Progress 10/01/98 to 09/30/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A significant challenge to the organic grower is that organic certification does not allow the seed to be treated with the conventional cocktail of fungicides and insecticides; this greatly exacerbates the risk to germinating seeds and seedlings due to root rot disease and seed corn maggot (Delia platura). An organic insecticide Entrust (Dow Chemical Corp), a Spinosad derivative compound was tested as a potential seed treatment to reduce damage to germinating seeds and seedlings due to the seed corn maggot. Two cultivars, `UW3' (root rot resistant) and `Hystyle' (root rot susceptible) were tested in fields at the Hancock ARS, Hancock, WI with high and low levels of root rot inoculum. The experiment was repeated over two years (summers of 2009 and 2010). UW3, the root rot resistant cultivar developed by UW-Madison had higher yield and percent emergence and stand compared to the traditional root rot susceptible cultivar, `Hystyle' regardless of whether evaluated in a field with high or low levels of root rot inoculum. Seed treatment of UW3' and `Hystyle' with Entrust resulted in an increased percentage yield and emergence in both Hystyle and UW3 regardless of the level of root rot inoculum. PARTICIPANTS: Jim Nienhuis, UW-Madison; Pure Line Seed Co, Moscow, ID; Dow Agrisciences, Indianapolis, IN TARGET AUDIENCES: Farmers in the Midwest who have an interest in reducing risk associated with organic snap bean production PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The results of 2010 indicate that large-scale organic production of snap beans is feasible in Wisconsin. Disease due to root rot (Aphanomyces and Pythium) can be effectively controlled using UW developed resistant cultivars, e.g. UW3. Our experiments have demonstrated that nitrogen can be provided by composted chicken manure at the rate of 20 lbs of available N per acre or alternatively by incorporating residue of a leguminous crop (alfalfa). In addition, the results indicate that significantly improved plant emergence (percent plant stand) can be achieved by treating snap bean seed with Entrust organic insecticide.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A significant challenge to the organic grower is that organic certification does not allow the seed to be treated with the conventional cocktail of fungicides and insecticides; this greatly exacerbates the risk to germinating seeds and seedlings due to root rot disease and seed corn maggot (Delia platura). An organic insecticide Entrust (Dow Chemical Corp), a Spinosad derivative compound was tested as a potential seed treatment to reduce damage to germinating seeds and seedlings due to the seed corn maggot. Two cultivars, `UW3' (root rot resistant) and `Hystyle' (root rot susceptible) were tested in fields at the Hancock ARS, Hancock, WI with high and low levels of root rot inoculum. The experiment was repeated over two years (summers of 2009 and 2010). UW3, the root rot resistant cultivar developed by UW-Madison had higher yield and percent emergence and stand compared to the traditional root rot susceptible cultivar, `Hystyle' regardless of whether evaluated in a field with high or low levels of root rot inoculum. Seed treatment of UW3' and `Hystyle' with Entrust resulted in an increased percentage yield and emergence in both Hystyle and UW3 regardless of the level of root rot inoculum. PARTICIPANTS: Jim Nienhuis, UW-Madison; Pure Line Seed Co, Moscow, ID; Dow Agrisciences, Indianapolis, IN TARGET AUDIENCES: Farmers in the Midwest who have an interest in reducing risk associated with organic snap bean production PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The results of 2010 indicate that large-scale organic production of snap beans is feasible in Wisconsin. Disease due to root rot (Aphanomyces and Pythium) can be effectively controlled using UW developed resistant cultivars, e.g. UW3. Our experiments have demonstrated that nitrogen can be provided by composted chicken manure at the rate of 20 lbs of available N per acre or alternatively by incorporating residue of a leguminous crop (alfalfa). In addition, the results indicate that significantly improved plant emergence (percent plant stand) can be achieved by treating snap bean seed with Entrust organic insecticide.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A factorial field trial was completed at two locations the Hancock Agricultural Research Station, Hancock WI. The two locations represented fields with high and low levels of root rot inoculum (primarily Aphanomyces and Pythium spp.). Two cultivars were compared, 'Hystyle' a stardard snap bean cultivar which is suseptable to root rot and 'UW3' a cultivar developed in our lab which is resistant to root rot. The final factor was seed treatment. A critical limitation to organic snap bean production in Wisconsin is the seed corn maggot (Delia platura) the larvae of which burrow into germinating seeds resulting in reduced stands and seedling vigor. Immediately after planting, a narrow band of blood meal (12-0-0) was applied over each row at a rate of 320 g per plot to encourage ovapositioning of adult seed corn maggot flies. Seed were either left untreated (naked) or treated with an OMRI approved organic spinisad-based insecticide "Entrust". Stand data was collected two weeks after planting and upon maturity the trial was mechanically harvested and graded in four sieve sizes based on pod diameter. PARTICIPANTS: Jeff Heller, M.S. graduate student in Dept. of Horticulture; Dow Ag Science, Indianapolis, IN provided the Entrust insecticide. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience includes snap bean growers and processors in the upper Midwest who are seeking solutions to production restraints and risks, e.g. seed corn maggot, in larger-scale organic production fields. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: none
Impacts
In both the root rot and non-root rot fields, higher plant emergence was observed for 'UW3' compared to the standard cultivar 'Hystyle'. Regardless of cultivar, the entrust seed treatment resulted in increased emergence. In both root rot and non-root rot fields, yield was greater for 'UW3' compared to 'Hystyle'. Regardless of cultivar, yield for seed treated with Entrust was greater compared to untreated seed. The results suggest that Entrust provides a OMRI approved organic seed treatment that can result in improved stand and increased yield in large-scale organic snap bean production fields.
