Progress 12/18/98 to 09/30/04
Outputs
Field studies to evaluate the environmental impact of N fertilization and irrigation during grow-in of a golf course fairway were conducted. Two programs of N fertilization management were followed. One, the industry standard of applying a constant amount of N weekly during a 12-week grow-in and another in which progressively increasing amounts of N were applied as the turfgrass coverage increased. Four N sources (ammonium sulfate, SCU, IBDU and Milorganite) and two irrigation intensities (2.5 and 5 cm/hr) were used. Experimental plots were established on a 10% sloped area using Tifway 419 bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon x Cynodon transvaalinis BURT DAVY) and replicated three times. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block split-plot configuration. The standard method of N application contributed much more total N to the leachate collection stream than the progressive method. Very little to no N was collected in the run-off. Significantly more N leached
from the ammonium sulfate N source than the slow-release N sources. The mixture of ammonium sulfate, IBDU and Milorganite leached the least quantity of N. Grow-in can be accomplished with limited N leached. In other studies, methodologies for determining the N release rates of various slow-release N materials were investigated. A methodology involving the use of soil columns, containing 1710 g of USGA specification sand and 90 g of Arredondo fine sand and 450 mg of N equivalent from the various N sources was developed. The columns were leached at 7,14,28,42,56,84, 112,140 and 180 days after initiation with a half pore volume of 0.01% citric acid solution. Leachates were analyzed for nitrate, ammonium and urea N. These forms of N were summed to generate the total quantity of N released over time. In excess of 97% of the N in soluble ammonium nitrate was accounted for in the system. Polyon and SCU released 82 and 78% of their N in 140 days, methylene urea products (Nutralene like
products) released 69% of their N, Nitroform like products released 55% of their N, and natural organic materials, such as Milorganite, released 38% of their N in 140 days. This methodology will be used in conjunction with an extraction procedure to analyze and label controlled-release N materials.
Impacts
These studies could result in modifications in turfgrass fertility management that would eliminate N leaching losses and enhance turfgrass quality. Additionally, establishment of extraction methodologies for determining N release rates for slow-release N sources could result in verification of slow-release N claims.
Publications
- Sartain, J.B., W.L. Hall, Jr., R.C. Littell, and E.W. Hopwood. 2004. New tools for the analysis and characterization of slow-release fertilizers. Am. Chem. Soc. Symposium Series 872:180-195.
- Sartain, J.B. and J. Comer. 2004. Influence of soil amendments on water-use efficiency, bermudagrass growth, and nutrient leaching. FL. Turf Digest 21:(3)8-11.
- Sartain, J.B. and T.W. Shaddox. 2004. Water use efficiency and growth of bermudagrass as influenced by soil amendments. FL. Turf Digest 20(5):24-26.
- Sartain. J.B. 2004. Returning clippings reduces fertilizer losses. Grounds Maint. 39(4):12-23.
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Progress 10/01/02 to 10/01/03
Outputs
Environmental fate of applied nutrients in turfgrass management was studied in environmentally controlled glasshouse studies. A N balance was calculated by summing turfgrass uptake, soil retention and leaching losses for various soluble and slow-release N sources. Under simulated natural rainfall conditions Tifsport bermudagrass accumulated between 49.8 and 62.4% of the N applied depending on N source depending on the N source applied. Application of soluble N sources such as ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate resulted in lower total N accumulation and the slow-release N sources, methylene ureas, sulfur coated and polymer coated ureas, resulted the higher accumulation percentages. Relatively small quantities of N were leached regardless of the N source. Application of soluble and slow-release N sources resulted in 10 and 4% of the applied N leached, respectively. Methodologies for determining the N release of various slow-release N materials were also investigated.
These studies were conducted over a period of 182 days using column lysimetery in glasshouse/laboratory environments. Periodically programmed leachates were collected and analyzed for N and the cummulative N released over time was plotted. Regression techniques were used in conjunction with progressive extraction data to determine how well the actual N release from a given slow-release N source could be predicted. For polymer coated urea the acutual N release was predicted within a 90% probability.
