Progress 08/01/99 to 06/30/04
Outputs
Two trials were conducted to establish the nutritive value of a food industry byproduct (BB; 38% cookies, 29% bread and dough, 19% cakes and 7% each pretzels and chips). Average analyses were 93.1% DM, 12.0% CP, 17.3% NDF, 4.7% ADF, 9.5% crude fat, and 3.6% ash (DM basis). In a feedlot trial individually-fed crossbred yearling steers (12 / treatment) were assigned to corn silage- based diets containing: 1. Control (C): 55% cracked corn (CC); 2. 55% BB; and 3. Blend:-27.5% BB, 27.5% CC. Data indicate that BB can effectively substitute for corn grain in finishing steer rations at up to 55% of dietary DM without negatively affecting feedlot performance or carcass characteristics. The byproduct yielded a higher net energy value as compared to corn. Daily gains were 13% greater (P < .10) in Blend vs C steers. The significantly higher DMI and ADG in the Blend diet would suggest a positive associative effect from the combination of rapidly degradable BB and more slowly
degrading starch in CC. Average carcass quality grade was High Select, and yield grade averaged 3.0, with no significant differences among treatments. A rotational (3 days / paddock) grazing trial (168d) for developing heifers consuming two byproduct supplements, one a source of energy (BB) and one a source of undegradable protein, blood meal (BM), was conducted over a 2- yr period. Supplementation was evaluated for weight gain, body condition and breeding performance. Treatments were (DM basis): 1. Control: Forage plus a vitamin/mineral mix (C); 2. BB: C plus 2.3 kg BB/heifer/d, 3. Blend: C plus 2.3 kg BB/heifer/d and 0.11 kg BM/heifer/d (yr 1), C plus 2.3 kg BB/heifer/d and 0.23 kg BM/heifer/d (yr 2). Nine Angus bulls were utilized during the 56 d breeding season (June and July) each yr. Every 28 d, heifers were weighed with average daily gain (ADG) calculated. Pregnancy percentages were measured through rectal palpation 56 d (yr1) or 49 d (yr2) prior to and at trail completion
(yr1). Overall growth performance was significantly higher in the supplemented treatments as compared to the control treatment. Animals receiving BM did not show improvement in pelvic area or skeletal measurements of hip height, hip width, and heart girth or pregnancy rate. In situ trials were performed using BB and BM which demonstrated rapid and extensive disappearance in the rumen of BB due to high non structural carbohydrates and relatively low rumen degradability for BM. Several energy food industry byproduct wastes including ravioli, ravioli trimmings, spaghetti and tofu were dried and either unprocessed or extruded. Apparent digestible dry matter disappearance indicated that extrusion did not delay starch or protein digestion for either type of feed by the rumen microbes. A fat source byproduct was evaluated during a 2-yr trial with mid lactation Holstein cows. Use of the byproduct at 1 lb DM per cow per d increased fat-corrected milk production and profit. A nutritional
management website for food industry byproduct use by livestock producers will be placed on line.
Impacts
Over 60 % of the total cost of animal production is attributable to feed. Byproducts can help decrease feed costs for the livestock producer and food industry plants can decrease disposal costs by making their wastes available to farmers. Given that food industry byproducts are typically priced competitively relative to traditional feed sources, our nutrient profile and animal performance results indicate that producers should find ample opportunities for decreasing production costs. Increased utilization of food processing wastes as animal feeds benefits the primary food processor, the byproduct recycling firms, and the livestock producer. These benefits are accomplished while decreasing land- fill disposal and thus improving environmental quality.
Publications
- Bertin, A.S., Harpster,H.W., Baumer,V.H. and Swope, R.L. 1999. Nutritive evaluation of diets containing food industry byproducts for sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 77 Suppl. 1:248.
- Comerford, J.W., Baumer,V.H., Harpster, H.W., Cash, E.H., Stout, R.C. and Swope, R.L. 2002. An evaluation of three grazing systems for beef cows in the mid-Atlantic region. JAS 80 Suppl 1:63.
