MANAGEMENT OF DISEASES OF UPLAND AND MUCK VEGETABLES, GINSENG, VEGETABLE TRANSPLANTS, AND GREENHOUSE ORNAMENTALS

• Sponsoring Institution: State Agricultural Experiment Station
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: STATE
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 0179897
• Project Start Date: May 1, 2009
• Project End Date: Apr 30, 2014
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
MICHIGAN STATE UNIV
(N/A)
EAST LANSING,MI 48824

Performing Department
Plant, Soil and Microbial Science

Non Technical Summary
Methyl bromide was critical for managing soilborne diseases on melon (Fusarium), eggplant (Verticillium) and cucurbit and pepper (Phytophthora capsici) before its 2005 phaseout. These pests are persistent and difficult to control despite use of integrated pest management (IPM). Effective, cost efficient alternatives are needed. We will determine whether fumigant alternatives and cultural strategies are effective against soilborne pests, economically beneficial, and easily integrated into current production systems. Phytophthora capsici infects many vegetables and has recently been found on Fraser fir, an Xmas tree. MI grows 90,600 A of susceptible vegetables and Fraser fir worth $155 million, is #1 in the US for pickling cucumber and squash and among the top 10 for snap bean, bell pepper, pumpkin and fresh market cucumber and tomato. Phytophthora spreads in water, lasts for 10+ years in soil, and mutates to become resistant to fungicides. Up to $32.5 million in disease losses have occurred. Research will develop IPM strategies that limit the spread of Phytophthora; identify/develop disease-resistant cultivars; investigate effects of soil amendments, mulches, crop rotation and water management; and test fungicides, biological control agents and new chemistries. Cucurbit downy mildew (DM) has been a MI problem since 2005. Pickling cucumbers are worth $30.6 million to MI farmers and $240.7 million to the MI pickle industry. DM can cost MI growers/processors $6.4 million yearly. DM is resistant to some fungicides and frequent sprays (every 5 days) are needed. The short-term needs of the industry will be addressed through development of effective and cost-efficient disease management strategies and long term sustainable management through research of genetic resistance and increased molecular characterization of DM. MI is #3 in asparagus production behind CA and WA. Replant suppression (caused by soilborne Fusarium, Phytophthora) reduces the life span of replanted fields by more than 50% and is the most serious threat to the industry. This project was developed in response to the 3 top priorities of by the MI asparagus industry, and a top priority of the MI Vegetable Council. Developing integrated strategies to reduce replant suppression will increase the life span of new plantings and stabilize this industry. Greenhouse ornamentals are susceptible to foliar blight and root rot diseases. Knowing how the environmental affects disease can help growers to apply fungicides when disease is likely to develop. Growers need a range of effective fungicides with differing modes of action to manage diseases without causing fungicide resistance to develop in the pathogens.

Animal Health Component

(N/A)

Research Effort Categories

Basic

(N/A)

Applied

(N/A)

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
216	1499	1160	60%
216	2199	1160	30%
216	2235	1160	10%

Knowledge Area
216 - Integrated Pest Management Systems;

Subject Of Investigation
1499 - Vegetables, general/other; 2199 - Ornamentals and turf, general/other; 2235 - Herbs and spices;

Field Of Science
1160 - Pathology;

Keywords

fumigants

virtually impermeable film

fusarium spp.

verticillium spp.

phytophthora spp.

phytophthora capsici

disease resistant cultivars

cultural techniques

downy mildew

foliar diseases

root rots

vegetables

greenhouse ornamentals

ginseng

reduced risk fungicides

biopesticides

fungicide resistance

disease forecasters

water management

Goals / Objectives
The overall goal of all research is to reduce growers' reliance on fungicides through novel and integrated management strategies and enhanced knowledge of pathogen etiology and epidemiology and disseminate results through extension efforts, intensive contact with growers, grower groups, industry stakeholders and agents, extension, and scientists. Methyl Bromide Alternatives will determine whether potential fumigant alternatives are effective against soilborne pathogens, economically beneficial, and easily integrated into current production systems through 1) Determine if currently registered fumigant alternatives and an unregistered product provide adequate disease control with positive economic impacts under large scale field use for Fusarium of melon and Verticillium of eggplant; 2) Compare the efficacy of fumigants applied under low density polyethylene (LDPE) and virtually impermeable film (VIF) plastic mulches for the control of Fusarium, Verticillium, and Phytophthora capsici of cucurbits and pepper. Special Grant Phytophthora MI will develop and implement a comprehensive management strategy for Phytophthora that relies on multiple tools rather than intensive pesticide use through 1) Limit the spread of Phytophthora; 2) Identify and develop Phytophthora-resistant varieties; 3) Develop new techniques for Phytophthora control including water management; 4) Integrate chemical, biological, and cultural growing techniques; 5) Test currently labeled fungicides, biological control agents, and new chemistries for activity against Phytophthora. Cucurbit downy mildew (DM) research includes 1) Establish and monitor sentinel plots for DM (Pseudoperonospora cubensis); 2) Determine the correlation of weather patterns to the dispersal of DM spores; 3) Identify effective DM fungicides. Asparagus research includes 1) Test Telone C35 and Sectagon as fumigants for asparagus; 2) Characterize the infection potential of Phytophthora spp. on different-sized spears at multiple temperatures. Ginseng research will 1) Evaluate fungicides for foliar blights and root rots control of ginseng will support registration of new fungicide products. Celery research includes 1) Assist in the establishment of a celery variety trials for the screening of commercially available lines to determine their tolerance to Fusarium wilt. Onion research will 1) Determine if fungicide products can limit the occurrence of black mold. Ornamentals research objectives include 1) Determine the role of the environment in prompting atmospheric concentrations of Peronospora sp., the causal agent of DM on coleus; 2) Determine the susceptibility among different coleus cultivars to DM; 3) Characterize the efficacy of new active ingredients including reduced-risk fungicides, biocontrol agents, or biopesticides against Botrytis cinerea, Pythium and Phytophthora spp., and DM pathogens.

Project Methods
Data on disease incidence and severity, plant death, yields, etc. from replicated research trials will be analyzed with appropriate statistical tests. Many projects include efficacy trials where fungicides, biological control agents, and new chemistries are tested for efficacy, dose, persistency, and application frequency. All projects include extension efforts; results disseminated to growers, industry stakeholders, agents, and scientists through demonstration plots with growers, presenting results at local, regional and national meetings, and publishing results in journals, newsletters, meetings proceedings and at websites, where appropriate. Methyl Bromide Alternatives: 1) Fumigant efficacy: Registered fumigant plots will be set up in a randomized complete block design and a smaller unregistered fumigant plot in a complete randomized design. 2) LDPE and VIF plastic mulches: A randomized complete block design will be used. Special Grant Phytophthora MI: 1) Limit Phytophthora: a) Assist growers in diagnosis/management by sampling diseased plants and characterizing P. capsici. b) Determine the optimum time to apply fungicides based on environmental conditions favoring sporangia and zoospore release and spread. 2) Phytophthora-resistant varieties: Pepper cultivars, breeding lines and susceptible 'Camelot' and 'Red Knight' will be grown in a randomized complete block design in an infested field. 3) Phytophthora control: Monitor irrigation water for diversity and longevity of Phytophthora with baits. 4) Integrate chemical, biological, and cultural growing techniques into grower-friendly presentations and publications. Cucurbit downy mildew: 1) Sentinel plots: Spore traps will be placed in commercial pickle fields in 5 Michigan counties and monitored weekly. 2) Weather/spore dispersal: Data will be correlated using graphs and statistical analysis. 3) Identify effective DM fungicides. Asparagus Research: 1) Asparagus fumigants: An unfumigated field will be treated with Sectagon-42 or Telone. 2) Phytophthora on spears: Spears will be inoculated at multiple temperatures and evaluated for disease. Ginseng research: 1) Fungicide efficacy: Trials will support registration of new fungicide products. Celery research: 1) Celery variety trial: Celery varieties for the trial will be planted in an infested commercial field and evaluated in-field and at harvest for Fusarium wilt, yield. Onion research: 1) Onions treated in the field will be stored at low and high humidity/temperature for 60 days and evaluated for black mold. Ornamentals research: 1) Environment-Peronospora spores: Effects of temperature, relative humidity and leaf wetness on sporulation will be examined, quantified and correlated to disease progression and atmospheric spore counts. 2) Coleus cultivars: Cultivars will be screened for DM susceptibility in replicated greenhouse trials. 3) Efficacy trials for Botrytis cinerea, Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., and DM pathogens.