Impacts
These studies could result in modifications in turfgrass fertility management that would eliminate N leaching losses and enhance turfgrass quality. Additionally, establishment of extraction methodologies for determining N release rates for slow-release N sources could result in verification of slow-release N claims.
Publications
- Shaddox, T.W. and J.B. Sartain. 2002. Progressive rate of fertilization can reduce N leaching(Fate of Nitorgen During Grow-in of a Golf Course Fairway Under Different Nitrogen Management Practices). Florida Turf Digest. 19(2):29-32.
- Kruse, J.K. and J.B. Sartain. 2003. Ultradwarfs differ in thatch accumulation. FL. Turf Digest: 20(2): 20-22.
- Cisar, J.L., R.H. Snyder, J.B. Sartain, C.J. Borgert. 2003. Dislodgeable residues of 2,4-D and Dicamba and implications for golfer exposure. FL. Turf Digest: 20(2):22-24.
- Shaddox, T.W. and J.B. Sartain. 2003. Water use efficiency of bermudagrass as influenced by soil amendments. FL. Turf Digest. 20 (5):24-26.
- Sartain, J.B. 2003. Synthetically coated sand makes debut. Grounds Maint. 38(11):25-29.
- Sartain, J.B. and W.L. Hall. 2003. New tools for analysis and characterization of slow-release fertilizers. In W.L. Hall and W.P.Robarge (eds.) Environmental Impact of Fertilizer on Soil and Water. Proc. ACS Symposium. Aug 28-30, 2001. Chicago, IL.
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Progress 10/01/01 to 10/01/02
Outputs
Methodologies for determining the N release rates of various slow-release N materials were investigated. A methodology involving the use of soil columns, containing 1760g of USGA specification sand and 40 g of an Arredondo fine sand and 450 mg of N equivalent from the various N sources was developed. The columns were leached at 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 84, 112, 140 and 180 days after initiation with a half pore volume of 0.01% citric acid solution. Leachates were analyzed for nitrate, ammonium and urea N. Acid traps were placed on top of the closed columns to trap evolved ammonia N. These four forms of N were summed to generate the total quantity of N released over time. In excess of 97% of the N in soluble ammonium nitrate was accounted for in the system. Polyon and SCU released 82 and 78% of their N in 140 days, methylene urea products (Nutralene like products) released 69% of their N, (Nitroform like products) released 55% of their N, and natural organic materials, such
as Milorganite, released 38% of their N in 140 days. This methodology will be used in conjunction with an extraction procedure to analyze and label controlled-release N materials.
Impacts
Establishment of this methodology of a way of assessing the N release characteristics of slow-release N sources in conjunction with extraction procdures will enable the analysis and labeling of slow-release N sources.
Publications
- Sartain, J.B. 2002. Tifway bermudagrass response to potassium fertilization. Crop Sci. 42:507-512.
- Sartain, J.B. and G.L. Miller. 2001. Recommendations for N,P,K and Mg for golf course and athletic field fertilization based on Mehlich I extractant. SL 191. Soil & Water Sci. Dept. Florida Coop.Ext. Svc.
- Sartain, J.B. 2001. Fertilizers of the future: Prespectives of use in banana production and examples of their use on other crops. Nutrition on Banana held at EARTH in Guccimo, Costa Rica Vol. 2, Sep 2001.
- Sartain, J.B. and W.L. Hall. 2001. New tools of analysis and characterization of slow-release fertilizers. Amer. Chem. Soc. 106:201-206.