- Comerford, J.W., Harpster, H.W. and Baumer, V.H. 2001. The effect of grazing, liquid supplements, and implants on feedlot performance and carcass traits of Holstein steers. J. Anim. Sci. 79: 325-332.
- Comerford, J.W., Baumer,V.H., Harpster, H.W., Cash, E.H., Stout, R.C. and R.L.Swope. 2002. An evaluation of three grazing systems for beef cows in the mid-Atlantic region. JAS 80 Suppl 1:63.
- Harpster, H.W. and Fox, D.G. 2002. Ration Formulation. In: Livestock Feeds and Feeding,5th Ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. pp223-247.
- Harpster, H.W., Stout, R.C., Cash, E.H., Comerford, J.W., Wilson, L.L., Swope, R.C. and Baumer,V.H. 1999. Effect of bale harvest method and feeding time on performance of yearling beef heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 77 Suppl.1 p205.
- Smith, D.L., Wiggers, D.L., Wilson, L.L., Comerford,J.W., Harpster, H.W. and Cash, E.H. 2003. Postweaning behavior and growth performance of early and conventionally weaned beef calves. The Prof. Anim. Sci. 19:23
|
Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
A fat byproduct of the food industry was evaluated as an energy source with mid lactation Holstein dairy cows (6 control and 6 receiving fat supplement) using a single reversal design (17 days/period). Cows were fed identical base TMRs with treatment cows receiving one pound of fat supplement dry matter per animal per day. The major nutrients (as fed basis) of the byproduct were: DM-19.8, CP-1.0, ADF-3.8, NDF-5.1, crude fat-17.9, Ca-.04, P-.11, estimated NEl-1.06 Mcal/kg. Fatty acid composition (% of total fat) was: myristic-2.5, palmitic- 19.0, palmitoleic-3.8, stearic-9.0, oleic-7.6, linoleic-1.1, linolenic-0.3, arachidic-3.9, eicosenic-8.5, eicosedienoic-1.6, arachidonic-3.6, eicosapentaenoic-10.0, docosapentaenoic-3.8, and docosahexaenoic-18.8. Respective means for cows fed control and fat byproduct were: DMI (kg/d), 23.7, 23.8 (ns); milk (kg/d), 32.2, 33.0 (ns); milk fat %, 3.34, 3.54 (P less than.01); milk protein %, 3.12, 3.10 (ns); 3.5% fat-corrected milk
(kg/d), 31.2, 33.1 (P less than.09). At current prices of 3.5% FCM ($0.26/kg), cows receiving fat byproduct would have an additional daily gross income of $.50 per cow. An ongoing project of developing a website for byproduct information for both livestock producer and food industry use continued to be refined. We are developing an instructional tutorial to guide new users through the process of describing an animal and determining animal requirements, identifying feeds to be included in the ration and entering unique data they may have as they use the system to evaluate potential for by-product feeds for their livestock operations. Development and maintenance of current information for potential producers of by-product feeds is also on-going.
Impacts
Over 60 % of the total cost of animal production is attributable to feed. Byproducts can help decrease feed costs for the livestock producer and food industry plants can decrease disposal costs by making their wastes available to farmers. Given that food industry byproducts are typically priced competitively relative to traditional feed sources, our nutrient profile and animal performance results indicate that producers should find ample opportunities for decreasing production costs. Increased utilization of food processing wastes as animal feeds benefits the primary food processor, the byproduct recycling firms, and the livestock producer. These benefits are accomplished while decreasing land- fill disposal and thus improving environmental quality.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
|
Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
In year one of a two-year trial a fat source byproduct of the food industry was evaluated as an energy source with mid lactation Holstein dairy cows (5 control and 5 receiving fat supplement) using a single reversal design (two wks/period). In the first year, consistency of the byproduct was problematic due to separation of fat and water fractions during storage. TMR was mixed with fat to provide 0.454 kg DM per cow per day. Nutrient composition of the byproduct on an as is basis (%) was : DM-20, CP-1.9, ADF-1.5, NDF-2.1, crude fat-16.5, Ca-.05, and P-.16. Estimated energy values (Mcal / kg) were Nel, 1.06, Nem,1.15, and Neg, 0.86. The material contained 34.3 % free fatty acids. Fatty acid composition (% of total fat) was: caprylic-2.5, capric-3.2, lauric-33.9, myristic-15.2, myristoleic-.3, pentadecanoic-.3, pentadecenoic-.1, palmitic-14.9, palmitoleic-.4, heptadecanoic-.1, heptadecenoic-.1, stearic-15.3, oleic-12.1, linoleic-1.3, linolenic-.1 and arachidonic-.2.
