Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Weight study was conducted on 14 species of hardwoods:southern red oak, northern red oak, cherrybark oak, black oak, willow oak, nuttal oak, overcup oak, water oak, post oak, white oak, mockernut hickory, shagbark hickory, bitter pecan, and sweetgum. A total of 321 trees were included in the study. The trees were selected, measured and marked ahead of the loggers. After the merchantable portion was harvested and taken to the landing, diameters were measured at one foot intervals up to and including 8 feet and then in 3-foot intervals. The log was then weighed using a load cell type crane scale with a capacity of 10,000 pounds showing a digital value that was plus or minus 1 pound. A study of a slash bundler was conducted to determine if it was economical in collecting in-forest residues for use as an energy resource. Also, 20 bundles were exposed to 9 months of weather to determine if they were a suitable storage medium for over the wet winter months. Another study investigated the output of chippers and grinders when processing in-forest residues for energy feedstocks. Samples were taken back to the lab from 2 chipper and 3 grinder operations. At the lab a chip classifier determined the size distribution of the particles, then the moisture content was determined and the particles were milled to 2 mm size. A calorimeter was used to determine the BTU value per oven dry pound. A study on the effects on mechanical properties of heat treating wood to temperatures of 200, 300, and 400 degrees F and for durations of 2, 5 and 8 hours was conducted. The woods studied were loblolly pine, water oak, and sweetgum. The tests conducted were static bending, compression parallel the grain, compression perpendicular to the grain, shear and hardness. For each species, test, temperature and duration 10 samples were tested. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Paul Doruska assisted with the weight study Dr. Matthew Pelkki assisted with the in-forest residue studies Dr. Phil Steele of Miss State U provied some additional funding to do the slash bundler study Jonathan Hartley - Program Technician assisted with all studies Julius Adewopo - Grad Student assisted with heat treating study Matthew Hurd - Grad Student assisted with weight study TARGET AUDIENCES: The over all audience is the wood using industry of southern USA. The in-forest residues studies also targeted potential facilities that could use wood residues as an energy resource. The weight study will aid the forest landowers of the Mid-South in determining what their timber resource is worth. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
With the data from the weight study, tables were developed that will aid landowners and procurement foresters in estimating the merchantable weight of standing trees using the diameter at breast height and total height. This will provide a more equitable exchange between buyer and seller for the landowner's timber resource. Also, bulk density values were determined for each species which will aid the mill operators to determine the log's value to the mill. The slash bundler proved to be economical when following conventional logging operations. The bundles showed no deteriortation after 9 months exposure. This study shows that slash bundling is a good method for getting in-forest residues to energy facilities. In the processed in-forest residue stduy the chippers operated shortly after conventional thinning operations and their chips had an average moisture content of 94 percent, a BTU value of 8168 per oven dry pound and only 1.2 percent ash value. The grinders were used to recover residues from year old clear cuts. The particles from them had a moisture content of 83 percent, a BTU value of 7785 and an ash content of 4.5 percent. The results of this study will aid companies planning to start an energy facility with their economic analysis and reduce the risk factor of that analysis. The heat treating study demonstrated that low value wood can be made more useable with heat treatment. The wood warps less and shrinks and swells less than untreated wood. The mechanical tests showed that the wood had a high modulus of elesticity and compression parrellel to the grain values than untreated. The treated wood did have slightly lower modulus of rupture and the large reduction in shear value. The results show that woods that warp greatly such as sweetgum or hickory could have this tendency reduced and with the resulting darker color have new markets open for them. This could start a new industry.
Publications
- Patterson, D.W. and P.F. Doruska. 2005. Effect of seasonality on bulk density, moisture content, and specific gravity of loblolly pine tree-length pulpwood logs in southern Arkansas. Forest Prod. J. 55(12):204-208.
- Doruska, P.F. and D.W. Patterson. 2006. An individual-tree, merchantable stem green weight equation for loblolly pine pulpwood in Arkansas, including seasonal effects. South. J of Appl. For. 30(2):61-65.
- Patterson, D. W., J.I. Hartley, and P.F. Doruska. 2006. Board foot loss inherent in scaling double length logs. University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet FSA5013. 3p.
- Cunningham, K. and D. W. Patterson. 2006. Forest landowner's guide to field grading hardwood trees. University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet FSA5015. 8p. Doruska, P.F., D.W. Patterson, J.I. Hartley, and M.B. Hurd. 2006. Outside-bark green tons per thousand board feet: A case study using sawtimber-sized hardwood trees in Arkansas. Journal of Forestry. 104(7):345-352.