Publications
- Sass, M.E., R.L. Groves, and J. Nienhuis. 2009. Management of seed corn maggot for organic snap bean production. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 52:142-143
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Organic snap bean production for processing currently meets only one-third of current demand. In spite of price incentives, it is difficult for processors to contract sufficient acres to meet demand due to the higher risk associated with plant disease and insect pests in large-scale organic production. Currently, most organic vegetable producers tend to be small entrepreneurs who spread the risk of disease, pests, weeds, and weather patterns among many different crops and cultivars. The crops are intensively managed on small plots. In contrast, large-scale production of processing vegetables cannot spread risk among crops; it is a contractual agreement with a grower, often for a specified cultivar to be harvested and delivered on a specific date. Irrigation, fertilizer, and pesticides have, in conventional agriculture, been applied when necessary to reduce risk to the grower on a large acreage monoculture. To achieve large-scale production that is compatible with organic standards, technology must be developed to reduce the risk and costs associated with organic production. An important insect pest of snap bean is seed corn maggot (Delia platura). Entrust organic seed treatments have previously been demonstrated as effective means of controlling seed corn maggot in snap beans and is currently under review with the Inter-Regional Research Project 4 (IR-4). The objective of this research is to determine the efficacy of varying spinosad (Entrust: an OMRI approved formulation) seed treatment rates for management of seed corn maggot in snap beans. A trial consisting of the snap bean cultivar Hystyle with six seed treatment rates was planted on June 4, 2008 to coincide seedling emergence and development with the emergence of 2nd generation, adult seed corn maggot (Delia platura) emergence at 600 DD50. Seed treatments included three levels of Entrust (low, 0.25 mg ai/seed; medium, 0.50 mg ai/seed; high 0.75 mg ai/seed), Captan 400 fungicide (3.0 fl oz/cwt), Cruiser insecticide (0.136 mg ai/seed) as a insecticide standard, and no seed treatment as an untreated control. Immediately after planting, a narrow band of blood meal (12-0-0) was applied over each row at a rate of 320 g per 2-row plot. Stand counts were recorded weekly for 5 weeks after planting beginning June 25. The trial was machine harvested and graded for sieve size on July 30. PARTICIPANTS: Russell Groves, UW-Madison, Dept. of Entomology; Brian Nault, Cornell University, Geneva, NY; Alan Taylor, Cornell University, Geneva, NY TARGET AUDIENCES: Organic snap bean growers and processors in Wisconsin PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
No significant differences among the Captan fungicide treatment, the Cruiser insecticide treatment, and all three rates of Entrust for percent stand loss. All were equally effective in terms of preventing stand reductions compared to the no seed treatment. The data also suggests that fungal pathogens may have contributed to reductions in yield more so than seed corn maggot. In addition, there were no significant differences in change in maturity (percent of 5 sieves) of Hystyle. Entrust rates, when graphed, had a quadratic increase in both stand and yield. The highest yield was achieved with the lowest rate (0.25 mg ai/seed) of Entrust. Yields suggest that the medium (0.5 mg ai/seed) and high (0.75 mg ai/seed) rates of Entrust may have had a detrimental effect on the viability of the seed.
Publications
- Nienhuis, J. 2008. Organic snap bean production in Wisconsin. Ann. Rpt. of Midwest Food Processors(2008), Madison, WI.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Snap beans, Phaseolus vulgaris, are an important processing vegetable crop in Wisconsin, occupying nearly 80,000 acres, approximately 2,000 of which are organically produced. Lakeside Foods, Inc., Manitowoc, WI alone contracts for snap beans with nearly 2,000 growers in the state of Wisconsin. Yields of organic snap beans are approximately 65% of conventionally grown snap bean yields (Jim Brockpahler, Lakeside Foods, Inc.); moreover, significantly lower yields imparts too much risk for many growers who otherwise have the land and resources that could be shifted to organic production. Regardless of whether the production system is conventional or organic two of the most important constraints to snap bean production in the upper Midwest, are root rot disease and nitrogen availability, both of which may be physiologically and genetically related. Four Wisconsin root-rot resistant cultivars and checks were evaluated in a root rot infested field in which supplemental nitrogen was
provided in a simulated organic production system using composted chicken guano. In the summer of 2006, four Wisconsin root-rot resistant cultivars and checks were evaluated in a root rot infested field in which supplemental nitrogen was provided in a simulated organic production system compared to nitrogen supplied by side dressed ammonium nitrate at four levels, (0, 20, 40 and 60 lbs/A). The Hercules and Hystyle checks, even with commercial seed treatments, were less than 25% of the yield of the UW resistant lines. When the Hystyle check was planted without treated seed, as would be required to meet organic standards, the plants died of root rot and the yield was zero. Composed chicken guano appears to provide season long nitrogen requirements for snap beans. Regardless, without root rot resistance, production of organic snap beans in Wisconsin is not feasible; thus, the new cultivars are critical to the growth of this industry.
