Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/04
Outputs
During this project, we elucidated various aspects of soybean quality and agronomic traits, and developed new varieties with these traits. Protein concentrations among lines within 5 crosses in the first year of this project ranged from 472-375 grams per kilogram, and we confirmed transgressive segregation for protein concentrations in 26-38% of the lines from two crosses. We concluded that using two-parent crosses to developing high yielding soybean cultivars without seriously restricting oil and seed yields can be successful. We used these lines as parents to develop new varieties which, in 2004, were as high as 533 grams per kilogram protein. In 2001, the second year of the project, we found broad sense heritability estimates of 0.3-0.88 for protein, 0.2-0.84 for oil, and 0.49-0.8 for seed yield. Non-significant correlations between protein and yield (0.01-0.33) in this study indicated that we might be able to improve seed yield and protein separately without
detriment to each other. Results in 2001 showed up to 23% of the progeny from some crosses had protein concentrations greater than the high protein parent. We selected progeny that had 426-431 grams per kilogram protein and ranked in the top 25% yield bracket. In the third year of the project (2002), we initiated breeding to modify fatty acid concentrations by developing populations with as low as 26 grams per kilogram linolenic acid. We also advanced protein to 460-520 grams per kilogram on a dry matter basis, an increase of about 50 grams per kilogram over normal soybeans without detriment to yield. In year four (2003) we continued to improve the disease resistance by combining Rps1-k with Rps6 gene for phytophthora root rot, and selecting for improved soybean cyst nematode (SCN) resistance. We used marker assisted selection with micro-sattelites (Satt 275, Satt 210, Satt 168, and Satt 309) to identify high yielding Roundup Ready SCN lines, which are currently undergoing breeders
seed production. In 2003 we began to use parents with 1% linolenic acid and less than 7% saturated fatty acids to develop modified fatty acid populations. In 2003 we offered 2 conventional and 13 Roundup Ready high yielding lines for foundation seed increase. In 2004, one Roundup Ready variety with improved yields was approved to be offered to growers on a limited basis in 2005. One conventional variety with improved yields and disease resistance was approved for release to growers in 2005. During the life of this 5-yr project we released 3 new varieties (Spink, SD1091RR, and SD1081RR). From final selections in 2004, 3 Roundup Ready lines will be further increased with intent to release in 2006, and 2 with intent to release in 2007. One conventional line will be further increased with intent to release in 2006. This 5-yr project met the original objectives in improving various agronomic traits and releasing improved varieties adapted to SD.
Impacts
High yielding, high quality soybeans with effective disease resistance genes are needed to address the changing consumer, processor and producer needs. The project will provide new varieties to meet the needs of all groups served by the SD Agricultural Experiment Station.
Publications
- Hansen, S,A., R.A. Scott, J.D. Smolick, and C. Carter. 2004. SSR markers associated with resistance in South Dakota soybean breeding lines. In: Abstract of Soy 2004 10th Biennial Conference of the Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Soybean. August 8-11, 2004, Columbia, MO. P. 61.
- Sauer, M.A., R.A. Scott, and T.M. Cheesbrough. 2004. Genetic control of three enzymes of the fatty acid pathway in soybean. In: Abstract of Soy 2004 10th Biennial Conference of the Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Soybean. August 8-11, 2004, Columbia, MO. p 90.
