Progress 07/01/99 to 06/30/05
Outputs
Early work tested Watermark sensors for managing irrigation. Sensors were installed at three depths in an established alfalfa field irrigated by center pivot. Sensors were connected to an M.K.Hansen Company AM400 datalogger/display unit and to two Onset Computer Corp. HOBO dataloggers, where one HOBO was retrofitted to sequence channel excitation.. Both data logging systems (AM400 and HOBO) functioned well and performed as advertised. Measurements by the two systems coincided when soil water potentials were above -80 kPa. The display of the AM400 in the field was beneficial for irrigation decision-making. A Windows-based software program called REF-ET was developed for standardized calculations of reference evapotranspiration and was made available on the web site http://www.kimberly.uidaho.edu/ref-et/. REF-ET has been downloaded by more than 3000 professionals in more than 60 countries since February, 2000. Background work has involved developing the standardized ASCE
Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration method as part of the national ASCE-EWRI standardization effort. Comparative work has involved comparing estimates and measurements from lysimeter systems at Kimberly, Idaho and Bushland, Texas in cooperation with J.L. Wright and T.A. Howell of the USDA-ARS. The METRIC remote sensing algorithm (Mapping EvapoTranspiration at High Resolution with Internalized Calibration) has been developed for quantifying evapotranspiration (ET) over large land areas. METRIC has been implemented using both Landsat and MODIS satellite imagery and has been applied in Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, New Mexico, Florida and California. Various MODIS land surface temperature and reflectance products have been investigated for use and impacts of scan angle, data fallout, geolocation accuracy and multi-day compilation on energy balance applications have been quantified. Our conclusions are that MODIS images should be limited to scan angles less than about 15 degrees from
nadir to enable high accuracy in energy balance and ET determination. We also conclude that MODIS imagery, even though available on a three to four day basis (for narrowed scan angle) does not provide sufficient resolution (MODIS is 1 km for thermal data) for application in water rights management. The MODIS imagery is useful for assessing ET on irrigation project and subwatershed scales. ET maps based on Landsat images are superior to those from MODIS. We have concluded that the Landsat system, including high resolution thermal sensing, needs to be continued. Water quality samples were sampled during 2000-2005 from points along the Snake River of central southern Idaho and from return flow channels and wetlands entering the Snake from surface-irrigated tracts. Analyses included forms of nitrogen and phosphorus as well as sediment, pH, oxygen and temperature. Results are archived on the web at http://www.kimberly.uidaho.edu/midsnake/ Results show trends in water quality of the Snake
River within year and among years.
Impacts
We can now quantify evapotranspiration (ET) from large areas at 30 m resolution (using Landsat). Knowledge of ET on monthly and seasonal time scales has improved how states can manage water resources. The state of Idaho (and other users of satellite-based determination of ET) now have a much better foundation to determination hydrologic behavior. This stems from the reduction of unknown components of the total water balance of a region through improved knowledge of ET. In Idaho, ET information from METRIC has supported the following water management activities: Setting water budgets for hydrologic modeling; Estimating aquifer depletion; Supporting ground-water model calibration and operation; Estimating water use by irrigated agriculture; Monitoring compliance with water rights; Estimating historical water use for water rights buyouts; Water resources systems planning; Developing populations of crop coefficient curves and establish mean curves for specific areas;
Evaluating relative performance of irrigation districts and companies by comparing ET with diversions. The REF-ET software has been used to test and validate other ET software used by state agencies, federal government, universities and consulting firms. It has had substantial impact on encouraging standardization of the calculation of reference evapotranspiration, namely through the American Society of Civil Engineers and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.
Publications
- Allen, R.G., L.S. Pereira, M. Smith , D.Raes , and J.L. Wright. 2005. FAO-56 Dual Crop Coefficient Method for Estimating Evaporation from Soil and Application Extensions. J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg., ASCE 131(1):2-13.
- Allen, R.G., W.O. Pruitt, D. Raes , M. Smith , and L.S. Pereira. 2005. Estimating Evaporation from Bare Soil and the Crop Coefficient for the Initial Period using Common Soils Information. J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg., ASCE 131(1):14-23.
- Allen, R.G., Clemmens, A.J., Burt, C.M., Solomon, K., and OHalloran, T. 2005. Prediction Accuracy for Project-wide Evapotranspiration using Crop Coefficients and Reference Evapotranspiration. J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg, ASCE 131(1):24-36.
- Burt, C. M., Mutziger, A.J., Allen, R.G. and Howell, T.A. 2005. Evaporation Research: Review and Interpretation J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg, ASCE 131(1):37-58.