PARTICIPANTS: Pureline Seed Co., Moscow, ID; Lakeside Foods, AJ, Bussan, Dept. of Horticulture, UW-Madison, and Jed Colquhoun, Dept. of Horticulture, UW-Madison.
TARGET AUDIENCES: Current Snap Bean Growers in the Upper Midwest who are interested in converting some or all of their acreage to Organic Production.
Impacts
Three root rot resistant cultivars, UWRR1, UWRR3 and UWRR13 were released through WARF and have been licensed for production and sale to snap bean growers and processors in the upper Midwest.
Publications
- Nienhuis, J. and M.E. Sass. 2006. Development of root rot resistant snap beans adapted to organic production. In: Processing Crops CD and Proceedings, Appleton, WI. 29-30 Nov. 2006. Midwest Food Processors Association, Inc., Madison, WI.
- Nienhuis, J. and M.E. Sass. 2007. Root rot resistant snap beans adapted to organic production. Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative. 50:145-146.
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Progress 10/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Regardless of whether the production system is conventional or organic two of the most important constraints to snap bean production in the upper Midwest, are root rot disease and nitrogen availability, both of which may be physiologically and genetically related. Snap bean is a legume that develops a symbiotic relationship with N2-fixing bacteria; nevertheless snap beans do not obtain adequate N from N2-fixation alone and supplemental fertilization is required for commercial production. The ability of snap bean roots to absorb nutrients from the rhizosphere is limited by rotting of lateral roots. In Wisconsin the two most severe root rot pathogens are P. ultimum and A. euteiches f. sp. phaseoli. Puebla 152 is a black seeded Mexican bean landrace was identified as a potential source of root rot resistance in field trials. We began selection in populations derived from Puebla 152 for high germination and vigorous growth in low-nitrogen high-root rot fields. Our snap
bean breeding program developed a series of inbred-backcross populations derived using snap bean cultivars Eagle and Hystyle as recurrent parents and Puebla 152 as the donor parent. We have identified four inbred lines of snap beans that are root rot resistant and which possess the plant and pod characteristics necessary for commercial production and processing. These lines were released for commercial licensing through WARF. In the summer of 2006, the four Wisconsin root-rot resistant cultivars and checks were evaluated in a root rot infested field in which low amounts of supplemental nitrogen (60 lbs/A) was provided in a simulated organic production system using composted chicken guano compared to 60 lbs/A nitrogen supplied by sidedressed ammonium nitrate. The field test indicated that the UW lines are root rot resistant and much more productive compared to commercial checks. The UW lines also had uniform stands and vigorous plants, suggesting that the healthy roots associated with
the resistant UW lines resulted in greater shoot nitrogen either from uptake from the rhizosphere or from enhanced N-fixation.
Impacts
Organic snap bean production for commercial processing and canning is a value-added crop for which demand is currently greater than supply. The most important constraint to expanded organic production in Wisconsin is that all current commercial snap bean processing cultivars are suseptable to root rot. We developed four inbred lines of snap beans that are root rot resistant and which possess the plant and pod characteristics necessary for commercial production and processing. These lines have been released through WARF. In the summer of 2007, collaboration with Lakeside Canning Co. and Pure Line Seed Co. we will initiate trials of our lines in growers fields to evaluate potential commercial production. Use of our UW root rot resistant snap bean cultivars for commercial production and processing can allow rapid expansion of contracted organic production in Wisconsin from the current level of approximately 1000 to over 4000 acres.
Publications
- Sass, M., T. German and J. Nienhuis. 2006. Introgression of Resistance to the Soybean Aphid Virus Complex into Snap Beans. In: 2006 Processing Crops CD and Proceedings Midwest Food Processors Association, Inc.
- Sass,M., J. Nienhuis, and T. German. 2006. Assessing Germplasm Resistance to the Soybean Aphid Virus Complex. In: The Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative. 49: 179-180.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Root rot, caused by a complex of soil pathogens including Aphanomyces euteiches f. sp. phaseoli, Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani is an increasingly important limiting factor in snap bean production nationally and is especially important in the Central Sands region of Wisconsin. We were able to identify a Mexican black bean landrace, Puebla 152 as source of root rot resistance. We used a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between Puebla 152 and a snap bean cultivar, Eagle, to identify two repulsion phase quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance. A RAPD molecular marker linkage map was used to identify the genomic location of the QTLs. In independent backcross populations derived from Eagle x Puebla, direct selection based on the presence of desired mapped QTLs resulted in a correlated response for effective field resistance to root rot. Based on greenhouse inoculations, two linked repulsion phase loci were
confirmed to be closely linked to resistance to a specific root rot pathogen, Aphanomyces euteiches.
Impacts
Prior to the identification of root rot resistant germplasm, the most effective management strategy for control of root rot in snap beans was field rotation. Long-term rotations among production fields have become increasingly difficult for growers in Wisconsin due to consolidation of the processing industry. The identification of a root rot resistant germplasm source and molecular markers that can be used to facilitate selection permits the efficient and effective integration of resistance into adapted snap bean cultivars. This research provides stability and greater predictability of production of processing snap beans for both growers and processors.