Respective means for cows fed control and fat byproduct were: DMI (kg/d), 23.5, 23.7 (ns); milk (kg/d), 24.7, 24.6 (ns); milk fat %, 3.76, 3.96 (P<.10), milk protein %, 3.34, 3.24 (P<.05).Although milk volume levels were similar, milk fat percentage was increased. After improvements in fat byproduct processing a second trial with similar cows (6 cows control, 6 cows receiving fat supplement) was initiated utilizing identical inclusion levels and trial design as in trial 1. The major nutrients of this byproduct were: DM-19.8, CP-1.0, ADF-3.8, NDF-5.1, crude fat-19.9, Ca-.04, and P-.11. Fatty acid composition (% of total fat) was: myristic-2.5, palmitic- 19.0, palmitoleic-3.8, stearic-9.0, oleic-7.6, linoleic-1.1, linolenic-0.3, arachidic-3.9, eicosenic-8.5, eicosedienoic-1.6, arachidonic-3.6, eicosapentaenoic-10.0, docosapentaenoic-3.8, and docosahexaenoic-16.6. Complete results of this trial are being summarized but fat-corrected milk yield (3.5% fat, kg/d) was increased in treatment
(33.1) versus control cows (31.2) (P<.08). An ongoing project of developing a website for byproduct information for both livestock producer and food industry use continued to be refined. This site includes background on byproducts, food industry waste information for both producers and users of byproducts, and sub-models that allow livestock producers to create rations for beef and dairy animals.
Impacts
Over 60 % of the total cost of animal production is attributable to feed. Byproducts can help decrease feed costs for the livestock producer and food industry plants can decrease disposal costs by making their wastes available to farmers. Given that food industry byproducts are typically priced competitively relative to traditional feed sources, our nutrient profile and animal performance results indicate that producers should find ample opportunities for decreasing production costs. Increased utilization of food processing wastes as animal feeds benefits the primary food processor, the byproduct recycling firms, and the livestock producer. These benefits are accomplished while decreasing land- fill disposal and thus improving environmental quality.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
|
Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Two trials were initiated with the primary goal of expanding the use of food industry byproducts as livestock feed. As-received DM values for ravioli waste (RW), ravioli trimmings (RT), spaghetti waste (SW), and tofu waste (TW) were 42.2%, 59.1%, 29.3% and 20.3% respectively. Dried byproducts were extruded (240 degree C) alone and with 50% whole soybeans. Respective crude protein (DM basis) values (%) for the pre- and post-extruded materials were: pre 50:50-25.8, 23.2, 26.5, 34.8; pre 100-14.6, 13.0, 17.0, 32.8; post 50:50- 27.6, 26.0, 26.6, 34.5; and post 100- 14.1, 12.7, 17.4, 30.2. Respective NDF values (%) were: pre 50:50-17.0, 8.6, 11.1, 35.1; pre 100-2.1, 3.9, 5.8, 49.6; post 50:50- 13.8, 11.5, 14.6, 29.2, and post 100- 6.4, 5.2, 7.6, 42.4. Respective ADF for the four treatments (%) were for pre 50:50-7.0, 7.1, 8.7, 22.6; pre 100-1.3, 2.5, 2.9, 28.7; post 50:50- 8.9, 8.0, 8.8, 19.1; and post 100- 3.0, 2.9, 8.2, 28.3. Apparent digestible dry matter disappearance
(Ankom method) values on the four 50:50 byproducts at 0,1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hr rumen fluid incubation, (0- hr initial solubility was determined by a 5-minute immersion into 39 degree C water only) were respectively: RW pre: 23.1, 30.6, 30.0, 32.2, 41.6, 54.0, 71.2 and post: 21.9, 29.6, 30.2, 32.8, 41.5, 52.2, 68.1; RT pre: 21.1, 33.6, 30.2, 34.1, 38.1, 53.8, 73.6,and post: 29.7, 33.2, 32.8, 33.5, 40.2, 55.0, 71.6; SW pre: 18.7, 20.0, 24.7, 31.1, 35.8, 42.3, 70.3,and post: 23.3, 23.3, 25.2, 25.5, 34.6, 43.0, 62.7; and TW pre:13.3, 21.4, 24.9, 26.4, 27.7, 33.5, 57.6, and post: 12.6, 19.1,19.5, 22.0, 24.8, 31.4, 54.5. Extrusion appeared to have minimal effects on ruminal digestibility of dry matter although starch analyses of residues are ongoing. In trial 2, a high fat byproduct of dessert manufacture is being evaluated as a fat source for ruminants. The primary ingredients were cream, sugar, non-fat milk solids, corn syrup; and coconut, palm kernel, and soybean oils. The DM of the
