Source: PURDUE UNIVERSITY submitted to NRP
MODELING SWINE GROWTH, NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS AND PORK QUALITY AND IMPROVEMENT OF COMMERCIAL PIG PERFORMANCE.
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0181386
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 2013
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2018
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
(N/A)
WEST LAFAYETTE,IN 47907
Performing Department
Animal Sciences
Non Technical Summary
Consumer demand for a lean, high quality, but low cost product when producers are facing large increases in corn and soybean meal prices has put immense pressure on producers to integrate all available technologies in nutrition, genetics, housing, and marketing. Genetic selection and management procedures are being evaluated to improve feed efficiency. Concurrent with this increasing market demand for efficient production of quality lean, societys concerns about nutrient excretions as a source of air and water pollution have greatly increased. Solutions will require a systems approach to research in which the global complexities of modern pork production are addressed. Genetic selection must be targeted to improve commercial pork production efficiency.
Animal Health Component
(N/A)
Research Effort Categories
Basic
(N/A)
Applied
(N/A)
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
3073510101020%
3073510108030%
3073510209020%
3083510108020%
3083510101010%
Knowledge Area
308 - Improved Animal Products (Before Harvest); 307 - Animal Management Systems;

Subject Of Investigation
3510 - Swine, live animal;

Field Of Science
2090 - Statistics, econometrics, and biometrics; 1010 - Nutrition and metabolism; 1080 - Genetics;
Goals / Objectives
The objectives are: 1)To apply the use of stochastic swine growth models and economic optimization models to pork production systems, 2) Model genetic, repartitioning agent, and nutritional effects and interactions on pig compositional growth, fatty acid profiles and pork quality, and 3) Improve commercial pork production pig performance by targeted genetic improvement programs. Stochastic models have been developed that model the relationships of litter size, piglet birth and weaning weights to postweaning pig performance. The impact of alternative pork production management decisions, marketing strategies and nutritional feed strategies will be evaluated. Pigs will be fed diets that differ in their amino acid to calorie ratios, energy density (fat level) and type of added fat. The resulting pork carcasses will be evaluated for pork quality. Fatty acid profiles of the carcass fat depots will be determined and the firmness of the backfat and bellies will be evaluated. Data from the trials will be analyzed to evaluate the potential to predict the amount of intramuscular fat, fatty acid profiles, and fat firmness. Research has shown that selection for increased pig growth under high-health, less limiting environmental conditions does not result in the predicted rates of genetic improvement under commercial conditions (Schinckel, 2010). Research will be conducted to evaluate genetic evaluation procedures that increase the growth rate of pigs under commercial conditions.
Project Methods
Research will be conducted in five areas. Large commercial datasets will be obtained and alternative statistical models will be evaluated that may more accurately account for the temporary and permanent effects of stressors. Data sets will be obtained that have undergone different health management programs (management, antibiotics and vaccinations) to quantify the temporary and permanent effects of disease exposure and more chronic disease on pig compositional growth, feed efficiency and pork quality. Also controlled experiments will be designed in which controlled stressors such as temporary heat stress, crowding or remixing are evaluated as their impact on mean growth rate and variation in growth rate. The results of this research will be used to evaluate the impact of environmental stressors on pig performance (mean and variance in growth) and profitability. The data will be used by collaborators in the Agricultural Economics Department to (1) evaluate the cost of stressors and the increased variation on economic returns; (2) further refine the use of on-farm growth data in forecasting; and (3) further refine the marketing strategies when stressors affect the mean and variance in body weight growth. Alternative methods of describing the relationships of birth weight, weaning weight and litter size to postweaning live weight and compositional growth will be evaluated. The impact of alternative methods to increase the weaning weight on the postweaning growth of pigs with less than average birth weights will be studied. The availability of high energy feedstuffs has been substantially reduced and the energy concentration of swine diets has decreased. Further research will be conducted to evaluate the effects of reduced energy diets on pig performance, variation in piglet growth and composition, and the weight of primal and subprimal cuts. Also, the impact of the withdrawal of lower energy feedstuffs on piglet growth and carcass composition two to six weeks prior to marketing will be evaluated. Research has shown that selection for increased pig growth under high-health, less limiting environmental conditions does not result in the predicted rates of genetic improvement under commercial conditions. Research will be conducted to evaluate genetic evaluation procedures that increase the growth rate of pigs under commercial conditions. The genetic correlations of pig performance traits between those measured under high-health commercial conditions and commercial crossbred conditions will be evaluated. Based on these results, selection will either be for a combination of commercial crossbred and high-health pig performance or solely for improved commercial crossbred performance. Data sets will be obtained from large seedstock producers and evaluated to the extent in which the incorporation of associative effects can increase the rate of genetic improvement for pig growth performance. Using the recently quantified relationships of piglet birth weight to pig postweaning performance, the selection for increased mean piglet birth weight and weaning weights will be evaluated in maternal lines.

Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Pork producers, pork industry technical advisors, seedstock swine managers, purebred producers, pork producer organizations Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?journal articles and research reports What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue with modeling work. Conduct new research on swine growth and composition.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Data was obtained from seedstock producers to model the relationships of daily feed intake, growth rate and feed efficiency. A two stage selection process was evaluated for purebred terminal sires boars. The process involved selection of the fastest gaining physically sound boars at 130 days of age to be put on test with electronic feeders to measure average daily gain on test, daily feed intake and feed conversion. The two stage selection procedure was less expensive than testing all the boars and resulted in increased rate of genetic progress for feed efficiency. A trial was conducted using new wet-dry feeders that keep the feed moist so pigs can consume more easily. Two stocking densities (7 or 8.4 square feet per pig) and three feeder space stocking rates (10, 13, or 16 pigs per feeder space) were evaluated. The pigs' response to stocking density and feeder space are different than with dry feeders. Optimal feed efficiency was with 13 pigs per feeder space and 7 square feet per pig.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wastell, M.E., Garbossa, C.A.P. and Schinckel, A.P. 2018. Effects of wet/dry Feeder and Pen Stocking Density on grow-finish Pig Performance. Translational Animal Science. doi: 10.1093/tas/txy073
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Maskal J., F. A. Cabez�n, A. P. Schinckel, J. N. Marchant-Forde, J. S. Johnson, and R. M. Stwalley. 2018. Evaluation of floor cooling on lactating sows under mild and moderate heat stress. Prof. Anim. Sci. 34:8494 https://doi.org/10.15232/pas.2017-01661


Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Pork producers, pork processors, pork industry supporting firms, Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A method to estimate the accuracy in which pigs are sorted for market has been developed. we are engaging pork producers and analyzing thier marketing data. We are in discussions with producers on means to improve thier accuracy of sorting and method to evaluate thier optimal market weight. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Extension publications have been written targeting the commerical producers. We are going to write popular press articles on the top of sorting accuracy and optimal market wieght.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Pork producers can become more efficient and profitable by optimizing the nutrition and management of their pigs. Sort loss is the amount a pig is discounted for being too heavy or too light at market. Pigs become increasingly less efficient at heavy body weights. Producers marketing thier pigs just several pounds too heavy can reduce the profit of each pig from 5 to 20 dollars per pig. The past year we focused on the impact of the accuracy in which pigs are sorted for market on several statistics. A stoachastic model was developed and used. In addition, marketing data from several producers was analyzed. Producers were found to not accurately sort their pigs for market. The impacts of the accuracy of sorting on sort loss and optimal market weights were evaluated.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Cheng, J, F. A. Cabezon, Y. Que, N. M. Thompson, and A. P. Schinckel. 2017. Evaluation of the impact of the magnitude of errors in the sorting of pigs for market on the optimal market weight. Prof. Anim. Sci. 33:585595
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: 123) Que, Y., F. A. Cabezon and A. P. Schinckel. 2016. CASE STUDY: Use of statistics to quantify the magnitude errors in the sorting of pigs for marketing in three finishing barns. Prof. Anim. Sci. 32: 507-515. doi:10.15232/pas.2015-01498
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: 124) F. A. Cabezon, A. P. Schinckel, and Y. Que. 2016. Evaluation of statistics to be used to quantify the magnitude of errors in the sorting of pigs for market via simulation. Prof. Anim. Sci. 32:495-506. doi:10.15232/pas.2015-01499
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: 125) M. S. S. Ferreira, T. S. Ara�jo, A. C. Alves, L. C. J. Porto, A. P. Schinckel, Z. J. Rambo, V. S. Cantarelli, M. G. Zangeronimo and R. V. Sousa. 2016. Ractopamine with dietary lysine concentrations above basal requirements of finishing barrows improves growth performance, carcass traits and modifies the mTor signalling pathway. Anim. Prod. Sci. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AN15565 10pp
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Cabez�n, F. A., A. P. Schinckel, A. J. Smith, J. N. Marchant-Forde, J. S. Johnson and R. M. Stwalley. 2017. Initial evaluation of floor cooling on lactating sows under acute heat stress. Prof. Anim. Sci 33:254260.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: 131) Cabez�n, F. A., A. P. Schinckel, L. Y. Le�n, and B. A. Craig. 2017. Analysis of lactation feed intakes for sows with extended lactation lengths. Transl. Anim. Sci. 1:9096 doi:10.2527/tas2017.0016.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: 134) Cabez�n, F. A., A. P. Schinckel, B. T. Richert, W. A. Peralta, and M. Gandarillas. 2017. Technical Note: Application of models to estimate daily heat production of lactating sows. Prof. Anim. Sci. 33:357362. doi.org/10.15232/pas.2016-0158.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Que. Y., F. A. Cabezon, Y. Que, N. M. Thompson, and A. P. Schinckel. 2017. Evaluation of the impact of errors in the sorting of pigs for market on financial loss at a range of marketing ages. Prof. Anim. Sci. 33:575584


Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:pork producers, pork processors, swine seedstock producers, swine nutritionists Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?NSF Midwest AgCorps. Summer, 2016. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results have been disseminated in research articles, presentations, research reports and direct interaction and collaboration. A new modeling course was developed for graduate students. Direct collaboration with pork producers, pork processors and animal nutritionists. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue modeling the impact the accuracy of sorting pigs for market on the magnitude of sort loss and optimal market weights. Work with ag software developers to program the math for producers to estimate statistics associated with the accuracy in which pigs are sorted for market. Refine new methods to cool lactating sows to increase sow productivity and increase piglet weaning weights.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We have completed trials evaluating the impact of feeding high or low energy diets with and without ractopamine on pig growth, feed efficiency, carcass composition and pork quality. We have look at the imapct of feeding Betaine to heat stress sows. We have developed a sow cooling pad that allows for excess heat during lactation to be removed and increased piglet weaning weight. We have completed research on the impact of animal managment on piglet growth and well-being. A program has been developed to estimate the accuracy in which pigs are sorted for marketing and its impact on the distribution of carcass weights.We are currently modeling the impact of the accuracy of sort on optimal marketing weight for pork producers. A model has been developed to estimate heat production in sows.A spreadsheet developed assist pork producers in using the NRC, 2012 for estimating energy and anim0-acid requirements of sows. A data set on amino-acid composition of pigs has been obtained from The Ohio state University and is being analysed to refine the Animo-acid requirements of grow-finishing pigs.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Almeida, V. V., A. Nu�ez, A. Schinckel, M. Ward, C. Andrade, M. Sbardella, B. Berenchtein, L. Coutinho, and V. Miyada. 2015. Gene expression of beta-adrenergic receptors and myosin heavy chain isoforms induced by ractopamine feeding duration in pigs not carrying the ryanodine receptor mutation. Livestock Sci. 172:91-95.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: 117. C. A. P. Garbossa, F. M. Carvalho J�nior, H. Silveira,P. B. Faria, A. P. Schinckel, M. L. T. Abreu, and V. S. Cantarelli. 2015. Effects of ractopamine and arginine dietary supplementation for sows on growth performance and carcass quality of their progenies. J. Anim. Sci. 93:28722884.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Schinckel, A. P. , W. Steyn, E. C. Allen, C. A. P. Garbossa., J. M. Eggert, and B.T. Richert. 2015. Effect of two net energy feeding programs in combination with ractopamine on grow-finish pig growth performance and carcass characteristics. Prof. Anim. Sci. 31:504-515. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.15232/pas.2015-01449
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Fu Lingling, Li Huizhi, Liang Tingting, Zhou Bo, Chu Qingpo, Allan P. Schinckel, Yang Xiaojing, Zhao Ruqian, Li Pinghua, and Huang Ruihua. 2016. Stocking density affects welfare indicators of growing pigs of different group sizes after regrouping. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 174:42-50. DOI information: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.10.002
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Cabez�n, F. A., A. P. Schinckel, B. T. Richert, K. R. Stewart M. Gandarillas, and W. A. Peralta. 2016. Analysis of lactation feed intakes for sows including data on environmental temperatures and humidity. Prof. Anim. Sci. 32:333-345


Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:Pork producers, swine seedstock producers, pork processers,swine nutritionists Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A new 500 level swine growth modeling class was developed and taught at Purdue University, Fall 2014. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Theresultshavebeendisseminatedinresearcharticles,presentations,researchreportsanddirectinteractionand collaboration.Anewmodelingcoursewasdevelopedforgraduatestudents.Direct collaboration with pork producers. Assistance has been given to three vertically coordinated pork production systems and the model refined to fit their specific genetic lines of pigs and pork processing procedures. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue research on genetic improvement and management procedures to increase preweaning piglet survival. Evaluate means to cost effectively reduce the impact of heat stress and heat production in lactating sows.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The pig growth model was expanded to include carcass primal and subprimal cut weights. Sources of variation in the cut weights were evaluated including between pigs and between sides within pigs. Data was obtained and used to model the relationships of litter size, piglet birth weights, piglet survival, and weaning weight with subsequent postweaning performance. Selection indexes were re-evaluated to reduce the impact of increasing litter size on preweaning survival. Data has been obtained to model the impact of increasing temperatures on daily feed intakes of sows. A model have been developed to estimate the amount of excess heat that needs to be removed from modern sows with larger litter sizes and litter weights.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: R. L. Cutshaw, A. P. Schinckel, M. M. Schutz, J. S. Fix, M. Brubaker, and M. E. Einstein. 2014. Sources of Variation in Purebred Pig Growth, Live Ultrasound Backfat, and Loin Muscle Area. Prof. Anim. Sci. 30:534-542.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: R. L. Cutshaw, A. P. Schinckel, M. M. Schutz, J. S. Fix, M. Brubaker, and M. E. Einstein. 2014. Relationships among Sow Productivity Traits within Purebred and Crossbred Litters. Livestock Sci., 170: 193-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. livsci.2014.10.007 170: 193-202.


Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: commerical pork producers, pork processors, technical pork industry people and seedstock producers. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? A new course on swine growth modeling was developed and taught in 2013 at Purdue University and also the University of Lavarus, Brazil. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The results have been disseminated in research articles, presentations, research reports and direct interaction and collaboration. A new modeling course was developed for graduate students. Previous data on sow lactation feed intakes, pig growth and daily feed intakes and ractopamine responses were provided to the NCR committee and included in the 2012 NRC Nutrient Requirements for Swine. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Continue research on genetic improvement and management procedures to increase preweaning piglet survival. Model the impact of heat stress and heat production in lactating sows.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The model was expanded to include carcass primal and subprimal cuts. Sources of variation in the cut weights were evaluated including between pigs and between sides within pigs. Data was obtained from seedstock producers to model the relationships of litter size, piglet birth weights, piglet survival, and weaning weight with subsequent postweaning performance. Selection indexes were evaluated to reduce the impact of increasing litter size on preweaning survival. Lysine requirements predicted by the new NRC model and past models were compared and discussed. We are collaborating with swine seedstock producers to select for commerical crossbred performance.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Ferreira S. M. S. and A. P. Schinckel. 2013. Evaluation of three models of digestible lysine requirements applied to two genetic populations of pigs with different body compositions. Prof. Anim. Sci. 29:685-692.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Lawlor, M. R., B. A. Craig, A. P. Schinckel, M. E. Einstein, S. Jungst, J. O. Matthews, B. Fields, C. Booher, T. Dreadin, C. Fralick, S. Tabor, A. Sosnicki, E. Wilson, and R. D. Boyd. 2013. Technical Note: Development of a procedure to reproduce the variance and relationships amongst carcass measurements and the weight of primal and subprimal lean cuts. Prof. Anim. Sci. 29:83-88.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Schinckel A. P., M. E. Einstein, N. Olynk, S. Jungst, C. Booher, B. Fields, T. Dreadin, E. Wilson, A. Sosnicki, and S. Newman. 2013. Evaluation of Sources of Variation for the Weight of Five Pork Primal and Subprimal Cut Weights. Prof. Anim. Sci. 29:75-82.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2014 Citation: R. L. Cutshaw, A. P. Schinckel, M. M. Schultz, J. S. Fix, M. Brubaker, and M. E. Einstein. 2014. Sources of Variation in Purebred Pig Growth, Live Ultrasound Backfat, and Loin Muscle Area. Prof. Amin. Sci. (in Press)


Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Alternative methods to model farm-genetic population specific growth parameters including variation in pig empty body and carcass composition were evaluated. The impact of feeding lower energy feedstuffs on pig compositional growth was investigated. A large data set of over 4200 pigs from four sire lines has been obtained which includes data on pig growth from birth to heavy market weights. The pigs were fed high and low energy diets. The data was used to refine feed budgets using alterative measures of feed energy content including metabolizable (ME) and net energy (NE). The results indicated that net energy was a more precise measure of dietary energy than metabolizable energy. Pigs fed the low energy diets were leaner and should have had greater body weight gain per unit energy above maintenance but did not. The results suggest that the maintenance requirement for energy for pigs should be adjusted for the fiber content of the diet. Most likely the low energy diet increases the production of digestive enzymes which require additional energy to produce. Data was obtained and used to model the mineral accretion rates for barrows and gilts from two genetic populations of pigs with substantially different carcass composition. The high-lean pigs had greater rates of mineral accretion per unit body weight gain and 50 to 70% greater mineral accretion per unit energy intake. The gilts were predicted to require diets with greater mineral concentrations than barrows. The high-lean gain pigs were predicted to require diets with 50 to 70% greater concentrations of minerals after 60 kg body weight. The results demonstrate the need to have genetic population specific nutrient requirements based primarily on the pig's genetic potential for carcass lean growth. Data was summarized to support the need for accurate prediction equations of carcass composition to estimate the pig's nutrient requirements. Recently developed equations were found to be less accurate and more biased relative to genetic line and sex than older equations. For equations to be used to accurately predict the nutrient requirements of pigs of different genetic lines, the equations must account for the vast majority of the genetic population and sex differences in composition. PARTICIPANTS: D. Mahan and T. Wiseman, the Ohio State University collaborators. Justin Fix, the National Swine Registry, collaborator. PIC collaborating seedstock producer. TARGET AUDIENCES: Pork producers, pork processors, seedstock producers, swine nutritionists. Our effects are targeted to educate people on the need to target nutrition and management for their pig's genetic potential for msucle gain and feed efficiency. Our goal is to improve the efficiency of pork production while reducing nutrient excretion and enviromental impacts of pork production. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Genetic selection for lean growth has increased the pig's nutrient requirements for protein and minerals. Feeding pigs as closely to their nutrient requirements will result in more profitable pig production while minimizing nutrient excretion. The results of our past pig compositional growth modeling research has been included and referenced in the 2012 NRC - Nutrient Requirements of Swine and the National Swine Nutrition Guide. Both publications are widely used in the pork industry. Feeding pigs diets which more closely match the pig's nutrient requirements is especially important as feed costs are recently increased. For example with current feed costs over of under feeding pigs 3 grams of lysine per pig per day will reduce profitability by 5 to 7 dollars per pig. Thus accurate estimates of the pig's composition and nutrient requirements are needed. The farm specific modeling of nutrient requirements based on our more accurate equations can increase profitability while reducing nutrient excretion. High-lean gain pigs require 40 to 70 % greater dietary concentrations of available phosphorus than low-lean gain pigs. The dietary concentration of phosphorus must coincide with the pig's genetic potential for muscle growth. Feeding excessive phosphorus results in excessive phosphorus excretion which can have a negative environmental impact. Our data is used to model genetic population specific mineral requirements as functions of the pig's genetic potential for lean growth. Swine nutritionists target diets to the pig's lean gain potential which increases the feed efficiency for the pigs while minimizing nutrient excretion. The feeding of lower energy diets is expected due to reduced supply of corn and use of some fats for biodiesel production. Our research demonstrates that both the net and metabolizable energy systems overestimate the growth rates achieved by pigs. The use of net energy is a better estimate of the energy content of high fiber feedstuffs. The use of metabolizable energy will over predict the enemy value of low energy feedstuffs from 3 to 7 % and overestimate their value from 2 to 5 %. Pork producers purchasing low energy, high fiber feedstuffs must take into account the reduced growth and increased leanness produced by feeding the low energy diets. Over payment for low energy feedstuffs relative to higher energy feedstuffs results in reduced pig performance and profitability.

Publications

  • Schinckel, A. P., D. C. Mahan, T. G. Wiseman, and M. E. Einstein. 2012. Evaluation of the rates of mineral accretion per kilogram body weight gain and net energy intake for two genetic lines of barrows and gilts from twenty to one hundred twenty-five kilograms body weight. Prof. Anim. Sci. 28:387-394.
  • Schinckel, A. P. and C. P Rusk. 2012. The need for accurate prediction equations for the carcass lean content of pigs. J. Ext. Vol 50(3). Online. Avialable at: ttp://www.joe.org/joe/2012june/rb5.php
  • M. L. Simeonova, N. A. Todorov and A. P. Schinckel. 2012. Review of in vivo-methods for quantitative measurement of protein deposition rate in animals with emphasize on swine. Bulgarian J. of Anim. Sci. 18: 455-481.
  • Schinckel, A. P., M.E. Einstein, S. Jungst, J.O. Matthews, B. Fields, C. Booher, T. Dreadin, C. Fralick, E., S. Tabor, A, Sosnicki, Wilson, R. D. Boyd and S. Newman. 2012. The impact of feeding diets of high or low energy concentration on carcass measurements and the weight of primal and subprimal lean cuts. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 25(4):531-540.
  • Schinckel, A. P., M.E. Einstein, S. Jungst, J.O. Matthews, C. Booher, T. Dreadin, C. Fralick, E. Wilson, R. D. Boyd, and S. Newman. 2012. Feed and energy intake, growth rate and diet energy efficiency of pigs from four sire lines fed high or low energy diets. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 25(3):410-420.
  • Y. Zhu, S. Arnold, B. Richert, A. Schinckel and M. A. Latour. 2012. Impact of high iodine value diet composed of distillers dried grains with solubles and restaurant grease on pork loin quality. J. of Agric. and Biodivers. 1 (6):102-115.
  • Schinckel, A. P., M. E. Einstein, D. Mariois, and D. Hamilton. 2012. Use of mixed model nonlinear functions to adjust pig growth and measurement data. Prof. Anim. Sci. 28:473-476.


Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Alternative methods to model farm-genetic population specific growth parameters including variation in pig bodyweight and compositional growth are being refined. A large data set of over 4200 pigs from four sire lines has been obtained which includes data on pig growth from birth to heavy market weights. The pigs were fed high and low energy diets. The data is being used to refine feed budgets using alterative measures of feed energy content including Metabolizable and Net energy. The bodyweight gain of pigs of each sire line and sex are being modeled as functions of accumulative energy intake or accumulative energy intake above maintenance. Recent analyses have indicated that the net energy system predicts pig growth better than metabolizable energy. However, the pigs fed the low energy diet grew more slowly and were leaner than pigs fed the high energy diets when the daily net energy intakes for the pigs were almost identical. The data sets were used to develop a stochastic pig growth model which relates early pig growth including birth, weaning and nursery weight on pig compositional growth to market weight. Economic analyses of the profitability of pigs from litters of different sizes were completed which reproduced the variation in piglet birth weights and weaning weights. Recently the weight of major primal and subprimal cuts has been modeled. The information is being taken to large producers and pork processors to evaluate the optimal marketing strategy for their pigs. The model includes the current market prices, pork processors carcass payment system, and feed costs. PARTICIPANTS: Nicole Olynk - agircultural ecnomics department. PIC International. National Swine Registry. TARGET AUDIENCES: Pork producers, pork processors. Swine seedstock producers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: We have intiated work on the modeling of primal and subprimal cut wieghts. The objective is to estimate pork carcass cut out values and the cost of variation in cut weights to pork processors.