Publications
- Navarro, F. M. 2005. Genetic mapping of root rot and bacterial brown spot resistance in snap bean. Ph.D. thesis. 234 p. Dept. of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
- Navarro, F., and J. Nienhuis. 2005. Confirmation of quantitative trait locus for root rot resistance in two inbred backcross snap bean populations. In: The Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative. 48:120-121.
- Sass, M., F. Navarro, T. German and J. Nienhuis. 2005 Virus resistance assessment of Plant Introductions. 2005. In: The Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative. 48:66-67.
- Sass, M., T. German and J. Nienhuis. 2005. Identification of Genetic Resistance and Management of the Soybean Aphid Virus Complex in Snap Beans. In: 2005 Processing Crops CD and Proceedings Midwest Food Processors Association, Inc.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
In 2003, analysis of data resulted in the identification of a QTL associated to root rot resistance in an Eagle x Puebla 152 population. In 2004, a QTL confirmation analysis was performed using two inbred backcross (IBC) populations derived from the cross of the original Eagle x Puebla backcrossed to root rot susceptible cultivars (Eagle and Hystyle). Molecular data obtained for linkage groups previously associated with resistance to root rot for both the IBC and the original Eagle x Puebla 152 data set were complemented with phenotypic root rot data for 67 and 83 BC1F7 lines from these populations. This approach allowed the confirmation of a region in linkage group 6, flanked by the co-segregating markers (S18.1500 and AD9.950) as containing a major QTL of root rot resistance. The Eagle marker S18.1500 characterized susceptibility and the Puebla marker AD9.950 characterized resistance. It was confirmed in the IBC populations that this QTL was responsible for 40% of
the variation for root rot. Also, with help from Dr. Craig Grau, UW Plant Pathology, a pure bean isolate of Aphanomyces euteiches was obtained from the Hancock Agricultural Research Station (ARS) trial in summer 2004. The pathogenicity of the isolate was tested and the pathogen was re-isolated from diseased plants. This isolate was used to challenge the Eagle x Puebla 152 population under greenhouse conditions. Results from the greenhouse test confirmed that the identified locus in linkage group 6 conferred resistance to root rot caused by Aphanomyces. All susceptible variety checks had a high root rot score while the resistant checks had a low root rot score. Furthermore, root rot caused by the Aphanomyces isolate was highly correlated with root rot observed under field conditions at Hancock ARS. Other pure bean isolates involved in the root rot complex, including Rhizoctonia and Fusarium spp. were obtained in 2004 and may be used in future pathogenicity experiments. Results from
this project include the identification of markers AD9.950/S18.1500 to select for root rot resistance in breeding programs as well as the development of elite lines that can be used in future root rot breeding programs. We have also continued to make progress with the identification of PI germplasm with resistance to the soybean aphid virus complex in snap beans. Based on data obtained in 2004, four individual plant selections (2313.9.1000, 2313.9.2000, 2313.9.3000 and 2313.10.3000) identified in 2002 and 2003 continue to demonstrate tolerance to AMV and CMV. These selections are all derivatives of PI 619437. Crosses will be made using at least one of these selections to develop mapping populations. Based on data from two replications at Arlington ARS in 2004, 11 Phaseolus vulgaris PI accessions were visually symptomless and ELISA negative. These accessions will be increased in the greenhouse this winter for further evaluation in 2005. The idea of using tolerant plants is being widely
discussed. The use of tolerant materials (when no loss in yield or quality results) may be an accepted alternative until resistant cultivars can be identified; however, these plants could serve as virus reservoirs.
Impacts
Snap beans are an important processing crop in the Midwest with more than half of the total U.S. production occurring in Wisconsin. Root rot disease and the soybean aphid virus complex have cost the Midwest snap bean industry millions of dollars in losses. Root rot has contributed to financial losses and production constraints including: High root rot inoculum levels force growers to incorporate a 4-5 year rotation of production fields and in some cases abandon the use of fields for snap bean production altogether; a 7% yield loss every year due to reduced plant stands and a 20-30% loss in sandy soils when cold soil temperatures coincide with seed germination. This project identifies root rot germplasm, develops breeding populations and elite lines segregating for root rot resistance and utilizes molecular marker techniques to accelerate breeding for root rot resistance. Apart from the economic damage caused by the soybean-aphid virus complex, the current need for
intense insecticide use to control the aphid may represent an environmental concern. The search for and development of novel sources of resistance to root rot and the aphid-virus complex are significant contributions to the snap bean growers, the industry and the environment.
Publications
- Navarro, F., M. Sass and J. Nienhuis. 2004. Identification and Mapping Bean Root Rot Resistance in a Mesoamerican x Andean Population. In: 2004 Processing Crops Manual and Proceedings Midwest Food Processors Association, Inc. 16:199-204.
- Navarro, F., M. Sass, Y.S. Chung and J. Nienhuis. 2004. White Mold Resistance in Two Snap Bean Populations (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In: 2004 Processing Crops Manual and Proceedings Midwest Food Processors Association, Inc. 16:205-208.
