INSECT INVASIONS: MOLECULAR GENETICS, DATABASE, AND MODELING APPROACHES

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 0183892
• Project Start Date: Oct 1, 2004
• Project End Date: Sep 30, 2009
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY
(N/A)
BERKELEY,CA 94720

Performing Department
INSECT BIOLOGY

Non Technical Summary
Biological invasions cause major ecological and economic impacts, which are likely to increase as a result of global transportation and trade. This project uses a series of approaches to address problems associated with invasive insects and will benefit fields of natural science, agriculture, and biosecurity, as well as provide web-accessible information on alien invasive species for the public.

Animal Health Component

60%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

30%

Applied

60%

Developmental

10%

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
211	3110	1040	40%
211	3110	1130	40%
901	3110	1080	20%

Knowledge Area
211 - Insects, Mites, and Other Arthropods Affecting Plants; 901 - Program and Project Design, and Statistics;

Subject Of Investigation
3110 - Insects;

Field Of Science
1040 - Molecular biology; 1130 - Entomology and acarology; 1080 - Genetics;

Keywords

colonization

dna sequences

eradication

microsatellites

population genetics

insect population

insect genetics

molecular genetics

data bases

modeling techniques

invasive species

bayesian theory

exotic species

homalodisca coagulata

monte carlo method

ceratitis capitata

pacific ocean

pacific islands

geographic distribution

genetic markers

biological control (insects)

Goals / Objectives
Molecular genetic, database, and modeling approaches will be used to examine recent and ongoing invasions of non-indigenous (exotic) insects with the goal of making the study of invasive species more predictive. The work consists of 5 parts: 1) A searchable computer database will be established to document the most serious invasive insect pests in California, the Insular Pacific, and the Pacific Rim. 2) As a complement to the computer database, a reference collection will be accumulated to be housed in the Essig Museum of Entomology. This repository will include not only voucher specimens but also DNA samples from different geographic regions. 3) Through modeling and computer simulations, the variety and quantity of genetic data necessary to determine origins of non-indigenous insects will be evaluated, as well as the pathways through which non-indigenous pests are introduced and spread. 4) For potentially damaging species we will determine whether genetic markers exist. For species where such markers are not available, molecular genetic markers will be developed. This will enable new invasions of these organisms to be studied immediately without the need for several years of work on the development of genetic tools. 5) Existing statistical methods for determining origins of human and fish populations will be modified for the study of insect populations. These methods, while aimed at invasive species, can also be applied to the study of natural colonization events or to the manipulated establishment of species used for classical biological control.

Project Methods
The procedures follow from the objectives. 1. Searchable computer database. We will compile information from a variety of sources, including state and national bulletins, a survey of state, national, and international workers, as well as our own experience. For each species, we will include maps of historical and current distributions, along with available information on movement pathways. The types of genetic markers for each species, genus, and family, will also be cross-referenced. Literature and other web-links will also be included. A searchable web-based site will be developed in conjunction with the sites already in use by the Essig Museum and other Berkeley Natural History Museums. 2. Reference collection. A reference collection of pinned and alcohol-preserved specimens will be instigated at the Essig Museum. We will store insects and arthropods in accordance with current taxonomic structure used by the museum, and will cross-reference our database for the case, drawer, and box location of specimens. DNA will be extracted from voucher specimens using a middle leg (if available) or other small part. DNA will be stored in cryo-vials in a -80 degree C freezer dedicated to this project. 3. Modeling and Simulations. We will simulate the types of genetic data typically gathered in studies of invasive insects. We will explore information gathered through different sorts of markers (i.e. frequency vs. DNA sequence based), different sample sizes, knowledge of source populations, etc. We will re-create invasion scenarios and evaluate the extent to which the available genetic data can be used to determine characteristics of the invasion, including origins, pathways of entry, and number of colonization events. We will assess what gains in precision can be made by gathering more and/or different genetic data or by gathering additional population parameters, such as effective population size. Where data and samples are limited, the simulation approach appears to have much promise (Bohonak et al. 2001, Estoup et al. in press). 4. To develop universal genetic markers, For species deemed likely invaders, and for which genetic markers do not already exist, we will develop appropriate markers. Loci will include microsatellites and other non-coding nuclear regions. We will also explore developing technologies, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms and genome-assisted markers. 5. To modify existing statistical methods. Our preliminary work shows that the data for identification and determination of origins of exotic insect pests will never be of the same magnitude as the data now used in the analysis of human populations and fish stocks, where more time, funding, and samples are available. However, there are a number of features of exotic insect pest invasions (high genetic variability within invading populations revealed through introns; high genetic differentiation among potential source populations) that should allow the statistical methods developed for humans and fish to be modified and applied usefully to exotic insect pests.

Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: This project contains 3 elements, molecular genetics, databasing, and modeling. 1. Molecular Genetics. We continue to develop genetic methods for the studies of origins and biology non-indigenous, invasive (exotic) insects. Insects that we have worked with this year include species of tephritid fruit flies (e.g., olive fly), glassy-winged sharpshooter, Bemisia whiteflies, insect parasitoids used for biological control of aphids and the glassy-winged sharpshooter, and a Pacific butterfly. We have developed methods to distinguish between ancient and recent (cryptic) invasions of insects. We have developed new microsatellite markers for Bemisia whitefly biotypes. This is the PhD work of M Hadjistyllia and is in collaboration with J Brown (U Arizona). We continued work on the role of the bacterium, Wolbachia, and its effect on sex-ratio and other features of biology of a widespread Pacific butterfly, with collaboration with S Charlat (CNRS, Lyon, France) and G Hurst (Liverpool). We also are following the introduction of insect parasitoids to control the glassy-winged sharpshooter in French Polynesia with M Hoddle (UC Riverside), J Grandgirard (FP Ministry of Agriculture), and J Petit, (FP). Work with M Navajas (INRA, France) is targeted at understanding invasions of insects in Mediterranean climates. 2. Database. We are continuing to develop the use of databases to study invasive species. These include species that are insect pests of California and the Pacific Rim. Information available includes original and current distributions, as well as links to ecological and genetic data. Current efforts are investigating the extent to which museum collections can be used for other genetic markers. This work is in collaboration with Drs. A Bohonak (San Diego State University), N Davies (UCB, Moorea), as well as database scientists with the UC Berkeley Natural History Museum and the Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBoL). We are exploring models in which different databases can be queried from a central location. To date, we have linked the Essig Museum (UC Berkeley), the Australian National Insect Collection, (CSIRO, Australia), and the Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 3. Modeling. We are building on our prior approach to analyze recent histories of populations using simulation studies. We are exploring the use of approximate Bayesian methods to estimate simultaneously relevant population parameters of population size and dispersal, with collaborators from INRA, France. Results have been disseminated through publications, and presentations at symposia and workshops: International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, New Zealand, 2009. 11th Pacific Science Inter-Congress and 2nd Symposium on French Research in the Pacific, Tahiti, French Polynesia, 2-6 March 2009. Pacific Science Association 6th Asian Pacific Congress of Entomology, Beijing, China, 2009 Entomological Society of America, Indianapolis, 2009 PARTICIPANTS: Charlat S, Davies N, Duplouy A, Dyson E, Gillespie RG Grandgirard J, Hoddle MS, Hornett E, Hurst GDD Lozier JD, Mills NJ Navajas M Petit JN, Roderick GK Schoville SD Vermenot C Vernon P Wedell N, TARGET AUDIENCES: K-12 Undergraduate Graduate Postgraduate Managers Cooperators Extension professionals General public State and federal officials PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Methods and analytical methods have been developed for studying the biology and history of invasive insects that are economically important for agriculture, biodiversity, and human health. Our work on biotypes of whiteflies confirms the identity of biotypes and their origins and we are now applying new computational approaches to understand the demography of invading populations. We have demonstrated the influence of symbionts, such as Wolbachia, on the population biology of a widespread butterfly, providing a model system for investigating insect/symbiont interactions. Molecular genetic work has also shown the origins of aphids feeding on plum, peach and apricot in California, and their insect parasitoids, and the history of these interactions. We are continuing to analyze results of a biological control project for the glassy-winged sharpshooter, which is revealing much about the interactions of insect parasitoids and their hosts as well as providing information on the spread of biological material through global trade. A working model of an invasive species database is up and running.