Impacts
Variation in pig growth increases the cost of pork production by decreasing the efficiency in which the grow finish facilities are utilized. Selection for increased litter size has resulted in larger litters with greater number of light birth weight pigs. These pigs tend to grow more slowly to market increasing the number of light weight pigs that are sold with substantial discounts, ranging from 10 to 30 dollars per pig. Pigs with lighter than average birth and weaning weights have decreased survival rates to weaning and in the nursery phase, have reduced growth rates and poorer feed efficiency. Light birth weight pigs also increase the variation in pig growth. To reduce the variation in pig BW growth to market weight management decisions including nutrition, health, use of milk replacers and creep feeds must increase the growth of the pigs with the lightest birth weights. The profitability of pigs with less than average birth and weaning weights is reduced. The results indicate that selection towards increased piglet birth weights, survival rates and weaning weights are needed at the present litter sizes currently achieved in the pork industry. Pigs with less than average birth weight and weaning weights are less efficient and many are sold at a discount for being light when the grow-finish barn is emptied. The decreased profitability of pigs born at less than 2.2 pounds birth weight ranges from 20 to 30 dollars per head. The optimal market weights and marketing strategies depend upon a number of economic factors including market prices, feed costs and the pork processors carcass payment system. With the substantial fluctuations in feed in market prices observed in the past 5 years, producer must re-evaluate their marketing strategies several times per year.

Publications

  • A. P. Schinckel, M. E. Einstein, T. S. Stewart, C. Schwab, N. J. Olynk. 2010. Use of a Stochastic Model to Evaluate the Growth and profitability of pigs of different parities and litters sizes of dams. Proc. World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Prod. Leipzig, Germany, Augus, 2010. 4pp. Schinckel, A. P. 2011. The cost of Inaccurate Prediction of Fat-free Lean Gain in Pigs. Feedstuffs. March 28, 2011 2pp.
  • Schinckel, A. P. 2011. Can the Growth and Carcass Characteristics of Market Hogs be Manipulated by Nutrition Proc. 47th Nutrition Conference. Montreal, Canada.
  • Widmar,D. A., Oylnk, N. J., B. T. Richert, A. P. Schinckel and K. A. Foster. 2011. Economic Implications of Increased Variation in Litter Size Southern Agric. Ecom. Proc. 16pp
  • Schinckel, A. P. 2010. Management, Modeling and Selection of Genetics for Optimal Commercial Performance. Proc. World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Prod. Leipzig, Germany, August, 2010. 8pp.


Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Alternative methods to model farm-genetic population specific growth parameters including variation in pig bodyweight and compositional growth are being refined. A large data set of over 4200 pigs from four sire lines has been obtained which includes data on pig growth from birth to heavy market weights. The pigs were fed high and low energy diets. The data is being used to refine feed budgets using alterative measures of feed energy content including metabolizable and net energy. The body weight gain of pigs of each sire line and sex are being modeled as functions of accumulative energy intake or accumulative energy intake above maintenance. Preliminary results show that the accumulated net energy above maintenance accounts for pen to pen and replicate to replicate variation in pig growth and dietary differences. The data sets were used to develop a stochastic pig growth model which relates early pig growth including birth, weaning and nursery weight on pig compositional growth to market weight. Research has been conducted to refine the pig compositional model to take into account for changes in fatty acid profiles of pigs fed dried distillers grains, dietary fats, and ractopamine to increased market weights. Research has been conducted evaluating the joint effects of dietary fat concentration, distillers dried grains and ractopamine on pig compositional growth and pork quality. PARTICIPANTS: Others working on the project include K. Foster, M. Latour, B. T. Richert and N. Olynk of Purdue Unviersity. C. Schwab of the National Swine Recores ( NSR). Partner organizations include NSR, major pig breeding stock companies including PIC and TOPIGS. S. Jungst and S. Newman and others at PIC have collaborated on data collection and analyses. TARGET AUDIENCES: Commerial prok producers, feed consultants, feed companies, breeding stock companies. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Variation in pig growth increases the cost of pork production by decreasing the efficiency in which the grow finish facilities are utilized. Selection for increased litter size has resulted in larger litters with greater number of light weight pigs. These pigs tend to grow more slowly to market increasing the number of lightweight pigs that are sold with substantial discounts, ranging from 10 to 30 dollars per pig. To reduce the variation in pig BW growth to market weight management decisions including nutrition, health, use of milk replacers and creep feeds must increase the growth of the pigs with the lightest birth weights. Previous modeling has indentified the optimal marketing strategy and ractopamine use. A stochastic model has been developed to look at the possibility of sorting pigs at weaning or as they exit the nursery at 70 days of age into two different finishing barns. The estimation of mean pig body weights based on net energy above maintenance will allow more precise changes of diets relative to body weight, and allow advance notice to when to start feeding ractopamine. By modeling of body growth of pigs from their accumulative net energy intakes producers will have prior knowledge as to the growth of the current specific group of pigs relative to the average growth curve and expected closeout times. If pigs are ahead of schedule pigs can be fed lower cost diets which have greater concentrations of by-products like dried distillers grains and solubles (DDGS) which reduce pig growth rates but also reduce feed costs. The feeding of DDGS at higher concentrations results in decreased carcass weight growth by both decreasing bodyweight growth and decreasing dressing percentage. The withdrawal-reduction of DDGs with ractopamine feeding will allow producers with tight finishing barn schedules to better utilize DDGS. The optimal use of DDGS, ractopamine, and market weights are affected by the increased feed costs and market prices. Producers reducing market weights, removing DDGS for the last three weeks prior to market and use of ractopamine can increase profits or decreases loses of 3 to 5 dollars per pig.

Publications

  • A. P. Schinckel, M. E. Einstein, S. Jungst, C. Booher, T. S. Stewart and S. Newman. 2009. Development of a Stochastic Model of Pig Growth to Evaluate the Impact of Birth and 21 Day Body Weight and Potential Sorting Strategies on the Body Composition Growth and Lysine Requirements of Pigs. Prof. Anim. Sci. 25:663-688.
  • A. P. Schinckel, J. R. Wagner, J. C. Forrest and M. E. Einstein. 2010. Evaluation of the Prediction of Alternative Measures of Carcass Composition by Three Optical Probes. J. Anim. Sci. 88:767-794.
  • Canchi, D., N. Li, K. Foster, P.V. Preckel, A. Schinckel, and B. Richert. 2010. Optimal Control of Desensitizing Inputs: The Case of Paylean. Amer. J. Agr. Econ. 92(1):56-69.
  • Jia, Jiancheng, A. P. Schinckel, J. C. Forrest, W. Chen, J. R. Wagner. 2010. Prediction of lean and fat in swine carcasses from ham area measurements with visual image analyses. Meat Sci. 85:240-244
  • A. P. Schinckel, M. E. Einstein, T. S. Stewart, C. Schwab, N. J. Olynk. 2010. Use of a Stochastic Model to Evaluate the Growth Performance and Profitability of Pigs from Different Litter Sizes and Parity of Dams. Prof. Anim. Sci. 26:547-560.
  • A. P. Schinckel, M. E. Einstein, S. Jungst, C. Booher, and S. Newman. 2009. Evaluation of Different Mixed Model Nonlinear Functions to Describe the Body Weight Growth of Pigs of Different Sire and Dam Lines. Prof. Anim. Sci. 25:307-324.
  • A. P. Schinckel, M. E. Einstein, S. Jungst, C. Booher, T. S. Stewart and S. Newman. 2010. Evaluation of the Impact of Pig Birth Weight on Grow-Finish Performance, Backfat Depth and Loin Depth. Prof. Anim. Sci. 26:51-69.
  • K. H. Wert, K. H., H. M. White, N. R. Augsburger, J. D. Spencer, A. Schinckel, and M. A. Latour, 2009. Effects of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles and Gromega on Fat and Meat Quality From Sows Prof. Anim. Sci 25:695-700.
  • A. P. Schinckel ,, M. Wastell , M. E. Einstein , J. T. Hubbs and P. V. Preckel. 2009. Evaluation of Alternative Methods to Analyze Pig Body Weight Data from Animal Sorting Technologies. Prof. Anim. Sci. 25:654-662.


Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Alternative methods to model farm-genetic population specific growth parameters including variation in pig bodyweight and compositional growth are being refined. A large data set of over 1900 pigs has been obtained which included data on pig growth from birth to market weight. The data sets were used to develop a stochastic pig growth model which relates early pig growth including birth, weaning and nursery weight on pig compositional growth, feed intakes and essential amino-acid requirements to market weight. The model has been updated to include the survival of pigs from a each stage of growth, birth, preweaning, nursery and grow-finish relative to litter size, birth weight and sow parity. The model now includes a parity one effect that reduces pig growth and increase mortality. The model is to be used to look at the impact of litter size, piglet birth weight and sow longevity on economic returns. Research has been conducted to refine the pig compositional model to take into account for changes in fatty acid profiles of pigs fed dried distillers grains, dietary fats, and ractopamine to increased market weights. Research has been conducted evaluating the joint effects of dietary fat concentration, distillers dried grains and ractopamine on pig compositional growth and pork quality. PARTICIPANTS: The partner organizations in the area of modeling the impact of pig birth wieght, litter size, weaning wieght and parity on pig growth include PIC and the National Swine Registry. The parnters for the research on the impact of Distillers Dried grains, ractopamine and CLA include Elanco Animal Health, BASF, Oscar Meyer, and the National Pork Board. TARGET AUDIENCES: The pork industry, producer groups , pork processors. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Variation in pig growth increases the cost of pork production by decreasing the efficiency in which the grow finish facilities are utilized. Selection for increased litter size has resulted in larger litters with greater number of light weight pigs. Pigs with lighter birth and weaning weights grow more slowly and less efficiently to market. Increasing litter size increase the number of lightweight pigs that are sold with substantial discounts, ranging from 10 to 30 dollars per pig. To reduce the variation in pig BW growth to market weight management decisions including nutrition, health, use of milk replacers and creep feeds must increase the growth of the pigs with the lightest birth weights. Previous modeling has indentified the optimal marketing strategy and ractopamine use. The optimal use of Paylean and refined marketing strategy can result in increased profitability of $ 7,000 to 10,000 per year for a 1000 head finisher. A stochastic model has been developed to look at the possibility of sorting pigs are weaning or as the exit the nursery at 70 days of age into two different finishing barns. Pigs in the barn with the lightest pigs at sorting would be marketed on the average 10 to 17 days after the first barn is marketed which increases overall facility utilization, allows for more effective use of ractopamine and reduces discounts associated with too light of carcasses. Producers will feed dried distillers grains and solubles (DDGS) as a high percentage of the current and future corn production will be used for ethanol production. If DDGS are available the use of 20-25 % in the finishing diets can reduce feed costs from 4 to 8 dollars per head. The feeding of DDGS at higher concentrations results in decreased carcass weight growth by both decreasing bodyweight growth and decreasing dressing percentage. The withdrawal or reduction of the level of DDGS included in the last finishing diet and the feeding of ractopamine in the last finishing diet resulted in slightly greater carcass weights than pigs not fed DDGS or ractopamine. The withdrawal or reduction of the concentration of DDGs in the last finishing diet (21 to 28 days) and the feeding of ractopamine has a greater impact to increase pig growth and carcass weight that the feeding diets containing 20-25% DDGS during the entire grower-early finishing stages of growth. The withdrawal or reduction of DDGS in the last finishing diet improves pork quality by increasing the saturation of the bellies and the firmness of the fat which is made softer by the feeding of DDGS in higher concentrations. The withdrawal-reduction of DDGs with ractopamine feeding will allow producers with tight finishing barn schedules to better utilize DDGS. The optimal use of DDGS, ractopamine, and market weights are affected by the increased feed costs and market prices. Producers reducing market weights, removing DDGS for the last three weeks prior to market and use of ractopamine can increase profits or decreases loses of 3 to 5 dollars per pig.