- Navarro, F., M.E. Sass and J. Nienhuis. 2004. Identification and Mapping Bean Root Rot Resistance in an 'Eagle x Puebla 152' Population. In: Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative. 47:65-66.
- Sass, M., F. Navarro, T. German and J. Nienhuis. 2004. Identification of Genetic Resistance and Management of the Soybean Aphid Virus Complex in Snap Beans. In: 2004 Processing Crops Manual and Proceedings Midwest Food Processors Association, Inc. 16:51-52.
- Sass, M.E., F.M. Navarro, T.L. German and J. Nienhuis. 2004. The Search for Reistance to the Soybean Aphid Virus Complex in Snap Beans. In: Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative. 47:83-84.
- Navarro, F., M.E. Sass and J. Nienhuis. 2004. Identification and Confirmation of Mesoamerican Quantitative Trait Locus for Root Rot Resistance in Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Abstract and poster presented at V Latin American and Caribbean Meeting on Agricultural Biotechnology. REDBIO 2004, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, June 21-25, 2004.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
An Eagle x Puebla 152 population was evaluated in the summers of 2001-2003 at the Hancock ARS to determine genetic variability to root rot caused by Aphanomyces and Phytium. Markers associated with quantitative trait loci for resistance were also investigated. The Hancock field had been planted with beans since 1991 in order to achieve a uniform test site with high natural inoculum levels. The field used and the experimental design allowed the correct determination of resistant vs. susceptible lines. Snap beans check varieties (Astrel, Labrador, Hystyle and Eagle) were highly susceptible, while Puebla showed a very resistant root rot reaction. A set of Eagle x Puebla 152 lines showed high levels of resistance and could be considered for introgression of this trait to susceptible snap bean varieties. Markers in linkage group 6 (S18.1500, AD09.1050 and O10.650) were consistently associated with root rot resistance. 2003 data confirmed earlier results on the association
of S18.1500 and AD09.1050 to root rot resistance. In conclusion, a set 12 root rot resistant lines from the Eagle x Puebla population were identified. They represent relevant sources of resistance for the industry. Molecular markers have been associated to resistance and are tools that can facilitate breeding for root rot resistance. Although first identified in southeastern WI in 2000, the soybean aphid and the virus complex it transmits, has now been detected throughout the State according to 2003 surveys. Cultivar evaluations have revealed that there is no germplasm available that consistently demonstrates resistance to this complex. Insecticide evaluations have been unsuccessful in identifying an effective method of controlling the soybean aphid vector. Genetic sources of resistance must be identified as the long-term solution to this disease. To date, PI accessions appear to be the best possible source of genetic resistance. A trial consisting of 300 accessions was planted using
a replication within block design at Arlington ARS on July 14. Two weeks prior to planting the trial, spreader rows consisting of a 40:60 mix of soybean and the snap bean Hystyle were planted using a 4-row planter. After planting the trial, the expanding trifoliate leaves of Hystyle in the spreader rows were chosen at random and hand inoculated with AMV and CMV. At 58 days after planting, a composite sample of 10 leaves from each plot was taken for CMV and AMV ELISA. ELISA results indicated that every plot tested positive for CMV. Further analysis of the data revealed that 12 entries tested negative for AMV. 2003 data also revealed that although the 34 individual plant entries tested CMV positive, via ELISA, 16 of them remained symptomless throughout the growing season. Thus, it is possible that these plants may be tolerant to the virus complex. Visual symptom data was taken three times during the growing season. Of the 300 accessions, including the individual plants, 26 remained
symptomless. In addition, the 26 symptomless accessions were reevaluated on a plant by plant basis in hopes of finding individual plant resistance for CMV. All 260 plants tested were ELISA positive for CMV.
Impacts
Root rot disease and the soybean aphid-transmitted virus complex have cost the Midwest snap bean industry millions of dollars in losses. High root rot inoculum levels force growers to rotate fields and in some cases abandon the use of fields for snap bean production altogether. Apart from the economic damage caused by the soybean-aphid virus complex, the need for more intense insecticide use to control the aphid may represent an environmental concern. The search for and development of novel sources of resistance to root rot and the aphid-virus complex are significant contributions to the snap bean growers, the industry and the environment.
Publications
- Navarro, F., M.E. Sass and J. Nienhuis. 2003. Identification and mapping bean root rot resistance in a population of Mesoamerican x Andean origin. In: Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative. 46:213-214.
- Navarro, F., M.E. Sass and J. Nienhuis. 2003. Identification of bean root rot resistance in a recombinant inbred population of Mesoamerican x Andean origin. In: Midwest Food Processors Crop Manual and Proceedings. 15:143-146.
- Navarro, F. and J. Nienhuis. 2003. White mold resistance in snap bean populations (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) derived from Andean x Andean and Mesoamerican x Andean gene pools. In: Midwest Food Processors Crop Manual and Proceedings. 15:147-149.