Publications

• Roderick GK, Navajas M (2009) Genetic variation. In: Encyclopedia of Insects, 2nd edition (eds. Resh VH, Carde R), pp. 416-419. Academic Press, San Diego.
• Roderick GK, Vernon P (2009) Biological invasions. In: Encyclopedia of Islands (eds. Gillespie RG, Clague DA), pp. 475-480. University of California Press, Berkeley.
• Schoville SD, Roderick GK (2009) Alpine biogeography of Parnassian butterflies during Quaternary climate cycles in North America. Molecular Ecology 18, 3471-3485.
• Roderick GK, Gillespie RG (2009) Island biogeography. In: Encyclopedia of Insects, 2nd edition (eds. Resh VH, Carde R), pp. 533-535. Academic Press, San Diego.
• Charlat S, Duplouy A, Hornett E, Dyson E, Davies N, Roderick GK, Wedell N, Hurst GDD (2009) The joint evolutionary histories of Wolbachia and mitochondria in Hypolimnas bolina. Bmc Evolutionary Biology 9, 64.
• Duplouy A, Vermenot C, Davies N, Roderick GK, Hurst GDD, Charlat S (2009) Assessing risks of Wolbachia DNA cross-specimen contamination following mass collection and ethanol storage. Molecular Ecology Resources 9, 46-50.
• Grandgirard J, Hoddle MS, Petit JN, Roderick GK, Davies N (2009) Classical biological control of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis, by the egg parasitoid Gonatocerus ashmeadi in the Society, Marquesas and Australs archipelagos of French Polynesia. Biological Control 48, 155-163.
• Lozier JD, Roderick GK, Mills NJ (2009) Molecular markers reveal geographic, but not host associated, genetic differentiation in the aphid parasitoid Aphidius transcaspicus a parasitoid of the aphid genus Hyalopterus. Bulletin of Entomological Research 99, 83-96.
• Lozier JD, Roderick GK, Mills NJ (2009) Tracing the invasion history of mealy plum aphid, Hyalopterus pruni (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in North America: a population genetics approach. Biological Invasions 11, 299-314.
• Petit JN, Hoddle MS, Grandgirard J, Roderick GK, Davies N (2009) Successful spread of a biocontrol agent reveals a biosecurity failure: Elucidating long distance invasion pathways for Gonatocerus ashmeadi in French Polynesia. BioControl 54, 485-495.

Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: This project contains 3 elements, molecular genetics, databasing, and modeling. 1. Molecular Genetics. We continue to develop genetic methods for the studies of origins and biology non-indigenous, invasive (exotic) insects. Insects that we have worked with this year include a number of tephritid fruit flies, glassy-winged sharpshooter, Bemisia whiteflies, insect parasitoids used for biological control of aphids and the glassywinged sharpshooter, and a Pacific butterfly. We have developed methods to distinguish between ancient and recent (cryptic) invasions of insects. We have developed new microsatellite markers for Bemisia whitefly biotypes. This is the PhD work of M Hadjistyllia and is in collaboration with Drs. J Brown (U Arizona). We continued work on the role of the bacterium, Wolbachia, and its effect on sex-ratio and other features of biology of a widespread Pacific butterfly. This is in collaboaration with S Charlat (CNRS, Lyon, France) and G Hurst (Liverpool). We also are following the introduction of insect parasitoids to control the glassy-winged sharpshooter in French Polynesia. This is a collaboration with M Hoddle (UC Riverside) and J Grandgirard (FP Ministry of Agriculture). Work with M Navajas (INRA, France) is targeted at understanding invasions of insects in Mediterranean climates. 2. Database. We are continuing to develop the use of databases to study invasive species. These include species that are insect pests of California and the Pacific Rim. Information available includes original and current distributions, as well as links to ecological and genetic data. Current efforts are investigating the extent to which museum collections can be used for other genetic markers. This work is in collaboration with Drs. A Bohonak (San Diego State University), N Davies (UCB, Moorea), as well as database scientists with the UC Berkeley Natural History Museum and the Consortium for the Barcode of Life. We are using a Distributed Generic Information Retrieval (DiGIR) model in which different databases can be queried from a central location. To date, we have linked the Essig Museum (UC Berkeley), the Australian National Insect Collection, (CSIRO, Australia), and the Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 3. Modeling. We are building on our prior approach to analyze recent histories of populations using simulation studies. We are exploring the use of approximate Bayesian methods to estimate simultaneously relevant population parameters of population size and dispersal, with collaborators from INRA, France. Results have been disseminated through publications, and presentations at symposia and workshops: Symposium, Annual Meeting of Pacific Branch of Entomological Society of America, Napa, March 2008 Jugatae Entomology Seminar, Department of Entomology, Cornell, Oct 2008. Symposium, Invasion Biology, Annual Meeting of Entomological Society of America, Reno, Nov. 2008 Keynote, 3rd European Whitefly Symposium (EWS3). Aguadulce, Almeria, Spain with M Hadjistylli, J Brown, Oct. 2008 Keynote, Population Genetics of Invasions and Biological Control, THEIDOLB meeting, INRA, Montpellier, France, Dec. 2008 PARTICIPANTS: Graduate students: Imamura, J. Hadjistylly, M. Goodman, K. Schoville, S. Oboyski, S. Postdocs: Kolbe, J. Ewing, C. Collaborations: Hoddle M, UC Riverside, studies of biological control of glassy-winged sharpshooter. Grandgirard, J, Ministry of Agriculture, French Polynesia, glassy-winged sharpshooter control Hufbauer R, Colorado State, studies of evolution and adaptation in biological control. Mills N, UC Berkeley, studies of origins of biological control agents. Navajas, M. INRA, Montpellier, France, studies of invasive species in Mediterranean regions. Meyer, J-Y, Delegation of Research, French Polynesia, biodiversity and invasive species. Brown, J. Univ. Arizona, whitefly biology and invasions Research Coordination Network, NSF-funded grant (PI Roderick) to collaborate with 35 scientists in 12 countries to study invasive insect species. TARGET AUDIENCES: College and university students Academic researchers Government and private researchers Managers K-12 students Public Political decision makers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Methods and analytical methods have been developed for studying the biology and history of invasive insects that are economically important for agriculture, biodiversity, and human health. Our work on biotypes of whiteflies confirms the identity of biotypes and their origins and we are now applying new computational approaches to understand the demography of invading populations. We have demonstrated the influence of symbionts, such as Wolbachia, on the population biology of a widespread butterfly, providing a model system for investigating insect/symbiont interactions. Molecular genetic work has also shown the origins of aphids feeding on plum, peach and apricot in California, and their insect parasitoids, and the history of these interactions. We are continuing to analyze results of a biological control project for the glassy-winged sharpshooter, which is revealing much about the interactions of insect parasitoids and their hosts as well as providing information on the spread of biological material through global trade. A working model of an invasive species database is up and running.