Publications

  • H. M. White, B. T. Richert, J. S. Radcliffe, A. P. Schinckel, J. R. Burgess, S.L. Koser, S.S. Donkin and M. A. Latour. 2009. Feeding CLA partially recovers carcass quality in pigs fed dried corn distillers grains with soluables. J. Ani. Sci. 87:157-166
  • A. P. Schinckel, B. T. Richert, D. M. Holly, J. S. Radcliffe, A. L. Sutton, and M. E. Eistien. 2009. Impact of Weaning Weight and Early Postweaning Growth of Pigs to Late Finishing Growth when Fed either Corn-Soybean Meal Based Diets or Low Nutrient Excretion Diets. Prof. Anim. Sci. 87: 175-188.
  • R. B. Hinson, A. P. Schinckel, J. S. Radcliffe, G. L. Allee, A. L. Sutton, and B. T. Richert. 2009. Effect of feeding reduced crude protein and phosphorus diets on weaning-finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and bone characteristics. J Anim Sci. 87: 1502-1517
  • A. P. Schinckel, M. E. Einstein, S. Jungst, C. Booher, and S. Newman 2009. Evaluation of the Growth of Backfat Depth, Loin Depth, and Carcass Weight for Different Sire and Dam Lines. Prof. Anim. Sci. 25:325-344.
  • A. P. Schinckel, M. E. Einstein, S. Jungst, C. Booher, and S. Newman. 2009. Evaluation of Different Mixed Model Nonlinear Functions to Describe the Feed Intakes of Pigs of Different Sire and Dam Lines. Prof. Anim. Sci. 25:349-359
  • A. P. Schinckel, M. E. Einstein, S. Jungst, C. Booher, and S. Newman. 2009. Evaluation of Different Mixed Model Nonlinear Functions to Describe the Body Weight Growth of Pigs of Different Sire and Dam Lines . Prof. Anim. Sci. 25:307-324.


Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Alternative methods to model farm-genetic population specific growth parameters including variation in pig bodyweight and compositional growth are being refined. A large data set of over 1900 pigs has been obtained which included data on pig growth from birth to market weight. The data sets were used to develop a stochastic pig growth model which relates early pig growth including birth, weaning and nursery weight on pig compositional growth to market weight. The compositional growth of pigs fed diets which reduce nutrient excretion has been modeled. Research has been conducted to refine the pig compositional model to take into account for changes in fatty acid profiles of pigs fed dried distillers grains and ractopamine to increased market weights. Research has been conducted evaluating the joint effects of dietary fat concentration, distillers dried grains and ractopamine on pig compositional growth and pork quality. Research has been conducted to evaluate the impact of feeding distillers dried grains on pig growth and pork quality. Demand for corn has increased feed costs for pork producers. A model was developed to look at the optimal market weights of barrows and gilts of three representative genetic populations: high lean gain, average-high lean gain and average lean gain genetic populations of pigs. A feed costs reach a specific level for each genetic population-sex group of pigs, the optimal market weight decreases for the upper limit of the pork processors marketing grid to the lower limit of the marketing grid. This information was disseminated as part of a proceedings paper and talk, a peer-reviewed extension publication and press releases. PARTICIPANTS: Brian Richert, Mickey Latour, Alan Sutton , Scott Radcliffe, M. E. Einstien from the department of Animal Sciences and Paul Preckel and Ken Foster from the department of agriculural economics worked on this project. Partners include PIC, distillers manufacters, Elanco animal health, individual pork producers, pork processors, Kraft Foods, Johnsonville and the National Pork Board. TARGET AUDIENCES: Pork producers, feed companies, pork processers, government officials, Indiana department of agriculture. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Selection for increased litter size has resulted in larger litters with greater number of light weight pigs. These pigs have light weaning weights and grow more slowly to market increasing the number of lightweight pigs that are sold with substantial discounts, ranging from 10 to 30 dollars per pig. To reduce the variation in pig BW growth, decisions including nutrition, health, use of milk replacers and creep feeds must increase the growth of the pigs with the lightest birth weights. Previous modeling has indentified the optimal marketing strategy and ractopamine use. The full benefits of feeding ractopamine can only be achieved with improved feeding and marketing management. The optimal use Paylean and refined marketing strategy can result in increased profitability of $ 7,000 to 10,000 per year for a 1000 head finisher. A stochastic model has been developed to look at the possibility of sorting pigs are weaning or as the exit the nursery at 70 days of age into two different finishing barns. Pigs in the barn with the lightest pigs at sorting would be marketed on the average 10 to 17 days after the first barn is marketed which increases overall facility utilization, allows for more effective use of ractopamine and reduces discounts associated with too light of carcasses. The swine industry will feed dried distillers grains and solubles (DDGS) as a high percentage of the current and future corn production will be used for ethanol production. If DDGS are available the use of 20-25 % in the finishing diets could reduce feed costs from 3 to 6 dollars per head depending on the relative prices of the feed ingredients. Feeding higher concentrations of DDGS results in decreased carcass weight growth by both decreasing bodyweight growth and decreasing dressing percentage. The withdrawal or reduction of the level of DDGS included in the last finishing diet and the feeding of ractopamine in the last finishing diet resulted in slightly greater carcass weights than pigs not fed DDGS or ractopamine. The withdrawal or reduction of the concentration of DDGs in the last finishing diet (21 to 28 days) and the feeding of ractopamine has a greater impact to increase pig growth and carcass weight that the feeding diets containing 20-25% DDGS during the entire grower-early finishing stages of growth. The withdrawal or reduction of DDGS in the last finishing diet improves pork quality by increasing the saturation of the bellies and the firmness of the fat which is made softer by the feeding of DDGS in higher concentrations. The withdrawal-reduction of DDGs with ractopamine feeding will allow producers with tight finishing barn schedules to better utilize DDGS. The optimal use of DDGS, ractopamine, and market weights are affected by the increased feed costs and market prices. Producers reducing market weights, removing DDGS for the last three weeks prior to market and use of ractopamine can increase profits or decreases loses of 3 to 5 dollars per pig. During time of especially high feed costs during June though September of 2008, many pork producers reduced market weights and increased use of ractopamine.

Publications

  • Schinckel, A. P., D. C. Mahan, T. G. Wiseman and M. E. Einstein. 2008. Impact of alternative energy systems on the estimated feed intake requirements of pigs with varying lean and fat tissue growth rates when fed corn and soybean meal based diets. Prof. Anim. Sci. 24:198-207.
  • FF-403-W Managing Tough Times: Impact of Increasing Feed Prices on the Optimal Market Weights and Marketing Strategy of Finishing Pigs. Allan Schinckel, Paul Preckel, Mark Einstein, Todd Hubbs and Brian Richert. June, 2008.
  • A. P. Schinckel, D. C. Mahan, T. G. Wiseman and M. E. Einstein. 2008. Growth of protein, moisture, lipid and ash of two genetic lines of barrows and gilts from twenty to one hundred twenty-five kilograms body weight. J. Anim. Sci.,86:460-471
  • H. M. White, B. T. Richert, A. P. Schinckel, J. R. Burgess, S.S. Donkin, and M. A. Latour, 2008. Effects of Temperature Stress on Growth Performance and Bacon Quality in Grow-Finish Pigs Housed at Two Densities. J. Anim. Sci. 86: 1789-1798.
  • Latour, M. A., B. T. Richert, J. S. Radcliffe, A. P. Schinckel, and H. M. White. 2008. Effects of Feeding Restaurant Grease With or Without Conjugated Linoleic Acid or Phase-Integrated Beef Tallow on Finishing Pig Growth Characteristics and Carcass Fat Quality. Prof. Anim. Sci. 24(2) 156-160.
  • Schinckel, A. P. , M. E. Einstein, K. Foster and B. A. Craig. 2008. Evaluation of the impact of errors in the measurement of backfat on the prediction of fat free lean percentage. Prof. Anim. Sci. 24(2):136-148.( ARP 2007-18177).
  • Schinckel, A. P., P. V. Preckel, B. Richert, K. Foster, L. Ning, K. Boys, J. T. Hubbs, and D. Canchi. 2008. Pork production systems analyses, current status -future potential. Proc. PIC International Thinking Forward Symposium. Nashville TN. May 5-6, 2008. pp 56.


Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Alternative methods to model farm-genetic population specific growth parameters including variation in pig bodyweight and compositional growth are being refined. Research has been conducted with larger commercial pork producers evaluating the impact of alternative weaning-milk replacer strategies on pig growth from birth to market weight. The data sets were used to develop a stochastic pig growth model which relates early pig growth including birth, weaning and nursery weight on pig compositional growth to market weight. The compositional growth of pigs fed diets which reduce nutrient excretion has been modeled. Research has been conducted to refine the pig compositional model to take into account for changes in fatty acid profiles of pigs fed dried distillers grains and ractopamine to increased market weights. Research has been conducted evaluating the joint effects of dietary fat concentration, distillers dried grains and ractopamine on pig compositional growth and pork quality. Research has been conducted to evaluate the impact of feeding distillers dried grains on pig growth and pork quality. PARTICIPANTS: B. T, Richert, M. Latour, J. S. Radcliffe, P. V. Preckel, K. Foster, D. Boyd Partners National Swine Registry, United Feeds, PIC TARGET AUDIENCES: Pork producers, pork processors, seedstock suppliers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: The feeding of distillers dried grains (DDGS)was researched this year as much of the current and future corn will be used for ethanol production. If the livestock industries are to remain cost effective they must maintian their current production levels. The amount of DDGS and also glyercol avialable for pork production as feedstuffs is increasing both within the state of Indiana and nationally.

Impacts
Variation in pig growth increases the cost of pork production by decreasing the efficiency in which the grow finish facilities are utilized. Selection for increased litter size has resulted in larger litters with greater number of light weight pigs. These pigs tend to have light weaning weights and grow more slowly to market increasing the number of lightweight pigs that are sold with substantial discounts, ranging from 10 to 30 dollars per pig. To reduce the variation in pig BW growth to market weight management decisions including nutrition, health, use of milk replacers and creep feeds must increase the growth of the pigs with the lightest birth weights. Previous modeling has indentified the optimal marketing strategy and ractopamine use. The full benefits of feeding ractopamine can only be achieved with improved feeding and marketing management. The optimal use of a constant level of Paylean and refined marketing strategy can result in increased profitability of $ 7,000 to 10,000 per year for a 1000 head finisher. A stochastic model has been developed to look at the possibility of sorting pigs at weaning or as they exit the nursery at 70 days of age into two different finishing barns. Pigs in the barn with the lightest pigs at sorting would be marketed on the average 10 to 17 days after the first barn is marketed which increases overall facility utilization, allows for more effective use of ractopamine and reduces discounts associated with too light of carcasses. The swine industry will need to feed some level of dried distillers grains and solubles (DDGS) as a high percentage of the current and future corn production will be used for ethanol production. If DDGS are available the use of 20-25 % in the finishing diets could reduce feed costs from 3 to 6 dollars per head depending on the relative prices of DDGs, corn, inorganic phosphorus, soybean meal and synthetic amino-acids. The feeding of DDGS at higher concentrations results in decreased carcass weight growth by both decreasing bodyweight growth and decreasing dressing percentage. The withdrawal or reduction of the level of DDGS included in the last finishing diet and the feeding of ractopamine in the last finishing diet resulted in slightly greater carcass weights than pigs not fed DDGS or ractopamine. The withdrawal or reduction of the concentration of DDGs in the last finishing diet (28 days) and the feeding of ractopamine has a greater impact to increase pig growth and carcass weight that the feeding diets containing 20-25% DDGS during the entire grower-early finishing stages of growth. The withdrawal or reduction of DDGS in the last finishing diet improves pork quality by increasing the saturation of the bellies and the firmness of the fat which is made softer by the feeding of DDGS in higher concentrations. The withdrawal-reduction of DDGs with ractopamine feeding will allow producers with tight finishing barn schedules to better utilize DDGS.