- Doruska, P.F., D.W. Patterson, and T.E. Posey. 2006. Variation in wood density by stand origin and log position for loblolly pine sawtimber in the Coastal Plain of Arkansas. In: Connor, K.F., ed. Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. USDA FS SRS Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-92. p. 341-343.
- Patterson, D.W. and P.F. Doruska. 2007. Landowner's guide to determining weight and value of standing pine trees. University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service. Little Rock, AR. Fact Sheet FSA5017. 4p.
- Doruska, P.F., J.I. Hartley, M.B.Hurd, D.W. Patterson, and D.C. Bragg. 2007. Individual-tree, outside-bark, merchantable green weight equations and scaling factors for sawtimber-sized northern red oak, white oak, and sweetgum in northwest Arkansas. In: Buckley, D.S., and W.K. Clatterbuck (eds.). Proceedings of the 15th Central Hardwood Forest Conference. USDA FS SRS, Asheville, NC. Gen Tech. Rep. SRS-101. p 741.
- Patterson, D., R. Montgomery, M Pelkki, and P. Steele. 2007. Mechanizing timber harvest: Turning limbs and chips into energy biomass, humus. BioCycle 48(8):56.
- Patterson, D.W. and J. Hartley. 2007. Properties of wood from ice-storm damaged loblolly pine trees. Forest Prod. J. 57(12):48-51.
- Patterson, D.W., M.H. Pelkki, and P.H. Steele. 2008. Productivity of the John Deere slash bundler in removing in-forest residues from pine harvest sites in the mid-South: four case studies. Forest Prod. J. 58(7/8):31-36.
- Patterson, D.W. and P.F. Doruska. 2008. Landowner's guide to determining weight of standing hardwood trees. University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service. Little Rock, AR. Fact Sheet FSA5021. 4p.
- Patterson, D.W., J.I. Hartley, M.H. Pelkki, and P.H. Steele. 2010. Effects of 9 months of weather exposure on slash bundles in the Mid-South. Foert Prod. J. 60(30:221-225.
- Patterson, D.W., P.F. Doruska, J.I. Hartley, and M.B. Hurd. 2007. Validating the Patterson and Doruska equation for estimating the volume of hardwood butt logs. Forest Prod. J. 57(1): 67-70.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Multiple samples were collected from 2 chipping and 3 grinding operations that were processing in-woods logging residues. The samples were divided into sub-samples and passed through a chip classifier to determine particle size distribution. They were then oven dried to determine moisture content and then milled to 2mm or less for calorimeter tests to determine Btu per oven dried pound values. The results have been reported at the Forest products Society Annual International Convention. Twenty slash bundles from a John deere Slash Bundler were weathered for 9 months. A five percent sample was cut from the center of each bundle. The samples were chipped, milled oven dried and processed through the calorimeter. The results were presented at the Internation Biomass Conference in Starkville, MS. A manuscript was prepard and submitted to the Forest Product Journal. Samples from loblolly pine, water oak, and sweetgum were heat treated to 200, 300, and 400 degree F for 2, 5, and 8 hours duration. Mechanical tests of shear block, compression parallel, compression perpendicular, hardness, and static bending were performed to determine the effect of heat treating to the mechanical properties of wood. A thesis was being prepared. Numerous sapling beams were prepared using different configurations to determine the best way to utilize small diameter trees for structural purposes. Testing is about to start. PARTICIPANTS: Jonathan Hartley -- Program Tech Julius Adewopo -- Grad Student Spencer Davis -- student worker Stephen Ganderson -- student worker TARGET AUDIENCES: wood products industry of USA PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Buyers of woody biomass are purchasing wood for energy. But what are they actually buying The in-woods residue study will provide information to these buyers about the properties of the woody biomass they are purchasing and aid them in fully analyzing the economics of using this material. It is difficult to get wood out of the forest during the winter months; therefore, energy facilities must store woody biomass during the summer and early fall to insure a supply during those winter months. The slash bundle study clearly shows that these bundles are very good storage mediums. Previous studies have shown that heat treating wood will increase its durability and dimensional stability. The question arose as what heat treating does to it strength properties. Test results from this study indicate the some properties are decreased, some are increased, and some remain the same statistically. This study provied information that will aid in determine potential uses for this material.
