sucrose and corn syrup adulterated samples. Results demonstrated that discriminant analysis of the spectra of adulterated honey samples could be used for classification.
Impacts
Adulteration of honey by cheaper sugars has been one of the most critical problem to the honey industry. We have impacted the honey quality assurance program and a rapid method has been developed. Very few methods exist to detect caffeine rapidly, our method has the potential to directly impact the medical and food sectors. We will implement this at the hospitals.
Publications
- Sivakesava, S. and Irudayaraj, J. 2002. Classification of simple and complex sugar adulterants in honey by mid-infrared spectroscopy. Intl. J. Food Sci. and Technology. 37:351-360.
- R. Kizil, Irudayaraj, J., and Seetharaman, K. 2002. Characterization of irradiated starches by FT-Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. J Agric Food Chem. 50(14):3912-8.
- Paradkar, M. and Irudayaraj, J. 2002. Determination of cholesterol in dairy products using infrared techniques: 1. FTIR spectroscopy. Intl. J. Dairy Technology. 55(3):127-132.
- Yang, H. and Irudayaraj, J. 2002. Rapid determination of vitamin C by NIR, MIR and FT-Raman techniques", has been published in Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 54(9): 1247-1255.
- Paradkar, M. and Irudayaraj, J. 2002. Determination of cholesterol in dairy products by infrared techniques: 2. FT-NIR method. Intl. J. Dairy Technology. 55(3):133-138.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Much of the progress was in instrument acquisition, installation, and setup. The BioRad Spectrometer was purchased and installed in the laboratory on December 7th. The project investigator and 2 graduate assistants worked with the Installation Engineer to install the system and conduct trial runs. Two defects were pointed out in the Instrument and replacement parts (beamsplitter) were requested. The parts were assembled. Preliminary testing is complete, Database was formed. A portable analysis unit to provide volatile flavor information on aromatic compounds is also being evaluated for use in conjunction with the spectroscopic fingerprint. It is hypothesized that an integration of the two systems will provide more comprehensive information about honey quality. Samples have been assembled and a database constructed. As samples arrive they will be included in the database. Software packages for quantitative analysis are being evaluated. During the last 3 months four of
the key spectroscopy analysis research assistants have moved along to further their career. Dr. Hong Yang graduated with a Ph.D in Nov' 01 and has accepted a faculty position in North Carolina A & T State University; Dr. Sivakesava received an offer from Bristol Myers in Sept'01, that he could not refuse; Dr. Manish received a Research Associateship from University of Illinois and has completed his obligations at Penn State in Nov'01, Mr. Ranjan graduated with an M.S. in Dec'01 and is presently an Engineer in a local consulting company. Regardless, candidates were sought after. One new postdoctoral associate for the project has been identified and will join in April 02. The documentation is nearing completion. In the light of the shortage of technical assistance, and from the discussions with NHB the need for an additional technical personnel was identified. A candidate for this was interviewed by phone and is being considered, pending final evaluation and assessment. The new
technical help develop software interface and statistical models for interfacing with the instrument. This person will also be in charge of sample acquisition, book keeping, and communications.
Impacts
Potential impacts include design of on-line sensing units for quality control and in food safety assessment programs. Industries that would benefit are food, pharmaceutical, and bioprocessing companies.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
This research will demonstrate that a wide range of food materials can be characterized by the absorption spectra from Fourier-transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy. This information will be useful in addressing food quality and safety issues. Characterization of bacteria, including food-borne pathogens can be accomplished rapidly and inexpensively using the simple procedures that will be developed. In food quality, consistency of the product by monitoring the carbohydrate, sugar, fat, and protein related absorption in the corresponding regions can be maintained and used in on-line sensing of a wide range of food and pharmaceutical products.
Impacts
Potential impacts include design of on-line sensing units for quality control and in food safety assessment programs. Industries that would benefit are food, pharmaceutical, and bioprocessing companies.
Publications
- Yang, H. and Irudayaraj, J. 2000. Two-dimensional photoacoustic correlation spectroscopic analysis of food products. Trans. of ASAE 43(4):953-961.
- Sivakesava, S. and Irudayaraj, J. 2000. Analysis of potato chips usint FTIR photoacoustic spectroscopy. J. of Science of Food and Agr. Sci. 80(12):1805-1810.
- Sivakesava, S. and Irudayaraj, J. 2000. FTIR spectroscopy-a rapid detection tool for the determination of adulteration in honey. Amer. Chem. Soc. 220th National Meeting, August 20-24, Washington, DC. 1 p.
- Sivakesava, S. and Irudayaraj, J. 2000. FTIR-PAS spectroscopy a non-destructive tool for potato chips. Paper No. 3655. IFT, Dallas, TX. 1 p.
- Sivakesava, S. and Irudayaraj, J. 2000. Determination of adulteration of honey using mid-infrared spectroscopy. Paper No. 37-8. IFT, Dallas, TX. 1 p.
- Irudayaraj, J. and Jun, S. 2000. Automatic infrared system for selective heating of food. Paper No. 86A-40. IFT, Dallas, TX. 1 p.
- Irudayaraj, J. and Sivakesava, S. 2000. Biosensing principles and current technology. Paper No. 00-6045. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI. 20 pp.
- Sivakesava, S. and Irudayaraj. 2000. FTIR-PAS spectroscopy-a non-destructive analytical tool for potato chips. Paper No. 00-6116. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI. 10 pp.
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