- Sass, M., F. Navarro, T. German, and J. Nienhuis. 2003. Identification of Germplasm with Resistance to the Soybean Aphid Transmitted Virus Complex. In: Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative. 46:139-140.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
White mold in both 2001 and 2002: Replicated trials were planted at the Arlington, WI Agricultural Research Station (ARS). A reliable and homogeneous source of sclerotia inoculum was promoted by using either a sunflower-bean (2001) or a sunflower-sunflower-bean rotation (2002). Two recombinant inbred line populations (RIL) were evaluated, `SCL102' consisting of 66 RIL derived from a cross of `G122' x `Astrel' (a small sieve, Andean variety), and `SCL103' consists of 66 RIL derived from the cross of `G122' x `Labrador' (a large sieve, Mesoamerican variety).. RIL derived from SCL103 had less white mold severity (DSI) over both years than lines derived from SCL102. The superiority of the SCL103 RIL may be explained as a positive combination of genes from the Mesoamerican variety Labrador x the Andean dry bean landrace G122. These results are consistent with previous greenhouse trials to assess physiological type of resistance based on the straw test Root Rot. During the
summers of 2001 and 2002, we carried out field experiments at the Hancock, WI Agricultural Research Station (ARS). In 2002, an additional evaluation of the best performing lines was done in a bean production field in Manito, IL. At the Hancock ARS, we evaluated 81 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from a cross between the root rot susceptible snap bean cultivar 'Eagle' and 'Puebla 152', a black seeded, Mesoamerican dry bean variety identified as root rot resistant. Root rot severity was measured using a 1 to 9 scale (1= no symptoms, 9=extreme severity). Among the variables taken into account were initial plant stand, number of dying plants two weeks after germination and foliage chlorosis. Plants were evaluated for vigor 17 day after planting (dap) and again at flowering. Root rot pressure ranged from severe in 2001 to mild in 2002. Based on the results of the Hancock, WI, and Manito, IL trials several EP lines have been identified which represent a range of compromise between
root rot resistance, plant type and pod quality. Lines with lesser resistance but good quality could be used to introgress a lesser degree of root rot resistance if speed is the primary objective. In contrast, if a higher level of root rot resistance is desired, lines with high levels of resistance could be used; however, it is anticipated that snap bean quality would be achieved more slowly. Soybean aphid resistance screening: Preliminary evaluation at the Arlington ARS resulted in the identification of approximately 20 germplasm accessions that were visually symptomless. Upon further testing of these lines with ELISA, two of the entries were found to be resistant to both CMV and AMV. We propose to evaluate these two entries in greenhouse CMV and AMV inoculation trials in spring 2003. If resistant, we propose to begin to cross these lines to develop breeding populations during the winter 2003-2004. It was also confirmed in the 2002 Arlington field experiment that there is genetic
variation for the number of aphids for the Eagle x Puebla RIL population. However, there was no correlation between the number of aphids and the absence of virus.
Impacts
Processing snap beans is an important industry in the Midwest with over 100,000 acres of production in Wisconsin, Illinois, and Michigan in 2001. Nevertheless, in spite of slight increases in harvested acreages in recent years, production has decreased; for example, 2001 acreage in WI increased 3% yet production decreased 14%. The production restraints can be primarily attributed to weather and pest problems, among the most important of which are root rot, white mold and a new virus complex vectored by the soybean aphid. The best long-term solution to the root rot, white mold and viral disease complex is to identify germplasm resources with economic resistance and incorporate that resistance into adapted horticultural types. To achieve that objective, our lab initiated a comprehensive characterization of germplasm of both Mesoamerican and Andean varieties.
Publications
- Navarro, F. and J. Nienhuis. 2002. Identification of genes and genotypes associated with root rot resistance in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In R.L. Hughes and B.A. Michaelis eds. MWFPA 2002 Processing Crops Manual. Proceedings of the 2002 Midwest Food Processors Association Conference, La Crosse, WI.
- Jung, G., H.M. Ariyarathne, D.P. Coyne, J. Nienhuis, C.D. Upper and S. Hirano. 2002. Identification of QTLs resistant to bacterial brown spot on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) using RAPD markers. Crop Science 43:350-357.
- Beltran, G.E., J. Nienhuis and M. Bassett. 2002. Identification of RAPD markers linked to genes (blu, dgs, arg and ia) for five morphological traits in common bean. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci.