Publications

  • Eggert, J. M. , A. L. Grant and A. P. Schinckel. 2007. Factors affecting fat distribution in pork carcasses. Prof. Anim. Sci. 23:42-53. ( ARP#-16301)
  • Schinckel. A. P., R. Cabrera, R. D. Boyd, S. Jungst, C. Boocher, M. Johnson and M. E. Einstein. 2007. Impact of birth and body weight at 20 days on the postweaning growth of pigs with different weaning management. Prof. Anim. Sci. 23:197-210. (ARP# 2006-1821).
  • Schinckel. A. P., R. Cabrera, R. D. Boyd, S. Jungst, C. Boocher, M. Johnson, P. V. Preckel and M. E. Einstein. 2007. Modeling the impact of birth and twenty-day weight on postweaning growth of pigs. Prof. Anim. Sci. 23:211-223. (ARP # 2006-18019).
  • Schinckel, A. P. , M. E. Einstein, K. Foster and B. A. Craig. 2007. Evaluation of the impact of errors in the measurement of backfat on the prediction of fat free lean. (ARP# 2006- 17832). J. Anim. Sci. (85:2031-2042)
  • Schinckel, A. P. 2007. Selection for genetics that perform under commercial conditions. Achieving two Pound Average Daily Gain. Proc. AASV meetings. Orlando, FL, March 3, 2007
  • Schinckel, A., R. Bates, T. See, R. Pfortmiller and K. Stalder. 2007. Capturing genetic gains in productivity with heterosis. Proc. Amer. Assoc. of Swine Vet. Orlando, FL. March 3-6, 2007. p 179-184.


Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06

Outputs
Alternative methods to model farm-genetic population specific growth parameters including variation in pig growth are being refined. Research has been conducted with larger commercial pork producers evaluating the impact of alternative weaning and milk replacer strategies on pig growth from birth to market weight. The data sets were used to develop a stochastic pig growth model which relates early pig growth including birth, weaning and nursery weight on pig compositional growth to market weight. The compositional growth of pigs fed diets which reduce nutrient excretion has been modeled. Research has been conducted to refine the pig compositional model to take into account increasing dietary concentrations of ractopamine and increased market weights. Feeding of high energy diets including 3 to 5% fat further increases the carcass weight growth of pigs fed Paylean. Research will be conducted to evaluate the impact of feeding distillers dried grains on pig growth and pork quality.

Impacts
The feeding of ractopamine (Paylean TM) can substantially increase the efficiency of swine growth and reduces the environmental impact of pork production per pound of lean produced. The full benefits of feeding Paylean can only be achieved with improved feeding and marketing management. The optimal use of a constant level of Paylean and refined marketing strategy can result in increased profitability of $ 7,000 to 10,000 per year for a 1000 head finisher. The pig growth model has indicated that increasing the dietary concentration of Paylean from 4.5 to 9 grams per ton results in additional $2,500 above the feeding of constant dietary concentrations. Research has shown that reducing the crude protein and P content of pig diets to reduce N and P excretion can reduce pig growth. Comparing the growth of pigs fed high nutrient content diets to those fed low nutrient diets can allow diets to be fed that are the best compromise between pig growth, profitability and nutrient excretion. Over or underfeeding in crude protein, essential amino-acids or phosphorus can increase feed costs 1 to $3 per head and result in increased N and P excretion.

Publications

  • Weber, T. E., B. T. Richert, M. A. Belury, Y. Gu, K. Enright and A. P. Schinckel. 2006. Evaluation of the effects of dietary fat, conjugated linoleic acid, and ractopamine on growth performance, pork quality, and fatty acid profiles in genetically lean gilts. J. Anim. Sci. 84:720-732.
  • Schinckel, A. P., and M. E. Einstein. 2006. Evaluation of alternative methods to develop prediction equations to predict carcass fat-free lean mass. Prof. Anim. Sci. 22:170-182.
  • Copenhafer, T.L., B.T. Richert, A.P. Schinckel, A.L. Grant, D.E. Gerrard. 2006. Augmented postmortem glycolysis does not occur early postmortem in AMPKγ3-mutated porcine muscle of halothane positive pigs. Meat Science 73:590-599.
  • Schinckel A. P., M.E. Einstein, R. Hinson, B. T. Richert, P. V. Preckel. 2006. Evaluation of different mixed model nonlinear functions on pigs fed low nutrient excretion diets. J. Anim. Sci. Vol 84, Suppl. 1.


Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05

Outputs
Alternative methods to develop farm-genetic population specific growth parameters are being refined. Research will be conducted to evaluate the magnitude of facility and seasonal effects on the mean and variance of pig compositional and live weight growth. The distribution of growth function parameters will be evaluated when pigs are exposed to stressors such as exposure to disease, summer heat and stocking density. The impact of alternative management practices on the growth of pigs of different birth weight will be examined. The effect of birth weight and pigs growth to 60 days of age and to market weight will be evaluated. The compositional growth of pigs fed diets which limit nutrient excretion will be modeled. Research will be conducted evaluating the combined effects of nutrition, ractopamine, conjugated linoleic acid, and genetics on pig compositional growth and pork quality. Alternative ractopamine feeding strategies (dietary concentration and duration of use), dietary essential amino-acid, and dietary energy concentrations will be evaluated. Measures of muscle and fat quality will be collected and analyzed.

Impacts
The feeding of PayleanTM can substantially increase the efficiency of swine growth and reduces the environmental impact of pork production per pound of lean produced. However, the benefits of Paylean feeding can only be fully achieved with improved feeding and marketing management. Research results indicate that implementation of the optimal marketing system can result in a $7,000 to $10,000 increase in profitability per 1000 head finishing facility. The optimal use of PayleanTM increased profitability almost an additional $9,000 per year for a 1000 head finisher. Restrictions on the amount of nutrient excretion and gas emission from swine buildings are being increased. The research being conducted will allow diets to be formulated which are the best compromise between pig growth performance and the levels of nutrients and gases produced. Under or overfeeding in crude protein, essential amino-acids or phosphorus can increase feed costs 1 to $3 per head and result in increased N and P excretion.

Publications

  • Schinckel, A. P., M. E. Einstein and D. Miller. 2005. Evaluation of a method to analyze pig live weight data from animal sorting technologies. Prof. Anim. Sci. (ARP#17412) 21:50-53.
  • Schinckel, A. P. and O. L. Adeola. 2005. Evaluation of alternative nonlinear mixed effects models of duck growth. Poul. Sci. (ARP# 2004-17475) 84:256-264.
  • Schinckel, A. P., R. Hinson, A. Sutton, B. Richert, and S. Radcliffe. 2005. Using growth models to predict nutrient requirements and excretions. ASAS/ADSA Midwest Meeting. Des Moines, IA. March 21-23.
  • Oh, S., M. See, T. Baas, R. Bates, A Schinckel, K. Stalder, and R. Pfortmiller. Genetic optimization of sow productivity. 2005. ASAS/ADSA Midwest Meeting. Des Moines, IA. March 21-23.
  • Gordon, L. M., A. D. Cox, A. Schinckel, and M. A. Latour. 2005. Evaluating the fatty acid distribution of bratwurst in retail products and of fat in sows fed fertilium-treated diets. Prof. Anim. Sci. 21:232-238.
  • Bates, R., P. Saama, K. Stalder, T. Baas, T. See, A. Schinckel, and R. Pfortmiller. 2005. The national swine registry pork alliance program. ASAS/ADSA Midwest Meeting. Des Moines, IA. March 21-23.
  • Schinckel, A., M. Einstein, and D. Miller. 2005. Evaluation of a method to analyze pig live weight data from animal sorting technologies. ASAS/ADSA Midwest Meeting. Des Moines, IA. March 21-23.
  • Hinson, R. D. Sholly, A. Yager, M. Walsh, K. Saddoris, L.Wilson, D. Kelly, J. Radcliffe, A. Sutton, A. Schinckel, and B. Richert. 2005. Effect of feeding a low nutrient excretion diet on pig growth performance and carcass characteristics in a commercial wean-finish setting. ASAS/ADSA Midwest Meeting. Des Moines, IA. March 21-23.
  • Boys, K. A., N. Li, P. V. Preckel, A. P. Schinckel, and K. A. Foster. 2005. Economic replacement of a heterogeneous herd. American Agricultural Economics Association, July 24-27, Providence, Rhode Island.
  • Schinckel, A. P., B. Richert, and K. Foster. 2005. Management of pigs in the pork production chain. 5th London Swine Conference. London, Ontario. April 6-7. pp115-131.
  • Schinckel, A. P., N. Li,, P. Preckel, K. Foster, and B. Richert. 2005. Using a stochastic model to evaluate swine management with Paylean. 5th London Swine Conference. London, Ontario. April 6-7.
  • Hinson, R., M. Walsh, A. Yager, D. Sholley, L. Wilson, J. Beagle, S. Pence, K. Saddoris, D. Kelly, S. Radcliffe, A. Schinckel, A. Sutton, and B. Richert. 2005. The effect of feeding low nutrient excretion diets with the addition of soybean hulls and non-sulfur trace minerals on growth performance and carcass characteristics in grow-finish pigs. ASAS/ADSA Midwest Meeting. Des Moines, IA. March 21-23.
  • Hinson, R. D. Kelly, M. Cobb, J. Radcliffe, A. Schinckel, A. Sutton, and B. Richert. 2005. The effect of feeding low nutrient excretion diets with the addition of soybean hulls and non-sulfur trace minerals on manure generation and composition from grow-finish swine. ASAS/ADSA Midwest Meeting. Des Moines, IA. March 21-23.
  • Hinson, R., B. Hill, M. Walsh, D. Sholly, S. Trapp, J. Radcliffe, A. Sutton, A. Schinckel, B. Richert, G. Hill, and J. Link. 2005. Effect of feeding reduced crude protein and phosphorus diets on pig compartmental and whole body mineral masses and accretion rate. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 83, Suppl. 1/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 88, Suppl. 1.


Progress 10/01/03 to 09/29/04

Outputs
A stochastic version of the pig compositional model has been developed. The model predicts a compositional growth live weight growth and feed intake curve for each pig in a 1000 head finisher. The program has been used to (a) evaluate the optimal marketing strategy with and without PayleanTM; (b) the cost of fixed scheduling; (c) the impact of errors in the timing of the initiation of PayleanTM feeding; and (d) the use of new animal sorting technology. The research results have been widely discussed with pork producers and their technical advisors. Extension articles have been written and refined with input from industry representatives. This research has resulted in pork producers increasing the duration of Paylean use and reconsidering their marketing-building turnover strategies. The economic returns of PayleanTM were found to substantially increase when an animal sorting technology was used to find the optimal time to begin the feeding of PayleanTM, The stochastic model was used to evaluate alternative analyses of the pig body weight data provided by the animal sorting scales without individual pig identification. Data was simulated that each pig would be weighed a different number of times daily. The sorting of the daily random body weight data to percentiles and fitting the percentile means to random effect nonlinear models was found to reproduce the original underlying variation in body weight growth curves. These results have been discussed with the manufacturers of the animal sorting technologies and we are evaluating the potential use of developing software to track groups of pigs on an ongoing basis. A research trial was conducted to refine the estimates of daily lysine requirements when increasing concentrations of Paylean are fed. The results indicate that step-up programs such as feeding 5 ppm Paylean for 18 days followed by 10 ppm for 17 days require overall higher daily lysine intakes than pigs fed a constant (5 or 10 ppm) paylean for the same period of time. Additional research has been conducted to evaluate the effect of CLA on pork quality. CLA has been found to improve fat firmness. This will allow pigs of the most feed efficient, lean genetic populations to have firm enough bellies to be sliced CLA has just been approved by FDA as a feed additive.