Publications
- Effects of Nine Months of Weather Exposure on Slash Bundles in the Mid-South. 2010. Patterson, D.W., J.I. Hartley, M.H. Pelkki, and P.H. Steele. Forest products Journal. under review.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: 1. Estimating equations were developed for predicting above ground biomass for cottonwood trees. 2. Determined the ratios between hardwood species of bulk density (green weight per cubic foot) in Arkansas. Developed a standard equation for estimating the weight of hardwood trees. 3. Developed an Acceptance Sampling Technique for determining which truck loads of pine thinning logs should go to the small diameter log sawmill and which should go to the chip mill. PARTICIPANTS: Jonathan Hartley - Program Technician-UAM Tom Crowder - Grad student - UAM Julius Adewopo - Grad Student - UAM Matthew Pelkki - Professor - UAM Paul Doruska - Associate professor - U of Wisconsin Stevens Point TARGET AUDIENCES: 1. Biomass producers 2. Loggers and Landowners 3. Mill managers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Have added a chip classifier, cutting mill and oxygen bomb calorimeter so the in-forest residues and mill residues can be better classified and analyzed.
Impacts
1. Equation will aid biomass plantation owners in determining the weight of their cottonwood biomass before harvesting; therefore, they can better determine the best selling price for them. 2. Landowners can now determine the weight of the merchantable portion of their standing hardwood trees which will aid them in determing their proper market price. 3. The mill owner can best determine the most value from the pine thinning logs being purchased.
Publications
- Patterson, D.W., M.H. Pelkki, and P.H. Steele. 2008. Productivity of the John Deere slash bundler in removing in-forest residues from pine harvest sites in the mid-South: four case studies. Forest Prod. J. 58(7/8):31-36. Patterson, D.W. and P.F. Doruska. 2008. Landowner's guide to determining weight of standing hardwood trees. University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service. Little Rock, AR. Fact Sheet FSA5021. 4p.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Open web beams were further modified to provide more strength; beams were made from syp mature wood, syp juvenile wood, and sweetgum. Log beams from syp plantation thinnings were made from butt log from pre-commercial thinning and second log from second thinning. Adhesive shear block tests were conducted on syp and sweetgum wood heated to 400 degrees F for 8 hours. Three adhesives were used.Data were analized and talks prepared for the time and motion study of the John Deere slash-bundler on logging residue collection at Arkansas pine plantations.
PARTICIPANTS: Dr. David W. Patterson -- PI Dr. Paul Doruska - Professor Dr. Matt Pelkki - Professor Dr. Don Bragg -- US Forest Service Jonathan Hartley - Program technician/ Grad Student Matt Hurd - Grad Student Robert Cook -- public school science teacher
TARGET AUDIENCES: Forest landowners Loggers, Forest Products Industry
PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: NA
Impacts
The beams tests have shown that it is possible to make structural material from low quality wood from Arkansas forests. The shear block adhesive tests showed that high temperature heat treated wood will adhere but have a significantly lower strength value than untreated wood. Resorcinol was stronger than PVA which was stronger than Urethane adhesive. The strength should still be suffiecent for non-structural uses. Talks on the slash-bundler were presented at the Forum on Slash Bundling at the UAM Campus, Annual Convention of the Forest Products Society in Knoxville, TN, and in Hot Springs, AR at the Ouachita SAF Annual Meeting. Manscripts were prepared and submitted to journals but the reviewers did not think case studies were real research.
Publications
- Patterson, D.W., P.F. Doruska, J. Hartley, and M.Hurd. 2007. Validating the Patterson and Doruska equation for estimating the volume of hardwood butt logs. Forest Products Journal 57(1/2):67-70. Patterson, D.W. and J. Hartley. 2007. Properties of wood from ice-storm damaged loblolly pine trees. Forest Products Journal 57(12):48-51.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Ratio/delay studies and time& motion studies were conducted on a John Deere Slash/Bundler while operating on 4 pine harvest sites in Arkansas(first thinning, second thinning, clear cut, and cut-to-length). The machine collected in-forest residues and compressed them into 2-foot diameter 10-foot long bundles. The weight of each bundle produced was also recorded. On average, the machine was productive 62% of the time and delayed 38% of the time. Publications are being produced. The weights of the above ground biomass and pulpwood portions of 168 10-year old cottonwood trees were obtain. Five moisture content and specific gravity samples were obtained from half of the trees. There were seven clones and two treatment (irrigated, non-irrigated). Data are being analyzed and an equation will be developed to predict the weight of above ground biomass and another for pulpwood portion based on tree size. Fifty-six tree were harvested 5 1/2 years after an ice storm damaged them.