- Allen, R.G., W.O. Pruitt, J.L. Wright, T.A. Howell, F. Ventura, R. Snyder, D. Itenfisu, P. Steduto, J. Berengena, J. Baselga Yrisarry, M. Smith, L.S. Pereira, D. Raes, A. Perrier, I. Alves, I. Walter, R. Elliott. 2005. A recommendation on standardized surface resistance for hourly calculation of reference ETo by the FAO56 Penman-Monteith method. Agricultural Water Management. (on-line in Science direct).
- Mutziger, A.J., C.M. Burt, D.J. Howes, and R.G. Allen. 2005. Comparison of Measured and FAO-56 Modeled Evaporation from Bare Soil. J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg, ASCE 131(1):59-72.
- Bastiaanssen , W.G.M., E.J.M. Noordman , H. Pelgrum, G. Davids, B.P. Thoreson and R.G. Allen. 2005. SEBAL model with remotely sensed data to improve water resources management under actual field conditions. J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg, ASCE 131(1):85-93.
- Tasumi, M., R. G. Allen, R. Trezza, J. L. Wright. 2005. Satellite-based energy balance to assess within-population variance of crop coefficient curves, J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg, ASCE 131(1):94-109.
- Tasumi, M., R. Trezza , R.G. Allen and J. L. Wright. 2005. Operational aspects of satellite-based energy balance models for irrigated crops in the semi-arid U.S. J. Irrigation and Drainage Systems. 19:355-376.
- Allen, R.G., M.Tasumi, A.T. Morse, and R. Trezza. 2005. A Landsat-based Energy Balance and Evapotranspiration Model in Western US Water Rights Regulation and Planning. J. Irrigation and Drainage Systems. 19:251-268.
- De Bruin, H.A.R., O.K. Hartogensis, R.G. Allen and J.W.J.L. Kramer. 2005. Note on the regional advection perturbations in an irrigated desert (RAPID) experiment. Theor. and Applied Climatology 80:143-152 (DOI: 10.1007/s00704-004-0095-y)
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
The METRIC algorithm (Mapping EvapoTranspiration at High Resolution with Internalized Calibration) for estimating evapotranspiration (ET) for large land areas has been implemented using both Landsat and MODIS satellite imagery. Various MODIS land surface temperature and reflectance products have been investigated for use and impacts of scan angle, data fallout, geolocation accuracy and multi-day compilation on energy balance applications. Our conclusions are that MODIS images should be limited to scan angles less than about 15 degrees from nadir to enable high accuracy in energy balance and ET determination. We also conclude that MODIS imagery, even though available on a three to four day basis (for narrowed scan angle) does not provide sufficient resolution (MODIS is 1 km for thermal data) for application in water rights management. The MODIS imagery is useful for assessing ET on irrigation project and subwatershed scales. A series of crop coefficient (Kc)
populations, by crop, were derived from the METRIC-based ET maps for the Magic Valley area of south-central Idaho for year 2003, to complement a series previously derived for year 2000. The Kc populations are based on Landsat resolution (30 to 120 m) represent about 15,000 individual fields. The populations will be compared by crop between the two years and between types of irrigation systems (sprinkler vs. surface irrigation) to determine the influence of irrigation method on total ET. The comparisons between years also provides a good indication of how general Kc curves for large populations of fields vary from year to year. This is important in water management and irrigation scheduling programs. A Bowen ratio evaporation measuring system and a three-dimensional sonic anemometer system were collocated along the shore of the American Falls Reservoir in SE Idaho during 2004 to collect data on sensible heat flux (H), surface temperature and Bowen ratio (B) from the lake. The combined
systems enable the calculation of evaporation (E) from the lake as E = H/B. Ultimately the data, besides improving our ability to estimate E from the reservoir, will enable us to estimate the total net available energy at the water surface (Rn-Qw+G) where Rn is net radiation to the water body and Qw is the amount of radiative energy stored beneath the water surface and G is the heat energy transported to the surface. Water quality samples were sampled during 2004 from points along the Snake River of central southern Idaho and from return flow channels and wetlands entering the Snake from surface-irrigated tracts. Analyses included forms of nitrogen and phosphorus as well as sediment, pH, oxygen and temperature. Results are archived on the web at http://www.kimberly.uidaho.edu/midsnake/ Results show trends in water quality of the Snake River within year and among years.