Impacts
The feeding of PayleanTM can substantially increase the efficiency of swine growth and profitability. PayleanTM increases carcass lean mass and carcass value by approximately 10%. This increases the efficiency of lean pork production, and pork processing. Also, PayleanTM reduces the environmental impact of pork production by reducing the amount of nutrient excretion per poind of lean produced. However, the benefits of Paylean feeding can only be fully achieved with improved feeding and marketing management. Initial research results indicate that the collection of serial live weight and compositional data as well as the development and implementation of the optimal marketing system via animal sorting technology can result in a $7,000 to $10,000 increase in profitability per 1000 head finishing facility. The optimal use of PayleanTM increased profitability almost an additional $9,000 per year for the 1000 head finisher.

Publications

  • Schinckel, A. P., J. Ferrel, M. E. Einstein, S. M. Pearce, and R. D. Boyd. 2004. Analysis of pig growth from birth to sixty days of age. Prof. Anim. Sci. 76:79-88.
  • Schinckel, A. P., J. Ferrel, M. E. Einstein, S. M. Pearce and R. D. Boyd. 2004. Analysis of pig growth from birth to sixty-one days of age. ASAS/ADSA Midwest Meeting. (Abstract No. 91, pg 22).
  • Li, N., A. P. Schinckel, P. V. Preckel and B. T. Richert. 2004. Using a stochastic model to optimize ractopamine (Paylean) initiation time. ASAS/ADSA Midwest Meeting. (Abstract No. 92, pg 22).
  • Li, N., A. P. Shinckel, P. V. Preckel and B. T. Richert. 2004. Using a stochastic model to evaluate swine production management with ractopamine (Paylean) in a fixed production schedule environment. ASAS/ADSA Midwest Meeting (Abstract No. 94, pg 23).
  • Cox, A. D., A. P. Schinckel, B. T. Richert, and M. A. Latour. 2004. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on pig growth and pork quality. ASAS/ADSA Midwest Meeting (Abstract No. 120, pg 29).
  • Hinson, R. B., B. E. Hill, M. C. Walsh, D. M. Sholly, S. A. Trapp, J. S. Radcliffe, A. L. Sutton, A. P. Schinckel and B. T. Richert. 2004. Effect of feeding a low nutrient excretion diet on wean-finish pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, manure composition, and building aerial ammonia. ASAS/ADSA Midwest Meeting. (Abstract No. 222, pg 54).
  • Hinson, R. B., D. M. Sholly, M. C. Walsh, B. E. Hill, S. A. Trapp, J. S. Radcliffe, A. L. Sutton, A. P. Schinckel and B. T. Richert. 2004. Effect of feeding a reduced crude protein and phosphorus diet on grow-finish pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, manure concentration, and building aerial ammonia. ASAS/ADSA Midwest Meeting. (Abstract No. 224, pg 54).
  • Fahey, A. G., M. M. Schutz, D. L. Lofgren, T. S. Stewart, A. P. Schinckel. 2004. Heteroscedasticity effects on the heritablility and genetic correlations of production traits in grazing and confinement herds. ASAS/ADSA National Meeting. St. Louis, MO. July 25-29.
  • Fahey, A. G., M. M. Schutz, D. L. Lofgren, A. P. Schinckel and T. S. Stewart. 2004. Heteroscedasticity effects of sires'predicted transmitting ability in grazing and confinement herds. ASAS/ADSA National Meeting. St. Louis, MO. July 25-29.
  • Gordon, L., A. Cox, A. Schinckel and M. Latour. 2004. Evaluating the fatty acid distribution of bratwurst in retail products and of fat in fertilium treated sows. ASAS/ADSA National Meeting. St. Louis, MO. July 25-29.
  • Cox, A., A. Schinckel, B. Richert, M. Latour. 2004. Evaluating the distribution of fatty acids in the middle and outer layer of market pigs challenged with conjugated linoleic acid. ASAS/ADSA National Meeting. St. Louis, MO. July 25-29.
  • Schinckel, A. P., J. Ferrel, M. E. Einstein, S. M. Pearce, and R. D. Boyd. 2004. Analysis of pig growth from birth to sixty-one days of age. Allen D. Leman Swine Conference. Saint Paul, MN. September 18-21.


Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03

Outputs
A stochastic version of the pig compositional model has been developed. The model predicts a compositional live weight growth and feed intake curve for each pig in a 1000 head finisher. The program has been used to (a) evaluate the optimal marketing strategy with and without PayleanTM; (b) the cost of fixed scheduling; (c) the impact of errors in the timing of the initiation of PayleanTM feeding; and (d) the use of new animal sorting technology. The research results have been discussed with Elanco technical representatives and a small number of producers. The results indicate that (1) the profitability of pork production can be increased by the joint optimization of PayleanTM use, nutrition and marketing strategy, and (2) the new animal sorting technology can assist in the development, continued refinement, and implementation of the optimal strategies. The economic returns of PayleanTM were found to increase substantially when an animal sorting technology was used to find the optimal time to begin the feeding of PayleanTM. The model determines the most profitable series of diets in terms of live weight growth, carcass composition, and feed conversion for Paylean-fed pigs for different carcass-value-based marketing systems. The model can be used to establish specifications for a series of diets which maximize profitability for pigs fed Paylean. The model has been refined to include the increased duration and magnitude of response when increasing concentrations of Paylean are fed. Data from four research trials, (three Purdue trials and one North Carolina State University trial) were used in which either constant or increasing dietary concentrations of Paylean were fed. The results indicate that step-up programs such as feeding 5 ppm Paylean for 18 days followed by 10 ppm for 17 days will result in increased profits of $1.10 to $1.24 per pig, depending on the marketing system. Additional research has been conducted to evaluate the effect of CLA on pork quality. CLA has been found to improve fat firmness. This will allow pigs of the most feed efficient, lean genetic populations to have firm enough bellies to be sliced. CLA has just been approved by FDA as a feed additive.

Impacts
The feeding of PayleanTM can substantially increase the efficiency of swine growth and profitability. PayleanTM increases carcass lean mass and carcass value by approximately 10%. This increases the efficiency of lean pork production, and pork processing. Also, PayleanTM reduces the environmental impact of pork production by reducing the amount of nutrient excretion per poind of lean produced. However, the benefits of Paylean feeding can only be fully achieved with improved feeding and marketing management. Initial research results indicate that the collection of serial live weight and compositional data as well as the development and implementation of the optimal marketing system via animal sorting technology can result in a $7,000 to $10,000 increase in profitability per 1000 head finishing facility. The optimal use of PayleanTM increased profitability almost an additional $9,000 per year for the 1000 head finisher.

Publications

  • Li, N., P. V. Preckel, K. A. foster, and A. P. Schinckel. 2003. Analysis of economically optimal nutrition and marketing strategies for Pylean usage in hog production. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 28(2):272-286.
  • Li, N., P. Preckel, K. Foster, and A. Schinckel. 2003. Optimal production and marketing strategies for a barn-size grow-to-finish hog production. J. Anim. Sci. (Midwest abstract):12.
  • Schinckel, A. P., N. Li, P. V. Preckel, M. E. Einstein and D. Miller. 2003. Development of a stochastic pig compositional growth model. J. Anim. Sci. (Midwest abstract):12.
  • Li, N., A. P. Schinckel, P. V. Preckel, K. A. Foster and B. T. Richert. 2003. Economic evaluation of feeding pigs on ractopamine step-up programs of two durations. J. Anim. Sci. (Midwest abstract):13.
  • Li, N., A. P. Schinckel, P. V. Preckel, K. A. Foster and B. T. Richert. 2003. Economic evaluation of ractopamine at selected dietary concentrations for finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. (Midwest abstract):13.
  • Li, N., A. P. Schinckel, P. V. Preckel, K. A. Foster and B. T. Richert. 2003. Optimizing ractopamine concentration and duratin in pork production. J. Anim. Sci. (Midwest abstract):13.
  • Guo, Q., A. L. Grant, B. T. Richert, A. P. Schinckel and D. E. Gerrard. 2003. Ractopaine may improve meat quality by altering postmortem metabolism. J. Anim. Sci. (Midwest abstract):27.
  • Trapp, S. A., B. E. Hill, S. L. Hankins, A. P. Schinckel and B. T. Richert. 2003. The effects of environmental housing conditions on two ractopamine use programs in finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. (Midwest abstract):45.
  • Munthala, M. B., T. S. Stewart, A. P. Schinckel and M. M. Schutz. 2003. Response to selection in purebred and crossbred swine populations selected for growth traits on a maternal index. J. Anim. Sci. (Midwest abstract):5.
  • Weber, T. E., B. T. Richert, M. A. Belury, Y. Gu, and A. P. Schinckel. 2003. Evaluation of the effects of dietary fat, conjugated linoleic acid and ractopamine on the fatty acid profiles of fat and muscle tissueof lean gilts. ASAS National Meetings Abst.
  • Schinckel, A. P., M. E. Spurlock, B. T. Richert, and T. E. Weber. 2003. Modeling health status-environmental effects on swine growth. 54th Annual Meeting of European Association for Animal Production. Book of Abstracts no 9. Rome, Italy; Aug 31-Sep 3, (Abstract number P1.3) page 355.
  • Schinckel, A. P., and B. T. Richert. 2003. Effects of ractopamine and conjugated linoleic acid on swine growth, and carcass composition. RMC Proceedings. 23-30.
  • Li, N., P. V. Preckel, A. P. Schinckel, and B. T. Richert. 2003. Using a stochastic model to evaluate swine production management with Paylean. Research Report to Elanco Animal Health.
  • Schinckel, A. P, M. E. Spurlock, B. T. Richert, W. M. Muir, and T. E. Weber. 2003. Modeling environmental effects on pig growth. Proceedings for the European Association for Animal Production. Rome, Italy. Aug 31, 2003. pp 18
  • Schinckel, A. P., B. T. Richert, N. Li, and P. V. Preckel. 2003. Effects of ractopamine and conjugated linoleic acid on swine growth, carcass composition, and quality. Proceedings of the 24th Western Nutrition Conference. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Sept. 10-11. 163-189.
  • Schinckel, A. P., N. Li, B. T. Richert, P. V. Preckel, and M. E. Einstein. 2003. Development of a model to describe the compositional growth and dietary lysine requirements of pigs fed ractopamine. J. Anim. Sci. 81:1106-1119.
  • Schinckel, A. P., C. T. Herr, B. T. Richert, J. C. Forrest, and M. E. Einstein. 2003. Ractopamine treatment biases in the prediction of pork carcass composition. J. Anim. Sci. 81:16-28.
  • Hammelman, J. E., B. C. Bowker, A. L. Grant, J. C. Forrest, A. P. Schinckel, D. E. Gerrard. 2003. Early postmortem electrical stimulation simulates PSE pork development. Meat Science. 63:69-77.
  • Schinckel, A. P., N. Li, P. V. Preckel, and M. E. Einstein. 2003. Development of a Stochastic Pig Compositional Growth Model. Prof. Anim. Sci. 19:255-260.
  • Marchant-Forde, J. N, D. C. Lay Jr., E. A. Pajor, B. T. Richert, and A. P. Schinckel. 2003. The effects of ractopamine on the behavior and physiology of finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 81:416-422.
  • Hamilton, D. N., M. Ellis, B. F. Wolter, A. P. Schinckel, and E. R. Wilson. 2003. The growth performance of the progeny of two swine sire lines reared under different floor space allowances. J. Anim. Sci. 81:1126-1125.


Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02

Outputs
Impact of ractopamine as a feed additive to increase lean growth on pork carcass composition and quality has been evaluated and modeled. The model has been used to evaluate the optimal use of ractopamine (concentration and duration of use), essential amino-acid concentrations, and marketing strategies to maximize daily profit for given marketing systems and production costs. A trial was completed to evaluate alternative step-up programs in which the dietary concentration of ractopamine was increased. The impact of increasing ractopamine concentrations was incorporated into the model. The results indicate that: (1) the duration of response to ractopamine can be extended if the ractopamine concentration is increased from 5ppm (14 to 19 d) to 7.5 to 10 ppm (14 to 18 d) and (2) that the per pig economic return of step-up programs in approximately $1.00 more per head per day. Research has been conducted using mixed model nonlinear equations to quantify between pig variation in growth. A swine growth model has been developed which incorporates the response to ractopamine including changes in carcass composition. Collaborative research is being conducted with agricultural economists to optimize the use of ractopamine including nutrition, management, and marketing alternatives. Research has been conducted evaluating the impact of the Napole gene and ractopamine in differenct genetic populations of pigs on post slaughter metabolism and pork quality. The deterministic swine growth model has been used to determine the optimal use of ractopamine (duration and dietary concentration), marketing, dietary lysine/CP concentrations, and marketing strategies. Data from three trials, two conducted at Purdue and one at North Carolina State University were used to refine the modeling of the "step-up" effect. A stochastic swine growth model has been developed which can utilize on-farm serial live weight and ultrasonic measurements. The final evaluation of Paylean use will utilize the stochastic model.