initial slurry (20%) was increased to approximately 35% DM with a steam-jacketed dryer. Analyses (DM basis) were: crude protein, 4.4%; estimated NEl, Nem, Neg (Mcal/lb DM) 2.34,2.49,1.85,respectively; crude fat, 80.0%; starch, 0.9%; sugar, 1.4%; phosphorus, 0.10%. Fat in the product was approximately 85% saturated with high concentrations of lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids. A four-week, single reversal (two wks/period) trial with late lactation dairy cows was conducted (5 cows control, 5 cows receiving 1 lb (DM basis) per head daily of byproduct). Response variables included daily intake, milk production, and cow body weight. Milk samples were collected for protein and fat composition during each period. Results are currently being analyzed.
Impacts
Over 60 % of the total cost of animal production is attributable to feed. Byproducts can help decrease feed costs for the livestock producer and food industry plants can decrease disposal costs by making their wastes available to farmers. Given that food industry byproducts are typically priced competitively relative to traditional feed sources, our nutrient profile and animal performance results indicate that producers should find ample opportunities for decreasing production costs. Increased utilization of food processing wastes as animal feeds benefits the primary food processor, the byproduct recycling firms, and the livestock producer. These benefits are accomplished while decreasing land- fill disposal and thus improving environmental quality.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
|
Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Two byproduct feeds were evaluated as sources of supplemental energy and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) for developing heifers grazing temperate pastures (168d). The energy source was bakery byproduct (BB), a recycled food industry waste. The RUP source was blood meal (BM). Three blocks of three pastures each were established with random assignment of treatment to pasture within each block. Eighteen Angus crossbred and 27 Angus purebred yearling heifers (424.1 kg) were blocked by weight and 5 heifers were allotted to each of the 9 pastures. Three treatments were: Control - pasture; Energy supplement - pasture plus 2.72 kg /hd/d BB, Energy + protein - pasture plus 2.72 kg/hd/d BB plus 228 g/hd/d BM. All groups had ad libitum access to a mineral-vitamin mix. Nine bulls were grazed with the heifers for two 28-d periods. Animals were rotated to a new paddock at 3-d intervals and weighed at 28-d intervals and measured for hip height and width, heart girth, ultrasound fat
scan, and blood parameters. Pelvic area was measured every 56 d. Compared to the control group, BB heifer daily gain was +42.6%; BB +BM was +56.2%. Ultrasound backfat thickness decreased 2.52% in control heifers, and increased 13.33% in BB heifers, and 22.52% in BB + BM heifers during the course of the experiment. Conception rates were 100%, 100% and 73 % for control, BB, and BB + BM groups. Low fertility in one bull is expected as only 2 of the assigned 5 heifers became pregnant. Percent increase in hip height and hip width were 4.19, 7.03 for control, 4.93, 10.18 for BB and 4.72, 11.04 for BB + BM groups. Heart girth increased 2.75 , 5.11 and 6.16% for the three respective treatments. Percent increase for pelvic height and width were 4.66, 8.63 for controls, 7.82, 7.82 for BB and 5.21, 7.07 for BB + BM. A byproduct nutritional management web site available to the food industry and livestock producers is being developed. The least cost model for beef cattle has been programmed and
in-house web testing is occurring. The swine and poultry models are under development.