Progress 05/01/09 to 04/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Our target audience includes growers of fresh market and processing vegetables and greenhouse vegetable transplants, ginseng and greenhouse floriculture crops, and their associated commodity groups and allied industries. Growers using conventional and/or organic methods are target audiences, as are homeowners and professional landscapers. Also included are packers, processors, crop consultants, and industry stakeholders of these crops, as well as wholesale and retail greenhouse owners, operators and workers. Target audiences also include extension educators, other researchers, and registrant companies of pesticide and organic products. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results have been disseminated in extension meetings attended by growers, packers, processors, industry stakeholders, commodity group members, extension personnel, Master Gardeners, home gardeners and others. Extension meeting presentations in the state of Michigan (119 total) include 58 given at the annual Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo/Michigan Greenhouse Growers Expo, a Great Lakes regional meeting (attended by 4,200 people from 42 states and 8 Canadian provinces in 2013). Other Michigan extension meetings included those sponsored by vegetable and ornamental commodity groups, commercial growers groups, home gardeners groups, Master Gardeners. National extension presentations (52 total) included 15 given at the annual Ginseng Winter Research Meeting, Wausau, WI, hosted by the Ginseng Board of Wisconsin, and 5 at the Pickle Packers International, Inc Annual Meeting in various cities. Other national extension meetings include those sponsored by state and regional commodity and growers groups, fungicide registrants companies. Information was presented at 5 international extension meetings: the Horticulture Growers’ Short Course, Pacific Agriculture Show, Abbotsford, BC, Canada; Ginseng Researchers’ Meeting, London, ON, Canada; and the Flowers Canada Pest Management Research Conference, Niagara Falls, ON, Canada. Information was disseminated in 43 presentations at professional meetings, attended by other researchers, graduate students, industry stakeholders and others. This included 20 presentations at annual meetings of the American Phytopathological Society in various cities and 12 at the International Phytophthora capsici Meeting in Duck Key, FL. Other professional meetings included the 10th International Congress of Plant Pathology, Beijing, China; National Allium Conference, Las Cruces, NM; International Pepper Conference, Naples, FL; International Symposium on Plant Pathogenic Bacterial, Guadalajara, Mexico; National Plant Diagnostic Network Third National Meeting, Berkley, CA; International Symposium on Advanced Technologies and Management Towards Sustainable Greenhouse Ecosystems, Halkidiki, Greece; and Great Lakes Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, IL. Results have been published in 96 articles in the Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture, 12 extension bulletins, 24 magazine articles, 49 meeting proceedings, 50 Plant Disease Management Reports, 4 special reports, 7 newsletter articles, and in 39 refereed articles and 21 abstracts in scientific journals. Refereed articles and abstracts targeted the scientific community of other researchers, graduate students, industry stakeholders and others. The other publications targeted growers, packers, processors, industry stakeholders, commodity group members, extension personnel, Master Gardeners, home gardeners and others. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The cucurbit downy mildew pathogen, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, reemerged in 2005 as a destructive disease in the U.S. Michigan is the #1 producer of pickling cucumbers, which now require an intensive fungicide program to preserve yields. Airborne concentrations of Ps. cubensis have been monitored using spore traps in Michigan cucurbit production areas since 2005. Environmental conditions were evaluated for correlations with sporangia numbers. Sporangia were detected from Jun through Sep with peak daily concentrations occurring between 0800 and 1300 hours. Statistical analyses suggest that sporangia are likely to be airborne above the crop canopy during periods with high temperatures and low relative humidity and leaf wetness. Concentrations of airborne sporangia, cucumber downy mildew incidence and severity were investigated. The first airborne sporangium was detected before the crop was planted. The greatest numbers of airborne sporangia were detected when moderate to high disease severity (≥5% symptomatic leaf area) was detected within the field. The number of airborne sporangia detected, time post-planting, planting number (first versus second versus third planting), temperature, and leaf wetness were positively associated and solar radiation negatively associated with disease occurrence. Spore counts and confirmed reports of downy mildew by county have been uploaded since 2006 to www.veggies.msu.edu, a webpage for growers. Genetic analysis of a world-wide collection of Ps. cubensis isolates revealed structure by geographic origin and host. Because of the population structuring found in this collection, isolates that represent the genetic variation in Ps. cubensis should be used when developing diagnostic tools, fungicides and resistant host cultivars. Having a wide variety of registered fungicides with differing modes of action gives growers selections to use in alternating fungicide programs designed to minimize development of pathogen resistance. Multiple fungicide trials were carried out annually on multiple vegetable, ginseng and greenhouse ornamental crops for registrant companies and the IR-4 project to determine the efficacy of fungicides and speed their registration. The number of registered pesticides for use on ginseng in Michigan and Wisconsin has practically doubled during this project, in part due to our efficacy trials. Phytophthora capsici limits production of important crops in Michigan. Genetic studies of a world-wide collection of P. capsici isolates found some structure by host, geographic origin and mefenoxam sensitivity. Phenotype experiments observed substantial variation in morphological and physiological characteristics among P. capsici isolates. Differences in sporangia production were observed among isolates grouped by continent. Isolates from nonvegetable hosts produced fewer sporangia than isolates from vegetable hosts. Genetic studies of P. capsici isolates from a creek used for irrigation found differences in phenotypic traits year to year. Since irrigation water can remain infested or become reinfested annually for years after nonhost crops are grown in adjacent fields, growers have been advised to avoid surface water sources for irrigation. Host fruit infection research found significant differences in virulence on cucumber and zucchini but not on tomato when P. capsici isolates were grouped by genetic cluster. Cultivars and breeding lines of various hosts were screened for resistance to P. capsici. Differences in crown and root rot severity were found among 31 bell and hot pepper cultivars and breeding lines inoculated with 4 isolates of P. capsici, but fruits were more susceptible than roots/crowns. Screening 42 cultivars and wild relatives of tomato with four isolates of P. capsici found moderate resistance in two lines and two cultivars; a lack of correlation between genetic clusters and P. capsici susceptibility indicated that resistance is distributed through several tomato lineages. Crown rot severity due to P. capsici differed significantly among 32 squash cultivars and 10 germplasm accessions; no disease developed on 4 Cucurbita moschata lines. One eggplant accession of 99 genotypes (4 Solanum spp.) was resistant to both P. capsici isolates tested, partial resistance was found in accessions from all four eggplant species. Comparing fungicides applied to P. capsici-resistant ‘Paladin’ and susceptible ‘Red Knight’ peppers found ‘Paladin’ had significantly less plant death. Applications of fluopicolide and mandipropamid significantly limited plant death, and fungicide drenches provided greater control than foliar applications. Effects of water temperature, and P. capsici zoospore concentration and age on pickling cucumber fruit infection were investigated. Fruits became infected at temperatures ranging from 9-32°C with highest incidence at ≥19°C. Almost 100% of fruits were infected when water contained ≥5x103 zoospores/ml at temperatures ≥12°C. While incidence of infection declined with zoospore age, infection still occurred with 5-day-old suspensions. Effects of temperature, humidity and wounding on infection of small, medium and large pickling cucumber fruits were studied. Lesions developed on fruits at 15-30°C and all relative humidities tested (35-100%). Disease severity was greatest on cucumbers incubated at 25°C at 4 days postinoculation. Wounding lessened age-related resistance in cucumber fruits. Research on cultural practices on ‘Payroll’ squash found greater AUDPC and plant death due to P. capsici at 35 days postinoculation for flat beds than raised beds. ‘Dickenson Field’ processing pumpkin fruits became less susceptible to P. capsici infection with age, while ‘Golden Delicious’ winter squash were susceptible even when mature. A study compared foliar versus drench applications of 11 fungicides for control of P. capsici on summer squash; no treatment prevented disease, but drenches were more effective than foliar sprays at limiting plant death. Fluopicolide, mandipropamid or dimethomorph drenches limited squash plant death to ≤10% and prevented yield loss. Asparagus research with spore traps found purple spot (causal agent, Pleospora herbarum) development on spears was correlated with low temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and high rainfall; longer periods of these environmental parameters favored lesion development on fern. Airborne conidial concentrations displayed a diurnal periodicity. New pathogens were discovered on Michigan celery and onion crops in 2010. The onion pathogen was identified as Colletotrichum coccodes, a first report, and the celery pathogen was identified as Colletotrichum acutatum sensu lato. Fungicide efficacy trials were conducted. Onion anthracnose was controlled by Quadris, Cabrio, Bravo WeatherStik, Manzate, and Priaxor. Celery anthracnose was reduced by Quadris, Cabrio, Manzate and Bravo. Quadris and Endura had higher yields than the untreated, but the yield was unmarketable. Multiple onion cultivar screenings found most are susceptible to anthracnose; however, ‘Hendrix’ has consistently been less susceptible.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Naegele, R.P., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2014. Evaluation of pepper fruit for resistance to Phytophthora capsici in a recombinant inbred line population, and the correlation with fruit shape. Plant Disease 98:885-890.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Naegele, R.P., Boyle, S., Quesada-Ocampo, L.M., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2014. Genetic diversity, population structure, and resistance to Phytophthora capsici of a worldwide collection of eggplant germplasm. PLoS ONE 9(5):e95930. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095930.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Granke, L.L., Morrice, J.J., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2014. Relationships between airborne Pseudoperonospora cubensis sporangia, environmental conditions, and cucumber downy mildew severity. Plant Disease 98:674-681.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Naegele, R.P., Ashrafi, H., Hill, T.A., Reyes Chin-Wo, S., Van Deynze, A.E., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2014. QTL mapping of fruit rot resistance to the plant pathogen Phytophthora capsici in a recombinant inbred Capsicum annuum population. Phytopathology 104:479-483
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Krasnow, C.S., Naegele, R.P.*, and Hausbeck, M.K. 2014. Evaluation of fruit rot resistance in Cucurbita germplasm resistant to Phytophthora capsici crown rot. HortScience 49:285-288.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Gevens, A.J., Granke, L.L., Hausbeck, M.K., Hendricks, K., and Roberts, P.D. 2014. Sources and distribution systems of irrigation water and their potential risks for crop health. Chapter 1 (pages 3-11) in: Biology, Detection, and Management of Plant Pathogens in Irrigation Water. Hong, C., Moorman, G.W., Wohanka, W., and B�ttner, C., eds. APS Press, Minneapolis, MN.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Gevens, A.J., Granke, L.L., Hausbeck, M.K., Hendricks, K., and Roberts, P.D. 2014. Irrigation water and the health of vegetable crops: Case studies of plant-pathogenic oomycetes in major U.S. vegetable production areas. Chapter 4 (pages 31-42) in: Biology, Detection, and Management of Plant Pathogens in Irrigation Water. Hong, C., Moorman, G.W., Wohanka, W., and B�ttner, C., eds. APS Press, Minneapolis, MN.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Woods, C.A. 2014. M.S. Thesis, Evaluation of strategies for managing soilborne pathogens of asparagus in Michigan. Michigan State University, East Lansing.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Bird, G., Hausbeck, M., Jess, L., Kirk, W., Szendrei, Z., and Warner, F. 2013. Insect, Disease and Nematode Control for Commercial Vegetables. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E312.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K. 2014. Control of diseases, pests and weeds in cultivated ginseng, 2014. Online at www.veggies.msu.edu.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Hausbeck, M. 2014. Tomato late blight pressure is high. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Vegetables:22 Aug. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Hausbeck, M. 2014. Newly identified bacterial disease on onions. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Vegetables:22 Jul. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Hausbeck, M., and Krasnow, C. 2014. Watch for Phytophthora on vine crops. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Vegetables:18 Jul. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Hausbeck, M. 2014. Watch for powdery mildew on vine crops. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Vegetables:17 Jul. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Hausbeck, M. 2014. Downy mildew confirmed on cucumbers in Gratiot County July 11. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Vegetables:Jul 11. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Hausbeck, M. 2014. Downy mildew watch: Fungicides recommended for cucumber disease control. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Vegetables:Jul 2. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K. 2014. MSU testing new tools for asparagus rust. Vegetable Grower News 48(5):19.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K. 2014. Blight prevention. American Vegetable Grower 62(1):31-32.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Rodriguez-Salamanca, L., and Hausbeck, M. 2013. Researchers studying ways to fight new onion disease. Vegetable Grower News 47(12):40-41.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Townes, A.L., Harlan, B.R., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2014. Evaluation of fungicides to control Alternaria blight on ginseng, 2013. Plant Disease Management Reports 8:V301. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Townes, A.L., Harlan, B.R., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2014. Evaluation of fungicides to control Alternaria blight on ginseng, 2013. Plant Disease Management Reports 8:V302. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K. 2014. Evaluation of registered and unregistered fungicides for control of downy mildew of pickling cucumber, 2013. Plant Disease Management Reports 8:V303. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K., and Linderman, S.D. 2014. Evaluation of fungicides for control of downy mildew of cucumber, 2013. Plant Disease Management Reports 8:V304. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Harlan, B.R., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2014. Evaluation of greenhouse fungicide applications for the control of downy mildew of impatiens in the landscape, 2013. Plant Disease Management Reports 8:OT017. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Harlan, B.R., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2014. Evaluation of drench and/or spray applications of experimental fungicides for the control of downy mildew of bedding impatiens in the greenhouse, 2013. Plant Disease Management Reports 8:OT018. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Harlan, B.R., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2014. Evaluation of fungicide applications for the control of downy mildew of impatiens, 2013. Plant Disease Management Reports 8:OT019. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Harlan, B.R., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2014. Evaluation of two experimental fungicides and a biopesticide for the control of downy mildew of bedding impatiens in a greenhouse, 2013. Plant Disease Management Reports 8:OT020. Online.

Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Vegetables: Our target audience include growers and producers of varying size including those growing produce according to conventional and organic methods. Processors of Michigan’s vegetables are also among our stakeholders. Programs were also conducted during this reporting timeframe to reach homeowners interested in vegetable gardening. Extension educators within the counties as well as personnel associated with the allied agriculture industries are participants of the extension presentations. Ornamentals: Our target audience includes wholesale and retail greenhouse owners, operators, and workers. Also included are homeowners and professional landscapers who are interested in continuing to plant and grow impatiens in landscape beds, and extension educators who relay information we collect to the greenhouse industry and homeowners. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? VEGETABLES: Research plots have been featured on tours attended by growers, extension personnel, stakeholders, and legislators. Research results have been presented at professional scientific meetings including the 10th International Congress of Plant Pathology, Beijing, China; and the annual meeting of the American Phytopathological Science, Austin, TX. Results have been disseminated at regional and local extension and commodity group meetings including the Pickle Packers International, Inc. Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL; Ginseng Growers’ Spring Meeting, Wausau, WI; Gowan Meeting, Yuma, AZ; University of Wisconsin/Wisconsin Potato and Vegetable Growers Association Conference, Stevens Point, WI (Skype); Michigan State University Science Fair, East Lansing, MI; Growers Meeting, Camden, MI; Asparagus Commodity Meeting, DeWitt, MI, and the Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Grand Rapids, MI. Home gardeners were also taught about vegetable and ornamental research advances in meetings including Growing Hope, Ypsilanti, MI. ORNAMENTALS: Downy mildew research results were disseminated at the Home Gardens Tour, DeWitt, MI. Research results have been presented at meetings that target floriculture growers, such as the Pest and Production Management Conference of the Society of American Florists, San Diego, CA; Mid-Ohio Growers Meeting, Berlin, OH; Kalamazoo Flower Group, Galesburg, MI, and Great Lakes Trade Exposition, Grand Rapids, MI. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? VEGETABLES: Efficacy trials to identify new and experimental fungicides for control of vegetable diseases will be ongoing. Occurrence of cucurbit downy mildew in Michigan will be monitored next field season. Susceptibility of Brassica vegetables and Brassica cover crops to Phytophthora capsici will be determined. Cabbage cultivars will be tested for tolerance to P. capsici. Effect of inoculum density on P. capsici disease development in cabbage will be tested. Soil-applied fungicides will be evaluated for control of P. capsici on cabbage. Asparagus breedling lines and cultivars will be evaluated for tolerance to foliar and soilborne diseases. Soil-applied fungicides will be evaluated for control of Fusarium and Phytophthora on asparagus. The effects of irrigation delivery system and timing will be evaluated on asparagus disease incidence, crop quality and yield. Specific fungicide programs to manage asparagus foliar diseases will be developed. Variation within a collection of isolates of the pink root pathogen, Setaphoma terrestris, collected from Michigan onion fields will be characterized. Efficacy of soil-applied fungicides for onion pink root will be evaluated. A management plan for onion pink root will be developed for Michigan onion growers. Onion fields will be scouted and isolates of bacterial pathogens (Pantoea agglomerans, P. ananatis) will be collected. A diagnostic molecular marker to quickly and effectively identify Michigan onion bacterial pathogens will be tested. A collection of Michigan onion bacterial pathogens will be characterized. A management plan for onion bacterial diseases will be developed for Michigan onion growers. Alternatives to methyl bromide will be evaluated in field trials in Michigan. ORNAMENTALS: Testing of fungicides for the control of impatiens downy mildew in the greenhouse and landscape will continue. Biopesticides and experimental products will continue to be tested against ornamental pathogens. A total of 1,018 Pythium spp. were collected from Michigan greenhouses and a minimum of 50 from each of the three species (P. aphanidermatum, P. irregulare, and P. ultimum) will be selected for virulence testing on either geraniums or snapdragons. One isolate of P. ultimum (39.12A) and P. aphanidermatum (43.6C) have been selected for the 12 cultivars screen due to preliminary virulence testing on snapdragon and geranium. Disease susceptibility among different cultivars of a crop/pathogen of current interest to floriculture growers will be determined. Host range and virulence of oomycete species that may infect greenhouse floral crops will be determined.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? VEGETABLES: 34 replicated trials tested cultivars for disease susceptibility and registered and unregistered fungicides. Vegetable fumigation trials were established with grower cooperators to test available fumigants for safe and effective management of soilborne pathogens. Epidemiology of anthracnose pathogens on celery and onion was elucidated. Increased temperatures (25C) and leaf wetness duration (24 hrs) are key factors for increased disease incidence and severity of anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum coccodes on onions. On celery, leaf curl and petiole lesions caused by C. acutatum occurred at all temperatures (15-30C) and leaf wetness durations (0-96 hrs) tested. Incidence was highest when inoculated plants were subjected to an extended period of leaf wetness (96 hrs) or at 30C. This information will be helpful to growers in determining when the disease is likely to be a significant threat. When 16 onion cultivars were evaluated for their susceptibility to C. coccodes, disease was significantly lower in ‘Hendrix,’ and higher in ‘Highlander’ and ‘Candy.’ Fungicides in the strobilurin, multi-site, and demethylation inhibitors groups limited disease in onion and celery. Effective fungicides resulted in higher marketable celery yields when compared with the untreated inoculated control. A bacterial blight of onion was determined to be Pantoea agglomerans and was found in 6 out 8 fields that were scouted and sampled. The disease was significant in each of these onion fields and progressed throughout the growing season. Registered copper-based bactericides were tested; there were no differences among treatments and this could be a result from the timing of the copper applications which were made in early summer, several weeks after planting. Fungicide trials were conducted in 2 locations, focusing on cucurbits for control of oomycete pathogens, including downy mildew (DM) (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) and crown and root rot (Phytophthora capsici). Research trials conducted with the Ps. cubensis indicated that disease pressure was moderate and allowed separation of treatments. It was notable that that the fungicide fluopicolide did not provide complete control of cucurbit DM as it had in previous years. Additional research with Ps. cubensis indicated that a primary fungicide relied on by Michigan growers to manage disease may not be as effective as in previous years. As a result, management recommendations will be adjusted for cucurbit growers. Data from P. capsici trials on butternut and acorn squashes indicated that the fungicides fluopicolide alternated with mandipropamid and alternated with an experimental fungicide applied every 7 or 14 days were most effective. A trial tested 12 cultivars of fresh market squash and pumpkin to observe the effects of fruit age on P. capsici disease resistance. All cultivars acquired disease resistance as they aged from 7-56 days postpollination, but ‘Lumina’ pumpkin remained susceptible throughout the study. This information could be helpful for growers to recognize when the fruits are most susceptible to the pathogen, allowing growers to time fungicide applications efficiently. Fungicides applied to the soil as either a drip or drench application proved much more effective for P. capsici control on cucurbits than products applied as a spray. Onion research identified a pathogen previously not documented to occur in Michigan. The occurrence of Pantoea agglomerans as a significant pathogen of onion foliage is a challenge to an industry that has been struggling with postharvest bacterial bulb rot during storage. Although other bacterial pathogens may also play a role in bulb disease, it is important to better understand the epidemiology of this new bacterial pathogen in order to design effective management strategies. ORNAMENTALS: 18 replicated trials tested 24 products (5 biopesticides, 7 reduced-risk, 5 experimental, and 9 industry standards). Trials included DM on impatiens (7 trials), powdery mildew on phlox and coreopsis, Phytophthora dreschleri on poinsettia, Pythium spp. on geraniums (2 trials), Rhizoctonia on zinnia, Botrytis on geranium, Alternaria on zinnia, rust on Hollyhocks and phytotoxicity screens of fungicides on impatiens (2 trials). Two ornamental DM trials were conducted in a grower cooperator’s landscape and were observed by extension educators. Airborne conidial concentrations of impatiens DM were monitored in two greenhouses using volumetric spore samplers. This information will be used to determine how sporangial release events are correlated to environmental conditions such as relative humidity % and temperature. Four growth chamber experiments were conducted to determine the effect of temperature (15-30C) and leaf wetness duration (3-24 hrs) on infection and sporulation of impatiens DM. Five trials tested 11 oomycete-specific fungicides and two experimental products applied as a spray or drench at intervals of 3-28 days. Greenhouse soil drenches of Subdue MAXX (mefenoxam) + Adorn (fluopicolide) provided protection from DM for 90 days after the impatiens plants were transplanted into the landscape. Spray applications of Orvego (dimethomorph + ametoctradin) provided significant protection 40 days after the last application; however, infection quickly escalated to levels similar to the untreated control 50 days after the final application. Sprays of experimental acibenzolar + Heritage (azoxystrobin) were highly effective; both rates prevented sporulation of impatiens DM pathogen. Drenches of the same treatments were not effective and were similar to the untreated control. Preliminary testing of the biopesticide Regalia (extract of giant knotweed) against impatiens DM showed efficacy similar to industry standards. Systemically infected impatiens were used in 2 trials: drenches of Subdue MAXX + Adorn produced healthy plants that remained free of DM sporulation 90 days after the final drench. DM resistance was tested with 28 bedding/double impatiens cultivars; all were heavily infected by the end of the study. This research provided important information to impatiens growers as they attempt to grow disease-free plants in their greenhouses and also provide plants that remain healthy once shipped to retail stores and planted into the consumers’ landscape beds. This information has allowed for the continued production of bedding impatiens by Michigan greenhouse growers. Geranium ‘Orbit Violet’ and snapdragon ‘Liberty Classic White’ were tested for susceptibility to Pythium aphanidermatum, P. irregulare, and P. ultimum. Although data are still being analyzed, preliminary results show that P. aphanidermatum was the most virulent Pythium spp. tested on snapdragons with 100% of the plants dead 28 days after inoculation. Geraniums were slightly less susceptible with the most virulent species, P. aphanidermatum, resulting in a 4.8 plant health rating (1 to 5, 1=healthy, 5=plant death) 28 days after inoculation (dai). Geraniums were significantly less susceptible to both P. irregulare, and P. ultimum, averaging plant health ratings 28 dai of 2.3 and 2.5, respectively. From the subset of Pythium isolates collected from poinsettias from 4 greenhouses, 80% of P. ultimum and 70% of P. irregulare were resistant to mefenoxam. Isolates of P. ultimum (100%), P. aphanidermatum (100%), and P. irregulare (70%) from geranium and snapdragon collected from 6 greenhouses were susceptible. Mefenoxam-resistant isolates of P. irregulare (30%) corresponded to the same greenhouses where resistant isolates from poinsettia were found earlier. This information is useful to growers when determining which Pythium control products to use, and while applications of mefenoxam to poinsettias may not offer adequate Pythium control, mefenoxam applications in the spring to geraniums and snapdragons may still be effective.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Meyer, M.D., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2013. Using soil-applied fungicides to manage Phytophthora crown and root rot on summer squash. Plant Disease 97:107-112.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Foster, J.M., Naegele, R.P., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2013. Evaluation of eggplant rootstocks and pepper varieties for potential resistance to isolates of Phytophthora capsici from Michigan and New York. Plant Disease 97:1037-1041.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Meyer, M.D., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2013. Age-related resistance to Phytophthora fruit rot in Dickenson Field processing pumpkin and Golden Delicious winter squash fruit. Plant Disease 97:446-452. (Editors pick)
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Granke, L., Quesada-Ocampo, L., and Hausbeck, M. 2013. Phytophthora capsici in the eastern USA. Pages 96-103 in: Phytophthora, a Global Perspective. K. Lamour, ed. CABI, Wallingford, UK.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Naegele, R.P. 2013. Genetic diversity, population structure, and host resistance to Phytophthora capsici in the Solanaceae. Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2013 Citation: Rodriguez-Salamanca, L.M. 2013. Characterization, virulence, epidemiology, and management of Colletotrichum spp. causing anthracnose in onion and celery. Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Granke, L., Morrice, J., VanOverbeke, M., Carnago, G., Pianosi, A., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2013. Influence of environmental factors on aerial concentrations of Pseudoperonospora cubensis sporangia and cucumber downy mildew disease severity. Abstr. Phytopathology 103(Suppl. 2):S2.52.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Naegele, R.P., Tomlinson, A., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2013. Phytophthora fruit rot resistance, population structure, and genetic diversity in a diverse pepper (Capsicum spp.) collection. Abstr. Phytopathology 103(Suppl. 2):S2.101.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Naegele, R., Ashrafi, H.A., Hill, T., Reyes Chin-Wo, S., Van Deynze, A., and Hausbeck, M. 2013. QTL mapping of fruit rot resistance to the plant pathogen Phytophthora capsici L. in a recombinant inbred line Capsicum annuum L. population. Abstr. Phytopathology 103(Suppl. 2):S2.101.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Bird, G., Bishop, B., Grafius, E., Hausbeck, M., Jess, L., Kirk, W., Pett, W., and Warner, F. 1990-2013. Insect, Disease and Nematode Control for Commercial Vegetables. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E312.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K. 2013. Control of diseases, pests and weeds in cultivated ginseng, 2013. Online at www.veggies.msu.edu.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M., and Rodriguez-Salamanca, L. 2013. Celery anthracnose: A new disease for Michigan growers. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Vegetables:Oct 7. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M. 2013. Rust disease of asparagus detected. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Vegetables:Jun 12. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M. 2013. Recent rains favor Phytophthora crown and root rot of peppers. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Vegetables:Jun 6. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M., Cortright, B., and Morrice, J. 2013. Managing cucurbit downy mildew in your garden. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Vegetables:May 30. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M., and Harlan, B. 2013. Pythium root rot in the greenhouse. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Floriculture:Oct 7. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M. 2013. Impatiens downy mildew: outbreaks reported in Michigan and nearby states. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Floriculture:May 7. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M. 2013. Phytophthora constrains squash, pumpkin crops. Vegetable Growers News 47(7):18.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K., and Naegele, R. 2013. Find ways to resist Phytophthora fruit rot. Vegetable Growers News 47(1):36-37.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K., and Cortright, B.D. 2013. Evaluation of fungicides for control of downy mildew on pickling cucumber, 2012. Plant Disease Management Reports 7:V155. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K., and Cortright, B.D. 2013. Control of downy mildew on pickling cucumber with fungicides, 2012. Plant Disease Management Reports 7:V156. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K., and Cortright, B.D. 2013. Control of Phytophthora blight of pepper with drenched and drip-applied fungicides, 2012. Plant Disease Management Reports 7:V157. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K., and Cortright, B.D. 2013. Evaluation of fungicides for control of powdery mildew of pumpkin, 2012. Plant Disease Management Reports 7:V158. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Harlan, B.R., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2013. Evaluation of fungicide drenches and sprays for control of downy mildew of impatiens, 2012. Plant Disease Management Reports 7:OT033. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Harlan, B.R., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2013. Evaluation of registered fungicides for impatiens downy mildew control, 2012. Plant Disease Management Reports 7:OT032. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2013. Evaluation of fungicides for control of Pythium root rot of poinsettia, 2011. Plant Disease Management Reports 7:OT029. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Harlan, B.R., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2013. Control of impatiens downy mildew with fungicide drenches and sprays, 2012. Plant Disease Management Reports 7:OT031. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2013. Evaluation of fungicides for control of powdery mildew of mini petunia, 2011. Plant Disease Management Reports 7:OT030. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2013. Evaluation of fungicides for control of Rhizoctonia root rot of zinnia, 2011. Plant Disease Management Reports 7:OT028. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2013. Evaluation of new products for control of Alternaria blight of ginseng, 2011. Plant Disease Management Reports 7:V126. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M., and Harlan, B. 2013. Impatiens downy mildew: A Michigan perspective. Pages 1-4 in: Proceedings of the Pest and Production Management Conference, Society of American Florists, San Diego, CA, 21-23 Feb.
• Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K. 2013. Common greenhouse vegetable diseases. In: Greenhouse Vegetable Production Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K., and Krasnow, C. 2013. Managing Phytophthora and powdery mildew in vine crops. In: Vine Crops Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K.,and Wiriyajitsomboon, P. 2013. Michigan onion disease update. In: Onion Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K. 2013. Keeping the spots, blights and root rots out of the greenhouse. In: Vegetable Transplant Production Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K., Granke, L. and Woods, C. 2013. Progress in cucumber disease control. In: Pickling Cucumber Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K. 2013. Asparagus pathology research - results of 2013 trials. In: Asparagus Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2013 Citation: Rodriguez-Salamanca, L., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2013. Celery anthracnose biology and research. In: Celery Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2013. Evaluation of fungicides applied alone and in combination for Alternaria blight of ginseng, 2011. Plant Disease Management Reports 7:V127. Online.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2013. Evaluation of fungicides to control Alternaria blight on ginseng, 2012. Plant Disease Management Reports 7:V128. Online.

Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Eighty-one replicated trials on vegetables (479 treatments), ornamentals (93 treatments) and ginseng (140 treatments) were conducted in 2012 with 33 trials established in grower-cooperators' fields serving as both research and demonstration plots. Many of the vegetable and ginseng trials were featured during field days and tours attended by growers, extension, industry stakeholders, and USDA personnel. Vegetable trials determined fungicide efficacy for downy mildew and powdery mildew of cucurbits, Phytophthora rot of vegetables, and diseases of carrots, celery, onions, peas, rhubarb, rutabaga, snap beans, swiss chard, and tomatoes. The efficacy of oomycete fungicides were tested using foliar, drench, and drip applications to cucumber, pepper, and squash for the control of downy mildew and Phytophthora capsici. Ginseng research included herbicide trials and fungicide efficacy trials for control of Alternaria blight on the foliage and Cylindrocarpon and Phytophthora cactorum root rot disease control. Ginseng residue trials tested 6 different products for tolerance data needed for label expansion. Asparagus root rot studies compared untreated versus fumigated soil for crown longevity and vigor, and Telone 35 versus Sectagon K54 for controlling soilborne diseases. Ornamental trials tested fungicides for control of foliar (powdery mildew, Botrytis blight, Alternaria leaf spot) and root rot (Phytophthora, Pythium, Rhzoctonia) diseases on calibrachoa, osteospermum, poinsettia, zinnia, geranium, pansy and snapdragon, including powdery mildew of calibrachoa, and downy mildew on impatiens. Two volumetric spore traps were placed in 2 Michigan counties to sample the air for cucurbit downy mildew spores during the 2012 field season. Daily spore counts from this network were posted on the lab web page (www.veggies.msu.edu) along with confirmed reports of downy mildew infection of field crops. A Michigan onion disease, anthracnose, was researched in inoculated fungicide and cultivar trials. A cultivar trial evaluated onions for resistance to pink root, a common disease. Control of a Michigan celery pathogen that causes anthracnose was tested in an inoculated fungicide efficacy trial. Differences in virulence of P. capsici isolates from a worldwide collection on host fruits were tested on cucumber, pepper, tomato, and zucchini. Fruit rot evaluations were performed on 62 lines of the tomato inbred backcross population with three isolates of P. capsici. Fruit age susceptibility was examined on 12 different lines of squash at 2 different fruit ages. Tomato bacterial canker isolates were collected and tested for virulence and compared for genetic differences. The virulence of 170 isolates of Phytophthora palmivora were tested on pear and then screened for morphological characterization. Pepper fruit rot resistance to P. capsici was evaluated in a recombinant inbred line population consisting of 72 individuals between the susceptible cultivated pepper variety Early Jalapeno and the resistant Mexican landrace CM334. Additionally 101 eggplant cultivars were screened for fruit resistance to P. capsici. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Mary Hausbeck, Michigan State University, was the Principal Investigator/Project Director and oversaw the entire project objectives, activities, and reporting. Assisting Dr. Hausbeck was post-doc, Leah Granke, who provided supervised support of graduate and undergraduate students and conducted, advanced research experiments. Research assistants, Brian Cortright, Sheila Linderman, Blair Harlan and Jarrod Morrice were responsible for trial design and establishment, oversight and maintenance of plots, harvest/data collection, statistical analyses, and aid in reporting and presentations. Graduate students Catalina Cespedes, Johanna Del Castillo, Halli Gutting, Charles Krasnow, Lina Rodriguez, Mike Meyer, Rachel Naegele, Gabriel Torres, Prissana Wiriyajitsomboon, and Chelsea Woods aided with establishment of field research plots as well as conducting their own independent research on vegetable, ornamental, and ginseng crops. Field, laboratory and greenhouse support crew included undergraduates students: Madison Ahmad, Nicole Bendt, Jonathan Bloemers, Samantha Boyle, Gina Carnago, Nick Cummins, Zach Dutcher, Tara Gallagher, Tia Guo, Ryann Gustafson, Jennifer Harig, Ronnie Heslip, Jon Kurjan, Jenna Mitchell, Alexandra Rodebach, Miranda Rogers, Abbey Tomlinson, Dan Tratt, Kait VanderMaas, and Melissa VanOverbeke. Labor employees included: Phillip Bendt, Luke Bielmeier, Alex Cook, Adam Cortright, Devin Linderman, Wesley Orr, and Hoyt Sutherland. Collaborating researchers within Michigan State University who were responsible for specific project objectives, activities and reporting include Drs. Brad Day and Jay Hao, Plant Pathology; Drs. Rebecca Grumet and Mathieu Ngouajio, Horticulture; Dr. Robin Buell, Plant Biology. Collaborating researchers and institutions external to Michigan State University who participated in projects and were responsible for specific project objectives, activities and reporting are Dr. Howard Schwartz, Colorado State University; Margery Daughtrey, Cornell University; Partner organizations who provided funding for this project include USDA NIFA (Specialty Crops Research Initiative, Special Research Grants, Pest Management Alternatives Program); Fresh Vegetable Growers of Ontario; American Floral Endowment; Celery Research Inc.; Ginseng Board of Wisconsin; Michigan Asparagus Research Inc.; Michigan Carrot Committee; Michigan Onion Committee; Michigan Vegetable Council; Mid-America Food Processors Association; Pickle and Pepper Research Committee for MSU and the Agricultural Research Fund, Pickle Packers International Inc.; BASF, Bayer, Dow, DuPont, FMC, Gowan, ISK Biosciences, Luxembourg Industries, Quest, Sipcam Agro USA, Syngenta, UPI Inc., and Valent. TARGET AUDIENCES: Forty-one presentations were given at local, regional, national and international meetings. Vegetable research results (25 presentations) were presented at extension-type meetings attended by growers, packers, processors, industry stakeholders, extension personnel and others at the Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Delaware Vegetable Show, Downy Mildew and Phytophthora Workshop, grower field days, and vegetable commodity group meetings. Vegetable research was also presented at scientific meetings attended by other researchers, graduate students, industry representatives and others at the American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting, Tomato Disease Workshop, International Pepper Conference, and International Symposium on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, APS North Central Division Meeting, and the Ginseng Researchers Meeting. Ornamental research was presented in 7 talks at local, regional, national and international meetings. Extension meetings were attended by growers, industry stakeholders, and extension personnel and included the local Master Gardener College and Kalamazoo Flower Group Meeting, and the regional Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Ginseng research was presented in 4 talks at meetings attended by growers, industry stakeholders and researchers in Wisconsin in March and an August Field Day tour of demonstration plots attended by ginseng growers, industry stakeholders, and others. Asparagus, carrot, cantaloupe, pepper, and squash research and demonstration plots were established in commercial growers' fields and targeted growers and industry stakeholders. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
The fungicides Presidio and the experimental products DPX-QGU42 and V-10208 performed well on controlling downy mildew and Phytophthora capsici on cucurbits when applied as foliar sprays, drenches or by drip irrigation. These products also significantly controlled Phytophthora on ginseng, peppers, and ornamentals; while the V-10208 controlled Pythium on ginseng and ornamental crops. Studies with the experimental products are being used to support priority status with IR-4 for registration of these active ingredients on vegetable crops and ginseng. The fungicides Torino, Luna, Sensation, Quintec, Fontelis, and Microthiol significantly controlled powdery mildew on pumpkin. Zampro was effective in limiting both downy mildew on cucumbers and late blight on tomato. The fungicides Ranman, Previcur Flex, and experimental SA-0011401 were also effective in controlling cucurbit downy mildew. Quadris was the best fungicide to control Anthracnose on celery and onion foliage; Cabrio, Manzate, and Bravo WeatherStik were also effective. Onion varieties that showed tolerance to pink root included Hendrix and Redwing while the varieties Highlander and Candy were very susceptible to pink root infection. Downy mildew spores were detected at both spore trapping sites in July prior to field outbreaks of downy mildew in surrounding fields. The first report of cucurbit downy mildew occurred in cucumbers on 6 Jul and by the end of summer 13 counties had confirmed cases of downy mildew infections. For fruit age resistance, 21 day old fruit were more resistant to P. capsici than 7 day old fruit. When isolates of P. capsici were grouped by genetic cluster membership, significant differences in virulence were observed on cucumber and zucchini, with isolates belonging to genetic cluster five causing larger lesions than isolates from genetic cluster six. On tomato, no significant differences were observed for P. capsici isolates grouped by genetic cluster, but isolates from vegetable crops were generally more virulent than isolates from tropical hosts. For pepper fruit resistance to P. capsici, differences between lines for each of the phenotypic and disease characteristics were detected. No pepper fruit phenotypic characteristics (gloss, shape, firmness, pericarp thickness) evaluated was significantly correlated with disease resistance in the population. The pepper landrace CM334 was significantly less susceptible to Phytophthora fruit rot. Preliminary results have identified lines resistant to P. capsici induced root rot and lines with varying degrees of resistance to Phytophthora fruit rot and preliminary results have confirmed the resistance of CM334 to highly virulent MI isolates of P. capsici and identified three other lines of peppers that are highly resistant to multiple isolates of P. capsici. For eggplant fruit resistance to P. capsici, only older landraces and old varieties showed resistance to Phytophthora. Michael Myers received his Ph. D degree in Plant Pathology for research conducted on P. capsici and vegetable crops. Catalina Cespedes-Sanchez received her M.S. degree for work on host susceptibility to downy mildew and P. capsici.