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Progress 10/01/00 to 10/01/01
Outputs
Environmental impact studies of N fertilization practices during the grow-in of a golf course fairway were conducted. Two programs of N fertilization management were followed. One, the industry standard of applying a constant amount of N weekly during a 12-week grow-in and another in which progressively increasing amounts of N were applied as the turfgrass coverage increased. Four N sources (ammonium sulfate, SCU, IBDU and Milorganite) and two irrigation intensities (2.5 and 5.0 cm/hr) were used. Experimental plots were established on a 10% sloped area using Tifway 419 bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon x Cynodon transvaalinis BURT DAVY) and replicated three times. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block split-plot configuration. The standard method of N application contributed much more total N to the leachate collection stream than the progressive method. Very little to no N was collected in the run-off. Significantly more N leached from the ammonium
sulfate N source than the slow-release N sources. The mixture of ammonium sulfate, IBDU and Milorganite leached the least quantity of N. Study is being continued using an overseeded cool-season turfgrass. In another study, the influence of different N rates and cultural management practices on four species of ultradwarf bermudagrasses was evaluated. The influence of treatments on growth rate, nitrogen uptake, visual quality ratings, and thatch accumulation estimates was determined. Ultradwarf bermudagrasses differed in the quantity of thatch accumulated, growth rate and visual quality ratings. At the high N rate (10 g/m sq/mo) MS-Supreme accumulated excessive thatch and exhibited scalping by mid-season growth. Even light verticutting on a biweekly basis reduced turfgrass quality. Top-dressing lightly biweekly produced the best quality turfgrass and least thatch accumulation.
Impacts
Results will be used to establish best management practices for grow-in of fairways on golf courses and educate turfgrass managers and consultants in the practices of golf course grow-in.
Publications
- Sartain, J.B. and J.K. Kruse. 2001. Selected Fertilizers Used on Turfgrass: Sandy Florida Soil Present Unique Nutritional Challenge. Florida Turf Digest. 18(3):18-26.
- Sartain, J.B. 2001. Soil testing and interpretation for Florida turfgrasses. Soil and Water Science Fact Sheet. SL-181. Florida Coop. Ext. Svc. Gainesville, FL 32611
- Sartain, J.B. and J.K. Kruse. 2001. Selected fertilizers used in turfgrass fertilization. Bull 1262. Florida Coop. Ext. Svc. Gainesville, FL 32611.
- Kruse, J.K. and J.B. Sartain. 2001. Visual quality and growth of selected ultradwarf bermudagrasses as influenced by N rate and cultural management. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Florida Proc. 60: 26-29.
- Shaddox, T.W. and J.B. Sartain. 2001. Fate of nitrogen during grow-in of a golf course fairway under different nitrogen management practices. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Florida Proc. 60:59-63.
- Snyder, R.H., J.B. Sartain, J.L.Cisar, P. Nkedi-Kizza, W.G.Harris, and M.A. Brown. 2001. Investigation of coated sands for use in putting green construction. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Florida Proc. 60:72-78.
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Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/00
Outputs
Field studies to evaluate the environmental impact of N fertilization and irrigation intensities during the grow-in of a golf course fairway were conducted. Two programs of N fertilization management were followed. One, the industry standard of applying a constant amount of N weekly during a 12-week grow-in and another in which progressively increasing amounts of N were applied as the turfgrass coverage increased. Four N sources (ammonium sulfate, SCU, IBDU and Milorganite) and two irrigation intensities (2.5 and 5.0 cm/hr) were used. Experimental plots were established on a 10% sloped area using Tifway 419 bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon x Cynodon transvaalinis BURT DAVY) and replicated three times. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block split-plot configuration. The standard method of N application contributed much more total N to the leachate collection stream than the progressive method. Very little to no N was collected in the run-off.
Significantly more N leached from the ammonium sulfate N source than the slow-release N sources. The mixture of ammonium sulfate, IBDU and Milorganite leached the least quantity of N. Study is being continued using an overseeded cool-season turfgrass. In another study, the influence of different N rates and cultural management practices on four species of ultradwarf bermudagrasses was evaluated. The influence of treatments on growth rate, nitrogen uptake, visual quality ratings, and thatch accumulation estimates was determined. Ultradwarf bermudagrasses differed in the quantity of thatch accumulated, growth rate and visual quality ratings. At the high N rate (10 g/m sq/mo) MS-Supreme accumulated excessive thatch and exhibited scalping by mid-season growth. Even light verticutting on a biweekly basis reduced turfgrass quality. Top-dressing lightly biweekly produced the best quality turfgrass and least thatch accumulation.