Impacts
Improvements in predicting evapotranspiration (ET) help improve how we manage water resources and produce food. The ET maps generated by METRIC and SEBAL, because of the high Landsat resolution, show variation in ET within and among individual fields caused by crop type, farming practices, water availability, and irrigation management and uniformity. The Idaho Department of Water Resources (IDWR) has used the ET maps to identify ground-water pumpers who are out of compliance with stated ground-water pumping permits. The ET maps have been used to predict recharge to the Eastern Snake Plain ground-water aquifer that is of substantial importance to the economy of southern Idaho and to extend ground-water pumping data to the entire plain using correlation between METRIC ET for the pumping period and pumping measurements. METRIC applications in the Stanley and Lemhi River basins of Idaho has supported reductions in irrigation diversions to augment streamflows for
endangered species management. Better irrigation management reduces impacts on water quality as illustrated by the monitoring of river and return flows in south central Idaho. Monitoring of the Snake River has provided a baseline for comparing changes in water management practices over time. Development of standardized computer software for calculating reference ET has been welcomed by the irrigation and water management communities and has enabled the development and transfer of crop coefficients within the United States.
Publications
- Garcia, M., Raes, D., Allen, R.G., Herbas, C. 2004. Dynamics of reference evapotranspiration in the Bolivian highlands (Altiplano). Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 125(1-2): 67-82.
- Payero, J.O., Neale, C.M.U. Wright, J.L. and Allen, R.G. 2003. Guidelines for validating Bowen ratio data. Trans. ASAE 46(4): 1051-1060.
- Montague, T., Kjelgren, R. and Allen, R.G. 2004. Water loss estimates for five newly transplanted landscape tree species in an arid climate. J.Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.. (in press)
- Bastiaanssen, W.G.M., Allen, R.G., Droogers, P., D'Urso, G. and Steduto, P. 2004. Inserting mans irrigation and drainage wisdom into soil water flow models and bringing it back out: how far have we progressed? Chapter 9, pages 263-299 in Unsaturated-zone Modeling: Progress, Challenges and Applications, R.A. Feddes, G.H. de Rooij and J.C. van Dam (ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.
- Allen, R.G. 2004. Potential Evaporation. Entry in the Encyclopedia of Hydrological Science. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, London. 6 pages.
- Morse, A, Kramber, W.J., Allen, R.G. and Tasumi, M. 2004. Use of the METRIC evapotranspiration model to compute water use by irrigated agriculture in Idaho. IGARSS, Sept. 9-11. Anchorage. 6 pages.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Evapotranspiration (ET) in time and space is predicted for large areas using the METRIC satellite-image processing software (Mapping EvapoTranspiration at High Resolution with Internalized Calibration) of the University of Idaho. Work during 2003 improved prediction of ET for city and residential areas by improving means to predict aerodynamic roughness. Prediction of ET for Idaho sagebrush desert areas was improved by incorporating an excess aerodynamic resistance term to account for the impact of the sparse desert vegetation in shielding the surface from wind and aerodynamic transfer of sensible heat but allowing the penetration of solar radiation and resulting heating of soil. ET maps produced by METRIC have been used by the University of Idaho to predict water consumption from the Snake Plain aquifer of southeast Idaho and incidental recharge to the aquifer from irrigation diversions from the Snake River. Water consumption maps have been used by the Idaho
Department of Water Resources (IDWR) to improve water management of irrigation systems along the upper Salmon River to maintain higher in-stream flows for Salmon fish recovery. IDWR has used the ET maps to calibrate the MIKE-SHE hydrologic model to predict localized interaction between surface and groundwater systems. Crop coefficients (Kc) were derived from the METRIC-based ET maps for specific crop types in the Magic Valley area of south-central Idaho. Populations of Kc were analyzed by crop for about 4000 fields. Comparison of mean Kc curves by crop from METRIC with Kc curves reported in literature for southern Idaho showed good agreement for some crops and indicated the need to revise literature values for other crops to reflect current cropping practices and varieties. Water quality samples were collected during 2003 from points along the Snake River of central southern Idaho and from return flow channels entering the Snake from surface-irrigated tracts. Analyses include forms of
nitrogen and phosphorus as well as sediment, pH, oxygen and temperature. Results are archived at http://www.kimberly.uidaho.edu/midsnake/ Results show trends in water quality of the Snake River within and among years.