Publications

• Gillespie RG, Claridge EM, Roderick GK (2008) Biodiversity dynamics in isolated island communities: interaction between natural and human-mediated processes. Molecular Ecology 17, 45-57.
• Grandgirard J, Hoddle MS, Petit JN, Roderick GK, Davies N (2008) Engineering an invasion: classical biological control of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis, by the egg parasitoid Gonatocerus ashmeadi in Tahiti and Moorea, French Polynesia. Biological Invasions 10, 135-148.
• Hornett EA, Duplouy AMR, Davies N, Roderick GK, Wedell N, Hurst GDD, Charlat S (2008) You can't keep a good parasite down: Evolution of male-killer suppressor uncovers cytoplasmic incompatibility. Evolution 65, 1258-1263.
• Lozier JD, Foottit RG, Miller GL, Mills NJ, Roderick GK (2008) Molecular and morphological evaluation of the aphid genus Hyalopterus Koch (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae), with a description of a new species. Zootaxa 1688, 1-19.
• Lozier JD, Roderick GK, Mills NJ (2008) Evolutionarily significant units in natural enemies: Identifying regional populations of Aphidius transcaspicus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) for use in biological control of mealy plum aphid. Biological Control 46, 532-541.
• Petit JN, Hoddle MS, Grandgirard J, Roderick GK, Davies N (2008) Invasion dynamics of the glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in French Polynesia. Biological Invasions 10, 955-967.
• Petit JN, Hoddle MS, Grandgirard J, Roderick GK, Davies N (2008) Short distance dispersal behavior and establishment of the parasitoid Gonatocerus ashmeadi (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in Tahiti: Implications for its use as a biological control agent against Homalodisca vitripennis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Biological Control 45, 344-352.
• Navajas M, Roderick GK (2008) Molecular diagnosis. (ed. Capinera JL) Encyclopedia of Entomology, pp. 191-196. Springer, Dordrecht.
• Roderick GK, Navajas M (2008) The primacy of evolution and biological control. In: Proceedings of the XII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (eds. Julien MH, Sforza R, Bon MC, Evans HC, Hatcher PE, Hinz HL, Rector BG), p. 411-177. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
• Roderick GK, Percy DM (2008) Host plant use, diversification, and coevolution: Insights from remote oceanic islands. (ed. Tilmon KJ) Specialization, Speciation, and Radiation. Evolutionary Biology of Herbivorous Insects, pp. 151-161. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07

Outputs
OUTPUTS: This project contains 3 elements, molecular genetics, databasing, and modeling. 1. Molecular Genetics. We continue to develop genetic methods for the studies of origins and biology non-indigenous, invasive (exotic) insects. Insects that we have worked with this year include a number of tephritid fruit flies, glassy-winged sharpshooter, Bemisia whiteflies, insect parasitoids used for biological control and a Pacific butterfly. We have developed methods to distinguish between ancient and recent (cryptic) invasions of insects and we have developed markers for new species. This work is in collaboration with Drs. J Brown (U Arizona), S Charlat (UCL UK), Y Chen (U Vt), M Hoddle (UC Riverside), G Hurst (UCL UK), R Messing and M Wright (U Hawaii), F Nardi (Siena, Italy), M Navajas (INRA, France), and D Yeates (CSIRO, Australia), 2. Database. We are continuing to develop a prototype of a database of exotic organisms, which includes exotic insect pests of California and the Pacific Rim, original and current distributions, as well as links to ecological and genetic data. This work is in collaboration with Drs. A Bohonak (San Diego State University), N Davies (UCB, Moorea), as well as database scientists with the UC Berkeley Natural History Museum and the Consortium for the Barcode of Life. We are using a Distributed Generic Information Retrieval (DiGIR) model in which different databases can be queried from a central location. To date, we have linked the Essig Museum (UC Berkeley), the Australian National Insect Collection, (CSIRO, Australia), and the Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 3. Modeling. We are building on our prior approach to analyze recent histories of populations using simulation studies. We are exploring the use of approximate Bayesian methods to estimate simultaneously relevant population parameters of population size and dispersal, with collaborators from INRA, France. PARTICIPANTS: see http://nature.berkeley.edu/~roderick TARGET AUDIENCES: Educational groups from K-12, Undergraduate, Graduate Public

Impacts
Methods and analytical methods have been developed for studying the biology and history of invasive insects that are economically important for agriculture, biodiversity, and human health. The approach uses molecular genetics, databases, and computer modeling.