- Navarro. F. and J. Nienhuis 2002. White mold resistance in two snap bean populations (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) derived from Andean x Andean and Andean x Mesoamerican gene pools. Midwest Food Processors Processing Crop Manual and Proceedings. 14:167-169
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
White mold and bacterial brown spot are two important snap bean diseases. Both infect aerial parts of the plant as well as pods causing reduction of yield and quality. Our research strategy has been the use diverse genetic resources to search for genes associated to both of these diseases. Bacterial Brown Spot (BBS) - BBS resistance was studied in field trials in 2000 and 2001. An F8 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cross of 'Eagle', a snap bean variety of Andean origin and 'Puebla 152' a black seeded drybean variety of Mesoamerican origin was used. A molecular marker based linkage map for 'Eagle x Puebla' was developed in our laboratory, consisting of 155 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers. Our objective was to use these markers to identify regions of the genome associated with BBS resistance. Lines were evaluated each year using a leaf freezing assay, providing a rapid method to estimate the population of P. syringae pv. syringae on
snap bean leaflets. Composite interval mapping was used to identify regions of the genome associated with BBS resistance. The RAPD marker 010.350 mapped to linkage group 3 was consistently associated over the three years with loci related to decreased population size of the bacteria. RAPD marker 012.900 on linkage group 2 was found to be related to brown spot resistance in two of the three years. This same marker was found associated to field resistance to BBS by Nienhuis and Jung (2000) in the unrelated Belbneb RR1 x A55 population. White Mold (WM) - During 2001, RIL populations SCL102 and SCL103 were evaluated in the greenhouse and field to identify resistance to WM. SCL102 was derived from the cross of 'G-122' x 'Astrel' (Andean variety) and SCL103 was derived from the cross of 'G122' x 'Labrador' (Mesoamerican variety). Each experiment included 65 F8 RILs from each population and also G122, the common WM resistant parent. In the greenhouse experiment the number of nodes infected
with WM were recorded. The field evaluation evaluated the incidence and severity of WM. Severity was evaluated as the number of infested plants per plot x percentage of branches per infested plant. Also, the number of pods with white mold infection was collected. In both field and greenhouse trials, lines derived from Labrador x G122 had less white mold severity than lines derived from Astrel x G122, even though Astrel per se showed less disease than Labrador. The superiority of the Labrador x G122 lines can be explained as a positive combination of genes from the Mesoamerican variety. We expect to develop a molecular map of SCL102 (Astrel x G122) and SCL103 (Labrador x G122). Calcium (Ca) - Increased Ca intake in the diet of adolescents has been shown to reduce rates of osteoporosis later in life. Pedigree selection among F2 families and simultaneous selection and inbreeding within F2 families resulted in the development of a line, `CA2-076' the pods of which have a mean content of
6.4 mg/g Ca. The Ca content of medium sized pods (8.3 to 9.5 mm in diameter) of line `CA2-076' represents a 14%, and 19% increase, in Ca concentration compared to its parents, `Top Crop' and `Evergreen', respectively.
Impacts
Wisconsin produces and processes more snap beans than any other state; nevertheless, the competitiveness of this industry depends on the continual development of improved cultivars. The key to the development of novel snap bean cultivars is the efficient utilization of genetic resources. The purpose of this research is to add value to snap bean products by increasing the nutraceutical content of the pods, and to reduce production costs by developing genotypes resistant to disease.
Publications
- Jung, G., P.W. Skroch, J. Nienhuis, D.P. Coyne, E. Arnaud-Santana, H.M. Ariyarathne and J.M. Marita. 1999. Confirmation of QTL associated with common bacterial blight resistance in four different genetic backgrounds in common bean. Crop Sci. 39(5):1448-1455.
- Quintana, J.M., H.C. Harrison, J.P. Palta, J. Nienhuis, and K. Kmiecik. 1999. Calcium fertilizers fail to affect pod calcium concentration and yield of four snap bean cultivars. HortSci. 34(4):646-647.
- Quintana, J.M., H.C. Harrison, J.P. Palta, J. Nienhuis, K. Kmiecik, and E. Miglioranza. 1999. Xylem flow rate differences are associated with genetic variation in snap bean pod calcium concentration. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 124(5):488-491.
- Nienhuis, J., Jung, G. Hirano, S., Upper, C. 2000. Identification of genes associated with bacterial brown spot resistance in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Midwest Food Processors Processing Crop Manual and Proceedings. 12:157-158.
- Nienhuis, J. and G. Jung. 2000. Identification of genes associated with white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotienum) resistance in snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Midwest Food Processors Processing Crop Manual and Proceedings. 12:159-160.
- Navarro, F., P.W. Skroch, G. Jung, C.D. Upper, S. Hirano and J. Nienhuis. 2001. Mapping genes for brown spot resistance in a snap bean population. 98th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Horticultural Sciences, Sacramento, CA. Hort. Sci. 36(3):456-457.
- Quintana, J.M., H.C. Harrison, J.P. Palta, J. Nienhuis, K. Kmiecik, and E. Miglioranza. 2001. Stomatal density and calcium concentration of six snap bean cultivars. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 126(1):110-114.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Nutraceutical enhancement of snap bean calcium. Increased calcium intake in the diet of adolescents has been shown to decrease rates of osteoporosis later in life. Thus, a need exists for Ca sources that are high in availability, are relatively cheap and are popular among teenagers. Snap beans have been found to be not only a good source of Ca but also relatively popular with teenagers compared to other fruits and vegetables. We have developed three inbred lines of snap beans which contain 6.4, 6.20 and 6.20 mg/g calcium, respectively, which represents a 24%, 20% and 20% increase in calcium concentration compared to the mean of four standard check snap bean cultivars. Brown Spot Bacterial brown spot (BBS) disease (Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae ) can reduce yield and produce commercially unmarketable snap bean pods due to spotting or pitting. A population and molecular marker (RAPD) based linkage map has also been developed from a cross between the resistant parent
'Puebla 152' and the susceptible snap bean cultivar 'Eagle'. This population is currently under field evaluation to determine if the same marker loci (QTLs) associated with resistance from a previously identified source are consistent with the resistant loci from the 'Puebla 152' source. The leaflet freezing assay (LFA)is a useful indicator of plants resistant to BBS. We have completed two years of field and leaf freezing assay based on evaluation of the recombinant inbred lines of the 'Puebla x Eagle' population, and will compare results for QTL identification between the visual ratings and LFA as well as between two different resistant parents, 'A55' and 'Puebla'. White Mold White mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) has been identified by the Wisconsin snap bean industry as a significant production problem. We have developed a two recombinant inbred populations using the accession 'G122' a source of genes for white mold resistance. 'G122' was crossed with a small sieve cultivar, Astrel,
of Mesoamerican origin and also crossed to a large sieve snap bean cultivar, Laborador, of Andean origin. Our goal is to use RAPD molecular markers to identify the resistance genes (QTL's) in these two populations to facilitate transfer of resistance to other snap bean cultivars.