Impacts
Improvements in predicting evapotranspiration improve how we manage consumption and manipulation of water resources and how we produce food. Better irrigation management reduces impacts to water quality and quantities of river discharge. Derivation of ET crop coefficients from METRIC provides the means to describe mean coefficients and ET for large field populations of the same crop as well as population variance. This information improves how we schedule irrigation of individual fields and has modernized our inventory of crop coefficient curves. Monitoring of the Snake River has provided a baseline for comparing changes in water management practices over time. Verification and refinement of the METRIC satellite-image processing software provides the means for predicting evapotranspiration at high resolution for large land areas.
Publications
- Allen, R.G., L.S. Willardson, C.Burt, and A.J. Clemmens. 2003. Water Conservation Questions and Definitions from a Hydrologic Perspective. Proc. International Association Conference, San Diego, CA. 12 p. (on CD).
- Hargreaves, G.H. and R.G. Allen. 2003. History and evaluation of the Hargreaves evapotranspiration equation. J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg., ASCE. 129(1):53-63.
- Itenfisu, D. R.L. Elliott, R.G. Allen, I.A. Walter. 2003. Comparison of Reference Evapotranspiration Calculations as a Part of the ASCE Standardization Effort. J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg., ASCE. 129(6):440-448.
- Irmak, S., A. Irmak, J. Jones, T.A. Howell, J. Jacobs, R.G. Allen, A. Hoogenboom. 2003. Predicting Daily Net Radiation Using Minimum Climatological Data. J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg., ASCE. 129(4):256-269.
- Irmak, S., A. Irmak, R.G. Allen, and J. Jones. 2003. Solar and Net radiation-Based Equations to Estimate Reference Evapotranspiration in Humid Climates. J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg., ASCE. 129(5):336-347.
- Irmak, S., R.G. Allen, and E. B. Whitty. 2003. Daily Grass and Alfalfa-Reference Evapotranspiration Estimates and Alfalfa-to-Grass Evapotranspiration Ratios in Florida. J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg., ASCE. 129(5):360-370.
- McCabe, J., J. Ossa, R.G. Allen, B. Carleton, B. Carruthers, C. Corcos, T. A. Howell, R. Marlow, B. Mecham, T. L. Spofford. 2003. Turf and Landscape Irrigation Best Management Practices. September, 2003 edition. Irrigation Association, Water Management Committee. 48 pages. http://www.irrigation.org/PDF/IA_BMP_SEPT_2003_DRAFT.pdf
- McCabe, J., J. Ossa, R.G. Allen, B. Carleton, B. Carruthers, C. Corcos, T. A. Howell, R. Marlow, B. Mecham, T. L. Spofford. 2003. Landscape Irrigation Scheduling and Water Management: Practice Guidelines. September, 2003 edition. Irrigation Association,Water Management Committee. 188 pages. http://www.irrigation.org/PDF/IA_LIS_AND_WM_SEPT_2003_DRAFT.pdf
- Tasumi, M., R. Trezza, RG. Allen, and J.L. Wright. 2003. U.S. Validation Tests on the SEBAL Model for Evapotranspiration via Satellite. Proc. Int. Workshop on Use of Remote Sensing of Crop Evapotranspiration for Large Regions. 54th IEC Meeting of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID), Montpellier, France, Wednesday, 17 September, 2003. 13 pages. On web at: http://www.kimberly.uidaho.edu/water/montpellier/index.html
- Allen, R.G. 2003. Crop Coefficients. Chapter entry in the Water Encyclopedia. Dekker. 10 p.
- Allen, R.G. 2003. Soil Physics and Hydrology: Penman-Monteith Equation. Chapter entry in the Water Encyclopedia (manuscript no. 399). Elsevier Science, London. 17 p.
- Allen, R.G., M. Tasumi, and I.L.Torres; 2004; Investigations and refinements to the METRIC satellite image processing procedure for more accurate prediction of evapotranspiration from desert and cities; University of Idaho Research Report to the Idaho Department of Water Resources. 20 pages.
- Allen, R.G., I.A. Walter, R. Elliot, D. Itenfisu, P. Brown, M.E. Jensen, B. Mecham, T.A. Howell, R. Snyder, S. Eching, T. Spofford, M. Hattendorf, D. Martin, R.H. Cuenca, and J.L. Wright. 2003. The ASCE Standardized Reference Evapotranspiration Equation. Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Irrig. and Drain., USCID, May 11, 2003, Phoenix, AZ. 10 p. (on CD).