Static bending specimens were obtained from the lower side and the upper side of the tree at the butt, 8 feet above the ground and at the base of the live crown. The specimens were dried and tested to determine stiffness and strength of the wood. Statistical analyses are being conducted to determine if the amount of damage, and position in tree affected the properties of the wood on the lower and upper sides of the tree. The one-year exposure heat treated block were recovered and the amount of weight loss was recorded. The results are being analyzed. The beam studies are going on with the equipment being modified because of the increased strength of the beams.
Impacts
The slash/bundler study will assist industry in determining their economic benefits in using such a machine to gather in-forest residues for use as fuel and bioenergy feedstocks. Many people have considered using cottonwood as an bioenergy feestock and the weight study will aid in determining which clones and under what conditions would be best for them to use. This will eliminate the costly planting and then replanting for many landowners. The results of the ice-damged tree study will provide the landowners with information about whether they should clear cut after an ice storm or if there will be a larger economic return if they let the tree grow.
Publications
- Doruska, P.F. and Patterson, D.W. 2006. An individual-tree merchantable stem, green weight equation for loblolly pine pulpwood in Arkansas, including seasonal effects. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 30(2):61-65.
- Doruska, P.F., Patterson, D.W., Hartley, J.I. and Hurd, M.B. 2006. Outside-bark green tons per thousand board feet Doyle: a case study using sawtimber-sized hardwood trees in Arkansas. Journal of Forestry. 104(7):345-351.
- Patterson, D.W., Hartley, J.I. and Doruska, P.F. 2006. Board foot loss inherent in scaling double length logs. University of Arkansas, Cooperative Extension Service, Fact Sheet. FSA5013. 3 pp.
- Cunningham, K. and Patterson, D.W. 2006. A forest landowner's guide to field grading hardwood trees. University of Arkansas, Cooperative Extension Service, Fact Sheet. FSA5015. 8pp.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Weighed and measured a total of 192 hardwood tree length logs from 3 sites in Arkansas. Have calculated the tree length bulk density for 9 species of oak, 3 species of hickory, and sweetgum. More calculations and analyses to follow. A study to determine if heat treating small pine and underutilized hardwood could increase durability. 1080 blocks (1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 inches) were heat treated to either 250F, 300F, 350F, or 400F for either 2, 4, 6 or 8 hours. Untreated controls were included. Half were placed on bare ground and half on plastic. Plastic was placed over the blocks to insure they stay moisted. After 6 months half of each were removed and weight loss was determined. Indications are that the high temperatures resulted in higher durability. The remaining blocks will be checked after a year of exposure. A study was initiated to determine if small pine thinnings can be used for structural wood I-beams. Equipment is being constructed for the manufacture of these
beams. A study was conducted on the amount, availability, and cost of mill residues and in-woods residues for a Bio-refinery feed stock. It appears that such a plant in southeastern Arkansas can obtain all they need within a fair distance for $25/ton or less.
Impacts
The bulk density values will improve the mill manager's ability to determine the actual amount of wood entering the plant and assess the conversion to final product. The heat treating will improve the utility of some woods. The wood I-beams from precommercial thinnings will increase the willingness of landpwners to properly manage their forestland.
Publications
- Patterson, D.W. and P.F. Doruska. 2005. Effect of seasonality on bulk density, moisture content, and specific gravity of loblolly pine tree-length pulpwood logs in southern Arkansas. Forest Prod. J. 55(12):204-208.
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Progress 10/01/04 to 12/30/04
Outputs
The hardwood tree and log weight study has started in that we have been making arrangements with cooperators for collecting data. Some open-web beams made of sweetgum have been tested with the results of MOE values over 10MMpsi but with low MORs because of glue failure. Initial screening tests are being conducted with sweetgum block to determine the affects of heat treating on dimensional stability.
Impacts
The impact of the weight study will be great. Most timber is bought and sold on a weight basis but the cruising basis is either volume or board foot which has to be converted to weight. The study also shows that the mills are receiving the same weight of logs per truck load but are receiving less wood fiber. This is an added cost to growing the improved fast growing trees. The open-web beams will provide a market for the underutilized species and increase the value of some of the low grade lumber being cut.