Publications

• Charlat S, Davies N, Roderick GK, Hurst GDD (2007) Disrupting the timing of Wolbachia-induced male-killing. Biology Letters 3, 154-156.
• Charlat S, Hornett EA, Fullard JH, Davies N, Roderick GK, Wedell N, Hurst GDD (2007) Extraordinary flux in sex-ratio. Science 317, 214.
• Charlat S, Reuter M, Dyson EA, Hornett EA, Duplouy A, Davies N, Roderick GK, Wedell N, Hurst GDD (2007) Male-killing bacteria trigger a cycle of increasing male fatigue and female promiscuity. Current Biology 17, 273-27.
• Grandgirard J, Hoddle MS, Petit JN, Percy DM, Roderick GK, Davies N (2007) Pre-introductory risk assessment of Gonatocerus ashmeadi (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) for use as a classical biological control agent against Homalodisca vitripennis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in the Society Islands of French Polynesia. Biocontrol Science and Technology 17, 809-822.
• Grandgirard J, Hoddle MS, Triapitsyn SV, Petit JN, Roderick GK, Davies N (2007) First records of Gonatocerus dolichocerus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), Centrodora sp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), Chaetomymar sp. and Anagrus sp.(Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in French Polynesia with notes on egg parasitism of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis Germar (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 83, 177-184.
• Lozier JD, Roderick GK, Mills NJ (2007) Genetic evidence from mitochondrial, nuclear, and endosymbiont markers for the evolution of host pant associated species in the aphid genus Hyalopterus (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Evolution 61, 1353-1367.
• Roderick GK, Percy DM (2007) Host plant use, diversification, and coevolution: Insights from remote oceanic islands. In: Specialization, Speciation, and Radiation. Evolutionary Biology of Herbivorous Insects (ed. Tilmon KJ), pp. 151-161. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06

Outputs
This project contains 3 elements, molecular genetics, databasing, and modeling. 1. Molecular Genetics. We continue to develop genetic methods for the studies of origins and biology non-indigenous, invasive (exotic) insects. Insects that we have worked with this year include a number of tephritid fruit flies, glassy-winged sharpshooter, insect parasitoids used for biological control and a Pacific butterfly. We have developed methods to distinguish between ancient and recent (cryptic) invasions of insects and we have developed markers for new species. This work is in collaboration with Drs. J. Brown (U Arizona), S. Charlat (UCL UK), Y. Chen (IRRI), M. Hoddle (UC Riverside), G Hurst (UCL UK), R. Messing (U Hawaii), F. Nardi (Siena, Italy), M. Navajas (INRA, France), and D. Yeates (CSIRO, Australia), 2. Database. We are continuing to develop a prototype of a database of exotic organisms, which includes exotic insect pests of California and the Pacific Rim, original and current distributions, as well as links to ecological and genetic data. This work is in collaboration with Drs. A. Bohonak (San Diego State University), N. Davies (UCB, Moorea) as well as database scientists with the UC Berkeley Natural History Museum and the Consortium for the Barcode of Life. We are using a Distributed Generic Information Retrieval (DiGIR) model in which different databases can be queried from a central location. To date, we have linked the Essig Museum (UC Berkeley), the Australian National Insect Collection, (CSIRO, Australia), and the Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 3. Modeling. We are building on our prior approach to analyze recent histories of populations using simulation studies. We are continuing the use of approximate Bayesian methods to estimate simultaneously relevant population parameters of population size and dispersal.

Impacts
Methods and analytical methods have been developed for studying the biology and history of invasive insects that are economically important for agriculture, biodiversity, and human health. The approach uses molecular genetics, databases, and computer modeling.

Publications

• Charlat S, Engelstadter J, Dyson EA, Hornett EA, Duplouy A, Tortosa P, Davies N, Roderick GK, Wedell N, Hurst GDD (2006) Competing selfish genetic elements in the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina. Current Biology 16: 2453-2458.
• Chen YH, Opp SB, Berlocher SH, Roderick GK (2006) Are bottlenecks associated with colonization? Genetic diversity and diapause variaion of native and introduced Rhagoletis completa populations. Oecologia 149, 656-667.
• Douhovnikoff V, Nerney C, Roderick GK, Newton CH, Welter SC (2006) Isolation of nine microsatellite loci in Dolichogenidea homoeosomae (Hymenoptera) a parasitoid of the sunflower moth Homoeosoma electellum (Lepidoptera). Molecular Ecology Notes 6, 96-97.
• Epps CW, Palsboll PJ, Wehausen JD, Roderick GK, McCullough DR (2006) Elevation and connectivity define genetic refugia for mountain sheep as climate warms. Molecular Ecology 15: 4295-4302.
• Grandgirard J, Hoddle MS, Roderick GK, Petit JN, Percy D, Putoa R, Garnier C, Davies N (2006) Invasion of French Polynesia by the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae): A new threat to the South Pacific. Pacific Science 60, 429-438.
• Hoddle M, Grandgirard J, Petit JN, Roderick GK, Davies N (2006) Glassy-winged sharpshooter K.O.'ed -- first round -- in French Polynesia. Biocontrol News and Information 27, 47N-49N.
• Hornett EA, Charlat S, Duplouy AMR, Davies N, Roderick GK, Wedell N, Hurst GDD (2006) Evolution of male-killer suppression in a natural population. PLoS Biology 4, 1643-1648.
• Nardi F, Carapelli A, Vontas JG, Dallai R, Roderick GK, Frati F (2006) Geographical distribution and evolutionary history of organophosphate-resistant Ace alleles in the olive fly (Bactrocera oleae). Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 36, 593-602.
• Shapiro LH, Strazanac JS, Roderick GK (2006) Molecular phylogeny of Banza (Orthopera: Tettigoniidae), the endemic katydids of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41, 53-63.

Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05

Outputs
This project contains 3 elements, molecular genetics, databasing, and modeling. 1. Molecular Genetics. We continue to develop genetic methods for the studies of origins and biology non-indigenous, invasive (exotic) insects. Insects that we have worked with this year include a number of tephritid fruit flies (Medflies, Mexican fruit fly, walnut husk fly, pumpkin fruit fly, olive fly, flies in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex), rice brown planthopper, Argentine ant, glassy-winged sharpshooter, and some insect parasitoids used for biological control. We have developed methods to distinguish between ancient and recent (cryptic) invasions of insects and we have developed markers for new species. This work is in collaboration with Drs. J. Brown (U Arizona), Y. Chen (IRRI), M. Hoddle (UC Riverside), D. Yeates (CSIRO, Australia), R. Messing (U Hawaii), M. Navajas (INRA, France), and F. Nardi (Siena, Italy). 2. Database. We are continuing to develop a prototype of a database of exotic organisms which includes exotic insect pests of California and the Pacific Rim, original and current distributions, as well as links to ecological and genetic data. This work is in collaboration with Drs. A. Bohonak (San Diego State University), N. Davies (UCB, Moorea) as well as database scientists with the UC Berkeley Natural History Museum and the Consortium for the Barcode of Life. We are using a Distributed Generic Information Retrieval (DiGIR) model in which different databases can be queried from a central location. To date, we have linked the Essig Museum (UC Berkeley), the Australian National Insect Collection, (CSIRO, Australia), and the Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 3. Modeling. We are building on our prior approach to analyze recent histories of populations using simulation studies. We are continuing the use of approximate Bayesian methods to estimate simultaneously relevant population parameters of population size and dispersal.