- Allen, R.G., A. Morse, and M.Tasumi. 2003. Application of SEBAL for Western US Water Rights Regulation and Planning. Proc. Int. Workshop on Use of Remote Sensing of Crop Evapotranspiration for Large Regions. 54th IEC Meeting of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID), Montpellier, France, Wednesday, 17 September, 2003. 13 pages. On web at: http://www.kimberly.uidaho.edu/water/montpellier/index.html
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Evapotranspiration (ET) maps have been created for the entire portion of southern Idaho during 2002. The maps are based on year 2000 Landsat imagery and cover the period from March through October, which is the full growing season. The ET maps were created using the satellite-based SEBAL algorithm (Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land). Maps have a 30 m x 30 m grid size. SEBAL was also applied to Landsat images during the late 1980's and early 1990's and compared with precision weighing lysimeter measurements of ET. Results were very good. SEBAL has been evaluated during the past year to demonstrate that atmospheric correction of both short and long-wave radiation is not essential to obtaining accurate results. Sensitivity analyses have shown the relatively broad range of estimates of aerodynamic roughness and leaf area indices that can be tolerated during the ET prediction process. Other extensions have included applications in mountainous terrain where
corrections for slope and aspect impacts on the total energy balance were refined. The Idaho Department of Water Resources (IDWR) has used the year 2000 maps as well as two ET maps for year 2002 to identify ground-water pumpers who are out of compliance with stated ground-water pumping permits. The ET maps have also been used as input for predicting recharge to the Eastern Snake Plain ground-water aquifer that is of substantial importance to the economy of southern Idaho. The ET maps show variation in ET within and among individual fields caused by crop type, farming practices, water availability, and irrigation management and uniformity. IDWR is also using ET maps created for the Boise River valley to assess the change in total water consumption (i.e., ET) when irrigated farmland is converted into residential land use. Water quality samples were collected during 2002 from points along the Snake River of central southern Idaho and from return flow channels entering the Snake from
surface-irrigated tracts. Analyses include forms of nitrogen and phosphorus as well as sediment, pH, oxygen and temperature. Results are archived at http://www.kimberly.uidaho.edu/midsnake/ Results show trends in water quality of the Snake River within and among years. Crop coefficients by Dr. J.L. Wright of the USDA-ARS at Kimberly have been converted for use with the recently developed ASCE standardized Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration method.
Impacts
Improvements in predicting evapotranspiration improve how we manage water resources and produce food. Better irrigation management reduces impacts on water quality and quantity of river discharge. Monitoring of the Snake River has provided a baseline for comparing changes in water management practices over time. Verification and refinement of SEBAL provides the means for predicting evapotranspiration with high resolution for large land areas.
Publications
- Droogers, P. and R.G. Allen. 2002. Estimating reference evapotranspiration under inaccurate data conditions. Irrigation and Drainage Systems (16):33-45
- Allen, R.G., A. Morse, M. Tasumi, R. Trezza, W. Bastiaanssen, J.L. Wright, and W. Kramber. 2002. Evapotranspiration from a Satellite-Based Surface Energy Balance for the Snake Plain Aquifer in Idaho. Proceedings of the 2002 USCID/EWRI Conference, San Luis Obispo, July 9-12, 2002. p. 167-178.
- Robison, C.W., Allen, R.G., and R. Merkle. 2002. Water Quality of Surface Irrigation Returns in Southern Idaho. Proceedings of the 2002 USCID/EWRI Conference, San Luis Obispo, July 9-12, 2002. p. 243-252.
- Taha, S., Allen, R.G., A. Morse, K. Jacobi, and Eduard Qankor. 2002. Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirements for Jordan's National Water Master Plan: GIS-Based ET Calculations. Proceedings of the 2002 USCID/EWRI Conference, San Luis Obispo, July 9-12, 2002. p. 353-366.
- Allen, R.G., P. Droogers, and G. Hargreaves. 2002. Predicting Reference Crop Evapotranspiration with Arid Weather Data. Proceedings of the 2002 ICID Conference, Montreal, Canada, July, 2002. CD-ROM
- Allen, R.G., W. Bastiaanssen, J.L. Wright, A. Morse, M. Tasumi, and R. Trezza. 2002. Evapotranspiration from Satellite Images for Water Management and Hydrologic Balances Proceedings of the 2002 ICID Conference, Montreal, Canada, July, 2002. CD-ROM
- McCabe, J.F., D.W. Smith, and R.G. Allen. 2002. Practical applications of landscape irrigation water management. Proceedings of the Technical Program of the Annual International Meeting of the Irrigation Association, Oct. 24-26, New Orleans. 8 pages. CD-ROM
- Morse, A., W. Kramber, and R.G. Allen. 2003. Application of the SEBAL Methodology for Estimating Evapotranspiration and Consumptive Use of Water Through Remote Sensing, Part III: Application to all of southern Idaho. Submitted to The Raytheon Systems Company Earth Observation System Data and Information System Project. 89 pages.