- Sauer, M.A.,T.M. Cheesbrough, and R.A. Scott. 2004. Genetic Control of Three Enzymes of Soybean Fatty Acid Metabolism. In 2004 Agronomy Abstracts. Number 4396, Div. C-2, Nov 5, 2004. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Scott, R. A., C. Reese, and J.J. Doolittle. 2004. Agronomic issues associated with soybean iron deficiency chlorosis. In Abstract of VII World Soybean Research Conference. February 29-March 5, 2004, Foz do Iguassu, PR, Brazil. p 257.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
This project was designed to develop productive, high quality soybeans for SD, and conduct agronomic and genetic research to support the breeding program, while promoting good production practices for growers. In 2003 we continued to improve the disease resistance by combining Rps1-k with Rps6 gene for phytophthora root rot, and selecting for improved soybean cyst nematode (SCN) resistance. For SCN resistance we used marker assisted selection using Satt 275, Satt 210, Satt 168, and Satt 309 to identify 6 high yielding Roundup Ready SCN lines, which are now undergoing breeders seed production. The major focus in 2003 was on improving yield, protein and oil traits in the Roundup Ready backgrounds. We continued to develop both conventional and Roundup Ready varieties with modified fatty acid profiles. We initiated a program to develop low phytate soybean, by backcrossing low phytate genes into adapted high protein conventional and Roundup Ready lines. We also crossed
lines with 1-2% linoleic acid and less than 7% saturates with high yielding conventional and Roundup Ready lines to modify fatty acid profiles. Fatty acid profiles of modified lines are currently being evaluated. We continued to develop the mid-oleic lines, which are now being evaluated. Protein concentrations of our most advanced Roundup Ready lines tested in 2003 were 410-456 g/kg, while conventional lines were 400-480 g/kg on dry weight basis. In 2003 Roundup Ready lines that we entered in the Uniform Soybean Tests Northern Region standard variety trials consisted of 12 group 0, 14 group 1, and 13 group 2 lines. Yields of group 0 lines in these tests were 2150-2620 k/ha, compared the check mean of 2486 kg/ha. Yields of group 1 were 2150-2486 kg/ha, compared to the check mean of 2486 kg/ha. Yields of group 2 lines were 2821-3359 kg/ha, compared to a check mean of 3292 kg/ha. In 2003, 15 Roundup ready, and 3 conventional lines were entered into a winter nursery for preliminary
increase. Of the Roundup Ready lines, 6 were SCN resistant lines. In the Northern Regional Quality Traits Test, we entered 6 group 0, 9 group 1, and 11 group 2 high protein lines. In group 0, two lines ranked in the top 25% for yield across 7 environments, with 2620-2755 kg/ha. Protein concentrations of SD group 0 lines in the quality traits test were 380-421 g/kg, compared to the standard check of 370 g/kg 13% moisture basis. In group 1 test, 4 lines ranked in the top 25% for yield across 9 environments (2721-3097 kg/ha, compared to a check mean of 2768 kg/ha). Protein concentrations of the top yielding lines, (two of which were Roundup Ready), were 388-415 g/kg on 13% moisture basis. Average mean protein of 3 standard checks was 359 g/kg. In group 2, two lines ranked in the top 25% with yields of 3110-3286 kg/ha, compared to check mean yields of 3091 kg/ha. Protein concentrations of lines in the top yield group were 348-366 g/kg, compared to check mean of 355 g/kg. In 2003, we
screened about 2000 lines for phytophthora root rot. About 75% of the lines we tested in the Regional Trials contained the Rps1-k gene for Phytophthora root rot resistance.
Impacts
High yielding, high quality soybeans with effective disease resistance genes are needed to address the changing consumer, processor and producer needs. The project will provide new varieties to meet the needs of all groups served by the SD Agricultural Experiment Station.
Publications
- Reese, C.D., R. A. Scott, and M.L. Sauer. 2003. Phytophthora root rot screening using germination paper in the laboratory. In 2003 Agronomy Abstracts. Number 821, Div. C-1, Nov 4, 2003. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Sauer, M.L.A., R.A.Scott, and T.M. Cheesbrough. 2003. Fatty acid variation in three soybean crosses. In 2003 Agronomy Abstracts. Number 937, Div. C-1, Nov 5, 2003. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Scott, R.A., C.D. Reese, J.J. Doolittle, and D, Paquier. 2003. Plant and soil characteristics associated with iron chlorosis tolerance. In 2003 Agronomy Abstracts. Number 803, Div. C-2, Nov 5, 2003. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Hansen, S., C. Carter, R. Scott, B. Turnipseed, P. Krishnan, and R. Thaler. 2003. Soybean transgene detection and dispersal in field, feed, and food. In 2003 Agronomy Abstracts. Number 413, Div. C-3, Nov 5, 2003. ASA, Madison, WI.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
The objectives of this project were to develop high yielding soybean varieties for South Dakota and conduct genetic and agronomic research to enhance the value of the soybean crop. In 2002 we focused on updating existing varieties by adding additional phytophthora genes. In response to spreading of soybean cyst nematode in SD, we also combined phytophthora and soybean cyst nematode resistance in the some backgrounds. Initial increase of conventional high protein varieties was completed, and populations were initiated to develop high protein Roundup Ready varieties. We continued to use the high protein populations to investigate amino acid concentration issues. Fatty acid improvement became more important in 2002, and populations were developed to select lines with low linolenic acid. Crosses also were made to combine low linolenic acid with low saturated, and mid oleic traits. In 2002 we released 'Spink', a group 0 conventional variety, and `SD1081RR, a group 0
Roundup Ready variety. High protein group 0 and 00 varieties ranged from 470-510 grams per kilogram protein (dry weight basis). The best 00 variety was similar in yield, 30 grams per kilogram higher in protein, and only 10 grams per kilogram lower in oil than `Traill' in four SD environments. Group 2 varieties ranged from 460-520 grams per kilogram protein (dry weight basis). The best variety was similar in yield to IA2021, 50 grams per kilogram higher in protein, and 20 grams per kilogram lower in oil in 4 SD environments. In seven environments across the region, yields among SD high protein group 0-II varieties ranged from 2889-3091 kilograms per hectare with 460-510 grams per kilogram protein, compared to 2553-3494 kilograms per hectare with 380-440grams per kilogram protein for check varieties, respectively. Linolenic acid concentration among 418 lines ranged from 26-130 grams per kilogram, compared to 39 grams per kilogram for the low check. Agronomic traits and yield were
acceptable in lines with 26-36 grams per kilogram linolenic acid. The lowest lines were 90 grams per kilogram lower than the adapted SD parent used in these crosses. These are being combined with low saturated and mid oleic traits. In 2002, at least five lines were identified that enhances the estimated processed value of soybeans in SD, and will be of economic benefit both to producers and processors. When comparing these lines to existing varieties grown in SD, protein has been increased by about 50grams per kilogram, while not significantly lowering yield and oil.