Impacts
Methods and analytical methods have been developed for studying the biology and history of invasive insects that are economically important for agriculture, biodiversity, and human health. The approach uses molecular genetics, databases, and computer modeling.

Publications

• Charlat, S., Homett, E.A., Dyson, E.A., Ho, P.P.Y., Thi Loc, N., Schilthuizen, M., Davies, N., Roderick, G.K., Hurst, G.D.D. 2005. Prevalence and penetrance variation of male-killing Wolbachia across Indo-Pacific populations of the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina. Molecular Ecology 14: 3525-3530.
• Clarke, A.R., Armstrong, K.F., Carmichael, A.E., Milne, J.R., Raghu, S., Roderick, G.K., Yeates, D.K. 2005. Invasive phytophagous pests arising through a recent tropical evolutionary radiation: The Bactrocera dorsalis complex of tropical fruit flies. Annual Review of Entomology 50: 293-319.
• Davies, N., Roderick, G.K. 2005. Dipteran sex chromosomes in evolutionary developmental biology. In: Wiegmann B, Yeates D, editors. Evolutionary Biology of Flies. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 196-213.
• Drew, A.E., Roderick, G.K. 2005. Insect biodiversity on plant hybrids within the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Asteraceae: Heliantheae-Madiinae). Environmental Entomology 34, 1095-1108.
• Epps, C.W., Palsboll, P.J., Wehausen, J.D., Roderick, G.K., Ramey, II R.R., McCullough, D.R. 2005. Highways block gene flow and cause a rapid decline in genetic diversity of desert bighorn sheep. Ecology Letters 8, 1029-1038.
• Hufbauer, R.A., Roderick, G.K. 2005. Microevolution in biological control: mechanisms, patterns, and processes. Biological Control 35: 227-239.
• Lozier, J.D., Mills, N.J., Palsboll P.J., Roderick, G.K. 2005. Di- and tri-nucleotide repeat microsatellites isolated for the mealy plum aphid, Hyalopterus pruni. Molecular Ecology Notes 5: 499-501.
• Nardi, F., Crapelli, A., Dallai, R., Roderick, G.K., Frati, F. 2005. Population structure and colonization history of the olive fly, Bactrocera oleae (Diptera, Tephritidae). Molecular Ecology 14: 2729-2738.
• Navia, D., de Moraes, G.J., Roderick, G.K., Navajas, M. 2005. The invasive coconut mite Aceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae): origin and invasion sources inferred from mitochondrial (16S) and nuclear (ITS) sequences. Bulletin of Entomological Research 95, 505-516.
• Savolainen, V., Cowan, R.S., Vogler, A.P., Roderick, G.K. 2005. DNA barcoding of life. Papers of a Theme Issue. In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences, pp. 1803-1980. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences. 360 (1462).
• Savolainen, V., Cowan, R.S., Vogler, A.P., Roderick, G.K., Lane, R. 2005. Towards writing the encyclopaedia of life: an introduction to DNA barcoding. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences 360, 1805-1811.

Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04

Outputs
This project contains 3 elements, molecular genetics, databasing, and modeling. 1. Molecular Genetics. We continue to develop genetic methods for the studies of origins and biology of non-indigenous, invasive (exotic) insects. Insects that we have worked with this year include a number of tephritid fruit flies (Medflies, Mexican fruit fly, walnut husk fly, pumpkin fruit fly, olive fly, flies in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex), rice brown planthopper, Argentine ant, glassy-winged sharpshooter, and some insect parasitoids used for biological control. We have developed methods to distinguish between ancient and recent (cryptic) invasions of insects and we have developed markers for new species. This work is in collaboration with Drs. Y. Chen (IRRI), Dr. M. Hoddle (UC Riverside), D. Yeates (CSIRO, Australia), and F. Nardi (Siena, Italy). 2. Database. We are continuing to develop a prototype of a database of exotic organisms which includes exotic insect pests of California and the Pacific Rim, original and current distributions, as well as links to ecological and genetic data. This work is in collaboration with Drs. A. Bohonak (San Diego State University), N. Davies (UCB, Moorea) as well as database scientists with the UC Berkeley Natural History Museum. We are using a Distributed Generic Information Retrieval (DiGIR) model in which different databases can be queried from a central location. To date, we have linked the Essig Museum (UC Berkeley), the Australian National Insect Collection, (CSIRO, Australia), and the Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 3. Modeling. We are building on our prior approach to analyze recent histories of populations (available on the web at http://www.bio.sdsu.edu/pub/andy/ESP.html). We are continuing the use of approximate Bayesian methods to estimate simultaneously relevant population parameters of population size and dispersal.

Impacts
Methods and analytical methods have been developed for studying the biology and history of invasive insects that are economically important for agriculture, biodiversity, and human health. The approach uses molecular genetics, databases, and computer modeling.