- Tasumi, M. 2003. Progress in operational estimation of regional evapotranspiration using satellite imagery. Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Idaho. 216 p.
- Trezza, R. 2002. Evapotranspiration using a satellite-based surface energy balance with standardized ground control. Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Biological and Irrigation Engineering, Utah State University. 291 p.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
The satellite-based SEBAL algorithm (Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land), for predicting evapotranspiration (ET), was applied to Landsat 5 images for the Kimberly, Idaho area (path 40 row 30) for 8 dates in 1989. Predictions were compared to ET measured by precision lysimeter for a sugar beet crop (data from Dr. J.L. Wright of USDA-ARS). Accuracy averaged 14% and was within 6% for four of the dates during the growing season. ET for the April - September period by SEBAL for the pixels of the beet field averaged 714 mm whereas ET from lysimeter totaled 718 mm, a difference of less than 1%. These results are remarkable, as the SEBAL application was independent of the lysimeter field data. SEBAL was enhanced to extrapolate instantaneous ET from the satellite image to 24-hour and longer periods using a crop coefficient (Kc) where Kc = ET / ETr rather than the evaporative fraction (EF) formerly used. ETr enabled consideration of advective afternoon conditions and
effects. ET and Kc maps are on a 30 m x 30 m grid size. SEBAL was applied to 12 images for year 2000 for a land area in southern Idaho containing Landsat paths 39 and 40 and rows 29, 30 and 31 and the Eastern Snake Plain ground-water aquifer that is of substantial importance to the economy of southern Idaho. Images were processed from both Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 satellites to increase the number of images available. Often, images were available where the dates for adjacent paths were separated by only one day by obtaining Landsat 5 images for one path and Landsat 7 images for the adjacent path. Landsat 5 images were of immense value in providing ET for similar periods between paths. The generated ET maps show variation in ET within and among individual fields caused by crop type, farming practices, water availability, and irrigation management and uniformity. The maps will be used by the State of Idaho to predict recharge of irrigation water to the aquifer and to extend ground-water
pumping data to the entire plain using correlation between SEBAL ET for the pumping period and pumping measurements. Water quality samples were collected during 2001 from points along the Snake River of central southern Idaho and from return flow channels entering the Snake from surface-irrigated tracts. Wetlands were also sampled. Analyses include forms of nitrogen and phosphorus as well as sediment, pH, oxygen and temperature. Results are archived at http://www.kimberly.uidaho.edu/midsnake/ Results show trends in water quality of the Snake River within and among years. Wetlands are shown to have a generally favorable impact on polishing irrigation return flows. Work was completed on a report for the American Society of Civil Engineers - Environmental and Water Resources Institute on Standardized Calculation of Reference ET. The report contains all necessary equations for the standardized calculation as well as procedures for assessing quality, integrity and representativeness of
agricultural weather data. The report is complemented by the REF-ET reference ET calculation software that is housed at the University of Idaho web site http://www.kimberly.uidaho.edu/
Impacts
Improvements in predicting evapotranspiration improve how we manage water resources and produce food. Better irrigation management reduces impacts on water quality and quantity of river discharge. Monitoring of the Snake River has provided a baseline for comparing changes in water management practices over time. Verification and refinement of SEBAL provides the means for predicting ET with high resolution for large land areas.
Publications
- Annandale, J.G., Jovanovic, N.Z., Benade, N. and Allen, R.G. 2001. User-friendly software for calculation and missing data error analysis of FAO 56-standardized Penman-Monteith daily reference crop evaporation. Irrigation Science. Published on-line at http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00271/
- Allen, R.G. 2001. Crop Coefficients. Chapter entry in the Water Encyclopedia. Dekker.
- Jovanovic, N.Z., Annandale, J.G., Benade, N. and Allen, R.G. 2001. User-friendly software for calculation and missing data error analysis of FAO-56 standardized Penman-Monteith daily reference crop evaporation. Joint Congress of the South African Soc. of Crop Production, South African Weed Science Soc., and the Soil Science Soc. of South Africa., Jan. 2001, Pretoria, SA.