Publications
- Patterson,D.W. and P.F.Doruska. 2004. A new and improved modification to Smalian's Equation for buttlogs. For Prod J 54(4):69-72
- Patterson,D.W., P.F.Doruska, and T.E.Posey. 2004. Weight and bulk density of loblolly pine plywood logs in southeast Arkansas. For Prod J 54(12):145-148
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
In 2003 there were two areas of work in this project. The first was the weight study. We completed the data collection on tree 10 to 32 inches DBH in 2002; therefore, 2003 was spent analyzing the data and preparing manuscripts. The work was divided into three areas: individual tree weights, log weights and bulk density, and stand weights. Equations were deveolped for predicting tree weights using DBH and total tree height and DBH and height to 8-inch top. Tables were derived from the equations. It was found that log weights for upper logs 12 inches and less were greater than butt logs of the same diameter and length. The bulk density values of both butt and upper logs were higher than the values reported 20 years ago. The seasonality analysis indicated that the trees were the lightest in the winter and heaviest in the fall. Stand analysis showed an estimate with error of 5% or less. Data collection for trees 6 to 9 inches DBH was started in November and will be
continued in February, May, and August of 2004. The second area of work was in the subject area of low grade and underutilized timber. This study is looking at using lumber from small diameter trees and lumber from under used species such as sweet gum, hickory, and red maple. The lumber was cut into 2 X 2 strips which were used to make 2 X 10 open-web beams. The flanges were 2 X 2 - 10 foot long and the cross members were 2 X 2 - 7 1/4 inches long. The cross members had a 1/2 inch tenon on each end that fit into a 1/2 inch groove in the flanges. The beams were made with a gap-filling resorcinol adhesive. Preliminary static bending tests were conducted on 10 beams of each southern pine, hickory, and sweet gum. The failures were in tension perpendicular to the grain in the flanges at the end cross members. The maximum loads were approximately 1,000 pounds for pine, 1,100 for sweet gum and 1,600 for hickory. More preliminary tests are being planned to improve the joint area of the beams
so that higher loads can be carried.
Impacts
The impact of the weight study will be great. Most timber is bought and sold on a weight basis but the cruising basis is either volume or board foot which has to be converted to weight. The study also shows that the mills are receiving the same weight of logs per truck load but are receiving less wood fiber. This is an added cost to growing the improved fast growing trees. The open-web beams will provide a market for the underutilized species and increase the value of some of the low grade lumber being cut.
Publications
- Posey, T.E. 2003. Individual-Tree Green Weight Equations and Tables for Loblolly Pine (Pinus tara L.) Sawtimber in the Coastal Plain of Arkansas. MS Thesis. University of Arkansas at Monticello, Monticello, AR. 89 p.
- In 2003,three referreed and several proceedings articles have been accepted but have not appeared in print at this time.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
In 2002, three activities were conducted in efforts to fulfill this project. The first effort addressed the area in the project proposal to determine the weight of southern pine trees in Arkansas. Aproximately 80 freshly harvested trees were weighed in February, May, August, and November. These individual weights were compared to log and tree measurements as well as stand information. The data analysis of the 318 trees should result in an MS thesis and three refereed manuscripts submitted next year. The second effort addressed the area of the project proposal to find new products for underutilized species in Arkansas. This study is looking at the possibility of producing open webbed beams from hickory, sweetgum, and red maple. We are using southern pine as a comparative species. This study is just commencing with only the pine beam parts manufactured at this time. The third effort was in the area of better volume estimations. This study investigated the possibility of
improving Smalian's equation for estimating the volume of butt logs when only the diamter of each end and log length are available. Three data sets from industry was obtained for this study. The first data set had 500 logs and was used to determine the best percentage factor to be used in Smalian's equation instead of the .5 currently used. The second (220 logs)and third (75 logs)data sets were used to validate the results. P= 0.15 + 136/D(butt)(cubed) + 0.002L Vol = ((P * D(butt)(squared)) + ((1-P) * D(small)(squared))) * L * 0.005454. P = percentage factor D = diameter L = length.
Impacts
The pine weight study should result in a new way that pine timber stands are cruised and value determined. In the past, the timber volume was estimated and a weight converting factor was applied to arrive at a total weight value for the the stand. The results of this study will mean that foresters can take tree data and estimate the weight directly. The open webbed beams should increase the utilization of the underutilized species in Arkansas. Not only the species studied but other species as well. In the hardwood industry, you either cut furniture quality lumber or low value pallet stock or cross ties. The beams will open a market of higher valued products than for which most of the hardwoods in Arkansas are used. The new and improved modifications to Smalian's equation will aid researchers, log owners, log buyers, etc. determined the true volume of butt logs.