Impacts
The use of ractopamine substantially improves the efficiency of swine lean growth. The research results are being used to refine the joint use of genetics, nutrition, and ractopamine use to achieve more profitable pork production. The use of ractopamine has increased from 20 to 40% of the 100 million pigs fed in the United States. Based upon our research, producers are feeding the lower levels of ractopamine with higher dietary lysine levels which allows the ractopamine response to be expressed. The use of ractopamine has substantially increased and pork producers are reporting increased profits when following our nutrition and management strategies. Producers are reporting increased profits when using the recommended ractopamine step-up programs.

Publications

  • Schinckel, A. P., J. W. Smith, M. D. Tokach, S. S. Dritz, M. Einstein, J. L. Nelssen, and R. D. Goodband. 2002. Two on-farm data collection methods to determine dynamics of swine compositional growth and dietary lysine requirements estimates. J. Anim. Sci. 80:1419-1432.
  • Schinckel, A. P., B. T. Richert, C. T. Herr. 2002. Variation in the response of multiple genetic populations of pigs to ractopamine. J. Anim. Sci. 80(E. Suppl. 2):E85-E89.
  • Schinckel, A. P. and B. A. Craig. 2002. Evaluation of Alternative Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models of Swine Growth. Prof. Anim. Sci. 18:219-226.
  • Schinckel, A. P., C. T. Herr, D. C. Kendall, J. C. Forrest, and B. T. Richert. 2002. Effect of nutritional levels while feeding ractopamine on carcass composition and growth. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl 2):79.
  • Schinckel, A. P., N. Li, P. V. Preckel, B. T. Richert and M. E. Einstein. 2002. Development of a swine growth model to describe the compositional growth of pigs fed ractopamine. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl 2):79.
  • Schinckel, A. P., C. T. Herr, J. C. Forrest, B. T. Richert, and M. E. Einstein. 2002. Evaluation of biases in predicting fat-free lean mass of pigs fed ractopamine. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl 2):58.
  • Schinckel, A. P. and B. A. Craig. 2002. The use of nonlinear mixed models for swine growth. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl 2):58.
  • Schinckel, A. P., C. T. Herr, D. C. Kendall, and B. T. Richert. 2002. Effect of ractopamine and dietary crude protein on carcass cut and tissue weights. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl 2):55.
  • Schinckel, A. P., C. T. Herr, D. C. Kendall, K. A. Bowers, S. L. Hankins,T. E. Weber, and B. T. Richert. 2002. Effect of a step-up or step-down ractopamine sequence on carcass primal cut weights. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl 2):55.
  • Trapp, S. A., B. T. Richert, A. P. Schinckel, and K. Q. Owen. 2002. Effects of ractopamine and carnitine in diets containing 5 pct fat for finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl 2):77. Trapp, S. A., J. P. Rice, D. T. Kelly, A. Bundy, A. P. Schinckel and B. T. Richert. 2002. Evaluation of four ractopamine use programs on pig growth and carcass characteristics. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl. 1)104.
  • Weber, T. E., B. T. Richert, and A. P. Schinckel. 2002. Evaluation of the effects of dietary fat, conjugated linoleic acid, and ractopmaine on growth performance and carcass quality in genetically lean gilts. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl. 2):77.
  • Schinckel, A. P., B. T. Richert, C. T. Herr, M. E. Einstein, and D. C. Kendall. Effects of ractopamine on swine growth, carcass composition, and quality. Second Virtual Conference on Pork Quality. The University of Contestado. November 6-December 5, 2001. http://www.conferencia.uncnet.br/pork.
  • Schinckel, A. P. 2001. Factors affecting lean growth. Second Virtual Conference on Pork Quality. The University of Contestado. November 6-December 5, 2001. http://www.conferencia.uncnet.br/pork.
  • Muir, W. M., A. P. Schinckel. 2002. Incorporation of competitive effects in breeding programs to improve productivity and animal well being. The World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. Aug. 19-23, 2002. France


Progress 10/01/00 to 09/30/01

Outputs
The impact of ractopamine (a feed additive to promote lean growth) on pig growth carcass composition and quality has been evaluated and modeled. In one trial, the impact was evaluated on three high lean gain terminal crosses. In a second trial, the impact of increasing or decreasing ractopamine levels was evaluated. In a third trial, the joint effects of ractopamine, dietary fat level, and CLA were evaluated. The results indicate that: (1) the duration of response to ractopamine has decreased; (2) the response to lower levels of ractopamine has increased; (3) step-up programs in which ractopamine levels are doubled every two weeks are the most cost-effective; and (4) increasing dietary energy levels through added fat or the addition of CLA will further enhance the ractopamine response. Research has been conducted using mixed model nonlinear equations to quantify between pig variation in growth. A swine growth model has been developed which incorporates the response to ractopamine including changes in carcass composition. Collaborative research is being conducted with agricultural economists to optimize the use of ractopamine including nutrition, management and marketing alternatives. Research has been conducted evaluating the impact of the Napole gene and ractopamine in different genetic populations of pigs on post slaughter metabolism and pork quality.

Impacts
The use of ractopamine substantially improves the efficiency of swine lean growth. The research results are being used to refine the joint use of genetics, nutrition and ractopamine use to achieve more profitable pork production. Based upon our research, producers are feeding the lower levels of ractopamine with higher dietary lysine levels which allows the ractopamine response to be expressed. The use of ractopamine has substantially increased and pork producers are reporting increased profits when following our nutrition and management strategies. Producers are reporting increased profits when using the recommended ractopamine step-up programs.

Publications

  • Schinckel, A. P., J. R. Wagner, J. C. Forrest, M. E. Einstein. 2001. Evaluation of alternative measures of pork carcass composition. J. Anim. Sci. 79:1093-1119.
  • Latour, M. A., R. A. Meunier, C. M. Braun, J. M. Eggert, and A. P. Schinckel. 2000. Conjugated linoleic acid enriched swine fat alters the growth profile and VLDL composition of Sprague Dawley rats. Baltic J. Lab Anim. Sci. 10:221-226.
  • Weber, T. E., A. P. Schinckel, K. L. Houseknecht, and B. T. Richert. 2001. Evaluation of conjugated inoleic acid and dietary antibiotics as growth promotants in weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. (in press)
  • Eggert, J. M., M. A. Belury, A. Kempa-Steczko, S. E. Mills, and A. P. Schinckel. 2001. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on the belly firmness and fatty acid composition of genetically lean pigs. J. Anim. Sci. (in press)
  • Lawrence, B. V., A. P. Schinckel, O. Adeola, and K. Cera. 2001. Betaine reduces backfat thickness of finishing barrows from 60 to 110 kg. J. Anim. Sci. (in press)
  • Eggert, J. M., F. F. S. Depreux, A. P. Schinckel, A. L. Grant, and D. E. Gerrard. 2001. Myosin heavy chain isoforms account for variation in pork quality. Meat Science (in press)
  • Craig, B.A. and A.P. Schinckel. 2001. Nonlinear mixed effects model for animal growth. Amer. Reg. Prof. Anim. Sci. (In Press)
  • Jennings, D. J., G. Hollis, D. Oswald, E. Ballard, R. K. Knipe, D. Seibert, A. P. Schinckel, and M. D. Tokach. 2001. Illinois lean growth project. Utilizing on-farm field research to develop prescription swine feeding and management regimes. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 2):45
  • Herr, C. T., D. C. Kendall, K. A. Bowers, S. L. Hankins. T. E. Weber, A. P. Schinckel, and B. T. Richert. 2001. Effect of a step-up or step-down ractopamine sequence for late-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 2):49
  • Schinckel, A. P., M. E. Einstein, C. T. Herr, Y. Wang, K. A. Bowers, S. L. Hankins, T. E. Weber, and B. T. Richert. 2001. Development of models to describe the weekly response of ractopamine. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 2):54
  • Herr, C. T., S. L. Hankins, A. P. Schinckel, and B. T. Richert. 2001 Evaluation of three genetic populations of pigs for response to increasing levels of ractopamine. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 2):73
  • Spires, M. D., B. C. Bowker, J. E. Hammelman, A. P. Schinckel, A. L. Grant, and D. E. Gerrard. 2001. Enhanced rates of postmortem muscle glycolysis differ across porcine genotypes. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 1):20.
  • Schinckel, A. P., C. T. Herr, B. T. Richert, and M. E. Einstein. 2001. Evaluation of three genetic populations of pigs for response to four levels of ractopamine. J. Anim. Sci 79(Suppl. 1):186.
  • Schinckel, A. P., B. T. Richert, and C. T. Herr. 2001. Genetic variation in the response to ractopamine. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 1):239.


Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/00

Outputs
A research trial has been conducted evaluating the use of CLA as a feed additive in replace of feed grade medication. The impact of Paylean on pig growth, carcass composition, and quality has been evaluated. In one trial, the joint effects of Paylean and essential amino acid levels were evaluated. The impact of Paylean on three different genotypes was evaluated in a second trial. A deterministic model has been developed to evaluate the nutrition requirements and composition changes produced by different levels of Paylean. The pigs fed Paylean had higher growth rates, better feed efficiency, and increased carcass lean percentage. Research has been conducted on the use of mixed nonlinear and random effects nonlinear equations to model between pig variation. In 2000, body compositional growth curves have been established for numerous commercial producers and researchers. The optimal series of diets were established and fed in comparison to the diets previously fed.

Impacts
The research will help producers achieve carcass leanness and quality specifications through genetics, nutrition and feeding of Paylean. Paylean did not affect pork quality. The development of producer specific protein and feed intake curves allows the use of lean growth models. The feeding of Paylean can substantially increase the efficiency of swine lean growth, however, diets with increased essential amino-acid levels are needed to achieve the optimal Paylean response. Use of these models can result in the optimal nutritional, genetic and management decisions. Pork producers can decrease feed costs, improve pig performance while reducing nitrogen and phosphorus excretion.