Impacts
Results will be used to establish best management practices for grow-in of fairways on golf courses and to educate turfgrass managers and consultants in the practices of golf-course grow-in.
Publications
- Ruple, G.J., Dibs Sarkar, J.B. Sartain, and G.A. O'Connor. 1999. Reuse of Carlton reject water. I. Effects on bermudagrass yield. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Florida Proc. 58:31-37.
- Sarkar, Dibs, G.A. O'Connor, G.J. Ruple, and J.B. Sartain. 1999. Reuse of Carlton reject water. II. Fate and transport of R (226). Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Florida Proc. 58:38-41.
- Chung, K-Y, J.B. Sartain, and E.W. Hopwood. 1999. Leaching characteristics and nutrient supplying potentials of selected P and K fertilizer sources. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Florida Proc. 58:72-76.
- Snyder, R.H., J.B. Sartain, J.L. Cisar, and C.J. Bogert. 1999. Dislodgeable residues of fenamiphos applied to turfgrass and implications for golfer exposure. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Florida Proc. 58: 51-57.
- Brown, E.A. and J.B. Sartain. 2000. Coated sands can reduce phosphorus leaching from USGA greens. Florida Turf Digest 17(2):18-20.
- Sartain, J.B. 2000. General recommendations for fertilization of turfgrasses on Florida soils. Soil and Water Sci. Fact Sheet SL-21 (Revised) Fla. Coop. Ext. Svc. Univ. of Fla. Gainesville, FL.
- Sartain, J.B. and H.D. Gooding. 2000. Reducing nitrate leaching during green grow-in. Golf Course Mgmt. April 70-73.
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Progress 10/01/98 to 09/30/99
Outputs
Glasshouse lysimeter studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of USGA soil media type (coated and uncoated sands), amendment source (peat and Iron-humate) and phosphorous fertilizer material (monopotassium phosphate {MKP}, 0-20-20 {liquid made from reacting phosphoric acid and potassium hydroxide}, and concentrated superphosphate) on the growth and nutrient uptake of 'Tifway' bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon x Cynodon transvaalinis BURTT DAVY) under both established and grow-in conditions. Soil retention and leaching losses of P were also evaluated. Coated sands produced more total dry matter and P uptake than did the uncoated sands under both growth regimes. Amending either sand type with iron humate resulted in more P retention and essentially no P loss by leaching. Uncoated sands and USGA mixes amended with peat leached more P than did the coated USGA sands. Total P uptake was reduced by iron humate addition but not to levels which would hinder growth. In
another glasshouse lysimeter study the influence of amendment type on Tifway bermudagrass growth, nutrient uptake and water use efficiency (WUE) was evaluated after a short-term phase (16 wks) and a long-term phase (after 1 yr). Zeolite additions increased growth and nutrient uptake during the initial 16 wk period, possibly because of the additional N added as a consequence of the N content of the zeolites. Additions of OM and hydrogels reduced the WUE and increased the quantity of N and K leached during the short-term phase. After 1 yr the WUE of soils amended with hydrogels improved.
Impacts
This information will assist turfgrass managers in maintaining turfgrass growth and quality while limiting the quantity of nutrient leached. It identifies the importance of selecting the proper type of sand and amendment to limit the quantity of applied nutrient leached under both established and grow-in conditions. This information can serve as a guide for establishing turfgrass on environmental sensitive areas.
Publications
- Sartain, J.B. 1999. Iron nutrition improves turf's mettle. Grounds Maintenace 34:24-28.
- Sartain, J.B. 1999. Evaluation of N release from slow-release materials. Proc. 17th Fertilizer Round Table. Orlando, FL.
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