Publications
- Patterson, D.W., R.A. Kluender, and J.E. Granskog. 2002. economic feasibility of producing inside-out beams from small diameter logs. For. Prod. J. 52(1):23-26.
- Doruska, P.F. and D.W. Patterson. 2002. Using nonparametric regression to examine taper of irregular logs. In: Proceedings of the Southern Mensurationist's Conference, P.F Doruska and D.C Bragg editors, Chattanooga, TN. Nov 4-6, 2001. Arkansas Forest Resources Center, Monticello, AR. 43p.
- Posey, T.E., P.F. Doruska, and D.W. Patterson. 2003. Individual tree green weight equations for loblolly pine sawtimber in the coastal plain of Arkansas. In: proceedings of 4th Annual FIA Symposium and 2002 Southern Mensurationist's Conference. New Orleans, LA. Nov 19-21, 2002.
- Several manuscripts (2002)have been submitted to refereed journals but they have not been approved at this time.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
A preliminary study was conducted on a 'honeymoon' technique of gluing green wood together side grain to side grain. Resorcinol adhesive was applied to one side of glue joint and Gluemate (soybean adhesive) was applied to the other side. Most of the problems appear to be with the Gluemate. Further studies will be conducted in the future. Work continued on the 40 year thinning and pruning study. A paper was presented at the Forest Products Society's Annual Meeting in Baltimore, MD . The kiln drying/ value added project was brought to a successful conclusion and the final report was submitted to USDA Rural Business Cooperative Service. Three data sets from industry were analyzed to develop a better equation to estimate the volume of butt logs when only the diameter of each end and the length are known. Awaiting a fourth data set to validate the new equation. Initiated a new study to determine the variables affecting the weight of loblolly pine sawtimber and sawlogs.
Have been working with industry to set up data collection efforts on their timber harvesting sites.
Impacts
If the honeymoon gluing of green wood is successful, a whole array of value added products will become possible.
Publications
- Patterson, D.W. R. O'Neill, J.F. Reese, and V. Sawyer. 2002. Is there a common future for forest practices and quality wood? Submitted to Forest Landowner. Has been reviewed and should be published soon. Patterson, D. W. and T. Walkingstick. 2001 Sociological and technical constraints to kiln drying and value added wood processing co-op. Final report. USDA Rural Business Cooperative Service. Washington, D.C.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Article on affects of silvicultural treatments in uneven-aged stands on lumber value has been published. Manuscript on the economic analysis of producing inside-out beams has been accepted and will appear in spring of 2001. Rough draft of the final report on the kiln drying/value-added co-op study was completed and review is taking place. Analysis on data relating lumber value to pruning and basal area was started.
Impacts
Many foresters are more aware that silvicultural treatments affect the lumber value as well as growth rate.
Publications
- Patterson, D.W. and R.B. Anderson. 2000. Customer demands change CNC and Statistical Process Control. Furniture Design & Manufacture. 72(3):78-87.
- Patterson, D.W. and R.A. Kluender. 2000. The technical and economical feasibility of producing inside-out beams from small diameter logs. In: Issues Relating to Handling the Influx of Small-Diameter Timber in Western North America. Forest Products Society. Madison, WI. pages 59-62.
- Patterson, D.W. 2000. Does pruning the lower logs affect the lumber value of the upper logs?. In: Biographies & Abstracts. Forest Products Society 54th Annual Meeting in South Lake Tahoe, Nevada. P48.
- Patterson, D.W., P.A. Murphy, and M. Shelton. 2000. Effects of stand and site variables on the lumber value of uneven-aged loblolly pine stands. South. J. Appl. For. 24(4):202-206.
- Patterson, D.W., R.A. Kluender, and J.E. Granskog. 2001. Economic feasibility of producing inside-out beams from small diameter logs. For. Prod. J. (Accepted and awaiting galley proofs)
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Economic analysis of producing Inside-Out Beams has been completed and a manuscript is being prepared. The affects of silvicultural treatments in uneven-aged stands on the lumber value has been completed and manuscript submitted. The data have been collected on the kiln drying/ value-added co-op study and analysis is taking place.
Impacts
The work completed has created some interest in starting new businesses to better utilize the small diameter timber resource in Arkansas. If the two most interested do start new companies, 50 new jobs will be created.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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