- Allen, R.G., Tasumi, M., Morse, A., Bastiaanssen, W., Kramber, W. and Anderson, H. 2001. Evapotranspiration from Landsat (SEBAL): Applications in the U.S. Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, Seoul, Korea, Sept 20., 2001. 10 p, on CD-ROM
- Allen, R.G., Bastiaanssen, W., Tasumi, M. and Morse, A. 2001. Evapotranspiration on the Watershed Scale Using the SEBAL Model and Landsat Images. ASAE Paper Number: 01-2224, presented at the 2001 ASAE Annual International Meeting, Sacramento, California, USA, July 30-August 1, 2001, 7 pages, on CD-ROM.
- Allen, R.G., Morse, A., Tasumi, M., Bastiaanssen, W. Kramber, W. and Anderson, H. 2001. Evapotranspiration from Landsat (SEBAL) for Water Rights Management and Compliance with Multi-State Water Compacts. IGARSS, July 9-14. Sydney, Australia. 6 pages.
- Allen, R.G. and Morse, A. 2001. Remote Sensing Technology: Evapotranspiration from Landsat Images - SEBAL, its Application for Water Rights Management and Compliance within Multi-State Water Compacts. New Mexico Water Law Conference, Santa Fe., Aug. 9-10. 7 p.
- Allen, R.G., Carleton, B., Carruthers, B., Howell, T.A., Marlow, R., McCabe, J., Mecham, B., Ossa, J. Spofford, T.L. 2001. Turf and Landscape Irrigation Best Management Practices. Report of the Water Management Committee of The Irrigation Association. 98 pages.
- Morse, A., Allen, R.G., Tasumi, M., Kramber, W.J. and Wright, J.L. 2001. Application of the SEBAL Methodology for Estimating Evapotranspiration and Consumptive Use of Water Through Remote Sensing, Part I: Summary Report. Submitted to The Raytheon Systems Company Earth Observation System Data and Information System Project. 45 pages.
- Allen, R.G., Tasumi, M., Trezza, R., Wright, J.L., Morse, A. and Kramber, W.J. 2001. Application of the SEBAL Methodology for Estimating Evapotranspiration and Consumptive Use of Water Through Remote Sensing, Part II: Details on Validation with Lysimetes and Application to the Eastern Snake River Plain of Idaho. Submitted to The Raytheon Systems Company Earth Observation System Data and Information System Project. 89 pages.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Watermark sensors were installed at three depths in an established alfalfa field during 2000 that was irrigated by center pivot. Sensors were connected to an M.K.Hansen Company AM400 datalogger/display unit and to two Onset Computer Corp. HOBO dataloggers, where one was retrofitted to sequence channel exitation. Both data logging systems (AM400 and HOBO) functioned well during the growing season and performed as advertised. Measurements by the two systems coincided when soil water potentials were above about -80 kPa. The AM400's display of data in the field was beneficial for irrigation decision-making. Current measurement of soil water potential and 35-day history showing trends were useful. A Windows-based software program called REF-ET was developed for standardized calculations of reference evapotranspiration and was made available on the web site http://www.kimberly.uidaho.edu/ref-et/. REF-ET has been downloaded by over 300 professionals in more than 40 countries
since February, 2000. Ratios of reference evapotranspiration for alfalfa (ETr) and for grass (ETo) were evaluated using measured ETr and ETo from lysimeter systems at Kimberly, Idaho and Bushland, Texas. Ratios were also evaluated using estimates by the Kimberly Penman and standardized ASCE Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration methods. The ASCE-PM and Kimberly Penman methods predicted differently for both ETr and ETo so that ratios of ETr/ETo computed from both methods behaved differently. Ratios of ETr/ETo from lysimeter measurements averaged 1.15 at both locations. The Landsat satellite-based SEBAL algorithm (Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land) for predicting evapotranspiration (ET) for large land areas was applied to the Bear River basin of southeastern Idaho. Predictions were compared to lysimeter measured ET. Refinements were made for predicting ET in mountains and evaporation from lakes. Accuracy of individual monthly images averaged 15% and was within 4% over a four month
period. The generated ET maps are used to assess compliance with the three-state Bear River Compact and to monitor water rights and ground-water depletion. Water quality samples were collected during 2000 from points along the Snake River of central southern Idaho and from return flow channels entering the Snake from surface-irrigated tracts. Inflows and outflows from wetlands were also sampled. Analyses included forms of nitrogen and phosphorus as well as sediment, pH, oxygen and temperature. Results are archived on the web at http://www.kimberly.uidaho.edu/midsnake/ Results show trends in water quality of the Snake River within year and among years. Wetlands are shown to have a generally favorable impact on polishing irrigation return flows.
Impacts
Improvements in predicting evapotranspiration help to improve how we manage water resources and produce food. Better irrigation management can reduce impacts on water quality. Monitoring of the Snake River has provided a baseline for comparing changes in water management practices over time.