Publications

  • De La Latta, M., M. D. Tokach, S. S. Dritz, R. D. Goodband, J. L. Nelssen, and A. P. Schinckel. 2000. Predicting lysine requirements of finishing pigs using protein and lipid accretion curves. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 2):67
  • Heckart, M. L., J. M. Eggert, A. P. Schinckel, S. E. Mills, and S. S. Donkin. 2000. Differential action of dietary conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) on lipogenic gene expression in adipose tissue of two porcine geotypes. J. Anim. Sci. 70(Suppl. 1):179.
  • Kendall D. C., B. T. Richert, T. E. Weber, K. A. Bowers, S. A. DeCamp, A. P. Schinckel, and P. Matzat. 2000. Evaluation of genotype, strategic use of antibiotics and grow-finish management effects on lean growth rate and carcass characteristics. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 2):36.
  • Lofgren, D. L., A. P. Schinckel, and T. S. Stewart. 2000. Impact of measurement errors on predicting pork carcass composition. I. Within-sample evaluation. J.Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 1):70.
  • Lofgren, D. L., A. P. Schinckel, and T. S. Stewart. 2000. Impact of measurement errors on predicting pork carcass composition. II. Out-of-sample evaluation. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 1):70.
  • Schinckel, A. P., L. E. Watkins, D. J. Jones, and M. E. Einstein. 2000. Modeling of dietary lysine requirements for pigs fed Ractopamine. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 1):196.
  • Weber, T. E., S. A. DeCamp, K. A. Bowers, C. T Herr, S. L. Knoll, B. T. Richert, and A. P. Schinckel. 2000. Evaluation of conjugated inoleic acid (CLA) and dietary antibiotics as growth promotants in weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 1):183.
  • Weber, T. E., B. T. Richert, D. C. Kendall, A. P. Schinckel, and P. Matzat. 2000. Effects of genotype, environment, and feed grade antibiotics on serum concentrations of IGF-I and a1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and their relationship to swine growth. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 1):15.
  • Eggert, J. M. and A.P. Schinckel. CLA: 1999. A supplemental oil that reduces fat. Pig International. 29:10 pp27-28
  • Schinckel, A.P. 1999. Recent stages index changes. Seedstock Edge 1999. Commercial Issue. 5:5 pp 46-47.
  • Schinckel, A.P. 1999. STAGES: National Genetic Evaluation. National Genetic Evaluation Trait Leader List. May, 1999; December, 1999. pp 4-6.
  • Schinckel, A.P. 1999. Describing the Pig. A Quantitative Biology of the Pig. CAB International. Oxfordshire, UK. pp 9-38.
  • Smith, J.W., M.D. Tokach, A.P. Schinckel, S.S. Dritz, M. Einstein, J.L. Nelssen, R.D. Goodband. 1999. Developing farm-specific lysine requirements using accretion curves: Data collection procedures and techniques. Swine Health Prod. 7(6):277-282.
  • Wagner, J.T., A.P. Schinckel, W. Chen, J.C. Forrest and B.L. Coe. 1999. Analysis of body composition changes of swine during growth and development. J. Anim. Sci. 77:1442-1466.
  • Leininger, M.T., C.P. Portocarrero, A.P. Schinckel, M.E. Spurlock, C.A. Bidwell, J.N. Nielsen and K.L. Houseknecht. 2000. Physiological response to acute endotoxemia in swine: Effect of genotype on energy metabolism and leptin. Dom. Anim. Endo. 18:71-82.
  • Ding, S.T., A.P. Schinckel, T.E. Weber, and H.J. Mersmann. 2000. Expression of porcine transcription factors and genes related to fatty acid metabolism in different tissues and genetic populations. J. Anim. Sci. 78:2127-2134
  • Eggert J.M., M.A. Belury, A. Kampa-Steczko and A.P. Schinckel. 1999. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on growth and composition of lean gilts. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):53.
  • Eggert, J.M., A.L. Carroll, B.T. Richert, D.E. Gerrard, J.C. Forrest, B.C. Bowker, E.J. Wynveen, J.E. Hammelman and A.P. Schinckel. 1999. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the growth, carcass compositon and pork quality of two genotypes of lean gilts. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1): 178.
  • Eggert, J.M. , A.L. Carroll, B.T. Richert, D.E. Gerrard, J.C. Forrest, B.C. Bowker, E.J. Wynveen, JE. Hammelman and A.P. Schinckel. 1999. Effects of high oil corn and duration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on pig growth, pork quality and carcass composition. J. Anim. Sci. 77(suppl. 1):179.
  • Eggert, J.M., F.F. S. Depreux, N. Ratliff, A.P. Schinckel, A.L. Grant, E.B. Shiess, E.P. Berg and D.E. Gerrard. 1999. Difference in the effects of the halothane gene and muscle fiber type composition o n pork carcass composition and quality. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):169.
  • Eggert, J.M., S.E. Mills, A.P. Schinckel, J.C. Forrest, A.L. Grant, B.A. Watkins and E.J. Farrand. 1999. Effects of genotype and dietary fat on pork quality and carcass composition. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 77(Suppl. 1):52
  • Eggert, J.M., C.A. Stahl, M.A. Latour, B.T. Richert, D.E. Gerrard, J.C. Forrest, B.C. Bowker, E. J. Wynveen, J.E. Hammelman and A.P. Schinckel. 1999. Effects of corn, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and duratrion of storage on the shelf-life of fresh pork. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):169.
  • Heckert, M.L., J. M. Eggert, A.P. Schinckel, S.E. Mills and S.S. Donkin. 1999. Feeding conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) decreased lipogenesis and alters insulin responsiveness in porcine adipose tissue explants. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):119.
  • Kendall, D.C., B.T. Richert, J.W. Frank, B.A. Belstra, S.A. DeCamp and A.P. Schinckel. 1999. Evaluation of genotype, therapeatic antibiotic and health mangement effects on swine lean growth rate. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):37.
  • Kendall, D.C., B.T. Richert, J.W. Frank, B.A. Belstra, S.A. DeCamp, A. P. Schinckel and M. Ellis. 1999. Evaluation of genotype, therapeutic antibiotic and health management effects on swine carcass characteristics and pork quality. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):234.


Progress 10/01/98 to 09/30/99

Outputs
Research has been conducted in two areas: pork quality and environmental sensitivity of lean genetic populations of pigs. It has been found that pigs selected intensely for leanness have lower levels of intramuscular fat, softer less saturated fat and increased toughness and dryness in cooked pork products. Research has been conducted to examine the growth of the fat depots and the three individual fat layers in comparison to the change in fatty acid profiles and intramuscular fat. It was found that pigs selected for leanness produce a small percentage of their fat from dietary carbohydrate and primarily utilize dietary fatty acids for fat deposition. For this reason, pigs from lean genotypes incorporate the unsaturated fatty acids from corn based diets to a much greater extent that average genotypes. The growth of the three fat layers has been studied in different genetic populations of pigs. The initiation of growth of the third layer, the latest maturing layer, is delayed in the leanest genetic populations of pigs. The growth of the third layer has been related to both between and within genetic populations of pigs, to the position of intramuscular fat and softness of the belly fat. Selection which carefully differentiates the growth rates of the three layers could result in lean pigs with better pork quality and firmer bellies. Also, the impact of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on fat tissue growth, saturation and firmness has been completed. CLA improved the fat quality in lean pigs and could allow the production of lean firm bellies (bacon) which has not been previously possible. Two additional genetic by environmental interaction trials have been completed. In one trial, three sire lines were mated to a single female line. The pigs were reared under high or average health conditions. The pigs from the three sire lines had similar growth rates under the high health environmental conditions. However under low health conditions, the pigs sired by the leanest sire line grew substantially slower. In the second trial, two genetic populations of pigs were evaluated in two health status environments and with or without a vaccination medication treatment. Pigs from the leaner genotype were more sensitive to the pathogens in the poor health status environment. The lean pigs also showed a greater improvement in performance under the poor health environment. A regression analysis showed that overall; the lean pigs were three times more environmentally sensitive than pigs of the average line. Research was conducted into the sampling errors and confidence of the component growth curves and predicted daily lysine requirements based from real-time ultrasound and live weight measurements. The measurement of the 40 pigs every three weeks resulted in standard errors of .3 grams of lysine per day or above 1.5% of the requirement.

Impacts
Selection for leanness can result in pigs with lower pork quality and increased environmental sensitivity. A better understanding of muscle and fat growth will allow us to develop lean quality pork products. CLA and other related compounds may be used to improve pork quality.

Publications

  • Eggert J. M., M. A. Belury, A. Kampa-Steczko and A. P. Schinckel. 1999. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on growth and composition of lean gilts. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):53.
  • Eggert, J. M. , A. L. Carroll, B. T. Richert, D. E. Gerrard, J. C. Forrest, B. C. Bowker, E. J. Wynveen, J. E. Hammelman and A. P. Schinckel. 1999. Effects of high oil corn and duration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on pig growth, pork quality and carcass composition. J. Anim. Sci. 77:179.
  • Eggert, J. M., C. A. Stahl, M. A. Latour, B. T. Richert, D. E. Gerrard, J. C. Forrest, B. C. Bowker, E. J. Wynveen, J. E. Hammelman and A. P. Schinckel. 1999. Effects of corn, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and duration of storage on the shelf-life of fresh pork. J. Anim. Sci. (Suppl. 1):169.
  • Eggert, J. M., F. F. S. Depreux, N. Ratliff, A. P. Schinckel, A. L. Grant, E. B. Shiess, E. P. Berg and D. E. Gerrard. 1999. Difference in the effects of the halothane gene and muscle fiber type composition on pork carcass composition and quality. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):169.
  • Eggert, J. M., S. E. Mills, A. P. Schinckel, J.C. Forrest, A. L. Grant, B. A. Watkins and E. J. Farrand. 1999. Effects of genotype and dietary fat on pork quality and carcass composition. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 77(Suppl. 1):52
  • Eggert, J.M., A. L. Carroll, B. T. Richert, D. E. Gerrard, J. C. Forrest, B. C. Bowker, E. J. Wynveen, J. E. Hammelman and A. P. Schinckel. 1999. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the growth, carcass composition and pork quality of two genotypes of lean gilts. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):178.
  • Heckert, M. L., J. M. Eggert, A. P. Schinckel, S. E. Mills and S. S. Donkin. 1999. Feeding conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) decreased lipogenesis and alters insulin responsiveness in porcine adipose tissue explants. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):119.
  • Kendall, D. C., B. T. Richert, J. W. Frank, B. A. Belstra, S. A. DeCamp and A. P. Schinckel. 1999. Evaluation of genotype, therapeutic antibiotic and health management effects on swine lean growth rate. J. Anim. Sci. 77 (Suppl. 1):37.
  • Kendall, D. C., B. T. Richert, J. W. Frank, B. A. Belstra, S. A. DeCamp, A. P. Schinckel and M. Ellis. 1999. Evaluation of genotype, therapeutic antibiotic and health management effects on swine carcass characteristics and pork quality. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):234.
  • Smith, J. W., M. D. Toach, A. P. Schinckel, S. S. Dritz, M. Einstein, J. L. Nelssen, R. D. Goodband. 1999. Developing farm-specific lysine requirements using accretion curves: Data collection procedures and techniques. Swine Health Prod. 7(6):277-282.
  • Wagner, J. T., A. P. Schinckel, W. Chen, J. C. Forrest and B. L. Coe. 1999. Body composition of swine during growth and development. J. Anim. Sci. 77:1442-1466.
  • Schinckel, A. P. 1999. Describing the Pig. A Quantitative Biology of the Pig. CAB International. pp 9-38.
  • Eggert, J. M., A. P. Schinckel, S. E. Mills, J. C. Forrest, D. E. Gerrard, E. J. Farrand, B. C. Bowker and E. J. Wynveen. 1998. Effects of sire line on pig growth and composition. J. Anim. Sci. 76 (suppl. 1):51.
  • Eggert, J. M., S. E. Mills, A. P. Schinckel, J. C. Forrest, A. L. Grant, B. A. Watkins and E. J. Farrand. 1998. Effects of dietary fat and slaughter weight on pork quality and carcass composition. J. Anim. Sci. 76 (suppl. 2):48.
  • Frank, J. W., B. T. Richert, A. P. Schinckel and D. Fox. 1998. Estimating the lysine requirements for growing and finishing halothane carrier and negative gilts using serum urea nitrogen concentrations, growth performance and carcass characteristics. J. Anim. Sci. 76 (suppl. 1):170.
  • Frank, J. W., B. T. Richert, A. P. Schinckel, B. A. Belstra and S. F. Amass. 1998. Effects of environment and health management system on pig growth and performance. J. Anim. Sci. 76 (suppl. 1):274.
  • Frank, J. W., B. T. Richert, K. R. Cera, R. D. Boyd and A. P. Schinckel. 1998. Estimating the lysine requirements for growing and finishing pigs using growth performance, growth curves and plasma urea nitrogen concentrations. J. Anim. Sci. 76 (suppl. 2):64.
  • Hicks, C., A. P. Schinckel, J. C. Forrest, J. R. Wagner and W. Chen. 1998. Biases associated with genotype and sex in prediction of fat-free lean mass and carcass in pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 76:2221-2234.
  • Holck, J. T., A. P. Schinckel, J. L. Coleman, V. M. Wilt, G. Christenson, E. L. Thacker, M. Spurlock, A. L. Grant, M. K. Senn and B. J. Thacker. 1998. The influence of environment on the growth of commercial finisher pigs. Swine Health and Prod. 6(4):141-149.