Impacts
Byproduct sources of energy and ruminally-undegraded protein were biologically and economically effective in improving growth rate and body condition of beef heifers grazing temperate pastures. The results of this and other studies are being incorporated into an interactive byproduct nutrient management program that is being developed for public use on the internet.
Publications
- Bertin, A. S. 2000. A nutritive evaluation of food processing wastes for ruminants. M.S. Thesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park. 241 pp.
- Bertin, A. S., Harpster, H. W., Baumer, V. H., Comerford, J. W. and Cash, E. H. 2000. Nutritive evaluation of a food industry byproduct for feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl.1):285 (Abstr.).
- Harpster, H. W. 2000. Case studies utilizing food-processing by-products as cattle and hog feed. In: M. Westendorf (ed.) Food Waste to Animal Feed. Iowa State University Press, Ames. pp. 145-162.
|
Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Two trials were conducted to establish the nutritive value of a food industry byproduct as a replacement for corn. Cookie Meal (CM) consisted of 38% cookies, 29% bread and dough, 19% cakes and 7% each pretzels and chips. Average analyses were 93.1% DM, 12.0% CP, 17.3% NDF, 4.7% ADF, 9.5% crude fat, and 3.6% ash (DM basis). Individually-fed crossbred yearling steers (12/treatment) were assigned to: 1.Control (40 % ration DM as corn silage/mineral/vitamin mix, 60% corn grain, DM basis); 2. CM ( 60 % CM) ;or 3.Blend (30% CM, 30% corn grain).Isonitrogenous protein levels were 13% initially declining to 11% as body weight increased and all cattle received recommended levels of monensin sodium. One steer was removed from the blend diet for reasons unrelated to diet. Respective average daily gains for the three treatments (kg/d) over time were: 28d- 2.36, 2.36, 2.54; 56d- 2.09, 2.18, 2.36; 84d- 2.0, 2.0, 2.22; and 112d-1.81, 1.86, 2.04. Seven animals were slaughtered at 84d
and 5 (4 on blend) per treatment at 112d based on reaching an ultrasonically-measured 1.14 cm external fat. Respective mean carcass characteristics for the three treatments were: carcass weight (kg)- 357, 354, 359; external fat thickness (cm)- 1.19, 1.26, 1.14; ribeye area (sq.cm)-82.7, 84.3, 84.5; and USDA marbling score (slight=400; small=500)- 464, 464, 495. The effect of supplemental energy (CM) and bypass protein (blood meal) on growth and reproduction in yearling beef heifers grazing mixed pastures (168d) was evaluated. Three treatments were: Control - pasture only; Energy supplement - pasture plus 2.72 kg /hd/d CM ; Energy + protein - pasture plus 2.72 kg/hd/d cookie meal plus 114 g/hd/d blood meal. Three replicate pastures with 5 beef heifers (4 crossbred, 1 Angus) per pasture were assigned to each treatment. Bulls were grazed with the heifers for two heat periods. Animals were rotated at 3-d intervals. Heifers were weighed at 28-d intervals and measured for hip height and
width, heart girth, ultrasound fat scan, and blood parameters. Pelvic area was measured every 56 d. Compared to the control group, CM heifer daily gain was +64%; CM plus blood meal +45%. Ultrasound backfat thickness increased 13.6% in control heifers, 91% in CM heifers, and 67.8% in CM + blood meal heifers. Conception rate was highest in CM heifers (93%). Change in pelvic area was similar across treatments. There appeared to be no benefit to blood meal supplementation. A byproduct nutritional management web site available to the food industry and the farmer is being developed. The interactive database will include byproduct type, location, feeding, handling, and management concerns and on-line ration balancing.
Impacts
Over 60 % of the total cost of animal production is attributable to feed costs. A number of food industry byproducts contain nutrient profiles similar to conventional feed sources but at a reduced cost. The bakery byproducts used to date appear to be beneficial to both feedlot cattle and the breeding herd.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
|
|