Impacts
Improvement of existing varieties to reflect changing grower, processor, and consumer needs continued within the goals of this project. Resulting high protein varieties are being increased, and will help to change the perceived low quality soybeans from South Dakota.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
This project was initiated to develop soybean varieties for South Dakota and conduct supporting genetic and agronomic research. In response to grower demands arising from changes in weed management practices, the variety development efforts emphasized conversion of a large part of the breeding program from non-herbicide (conventional) to glyphosate-tolerant variety development. A significant part of our efforts was spent breeding for resistance to phytophthora root rot to combine multiple resistant genes in each variety. We also focused on soybean cyst nematode resistance, especially in the group 0 and group I varieties, since spread of SCN has been towards the north and central where these groups are grown. In the conventional program, we continued development of high yield, high protein general-use varieties, focusing on estimated processed value to keep the oil at acceptable levels. We also began to use these high protein populations to investigate amino acid
concentration issues. In our study that investigated population dynamics of high protein crosses, we found broad sense heritability estimates of 0.3-0.88 for protein, 0.2-0.84 for oil, and 0.49-0.8 for seed yield. Non-significant correlations between protein and yield (0.01-0.33) indicated that we might be able to improve each without detriment to the other. In two of five crosses, 11% and 23% of the progeny showed protein greater than the high protein parent. Among the top 25% of lines selected for seed yield, protein concentration ranged from 426-431 grams per kilogram. The means of these selected lines were 22 grams per kilogram higher in protein, 130 grams per kilogram lower in seed yield, and 15 grams per kilogram lower in oil than the standard commercial check. A few individual lines were identified that were higher in both yield and protein than the standard commercial check. Among these two-parent crosses, we were successful in increasing protein without significantly reducing
seed yields and oil concentration.
Impacts
Making high protein varieties available will raise the level of the meal protein that crushers can offer to the export market, and will raise the price paid for soybeans in SD. New Roundup Ready varieties for marginal production environments will further expand soybean production regions in SD.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
This is the first report of a five-year project established to develop soybean varieties adapted to South Dakota and conduct genetic and agronomic research to develop useful gerplasm pools. New crosses were made to emphasize tolerance to glyphosate, but many crosses still were made to develop conventional cultivars. Genes used for disease resistance in both Roundup Ready and conventional varieties focused on phytophthora root rot and soybean cyst nematode. In the conventional program, crosses were made to develop general use, high protein food-grade soybeans. The first year of a three-year study to evaluate population dynamics for developing high protein varieties was completed. Protein concentrations among lines within 5 crosses ranged from 472-375 grams per kilogram. In two of the five crosses, 26-38% of the lines expressed transgressive segregation for protein concentrations. Crosses expressing transgressive segregation for protein concentrations were those which
involved high protein parents. High protein selections maintained relatively high yields and acceptable oil concentrations. These results indicated that using two-parent crosses to developing high yielding soybean cultivars without seriously restricting oil and seed yields can be successful.
Impacts
Results from this project will enhance the competitiveness of soybeans in foreign markets, and will benefit both crushers and growers. Results of the Roundup Ready program will provide additional production options for SD soybean growers.
Publications
- Loewe, M.R. and R.A. Scott. 2000. Population dynamics of soybean crosses involving high protein parents. In 2000 Agronomy abstracts. P.109. ASA, Madison, WI.
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