Publications

• Armstrong, K.F., Roderick, G.K. 2004. Molecular markers in identification: lessons from the Tephritidae Proceedings of the XXII International Congress of Entomology. Brisbane, Australia.
• Claridge, E.M., Roderick, G.K., Gillespie, R.G. 2004. Pacific voyagers: the diversification & decline of Rhyncogonus (Curcullionidae: Coleptera) in the Pacific. Proceedings of the XXII International Congress of Entomology. Brisbane, Australia.
• Gillespie, R.G., Roderick, G.K. 2004. The adventure of few & gain of many: adaptive radiation of spiders & planthoppers on remote islands of the Pacific. Proceedings of the XXII International Congress of Entomology. Brisbane, Australia.
• Mun J-H, Song Y-H, Roderick G.K. 2004. Isolation and characterization of microsatellites in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stal. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology 43, 311-315.
• Rivera MAJ, Kelley CD, Roderick G.K. 2004. Subtle population genetic structure in the Hawaiian grouper, Epinephelus quernus (Serranidae) as revealed by mitochondrial DNA analyses. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 81, 449-468.
• Roderick G.K. 2004. Tracing the origin of pests and natural enemies: genetic and statistical approaches. In: Genetics, Evolution, and Biological Control (eds. Ehler LE, Sforza R, Mateille T), pp. 97-112. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
• Roderick, G.K., Hufbauer, R.A. 2004. Genetic, molecular, & analytical tools for refining classical biological control. Proceedings of the XXII International Congress of Entomology. Brisbane, Australia. Vandergast A, Gillespie R, Roderick GK 2004. Lava flow vs. gene flow: habitat fragmentation and genetic differentiation in Hawaiian Tetragnatha spiders. Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Arachnology, p. 176, Ghent University, Belgium.
• Vandergast AG, Gillespie RG, Roderick G.K. 2004. Influence of volcanic activity on the population genetic structure of Hawaiian Tetragnatha spiders: fragmentation, rapid population growth, and the potential for accelerated evolution. Molecular Ecology 13, 1729-1743.

Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03

Outputs
This project contains 3 elements, molecular genetics, databasing, and modeling. 1. Molecular Genetics. We continue to develop genetic methods for the studies of origins and biology of non-indigenous, invasive (exotic) insects. Insects that we have worked with this year include Medflies, Mexican fruit fly, walnut husk fly, pumpkin fruit fly, olive fly, other fruit flies in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex, rice brown planthopper, and Argentine ant. We were able to distinguish between ancient and cryptic invasions of insects and developed markers for new species. This work is in collaboration with postdocs, Drs. J-H Mun, P. dos Santos, A. Suarez, and Y. Chen. 2. Database. We are continuing to develop a prototype of a database of exotic organisms which will include exotic insect pests of California and the Pacific Rim, original and current distributions, as well as links to ecological and genetic data. This work is in collaboration with Drs. A. Bohonak (San Diego State University), N. Davies (UCB, Moorea) as well as database scientists with the UC Berkeley Natural History Museum. We are currently exploring a Distributed Generic Information Retrieval (DiGIR) prototype in which different databases can be queried from a central location. 3. Modeling. We are building on our prior approach to analyze recent histories of populations (available on the web at http://www.bio.sdsu.edu/pub/andy/ESP.html). We are initiating the use of approximate Bayesian methods to estimate relevant population parameters simultaneously.

Impacts
Methods and analytical methods have been developed for studying the biology and history of invasive insects that are economically important for agriculture, biodiversity, and human health. The approach uses molecular genetics, databases, and computer modeling.