Publications

• Quesada-Ocampo, L.M., Granke, L.L., Olsen, J., Gutting, H.C., Runge, F., Thines, M., Lebeda, A., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. The genetic structure of Pseudoperonospora cubensis populations. Plant Disease 96:1459-1470.
• Meyer, M.D., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. Using cultural practices and cultivar resistance to manage Phytophthora crown rot on summer squash. HortScience 47:1080-1084.
• Granke, L.L., Crawford, L.E., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. Factors affecting airborne concentrations of Podosphaera xanthii conidia and severity of gerbera powdery mildew. HortScience 47:1068-1072.
• Rodriguez-Salamanca, L.M., Enzenbacher, T.B., Byrne, J.M., Feng, C., Correll, J.C., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. First report of Colletotrichum acutatum sensu lato causing leaf curling and petiole anthracnose on celery (Apium graveolens) in Michigan. Plant Disease 96:1383.
• Granke, L.L., Harlan, B.R., Naegele, R.P., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. First report of root and crown rot of wasabi (Wasabia japonica Matsum.) caused by Phytophthora cryptogea in Michigan. Plant Disease 96:1379.
• Harlan, B.R., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. Epidemiology and management of downy mildew, a new pathogen of coleus in the United States. Acta Horticulturae 952:813-818.
• Granke, L.L., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. Relationships between airborne Pleospora herbarum and Alternaria sp. spores in no-till asparagus fields. Acta Horticulturae 950:285-292.
• Enzenbacher, T.B., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. An evaluation of cucurbits for susceptibility to cucurbitaceous and solanaceous Phytophthora capsici isolates. Plant Disease 96:1404-1414.
• Rodriguez-Salamanca, L.M., Foster, J.M., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. Greenhouse and field herbicide evaluation on asparagus plants. Acta Horticulturae 950:101-108.
• Crous, P.W., Summerell, B.A., Shivas, R.G., Burgess, T.I., Decock, C.A., Dreyer, L.L., Granke, L.L., Guest, D.I., Hardey, G.E.St.J., Hausbeck, M.K., Huberli, D., Jung, T., Koukol, O., Lennox, C.L., Liew, E.C.Y., Lombard, L., McTaggart, A.R., Pryke, J.S., Roets, F., Saude, C., Shuttleworth, L.A., Stukely, M.J.C., Vanky, K., Webster, B.J., Windstam, S.T., and Groenewald, J.Z. 2012. Phytophthora asparagi. Fungal Plant description sheets: 107-127. Persoonia 28:138-182.
• Bi, Y., Jiang, H.H., Hausbeck, M.K., and Hao, J.J. 2012. Inhibitory effects of essential oils for controlling Phytophthora capsici. Plant Disease 96:797-803.
• Quesada-Ocampo, L.M., Landers, N.A., Lebeis, A.C., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. Genetic structure of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis populations in Michigan commercial tomato fields. Plant Disease 96:788-796.
• Rodriguez-Salamanca, L.M., Enzenbacher, T.B., Derie, M.L., du Toit, L.J., Feng, C., Correll, J.C., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. First report of Colletotrichum coccodes causing leaf and neck anthracnose on onions (Allium cepa) in Michigan and the United States. Plant Disease 96:769.
• Granke, L.L., Quesada-Ocampo, L.M., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. Differences in virulence of Phytophthora capsici isolates from a worldwide collection on host fruits. European Journal of Plant Pathology 132:281-296.
• Granke, L.L., Quesada, L.M., Cortright, B., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. Monitoring Pseudoperonospora cubensis sporangia dynamics and population structure and testing fungicide efficacy to better control cucurbit downy mildew. Phytopathology 102(Suppl. 5):S5.4.
• Naegele, R.P., Tomlinson, A., Gutting, H., Boyle, S., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. Evaluation of resistance to Phytophthora-induced fruit rot and its correlation with fruit traits in Capsicum annuum. Phytopathology 102:S4.85.
• Granke, L., Quesada-Ocampo, L.M., Lebeis, A., Henderson, L., VanOverbeke, M., and Hausbeck, M. 2012. Morphological and physiological variation within Phytophthora capsici isolates from a worldwide collection. Phytopathology 102:S4.47.
• Hausbeck, M. 2012. Downy mildew on cucumber confirmed in Michigan. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture: Vegetables: Jul 11. Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2012. Cucurbit downy mildew confirmed in Ohio. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture: Vegetables: Jun 14. Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2012. Tomato late blight not favored by hot and dry weather. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture: Vegetables: Jun 20. Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2012. Recognize late blight symptoms and know what works for disease control. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture: Vegetables: Jun 13. Online.
• Hasubeck, M., and Rodriguez-Salamanca, L. 2012. Influx of cucurbit downy mildew sporangia detected in eastern Michigan. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture: Vegetables: May 23. Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2012. Learn to recognize disease on vegetable transplants in the greenhouse. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture: Vegetables: May 16. Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2012. Protect tomato transplants in the greenhouse from bacterial diseases. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture: Vegetables: May 2. Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2012. Protect tomato transplants in the greenhouse from fungal diseases. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture: Vegetables: May 2. Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2012. How to manage impatiens downy mildew in the landscape. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Floriculture: Jun 21. Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2012. Learn to recognize diseases on vegetable transplants in the greenhouse. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Floriculture: May 16. Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2012. More information on downy mildew on impatiens. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Floriculture: May 4. Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2012. Protect tomato transplants in the greenhouse from bacterial diseases. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Floriculture: May 2. Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2012. Protect tomato transplants in the greenhouse from fungal diseases. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Floriculture: May 2. Online.
• Hausbeck, M., and Daughtrey, M. 2012. Impatiens downy mildew prevention and management. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Floriculture: Mar 8. Online.
• Himmelein, J., and Hausbeck, M. 2012. Alternative choices if downy mildew infested your impatiens last year. Mar 1. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Himmelein, J. 2012. Downy mildew on impatiens: disease detected in Florida. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Floriculture: Feb 22. Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2012. Downy mildew on cucumber confirmed in Michigan. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Home & Garden: Jul 11. Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2012. How to manage impatiens downy mildew in the landscape. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Home & Garden: Jun 21. Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2012. Tomato late blight not favored by hot and dry weather. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Home & Garden: Jun 20. Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2012. Cucurbit downy mildew confirmed in Ohio. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Home & Garden: Jun 14. Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2012. How to manage impatiens downy mildew in the landscape. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Landscaping: Jun 21. Online.
• Himmelein, J., and Hausbeck. 2012. Alternative choices if downy mildew infested your impatiens last year. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Landscaping: Mar 1. Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2012. How to manage impatiens downy mildew in the landscape. Michigan State University Extension News for Agriculture-Pest Management: Jun 21. Online.
• Rodriguez, L.M., Wiriyajitsomboon, P., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. Anthracnose and pink root, can they be controlled Onion World 28(2):18-21.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2012. Evaluation of fungicide drenches for control of Phytophthora root rot of pansy, 2011. Plant Disease Management Reports 6:OT008.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2012. Controlling downy mildew on impatiens and basil. Greenhouse Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Online.
• Enzenbacher, T.B., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. Evaluation of fungicides for crop safety and control of Phytophthora pod rot of lima bean, 2011. Plant Disease Management Reports 6:V009.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. Advances in downy mildew and Phytophthora control. Pickling Cucumber Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Online.
• Cortright, B.D., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. Phytophthora control update. Tomato, Pepper, Eggplant Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Cortright, B.D. 2012. Evaluation of fungicides for control of downy mildew of cucumber, 2010. Plant Disease Management Reports 6:V137.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Cortright, B.D. 2012. Evaluation of fungicides for control of downy mildew on pickling cucumber, 2011. Plant Disease Management Reports 6:V134.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Cortright, B.D. 2012. Evaluation of fungicides for control of Phytophthora and Pythium fruit rots of pickling cucumber, 2011. Plant Disease Management Reports 6:V135.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Cortright, B.D. 2012. Evaluation of fungicides and application methods for control of downy mildew of cucumber, 2010. Plant Disease Management Reports 6:V136.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2012. Evaluation of registered and unregistered fungicides for control of Rhizoctonia root rot of zinnia, 2011. Plant Disease Management Reports 6:OT005.
• Harlan, B.R., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. Controlling other greenhouse plant diseases. Greenhouse Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. Phytophthora/downy mildew update. Vine Crops Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Online.
• Rodriguez-Salamanca, L., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. Onion disease update. Onion Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Online.
• Rodriguez-Salamanca, L., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. Celery disease update. Celery Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2012. Carrot variety and disease susceptibility trials. Carrot Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2012. Evaluation of fungicides for control of powdery mildew of trailing petunia, 2011. Plant Disease Management Reports 6:OT006.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2012. Evaluation of new fungicide products for control of Botrytis on poinsettia, 2011. Plant Disease Management Reports 6:OT007.

Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Eighty-six replicated trials on vegetables (412 treatments), ornamentals (182 treatments) and ginseng (204 treatments) were conducted in 2011 with 23 trials established in grower-cooperators' fields serving as both research and demonstration plots. Many of the vegetable and ginseng trials were featured during field days and tours attended by growers, extension, industry stakeholders and USDA personnel. Vegetable trials researched fungicide efficacy for downy mildew and powdery mildew of cucurbits, Phytophthora rot of vegetables, and diseases of carrots, celery, onions, snap beans, swiss chard and tomatoes. The efficacy of oomycete fungicides were tested using foliar, drench and drip applications to cucumber, pepper, and squash for the control of downy mildew and Phytophthora capsici. Ginseng research included herbicide trials, a fungicide assay for Stromatinia root rot and fungicide efficacy trials for control of Alternaria blight on the foliage and Cylindrocarpon and Phytophthora cactorum root rot disease control. Asparagus crowns were treated with herbicides to determine the effects on crown health. Asparagus root rot studies compared untreated versus fumigated soil for crown longevity and vigor, and Telone 35 versus Sectagon K54 for controlling soilborne diseases. Ornamental trials tested fungicides for control of foliar (powdery mildew, Botrytis blight, Alternaria leaf spot) and root rot (Phytophthora, Pythium, Rhzoctonia) diseases on calibrachoa, osteospermum, poinsettia, zinnia, geranium, pansy and snapdragon, including powdery mildew of calibrachoa, a new disease in Michigan. Two trials tested 25 coleus cultivars and one trial tested 9 basil cultivars for resistance to downy mildews. Seven ornamental crops in the Fabaceae (Lathyrus, Lupinus) and Solanaceae (Browallia, Calibrachoa, Nicotiana, Nierembergia, Petunia) families were evaluated for P. capsici disease. Six ornamental Calibrachoa cultivars were evaluated for susceptibility to P. capsici disease. Four volumetric spore traps were placed in 4 Michigan counties to sample the air for cucurbit downy mildew spores during the 2011 field season. Daily spore counts from this network were posted on the lab web page (www.veggies.msu.edu) along with confirmed reports of downy mildew infection of field crops. A new Michigan onion disease, anthracnose, was researched in inoculated fungicide and cultivar trials. A cultivar trial evaluated onions for resistance to pink root, a common disease. Control of a new Michigan celery pathogen that causes anthracnose was tested in an inoculated fungicide efficacy trial. Susceptibility of yellow squash and cucumber fruits and cotyledons were evaluated for susceptibility to P. capsici isolates. Cucumber cotyledon susceptibility was evaluated by inoculation with encysted or motile Phytophthora capsici zoospores at varied concentrations and incubation times. Leaf position (cotyledon, first and second true leaves) of cucumber, yellow squash and zucchini were evaluated for susceptibility to different isolates of P. capsici. Tiffany B. Enzenbacher received her M.S. degree in 2011. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Mary Hausbeck, Michigan State University, was the Principal Investigator/Project Director and oversaw the entire project objectives, activities, and reporting. Assisting Dr. Hausbeck was post-doc, Leah Granke, who provided supervised support of graduate and undergraduate students and conducted advanced research experiments. Research assistants, Brian Cortright, Sheila Linderman, Blair Harlan and Jarrod Morrice were responsible for trial design and establishment, oversight and maintenance of plots, harvest/data collection, statistical analyses, and aid in reporting and presentations. Graduate students Catalina Cespedes, Johanna Del Castillo, Tiffany Ezenbacher, Lina Rodriguez, Mike Meyer, Rachel Naegele, Gabriel Torres, Xiaopeng Wang and Prissana Wiriyajitsomboon, and visiting scholar Angela Vargas aided with establishment of field research plots as well as conducting their own independent research on vegetable, ornamental, and ginseng crops. Field, laboratory and greenhouse support crew included undergraduates students: Henry Augustin, Nicole Bendt, Jonathan Bloemers, Samantha Boyle, Gina Carnago, Nick Cummins, Tara Gallagher, Ryann Gustafson, Halli Gutting, Jennifer Harig, Lisa Henderson, Ronnie Heslip, Jenna Millstead, Jayme Olsen, Alexandra Rodebach, Justin Schmitt, Heather Sweet, Abbey Tomlinson, Kait VanderMaas, Melissa VanOverbeke. Labor employees included: Nate Alexander, Phillip Bendt, Luke Bielmeier, Alex Cook, Adam Cortright, Tina Guo, Devin Linderman, Wesley Orr, James Romel, Karl Scripter, Hoyt Sutherland, Mitch Wood. Collaborating researchers within Michigan State University who were responsible for specific project objectives, activities and reporting include Drs. Brad Day and Jay Hao, Plant Pathology; Drs. Rebecca Grumet and Mathieu Ngouajio, Horticulture; Dr. Robin Buell, Plant Biology. Collaborating researchers and institutions external to Michigan State University who participated in projects and were responsible for specific project objectives, activities and reporting are Dr. Howard Schwartz, Colorado State University; Margery Daughtrey, Cornell University; Partner organizations who provided funding for this project include USDA NIFA (Specialty Crops Research Initiative, Special Research Grants, Pest Management Alternatives Program); Fresh Vegetable Growers of Ontario; American Floral Endowment; Celery Research Inc.; Ginseng Board of Wisconsin; Michigan Asparagus Research Inc.; Michigan Carrot Committee; Michigan Onion Committee; Michigan Vegetable Council; Mid-America Food Processors Association; Pickle and Pepper Research Committee for MSU and the Agricultural Research Fund, Pickle Packers International Inc.; BASF, Bayer, DuPont, FMC, Gowan, ISK Biosciences, Luxembourg Industries, Sipcam Agro USA, Syngenta, UPI Inc., and Valent. TARGET AUDIENCES: Thirty-eight presentations were given at local, regional, national and international meetings. Vegetable research results (25 presentations) were presented at extension-type meetings attended by growers, packers, processors, industry stakeholders, extension personnel and others such as the Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Alabama Greenhouse Growers Meeting and vegetable commodity group meetings. Vegetable research was also presented at scientific meetings attended by other researchers, graduate students, industry representatives and others and included the American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting, Tomato Disease Workshop, National Plant Diagnostic Network National Meeting, and Annual International Phytophthora capsici Meeting. Ornamental research was presented in 7 talks at local, regional, national and international meetings; extension meetings were attended by growers, industry stakeholders, extension personnel and included the local Master Gardener College and Kalamazoo Flower Group Meeting, the regional Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, and the National Pest and Production Management Conference/Society of American Florists Meeting. Ornamental research was presented to other researchers, graduate students and industry stakeholders at the Annual International Phytophthora capsici Meeting, IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Workshop, and International Symposium on Advanced Technologies and Management Towards Sustainable Greenhouse Ecosystems. Ginseng research was presented in 6 talks at meetings attended by growers, industry stakeholders and researchers in Wisconsin in March and April, and an August Field Day tour of demonstration plots attended by ginseng growers, industry stakeholders, and others. The Onion Twilight Tour was held at research plots and presented research and foliar spray trials. The Oceana Tour was held at research plots and presented research and foliar spray and cultivar trials of carrot and herbicide trials of asparagus. These tours targeted growers, industry stakeholders and researchers. Research and demonstration plots were established in commercial growers' fields and targeted growers and industry stakeholders. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
DuPont and Valent experimental products and newly registered Presidio performed well in downy mildew and P. capsici vegetable trials when applied as foliar sprays, drenches or by drip irrigation. DuPont and Valent experimentals effectively controlled Phytophthora and Pythium spp. on ginseng and ornamentals; while the Valent experimental controlled Phytophthora spp. on ginseng and ornamental crops. Studies with the DuPont and Valent experimentals are being used to support priority status with IR-4 for registration of these on vegetable crops and ginseng. Callisto and Chateau showed herbicide damage on asparagus early in the season and may predispose crowns to infections by root rot pathogens which could hasten decline. Ratings of asparagus grown in fumigated soil increased 23% over untreated soil and K-Pam treated soil had a higher stand count than the untreated control. Powdery mildew is a new problem for Michigan calibrachoa growers; we conducted two fungicide efficacy trials and conveyed results to the growers. The newly registered Pageant was as effective at controlling calibrachoa powdery mildew as the industry standard Terraguard; the biopesticide GANTEC Green showed promise and will be studied further. Coleus cultivars with reduced infected leaves and leaf area with downy mildew sporulation included Wizard Pineapple, Wizard Scarlet, Green Autry, and the Stained Glassworks series (Defiance, Kiwi Fern, Tilt A Whirl, Big Blond, Oompah). Downy mildew did not develop on basil cultivars Lime and Sweet Dani. Infection rates of ornamental crops by P. capsici were 23% Nicotiana, 65% Lupinus, 15% Calibrachoa, 7% Lathyrus. Calibrachoa cultivar P. capsici disease ranged from 92% (Can-Can Apricot) to 75% (Cabaret Yellow, Callie Gold with Red Eye). This proved that P. capsici infects ornamentals as well as vegetables. Fontelis SC was especially effective against the ginseng root rot pathogen Cylindrocarpon destructans and is scheduled to be registered for use on ginseng in the fourth quarter of 2011. Bravo WeatherStik, Cabrio, Manzate, and Quadris significantly controlled onion anthracnose, while only Quadris significantly increased total and marketable yield compared to the untreated. Onion cultivars Vespucci, Milestone and Hendrix had the least number of anthracnose-infected plants. The highest incidence of pink root disease occurred on onion cultivars Infinity (98.7%) and Highlander (98.2%) while Talon had the lowest (84.6%). Bravo WeatherStik, Cabrio, Manzate and Quadris effectively limited celery anthracnose, and increased trimmed yields compared to the untreated, although yields would not meet industry standards. All P. capsici isolates infected cucumber and yellow squash fruits and cotyledons; significantly larger lesions occurred on squash cotyledons. Fruit disease varied with P. capsici isolate and more sporangia were produced on cucumber fruits than squash. Both encysted and motile P. capsici zoospores infected cucumber cotyledons; higher concentrations and longer incubation increased disease. Foliar susceptibility of cucumber, yellow squash and zucchini to P. capsici decreased from cotyledon to first to second true leaves.

Publications

• Hausbeck, M.K., and Byrne, J.M. 2011. AFE Research Report: Downy mildew on snapdragons - Update on environmental monitoring. OFA Bulletin 925:28-29.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2011. Evaluation of registered and unregistered fungicides for control of Botrytis blight of geranium, 2010. Plant Disease Management Reports 5:OT017. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Cortright, B.D. 2011. Bacterial blight and other carrot diseases. Carrot Country 19(1):4-8.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2011. Evaluation of fungicide drenches for control of Rhizoctonia crown and root rot of zinnia, 2010. Plant Disease Management Reports 5:OT016. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2011. How to choose what works for disease control. Greenhouse IV Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2011. Look for powdery mildew in the greenhouse. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Floriculture: May 4.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2011. Managing downy mildews. Pages 27-32 in: Pest and Production Management Conference, Society of American Florists, San Diego CA, Feb 24-26.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2011. Warm, gray and fuzzy Don't allow Botrytis to flourish in your greenhouse. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Floriculture: Mar 31.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Granke, L.L., and Cortright, B.D. 2011. Asparagus disease update. Asparagus Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R., and Enzenbacher, T.B. 2011. Coleus downy mildew. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Floriculture: Jun 20.
• Hausbeck, M.K., preparer. 2011. Pest management in the future, a strategic plan for the Michigan and Wisconsin ginseng industry (revision). USDA Regional Pest Management Centers, Center Products/PMSPs. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., preparer. 2011. Pest management in the future, a strategic plan for the Michigan celery industry (revision). USDA Regional Pest Management Centers, Center Products/PMSPs. Online.
• Himmelein, J., and Hausbeck, M. 2011. Are your plugs not growing properly or do they have Thielaviopsis MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Floriculture: Feb 23.
• Kirk, W., and Hausbeck, M. 2011. First reports of late blight in tomatoes and potatoes in New York, Virginia and Florida for 2011. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Vegetables: Jul 6.
• Kirk, W., and Hausbeck, M. 2011. First reports of late blight in Connecticut and Maine for 2011. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Vegetables: May 16.
• Kirk, W., and Hausbeck, M. 2011. First reports of late blight in Connecticut and Maine for 2011. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Floriculture: May 16.
• Lu, X., Hausbeck, M., Liu, X., and Hao, J.J. 2011. Risk assessment of Phytophthora capsici resistant to fluopicolide. Abstract. Phytopathology 101:S110.
• Lu, X.H., Hausbeck, M.K., and Hao, J.J. 2011. Wild type sensitivity and mutation analysis for resistance risk to fluopicolide in Phytophthora capsici. Plant Disease 95:1535-1541.
• Morrice, J.J., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Controlling cucumber diseases under extreme production conditions. Pickling Cucumber Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Online.
• Morrison, W.R. III, Tuell, J.K., Hausbeck, M.K., and Szendrei, Z. 2011. Constraints on asparagus production: The association of Ophiomyia simplex (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and Fusarium spp. Crop Science 51:1414-1423.
• Quesada-Ocampo, L., Granke, L., Mercier, M., Olsen, J., and Hausbeck, M. 2011. Investigating the genetic structure of Phytophthora capsici populations. Abstract. Phytopathology 101:S149.
• Quesada-Ocampo, L., Granke, L., Olsen, J., Gutting, H., Runge, F., Thines, M., Lebeda, A., and Hausbeck, M. 2011. The genetic structure of Pseudoperonospora cubensis global populations. Abstract. Phytopathology 101:S149.
• Quesada-Ocampo, L.M., Granke, L.L., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Temporal genetic structure of Phytophthora capsici populations from a creek used for irrigation in Michigan. Plant Disease 95:1358-1369.
• Quesada-Ocampo, L.M., Granke, L.L., Mercier, M.R., Olsen, J., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Investigating the genetic structure of Phytophthora capsici populations. Phytopathology 101:1061-1073.
• Rodriguez, L.M., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Anthracnose: Making sense of this problem. Celery Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Online.
• Rodriguez, L.M., Wiriyajitsomboon, P., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Anthracnose and pink root, can they be controlled Onion Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Online.
• Runkle, E., Craig, D., Himmelein, J., Ezenbacher, T., and Hausbeck, M. 2011. Growing plants indoors: An introduction to how to care for common indoor plants. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-3142.
• Savory, E.A., Granke, L.L., Quesada-Ocampo, L.M., Varbanova, M., Hausbeck, M.K., and Day, B. 2011. The cucurbit downy mildew pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Molecular Plant Pathology 12(3):217-226.
• Wang, X. 2011. Susceptibility of cucurbit foliage and fruits to Phytophthora capsici. M.S. Thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
• Bird, G., Bishop, B., Grafius, E., Hausbeck, M., Jess, L., Kirk, W., Pett, W., and Warner, F. 2011. Insect, Disease and Nematode Control for Commercial Vegetables. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin 312.
• Daughtrey, M.L., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Verbena cultivar susceptibility to powdery mildew. Special Research Report #133. American Floral Endowment, Disease Management. Online.
• Enzenbacher, T.B. 2011. An evaluation of cucurbits and ornamentals for susceptibility to Phytophthora spp. M.S. Thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
• Enzenbacher, T.B., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Evaluation of fungicides for control of Phytophthora pod rot of lima bean, 2010. Plant Disease Management Reports 5:V121. Online.
• Enzenbacher, T.B., Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2011. Evaluation of registered and experimental fungicides for control of Pythium root rot of geranium, 2010. Plant Disease Management Reports 5:OT011. Online.
• Granke, L., Quesada-Ocampo, L.M., Lebeis, A., Henderson, VanOverbeke, M., and Hausbeck, M. 2011. Global phenotypic variation in Phytophthora capsici. Abstract. Phytopathology 101:S63.
• Granke, L., Quesada-Ocampo, L.M., Wood, M., Olsen, J., Mercier, M., and Hausbeck, M. 2011. Differences in virulence of Phytophthora capsici isolates from a global collection. Abstract. Phytopathology 101:S63.
• Granke, L.L., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Dynamics of Pseudoperonospora cubensis sporangia in commercial cucurbit fields in Michigan. Plant Disease 95:1392-1400.
• Granke, L.L., Quesada-Ocampo, L.M., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Variation in phenotypic characteristics of Phytophthora capsici isolates from a worldwide collection. Plant Disease 95:1080-1088.
• Harlan, B.R., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of downy mildew on coleus, 2010. Plant Disease Management Reports 5:OT018. Online.
• Harlan, B.R., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Is coleus downy mildew here to stay MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Floriculture: Feb 8.
• Hausbeck, M. 2011. Aeciospores found on asparagus volunteers. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Vegetables: Jun 17.
• Hausbeck, M. 2011. Bacterial canker ravages processing tomatoes. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Vegetables: Aug 24.
• Hausbeck, M. 2011. Bacterial spot damages Michigan peppers. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Vegetables: Aug 24.
• Hausbeck, M. 2011. Downy mildew on field cucumbers detected in Ontario. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Vegetables: Jul 6.
• Hausbeck, M. 2011. Downy mildew outbreak in southeast Michigan on cucumbers. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Vegetables: Jul 8.
• Hausbeck, M. 2011. Downy mildew outbreak in southeast Michigan on cucumbers. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Home and Garden: Jul 8.
• Hausbeck, M. 2011. How to spot and stop diseases on greenhouse tomato seedlings. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Vegetables: May 23.
• Hausbeck, M. 2011. How to spot and stop diseases on greenhouse tomato seedlings. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Floriculture: May 18.
• Hausbeck, M. 2011. How to spot and stop diseases on greenhouse tomato seedlings. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Home and Garden: May 23.
• Hausbeck, M. 2011. Know your onion diseases and how to manage them. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Vegetables: Jun 22.
• Hausbeck, M. 2011. Look for Phytophthora disease on summer squash and zucchini now. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Vegetables: Jun 22.
• Hausbeck, M. 2011. Look for Phytophthora disease on winter squash and pumpkin now. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Vegetables: Jun 22.
• Hausbeck, M. 2011. MSU's research results for bacterial canker in tomatoes. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Vegetables: Aug 24.
• Hausbeck, M. 2011. Pythium and Rhizoctonia: A root rot primer. Greenhouse Manager 31(4):67-28.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Carrot disease update. Carrot Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Control tomato bacterial diseases before you see them. The Tomato Magazine 15(1):14-17.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Don't let black root rot give you a black eye. Greenhouse Management 31(8):48-50.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Downy mildew detected on onions so take action now. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Vegetables: Jul 15.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Foliar diseases and fruit rots. Tomato/Pepper/Eggplant Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Healthy transplants. American Vegetable Grower 59(3):48.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Keep bacterial diseases away from vegetable transplants. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Vegetables: Apr 7.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Keep bacterial diseases away from vegetable transplants. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Floriculture: Apr 1.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Keep fungal diseases away from vegetable transplants. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Vegetables: Apr 1.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Keep fungal diseases away from vegetable transplants. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Floriculture: Apr 1.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Purple spot disease of asparagus. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Vegetables: May 13.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Use integrated management strategies with Phytophthora on peppers. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Vegetables: Jul 29.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2011. Watermelon mosaic virus detected in winter squash. MSU Extension News for Agriculture - Vegetables: Jul 20.

Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Ninety-four replicated trials on vegetables (517 treatments), ornamentals (266 treatments) and ginseng (232 treatments) were conducted in 2010 with 25 trials established in grower-cooperators' fields serving as both research and demonstration plots. Many of the vegetable and ginseng trials were featured during field days and tours attended by growers, extension, USDA, and EPA personnel. Vegetable trials researched fungicide efficacy for downy mildew and powdery mildew of cucurbits, Phytophthora rot of vegetables, and diseases of carrots, celery, onions, snap beans, and tomatoes. The efficacy of oomycete fungicides were tested using both foliar and drip applications to cucumber, pepper, and squash for the control of downy mildew and Phytophthora capsici. Asparagus crowns were treated with herbicides to determine the effects on crown health. Low density polyethylene (LDPE) was compared to virtually impermeable film (VIF) with methyl bromide alternatives for disease control on pepper and squash. Additional studies with the DMDS fumigant investigated control of P. capsici on yellow squash. Ornamental trials tested fungicides for control of foliar and root diseases. Ginseng research included fungicide efficacy trials for Alternaria control on the foliage and root rot control on seedlings. Eight volumetric spore traps were placed in 6 Michigan counties to sample the air for cucurbit downy mildew spores. Daily spore counts from this network were posted on the lab web page along with confirmed reports of downy mildew infection of field crops. Cucurbit cultivars were evaluated for downy mildew resistance in a replicated field study. Three separate sentinel plots were established to monitor for downy mildew infection during the summer growing season. Cucumber, squash, and pumpkins were tested against different isolates of P. capsici to determine the range of virulence across crops. Lab experiments to determine optimal conditions for P. capsici zoospore survival in water were conducted and optimal temperature and relative humidity conditions for infection. Isolates of P. capsici from 6 continents, 20 countries, 18 U.S. states, and 19 host species were analyzed for genetic diversity and population structure using neutral markers mapping to two mitochondrial and seven nuclear loci. Research results were presented in 46 presentations at local, regional, and international meetings. Ginseng research was presented at a growers meeting and featured in a Field Day tour of demonstration plots. The EPA Decision Makers' Tour featured information on cucurbit downy mildew, P. capsici, and carrot forecasting research. Growers and private scouts received recommendations and counseling via phone calls (20-25/week) and during grower visits (4-5/week) during the course of the field season. There is a website dedicated to the project (www.veggies.msu.edu). PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Mary Hausbeck, Michigan State University, was the Principal Investigator/Project Director and oversaw the entire project objectives, activities, and reporting. Assisting Dr. Hausbeck was post-doc, Leah Granke, who provided supervised support of graduate and undergraduate students and conducted advanced research experiments. Research assistants, Brian Cortright, Sheila Linderman, and Blair Harlan were responsible for trial design and establishment, oversight and maintenance of plots, harvest/data collection, statistical analyses, and aid in reporting and presentations. Graduate students Lina Quesada, Lina Rodriguez, Tiffany Ezenbacher, Mike Meyer, and Xiaopeng Wang, aided with establishment of field research plots as well as conducting their own independent research on vegetable, ornamental, and ginseng crops. Field, laboratory and greenhouse support crew included undergraduates students: Orlando Alvarez, Adam Bloemers, Luke Costanza, Nick Cummins, Tara Gallagher, Halli Gutting, Jennifer Harig, Lisa Henderson, Ronnie Heslip, Amy Lebeis, Scott Mauch, Melissa Mercier, Jenna Millstead, Jayme Olsen, Allison Pianosi, Alexandra Rodebach, Justin Schmitt, Heather Sweet, Tom VanderMaas, Melissa VanOverbeke, Mitch Wood, Andrew Worth. Labor employees included: Nate Alexander, Nicole Bendt, Luke Bielmeier, Jonathan Bloemers, Alex Cook, Adam Cortright, Tina Guo, Kasey Kaiser, Devin Linderman, Jarrod Morrice, Nick Oomen, James Romel, Lorenzo Russey, Kait VanderMaas, Ben Zietlow. Collaborating researchers within Michigan State University who were responsible for specific project objectives, activities and reporting include Drs. Brad Day and Jay Hao, Plant Pathology; Drs. Daniel Brainard, Rebecca Grumet and Mathieu Ngouajio, Horticulture; Dr. Ronald Goldy, MSU Extension; and Dr. Darryl Warncke, Crop and Soil Sciences. Collaborating researchers and institutions external to Michigan State University who participated in projects and were responsible for specific project objectives, activities and reporting are Dr. Barbara Dartt, Lookout Ridge Consulting; Margery Daughtrey, Cornell University; Partner organizations who provided funding for this project include USDA CSREES/NIFA (Specialty Crops Research Initiative, Special Research Grants, Methyl Bromide Transitions); Celery Research Inc.; Michigan Vegetable Council; Pickle and Pepper Research Committee for MSU and the Agricultural Research Fund, Pickle Packers International Inc.; Bayer, Dow, DuPont, FMC, SePRO, Syngenta, UPI Inc, and Valent. TARGET AUDIENCES: Forty-six presentations were given at local, regional, and international meetings. Vegetable research results (38 presentations) were presented at extension-type meetings attended by growers, packers, processors, industry stakeholders, extension personnel and others such as the Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, and also at scientific meetings attended by other researchers, graduate students, industry representatives and others such as the American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting. Ornamental research was presented in 4 talks at regional, national and international meetings attended by growers, industry stakeholders, extension personnel and others. Ginseng research was presented in 4 talks at meetings in Wisconsin in March and April, and a summer Field Day tour of demonstration plots to ginseng growers, industry stakeholders, and others. The EPA Decision Makers' Tour was held at research plots and presented research and foliar spray trial data for celery, onion, cucurbits, and carrot forecasting. This meeting targeted industry stakeholders, researchers, IR-4 and government officials. Research and demonstration plots were established in commercial growers' fields and targeted growers and industry stakeholders. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
The herbicide Callisto (mesotrione) negatively impacted asparagus fern and crown growth in two different field studies. This product is registered for use on asparagus fields and has the potential to weaken the crown and exacerbate both Fusarium and Phytophthora crown rots. The newly released fungicides Reason, Revus, Presidio, and Ranman were very effective in limiting tomato late blight on campus research trials. Combining these products or alternating with chlorothalonil based products will help Michigan growers avert devastating losses like those that occurred in the northeast portion of the US in 2009. In research studies fungicides Presidio and Ranman were shown to be very effective in limiting cucurbit downy mildew both before and after disease is present in the field. Presidio and Revus fungicides were significantly effective in limiting pickle fruit rot, and crown rot of pepper and squash caused by Phytophthora capsici. Two new experimental fungicides were also very effective in limiting both cucurbit downy mildew and P. capsici when applied either to the soil or as foliar sprays. Additionally, Presidio, Revus, and Forum fungicides were very effective in controlling P. capsici on yellow squash when applied to the soil as a drench. More new fungicide products were effective against cucurbit powdery mildew, onion leaf blight, and onion purple blotch. The DMDS fumigant provided control of P. capsici similar to methyl bromide with comparable yields. Field research supported new fungicide application techniques for control of P. capsici and the inclusion of two new highly effective fungicides as priorities in the USDA IR-4 program which will ensure registration of these products in the near future. The investigation of genetic structure of global P. capsici populations provides information that can be used immediately to guide isolate selection and improve the efficacy of breeding programs, development of fungicides, and design of species-specific diagnostic tools. The work done on different cultivars of cucurbits, peppers, and tomatoes that examines their tolerance to P. capsici will help develop screening criteria to aid commercial breeders in development of resistant germplasm. We found that P. capsici is capable of infecting cucumbers under a wide range of temperature and relative humidity conditions and that wounding increased susceptibility of cucumbers to P. capsici. Differences in virulence on cucumber, tomato, zucchini, and pepper fruits were investigated for a worldwide collection of P. capsici isolates; differences in isolate virulence were apparent when isolates were grouped by host family of origin or by the subpopulation membership of the isolate. Greenhouse experiments conducted on ornamental plants for the control of Pythium and Phytophthora yielded information for the possible future registration through USDA IR-4 for two effective products. Research from this lab supported the 2010 registration of the effective fungicide Adorn on ornamental plants. Greenhouse experiments on ginseng seedlings initiated the registration process through IR-4 for two highly effective fungicides for control of root rots.