Publications
- Allen, R.G. 2000. Using the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient method over an irrigated region as part of an evapotranspiration intercomparison study. J. Hydrology 229(1-2):27-41.
- Allen, R.G., M. Smith, L.S. Pereira, D. Raes, and J.L. Wright. 2000. Revised FAO procedures for calculating evapotranspiration - Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56 with testing in Idaho. ASCE Watershed Management 2000. Ft. Collins, CO, 6/20/2000 - 6/24/2000. 10 p. on CD ROM.
- Walter, I.A., R.G. Allen, R. Elliott, M.E. Jensen, D. Itenfisu, B. Mecham, T.A. Howell, R. Snyder, P. Brown, S. Echings, T. Spofford, M. Hattendorf, R.H. Cuenca, J.L. Wright, and D. Martin. 2000. ASCE's Standardized Reference Evapotranspiration Equation. ASCE Watershed Management 2000. Ft. Collins, CO, 6/20/2000 - 6/24/2000. 10 p. on CD-ROM.
- Allen, R.G. 2000. REF-ET Standardized Reference Evapotranspiration computer model, Windows Version: User's Manual. University of Idaho, Research and Extension Center, Kimberly, ID 83341, 70 p. http://www.kimberly.uidaho.edu/ref-et/
- Allen, R.G. 2000. Summary of M.K. Hansen AM400 and Onset HOBO Datalogger and Watermark Sensor Deminstration and Testing near Twin Falls, Idaho during 2000. Univ. Idaho research completion report to Idaho Department of Water Resources. 15 p.
- Morse, A., M. Tasumi, R.G. Allen, W.J. Kramber. 2000. Application of the SEBAL Methodology for Estimating Consumptive Use of Water and Streamflow Depletion in the Bear River Basin of Idaho through Remote Sensing, Final Report, Phase I, submitted to The Raytheon Systems Company, Earth Observation System Data and Information System Project. 107 p.
- Allen, R.G., J.L. Wright, D. Yonts. 2000. Irrigation to Maximize Bean Production and Water Use Efficiency. p. 71-92 in Singh, S.P. (ed.) Bean Research, Production and Utilization. Proceedings of the Idaho Bean Workshop, Twin Falls, ID, August 3, 2000. Jensen, M.E. and R.G. Allen. 2000. Evolution of practical ET estimating methods. Pages 52-65 in Evans, R.G., B.L. Benham, and T.P. Trooien (ed.) Proceedings of the National Irrigation Symposium, ASAE, Nov. 14-16, 2000, Phoenix, AZ.
- Allen, R.G. I.A. Walter, R. Elliott, B. Mecham, M.E. Jensen, D. Itenfisu, T.A. Howell, R. Snyder, P. Brown, S. Echings, T. Spofford, M. Hattendorf, R.H. Cuenca, J.L. Wright, D. Martin. 2000. Issues, Requirements and Challenges in Selecting and Specifying a Standardized ET Equation. pages 201-208 in Evans, R.G., B.L. Benham, and T.P. Trooien (ed.) Proceedings of the National Irrigation Symposium, ASAE, Nov. 14-16, 2000, Phoenix, AZ.
- Walter, I.A. R.G. Allen, R. Elliott, B. Mecham, M.E. Jensen, D. Itenfisu, T.A. Howell, R. Snyder, P. Brown, S. Echings, T. Spofford, M. Hattendorf, R.H. Cuenca, J.L. Right, D. Martin. 2000. ASCE Standardized Reference Evapotranspiration Equation. pages 209-215 in Evans, R.G., B.L. Benham, and T.P. Trooien (ed.) Proceedings of the National Irrigation Symposium, ASAE, Nov. 14-16, 2000, Phoenix, AZ.
- Itenfisu, D., R.L. Elliott, R.G. Allen, I.A. Walter. 2000. Comparison of Reference Evapotranspiration Calculations Across a Range of Climates. pages 216-227 in Evans, R.G., B.L. Benham, and T.P. Trooien (ed.) Proceedings of the National Irrigation Symposium, ASAE, Nov. 14-16, 2000, Phoenix, AZ.
- Wright, J.L., R.G. Allen, T.A. Howell. 2000. Comparison Between Evapotranspiration References and Methods. pages 251-259 in Evans, R.G., B.L. Benham, and T.P. Trooien (ed.) Proceedings of the National Irrigation Symposium, ASAE, Nov. 14-16, 2000, Phoenix, AZ.
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