Publications

• Hoddle, M., Davies, N., Roderick, G. K. 2003. Biological Control of Glassy-winged Sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Tahiti: A Proposal for the Importation and Release of Gonatocerus ashmeadi and G. trigutattus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). Report to Haut-Commissariat de la Republique en Polynesie Francaise. University of California, Berkeley.
• Mun, J.-H., Bohonak, A. J., Roderick, G. K. 2003. Population structure of the pumpkin fruit fly Bactrocera depressa (Tephritidae) in Korea and Japan: Pliocene allopatry or recent invasion? Molecular Ecology 12: 2941-2951.
• Mun, J.-H., Roderick, G. K. 2003. Isolation and characterization of microsatellites in the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens. Proceedings of the Korea-Japan Joint Conference on Applied Entomology and Zoology. pp. 126. Korean Society of Applied Entomology. Haeundae, Busan, Korea.
• Mun, J.-H., Bohonak, A. J., Roderick, G. K. 2003. Population structure of the pumpkin fruit fly Bactrocera depressa (Tephritidae) in Korea and Japan: Pliocene allopatry or recent invasion? Proceedings of the Korea-Japan Joint Conference on Applied Entomology and Zoology. pp. 14-15. Korean Society of Applied Entomology. Haeundae, Busan, Korea.
• Rivera, M. A. R., Graham, G. C., Roderick, G. K. 2003. Isolation and characterization of nine microsatellite loci from the Hawaiian grouper Epinephelus quernus (Serranidae) for population genetic analyses. Marine Biotechnology 5: 126-129.
• Roderick, G. K. 2003. Genetic Variation. In: V. H. Resh and R. Carde (eds.), Encyclopedia of Insects, pp. 478-481. Academic Press, San Diego.
• Roderick, G. K., A. Baco, Davies, N., S. Romano, S. Lack. 2003. Determining genotypes of coral vial molecular methods. In Davidson, K., Hamnett, M., Minato, C. (eds.) The First Four Years: Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative Research Program (1998-2002), pp. 31. Social Science Research Institute, University of Hawaii at Manoa.
• Roderick, G. K., Gillespie, R. G. 2003. Island biogeography and evolution. In: V. H. Resh and R. Carde (eds.), Encyclopedia of Insects, pp. 602-604. San Diego, New York.
• Roderick, G. K., Navajas, M. 2003. Genes in novel environments: Genetics and evolution in biological control. Nature Reviews Genetics 4: 889-899.
• Roderick, G. K., Garcia de Mendoza, L., Dively, G. P., Follett, P. A. 2003. Sperm precedence in Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): temporal variation assessed by neutral markers. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 96: 631-636.
• Roderick, G. K., Davies, N., Bohonak, A. J. 2000. The reality of genotyping populations. in Morse, J. G. and Dowell, R. V., (eds.) Proceedings of the 5th Exotic Fruit Fly Research Symposium, Regents of the University of California, Riverside. P. 8.
• Roderick, G. K., Davies, N., Bohonak, A. J., Vandergast, A., Fisher, E. and Carey, J. 2000. The California Fruit Fly Problem. in Morse, J. G. and Dowell, R. V., (eds.) Proceedings of the 5th Exotic Fruit Fly Research Symposium, Regents of the University of California, Riverside. P. 11.
• Zhu, M., Song, Y.-H., Uhm, K.-B., Turner, R. W., Lee, J.-H., Roderick, G. K. 2000. Simulation of the long range migration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal), by using a boundary layer atmospheric model and geographic information system. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 3:25-32.
• Roderick, G.K. 2003. Colonisation of the insular Pacific by herbivorous insect: the role of host shifts and dispersal. Proceedings of 9th Congress of the European Society of Evolutionary Biology. pp. 21.3. University of Leeds, UK.
• Taiti, S., Arnedo, M. A., Lew, S. E., Roderick, G. K. 2003. Evolution of terrestriality in Hawaiian species of the genus Ligia (Isopoda, Oniscidea). Crustaceana Monographs 2: 85-102.
• Vandergast, A. G., Roderick, G. K. 2003. Mermithid nematode parasitism of Hawaiian Tetragnatha spiders in a fragmented landscape. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 84: 128-136.
• Citations not included previously: Dos Santos, P., Roderick, G. K. 2002. Genetic differentiation in the Anastrepha fraterculus species group. International Society for Molecular Evolution (ISME)/Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution (SMBE) Proceedings. p. 295. Molecular Evolution: Evolution, Genomics, Bioinformatics. Sorrento, Italy.
• Gillespie, R. G., Roderick, G. K. 2002. Arthropods on islands: colonization, speciation, and conservation. Annual Review of Entomology 47: 595-632
• Kimbell, J. R., McFall-Ngai, M.J., Roderick, G. K. 2002. Two Genetically Distinct Populations of the Bobtail Squid, Euprymna scolopes, Exist on the Island of Oahu. Pacific Science. 56: 347-355.
• Rivera, M. A. R., Howarth, F.G., Taiti, S. Roderick, G. K. 2002. Evolution in Hawaiian cave-adapted isopods (Oniscidea: Philosciidae): vicariant speciation or adaptive shifts? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 25: 1-9.
• Roderick, G. K. 2002. Are flies model insect invaders? Genetics, ecology, behaviour, and adaptation. Proceedings of the 5th International Congress of Dipterology. pp. 205.University of Queensland, Brisbane.
• Roderick, G. K. 2002. Colonization of the Insular Pacific by Herbivorous Insects: The Role of Host Shifts and Dispersal. Proceedings of the Pacific Division, American Association for the Advancement of Science 21(1): 48.
• Roderick, G. K. 2002. Tracing the origin of pests and natural enemies: genetic and statistical approaches. Proceedings of The Role of Genetics and Evolution in Biological Control. Global IOBC Bulletin, Montpellier, France. 1: 55.
• Roderick, G. K., Bohonak, A. J. 2002. Database approaches for the study of invasive fruit fly pests. in Morse, J. G. and Dowell, R. V., (eds.) Proceedings of the 7th Exotic Fruit Fly Research Symposium, Regents of the University of California, Riverside.
• Davies, N., Roderick, G. K. 2001. Determining pathways of marine bioinvasion: genetical and statistical approaches. In: J. Pederson (ed.), Marine Bioinvasions, pp. 251-255. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
• Davies, N., Roderick, G. K. 2001. Genetics as an interdisciplinary tool for research in Polynesia. In Mulder, C., Drake, D., and Daugherty, C. eds., Ecology of Insular Biotas, Proceedings. P. 18. School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
• Mun, J-H., Song, Y-H., Roderick, G. K. 2001. Population structure of the pumpkin fruit fly Bactrocera depressa inferred from multiple gene sequences. In Azhar, ed., Ecology for a Dynamic and Borderless World. Proceedings of the 4th Asia Pacific Conference of Entomology. P. 33. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
• Mun, J-H., Song, Y-H., Heong, K-L., Roderick, G. K. 2001. Population structure of Asian rice pests, Nilaparvata lugens, Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera) and Cnaphalocrosis medinalis (Lepidoptera): A molecular approach. In Azhar, ed., Ecology for a Dynamic and Borderless World. Proceedings of the 4th Asia Pacific Conference of Entomology. P. 17. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
• Roderick, G. K. 2001. Repeated host shifts by plant-feeding insects: what is so unusual about the insular Pacific? In Mulder, C., Drake, D., and Daugherty, C. eds., Ecology of Insular Biotas, Proceedings. P. 38. School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
• Vandergast, A. G., Gillespie, R. G., Roderick, G. K. 2001. The genetic impacts of habitat fragmentation: lessons from Hawaiian kipuka. Society for Conservation Biology Meeting Abstracts. p. 190 [reviewed in Environment Hawaii]
• Bohonak, A. J., Roderick, G. K. 2000. IBD: Isolation by Distance, Ver. 1.0, Computer Program. UC, Berkeley. Available on the web (http://www.bio.sdsu.edu/pub/andy/ESP.html)
• Gillespie, R. G., Roderick, G. K., Arnedo, M. A., Shapiro, L., Bely, A. 2000. Spiders, planthoppers and flies: Expedition to Society and Marquesas Islands, June-July 2000. Report to Haut-Commissariat de la Republique en Polynesie Francaise. University of California, Berkeley.
• Mun, J.-H., Kim, J.-S., Song, Y.-H., Kim, T.-H., Roderick, G. K. 2000. Molecular genetic diagnosis of four fruit fly species (Tephritidae). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 3:89-94.

Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02

Outputs
This project contains 3 elements, molecular genetics, databasing, and modeling. 1. Molecular Genetics. We are continuing to develop genetic methods for the studies of origins and biology non-indigenous, invasive (exotic) insects. In addition to collecting data for nuclear intron sequences that we have used previously, we are exploring the use of other co-dominant nuclear markers, such as microsatellites (VNTR's) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP's). Insects that we have worked with this year include Medflies, Mexican fruit fly, walnut husk fly, pumpkin fruit fly, other fruit flies in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex, rice brown planthopper, and invasive ants. This work is in collaboration with postdocs, Drs. J-H Mun, P. dos Santos, A. Suarez, andY. Chen. 2. Database. We are continuing to develop a prototype of a database (Sun Sparc/Oracle) of exotic organisms which will include exotic insect pests of California and the Pacific Rim, original and current distributions, as well as links to ecological and genetic data. This work is in collaboration with Drs. A. Bohonak (San Diego State University) and N. Davies (UC Gump Lab, Moorea) as well as genetic database scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab. 3. Modeling. We have updated and distributed a computer program to analyze recent histories of populations (available on the web at http://www.bio.sdsu.edu/pub/andy/ESP.html). This program compares actual genetic diversity found in invading organisms to that from the simulations to assess critical features of biological invasions.

Impacts
Methods are developed for studying the biology and history of invasive insects that are economically important for agriculture, biodiversity, and human health. The approach uses molecular genetics, databases, and computer modeling.