Impacts
The high calcium snap bean lines will be released this year (2001) and hove the potential to enhance calcium nutrition for teenagers.
Publications
- Quintana, J.M. H.C. Harrison, J. Nienhuis, J.P. Palta, K. Kmiecik and E. Miglioranza. 1999. Comparison of pod calcium concentration between two sna bean populations. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 124:273-276.
- Park, S.O., D.P.Coyne, G.Jung, P.W.Skroch, E. Arnaud-Santana, J.R. Steadman, H.M. Ariyarathne and J. Nienhuis. 2000. Mapping of QTL for seed size and shape in common bean. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 125:466-475.
- Beebe, S., P.W. Skroch, J.Tohme, M.C. Duque, F. Pedraza and J. Nienhuis. 2000. Structure of genetic diversity among common bean landraces of Middle American origin based on correspondence analysis of RAPD. Crop Sci. 40:264-273.
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Brown Spot Bacterial brown spot (BBS) disease (Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae ) can reduce yield and produce commercially unmarketable snap bean pods due to spotting or pitting. A genetic linkage map was constructed in the 'A55' x 'Belneb' population using RAPD molecular markers. The mapped molecular markers were used to identify resistance genes (QTLs) associated with the leaf freezing assay, the visual ratings of bacterial brown spot and the stem inoculation assay. The QTLs identified using the stem inoculation data were different from those identified using the visual ratings or LFA data from field grown plants. This apparent inconsistency may reflect the identification of different genes or mechanisms associated with resistance using the inoculaton procedure in contrast to the field evaluations. A new population and linkage map has also been developed from a cross between the resistant parent 'Puebla 152' and the susceptible snap bean cultivar 'Eagle'. This
population is currently under field evaluation to determine if the same loci associated with resistance from the 'A55' source are consistent with the resistant loci from the 'Puebla 152' source. In conclusion, the leaflet freezing assay is a useful indicator of plants resistant to BBS. Moreover, the consistent results for QTL identification between the visual ratings and LFA as well as between two different resistant parents ('A55' and 'Puebla') suggest that molecular maker loci on two linkage groups (2 and 4) could be used to facilitate introgression of BBS resistance genes from 'A55' and 'Puebla' into snap bean cultivars using marker facilitated backcrossing. White Mold White mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) has been identified by the Wisconsin snap bean industry as a significant production problem due to both increased production costs associated with chemical control measures and because of interruptions in the orderly flow of high quality raw product to the processing plant. We
have developed a population (SCL 102) 64 F3 families derived from the cross of G122 x Astrel. This population was field evaluated and families were observed that equaled the performance of the 'G122' parent, and exceed the horticultural parent . Based on field evaluation, distribution of resistance in the SCL-102 (G122 x Astrel) population is quantitative and strongly influenced by the environment; nevertheless, reasonably reliable field and greenhouse assays are available for white mold. Both the field and greenhouse assays require the development of a white mold inoculation field and the environmental conditions necessary for development of the disease do not occur each year. Thus, environmental effects can strongly influence our ability to identify individuals in segregating population, which carry the genes for resistance. In additiona we have developed another population also segregating for resistance to white mold, G122 x Laborador. Our goal is to use RAPD molecular markers to
identify the resistance genes in these two populatons so resistance can be reliably identified and transferred to other snap bean cultivars.
Impacts
Bacterial brown spot (BBS) disease can reduce yield and produce commercially unmarketable snap bean pods due to spotting or pitting. White mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) has been identified by the Wisconsin snap bean industry as a significant production problem due to both increased production costs associated with chemical control measures and because of interruptions in the orderly flow of high quality raw product to the processing plant.
Publications
- Quintana, J.M. H.C. Harrison, J. Nienhuis, J.P. Palta, K. Kmiecik and E. Miglioranza. 1999. Comparison of pod calcium concentration between two sna bean populations. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 124:273-276.
- Park, S.O., D.P.Coyne, G.Jung, P.W.Skroch, E. Arnaud-Santana, J.R. Steadman, H.M. Ariyarathne and J. Nienhuis. 2000. Mapping of QTL for seed size and shape in common bean. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 125:466-475.
- Beebe, S., P.W. Skroch, J.Tohme, M.C. Duque, F. Pedraza and J. Nienhuis. 2000. Structure of genetic diversity among common bean landraces of Middle American origin based on correspondence analysis of RAPD. Crop Sci. 40:264-273.
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