Publications

• Bohonak A.J., Davies N., Villablanca F.X., and Roderick G.K. 2001. Invasion genetics of New World medflies: testing alternative colonization scenarios. Biological Invasions 3:103-111.
• Bohonak, A. J., and Roderick, G. K. 2001. Dispersal of invertebrates among temporary ponds: are genetic estimates accurate? Israel Journal of Zoology 47:367-386

Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01

Outputs
This project contains 3 elements, molecular genetics, databasing, and modeling. 1. Molecular Genetics. We are continuing to develop genetic methods for the studies of origins and biology non-indigenous, invasive (exotic) insects. In addition to collecting data for nuclear intron sequences that we have used previously, we are exploring the use of other co-dominant nuclear markers, such as microsatellites (VNTR's) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP's). Insects that we have worked with this year include Medflies, Mexican fruit fly, walnut husk fly, pumpkin fruit fly, other fruit flies in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex, and rice brown planthopper. This work is in collaboration with postdocs, Drs. J-H Mun, P. dos Santos, and Y. Chen. 2. Database. With a student, A. Vandergast, we have completed a database of all tephritid fruit fly captures in California. We are using GIS software (ArcView/ArcInfo) to analyze these captures. We also have now developed a prototype of a database (Sun Sparc/Oracle) of exotic organisms which will include exotic insect pests of California and the Pacific Rim, original and current distributions, as well as links to ecological and genetic data. This work is in collaboration with Drs. A. Bohonak (San Diego State University) and N. Davies (UC Gump Lab, Moorea) as well as genetic database scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab. 3. Modeling. We have updated and distributed a computer program to analyze recent histories of populations (ESP, now available in version 1.13 on the web at http://www.bio.sdsu.edu/pub/andy/ESP.html). This program compares actual genetic diversity found in invading organisms to that from the simulations to assess critical features of biological invasions.

Impacts
Methods are developed for studying the biology and history of invasive insects that are economically important for agriculture, biodiversity, and human health. The approach uses molecular genetics, databases, and computer modeling.

Publications

• Roderick, G.K. 2001. Repeated host shifts by plant-feeding insects: what is so unusual about the insular Pacific? In Mulder, C., Drake, D., and Daugherty, C. eds., Ecology of Insular Biotas, Proceedings. P. 38. School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
• Bohonak, A. J., and Roderick, G. K. 2001. ESP: Evolution in Simulated Populations. v. 1.13, Computer Program. Available online (http://www.bio.sdsu.edu/pub/andy/ESP.html)
• Davies, N., and Roderick, G.K. 2001. Determining the pathways of marine bioinvasion: genetical and statistical approaches. In: Pederson J (ed) Marine Bioinvasions. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, pp 251-5.
• Davies, N. and Roderick, G.K. 2001. Genetics as an interdisciplinary tool for research in Polynesia. In Mulder, C., Drake, D., and Daugherty, C. eds., Ecology of Insular Biotas, Proceedings. P. 18. School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
• Gillespie, R. G., Howarth, F. G., and Roderick, G. K. 2001. Adaptive Radiation. in Levin, S. A., (ed.) Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. pp. 25-44. Academic Press, New York. (should have been listed in 2001, not 2000).
• Mun, J-H., Song, Y-H., Jeong, K-L., and Roderick, G.K. 2001. Population structure of Asian rice pests, Nilaparvata lugens, Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera) and Cnaphalocrosis medinalis (Lepidoptera): A molecular approach. In Azhar, ed., Ecology for a Dynamic and Borderless World. Proceedings of the 4th Asia Pacific Conference of Entomology. P. 17. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
• Mun, J-H., Song, Y-H., and Roderick, G.K. 2001. Population structure of the pumpkin fruit fly Bactrocera depressa inferred from multiple gene sequences. In Azhar, ed., Ecology for a Dynamic and Borderless World. Proceedings of the 4th Asia Pacific Conference of Entomology. P. 33. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00

Outputs
Our work on this project has progressed along 3 avenues. 1. Molecular Genetics. We are continuing to develop genetic methods for the studies of exotic insects. In addition to nuclear intron sequences that we have used previously, we are exploring the use of other co-dominant nuclear markers, such as microsatellites. Insects that we have worked with this year include Medflies, Mexican fruit fly, walnut husk fly, pumpkin fruit fly, other fruit flies in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex, rice brown planthopper, and cotton boll weevil. Much of this work is in collaboration with postdocs, Drs. J.-H. Mun and P. dos Santos. 2. Database. With a student, A. Vandergast, we are digitizing all tephritid fruit fly captures in California. This work is nearly completed and we are now analyzing the spatial and temporal patterns of capture using GIS software (ArcView/ArcInfo). We are now also in the development phase of a database (Sun Sparc/Oracle) of exotic organisms which will include exotic insect pests of California and the Pacific Rim, original and current distributions, as well as links to ecological and genetic data. This work is in collaboration with Dr. A. Bohonak (San Diego State University) and N. Davies (UC Gump Lab, Moorea) as well as genetic database scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab. 3. Modeling. We have developed a computer program to analyze recent histories of populations (ESP, now available on the web at http://www.bio.sdsu.edu/pub/andy/ESP.html). By comparing actual genetic diversity found in invading organisms to that from the simulations, we can assess a number of critical features of biological invasions. We have used this program to test hypotheses about the number of invasions of Medfly into the new world. We have now hired a professional programmer to help with the database construction.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• Bohonak, A. J., and Roderick, G. K. 2000. ESP: Evolution in simulated populations, Ver. 1.0, Computer Program. Available online (http://www.bio.sdsu.edu/pub/andy/ESP.html), University of California, Berkeley.
• Gillespie, R. G., and Roderick, G. K. 2000. BOOK REVIEW. Endless Forms: Species and Speciation. D.J. Howard and S.H. Berlocher, eds. Heredity 84:269-270.
• Gillespie, R. G., Howarth, F. G., and Roderick, G. K. 2000. Adaptive Radiation. in Levin, S. A., (ed.) Encyclopedia of Biodiversity Academic Press, New York.

Progress 10/01/99 to 12/31/99

Outputs
We have initiated a database of exotic organisms which will include exotic insect pests of California and the Pacific Rim, original and current distributions, as well as links to ecological and genetic data. We are exploring how best to maintain this database on the web and what software we will need to make it searchable. We have developed a computer program to analyze recent histories of populations (ESP, now available on the web http://nature.berkeley.edu/evolab, with links to Bohonak). Based on ecological and historical data, this program simulates genealogies of organisms that would result from different alternative invasion histories. By comparing actual genetic diversity found in invading organisms to that from the simulations, we can assess a number of critical features of biological invasions. We have used this program to test hypotheses about the number of invasions of Medfly into the new world. We found that single invasions were highly unlikely under realistic assumptions about population size and history. We are now examining the history of Medflies caputered in California. At present, the methods are best suited for distinguishing single from multiple introductions and for testing hypotheses about the size of the founding population. We think the methods will also be applicable to a general set of questions concerning the history of populations.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• No publications reported this period