Publications

• Bird, G., Bishop, B., Grafius, E., Hausbeck, M., Jess, L., Kirk, W., Pett, W., and Warner, F. 2010. Insect, Disease and Nematode Control for Commercial Vegetables. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin 312.
• Cortright, B., and Hausbeck, M. 2010. Asparagus disease research update. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Asparagus Session Summaries. Online.
• Cortright, B., and Hausbeck, M. 2010. Celery disease control research update. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Celery Session Summaries. Online.
• Cortright, B., and Hausbeck, M. 2010. Onion disease control research update. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Onion Session Summaries. Online.
• Cortright, B., and Hausbeck, M. 2010. What's new in fumigation. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Plasticulture Session Summaries. Online.
• Enzenbacher, T.B., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2010. Isolates of Phytophthora capsici differ in their ability to cause disease on cucurbit fruits. Abstract. Phytopathology 100:S34.
• Foster, J.M., and Hausbeck, M. 2010. Phytophthora research and control in peppers. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25:(Aug 25). Online.
• Foster, J.M., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2010. Evaluation of fungicide drenches and resistant cultivars for control of Phytophthora crown rot of pepper, 2009. Plant Disease Management Reports 4:V116. Online.
• Foster, J.M., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2010. Evaluation of fungicides and resistant cultivars for control of Phytophthora crown rot of bell pepper, 2008, trial 2. Plant Disease Management Reports 4:V119. Online.
• Foster, J.M., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2010. Evaluation of fungicides and resistant cultivars for control of Phytophthora crown rot of bell pepper, 2008, trial 1. Plant Disease Management Reports 4:V118. Online.
• Foster, J.M., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2010. Managing Phytophthora capsici in bell pepper using fungicides and host resistance. Plant Disease 94:697-702.
• Foster, J.M., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2010. Resistance of pepper to Phytophthora crown, root, and fruit rot is affected by isolate virulence. Plant Disease 94:24-30.
• Foster, J.M., Glaspie, S.L., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2010. Evaluation of fungicides for control of downy mildew on pickling cucumber, 2009a. Plant Disease Management Reports 4:V056. Online.
• Foster, J.M., Webster, B.J., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2010. Evaluation of fungicides for control of Phytophthora crown and root rot of zucchini, 2009. Plant Disease Management Reports 4:V044. Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. Downy mildew update for August 11. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25:(Aug 11). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. Downy mildew update for August 18. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25:(Aug 18). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. Downy mildew update for August 4. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25:(Aug 4). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. Downy mildew update. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25:(Jul 28). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. Keeping diseases out of low tunnels. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, High and Low Tunnels Session Summaries. Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. Managing cucumber diseases in the field. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Pickling Cucumber Session Summaries. Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. New products and good strategies to control diseases. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Greenhouse VII: Insect and Disease Control Session Summaries. Online.
• Hausbeck, M., and Harlan, B. 2010. Downy mildew on coleus. Greenhouse Product News 20(6):26-30. Online.
• Hausbeck, M., and Harlan, B. 2010. Greenhouse disease update for Thielaviopsis black root rot. MSU Extension Greenhouse Alert Newsletters:Apr 1.
• Hausbeck, M., and Harlan, B. 2010. Greenhouse disease update for powdery mildew. MSU Extension Greenhouse Alert Newsletters:Apr 1. Online.
• Hausbeck, M., and Harlan, B. 2010. Greenhouse disease update for downy mildew. MSU Extension Greenhouse Alert Newsletters:Apr 1. Online.
• Hausbeck, M., and Harlan, B. 2010. Greenhouse disease update for Pythium root rot. MSU Extension Greenhouse Alert Newsletters:Apr 1. Online.
• Hausbeck, M., and Harlan, B. 2010. Greenhouse disease update for Phytophthora root rot. MSU Extension Greenhouse Alert Newsletters:Apr 1. Online.
• Hausbeck, M., and Harlan, B. 2010. Greenhouse disease update for Botrytis. MSU Extension Greenhouse Alert Newsletters:Apr 1. Online.
• Hausbeck, M., Enzenbacher, T., Cortright, B., and Linderman, S. 2010. Phytophthora, films and fumigants. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25:(Sep 8). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. Onion downy mildew confirmed in the state. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25:(Jun 22). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. Potato late blight confirmed in St. Joseph County. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25:(Jun 22). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. Preventing late blight on tomatoes is easier than you think. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25(May 26). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. Protect tomatoes in the greenhouse from late blight. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25:(Jun 1). Online.
• Quesada-Ocampo, L.M. 2010. Host range, host resistance and population structure of P. capsici. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Granke, L.L. 2010. Pathogens in water: Their biology. Pp. 28-34 in: Proceedings of the 2010 Pest and Production Management Conference, Society of American Florists and Greenhouse Grower, Orlando FL, Feb 25-27.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2010. Evaluation of curative applications of fungicides to control powdery mildew on gerbera daisy, 2009. Plant Disease Management Reports 4:OT010. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2010. Evaluation of foliar sprays and soil drenches of fungicides for the control of downy mildew of coleus, 2009. Plant Disease Management Reports 4:OT018. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2010. Evaluation of registered and unregistered fungicides for control of Botrytis blight of geranium, 2009. Plant Disease Management Reports 4:OT011. Online.
• Quesada-Ocampo, L.M., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2010. Resistance in tomato and wild relatives to crown and root rot caused by Phytophthora capsici. Phytopathology 100:619-627.
• Granke, L. L., and Hausbeck, M. K. 2010. The effects of temperature, humidity, and wounding on development of Phytophthora rot of cucumber. Abstract. Phytopathology 100:S43.
• Granke, L., and Hausbeck, M. 2010. Influence of environment on periodicity and concentration of airborne Pseudoperonospora cubensis sporangia in commercial cucurbit fields. Abstract. Phytopathology 100:S43.
• Granke, L.L. 2010. Effects of environmental conditions on Phytophthora capsici dispersal and disease development. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
• Granke, L.L., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2010. Effects of temperature, humidity, and wounding on development of Phytophthora rot of cucumber fruit. Plant Dis. 94:1417-1424.
• Granke, L.L., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2010. Effects of temperature, concentration, age, and algaecides on Phytophthora capsici zoospore infectivity. Plant Disease 94:54-60.
• Granke, L.L., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2010. Influence of environment on airborne spore concentrations and severity of asparagus purple spot. Plant Disease 94:843-850.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. Bacterial blight and other carrot diseases. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Carrot Session Summaries. Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. Control tomato bacterial diseases before you see them. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Tomato/Pepper/Eggplant Session Summaries. Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. Cucurbit downy mildew spore counts increase in Monroe County - fungicide sprays recommended for all cucumbers across the state. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25:(Jun 22). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. Cucurbit downy mildew update for August 25. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25:(Aug 25). Online. Hausbeck, M. 2010. Cucurbit downy mildew update for September 1. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25:(Sep 1). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. Cucurbit downy mildew update for September 8. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25:(Sep 8). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. Cucurbit downy mildew update. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25:(Jul 21). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. Cucurbit downy mildew update. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25:(Jul 14). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. Downy mildew and foliar diseases of onion. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25:(Jun 16). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. Transplant diseases: Identification and control. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25:(Apr 22). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. Downy mildew found on cucumber in Saginaw, Bay, and Arenac Counties. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25:(Jul 7). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. Downy mildew on cucurbits widespread in Michigan: Growers advised to spray frequently. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25:(Aug 11). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2010. Recent weather favors disease in all vegetable crops. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25:(Jun 16). Online.
• Hausbeck, M., and Cortright, Brian. 2009. New management techniques for Fusarium and Phytophthora control in asparagus production. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 24:(Aug 26). Online.
• Hausbeck, M., and Granke, L. 2010. Keep irrigation water clean. GMPro 30:Aug 16. Online.
• Hausbeck, M., Foster, J., and Linderman, S. 2010. Managing Phytophthora on winter squash. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25:(Sep 8). Online.
• Hausbeck, M., Foster, J., and Linderman, S. 2010. Managing Phytophthora on pepper. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 25:(Jul 1). Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2010. Controlling late blight. American Vegetable Grower 58(3):26-28. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2010. Diseases don't discriminate. GMPro 30(4):32-33. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2010. Preventing late blight on tomatoes is easier than you think. The Tomato Magazine 14(4):10-11. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Glaspie, S. 2009. Chemical disease controls for the greenhouse industry. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2750.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Glaspie, S.L. 2010. Evaluation of fumigants for control of Phytophthora crown, fruit, and root rot of summer squash, 2009. Plant Disease Management Reports 4:V055. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Glaspie, S.L. 2010. Evaluation of fungicides to control late blight of tomato, 2009. Plant Disease Management Reports 4:V054. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Glaspie, S.L. 2010. Evaluation of fungicides for control of downy mildew on pickling cucumber, 2009b. Plant Disease Management Reports 4:V057. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Glaspie, S.L. 2010. Evaluation of fungicides for control of powdery mildew of pumpkin, 2009. Plant Disease Management Reports 4:V102. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Webster, B.J. 2010. Evaluation of foliar fungicides for control of Botrytis leaf blight of onion, 2009. Plant Disease Management Reports 4:V046. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Webster, B.J. 2010. Evaluation of fungicides for control of early and late blights of celery, 2009. Plant Disease Management Reports 4:V045. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Glaspie, S.L., and Linderman, S.D. 2010. Evaluation of fungicides for control of downy mildew, Phytophthora crown, fruit, and root rot, and Pythium fruit rot on cucumber, 2009. Plant Disease Management Reports 4:V101. Online.
• Meyer, M., and Hausbeck, M. 2010. Staying ahead of Phytophthora crown rot and bacterial leafspot on pepper. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Tomato/Pepper/Eggplant Session Summaries. Online.

Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Seventy trials on vegetables (477 treatments), ornamentals (300 treatments) and ginseng (93 treatments) were conducted in 2009 with 34 established in grower-cooperators' fields. Many of the vegetable and ginseng trials were featured during field days and field tours attended by growers, extension, and USDA and EPA personnel. Vegetable trials researched fungicide efficacy for downy and powdery mildews of cucurbits, Phytophthora rot of vegetables, and diseases of onions and tomatoes. Asparagus crowns were treated with fumigants and fungicides to determine efficacy against Fusarium and Phytophthora. Herbicide effects on asparagus crown health were studied. Low density polyethylene was compared to virtually impermeable film with methyl bromide alternatives for disease control on eggplant, melon, pepper, squash. DMDS fumigant was tested for control of Phytophthora capsici on yellow squash. Ginseng research included fungicide efficacy trials for foliar Alternaria and seedling root rot control. Ginseng root rot pathogens were studied in the field versus the greenhouse; 2 large trials were initiated in a WI commercial site inoculated with Cylindrocarpon or Phytophthora to determine if fungicides were in fact controlling the pathogens. Ornamental trials tested fungicide efficacy for foliar and root diseases. IR-4 determined that downy mildew is a serious issue (A priority) for the ornamental industry; 4 greenhouse trials tested fungicide efficacy. Volumetric spore traps placed in 6 MI counties sampled air for cucurbit downy mildew spores. Daily spore counts and confirmed reports of downy mildew infection were posted on the lab web page. Cucumber cultivars were tested for downy mildew resistance and yield in a replicated field study. Cucumber, squash and pumpkin were inoculated to determine the range of virulence of P. capsici isolates across crops. Celery lines from commercial seed companies were evaluated for Fusarium resistance in grower supported variety trials. Lab experiments determined optimal conditions for P. capsici zoospore survival in water and relative humidity for infection. P. capsici isolates from 6 continents, 20 countries, 18 U.S. states, and 19 host species are being analyzed for genetic diversity and population structure using neutral markers mapping to two mitochondrial and seven nuclear loci. Research results were presented in 37 talks at local, regional, and international meetings. Ginseng research was presented at a growers meeting and featured in a Field Day tour of demonstration plots. The EPA Decision Makers' Tour featured demonstration plots of P. capsici and asparagus research. Growers and private scouts received recommendations and counseling via phone calls (20-25/week) and during grower visits (4-5/week) during the course of the year. Dr. Hausbeck's website regarding pathogens and current control recommendations was visited on average 2,900 times per month by both growers and private consultants (http://plantpathology.msu.edu/labs/hausbeck/LabHome.html). Research findings were made available via the website, meeting proceedings, abstracts for conferences, as well as annual reports to commodity groups. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Mary Hausbeck, Michigan State University, was the Principal Investigator/Project Director and oversaw the entire project objectives, activities, and reporting. Assisting Dr. Hausbeck was post-doc, Dr. Sofia Windstam, who provided supervised support of graduate and undergraduate students and conducted advanced research experiments. Research assistants Brian Cortright, Sheila Linderman, Blair Harlan, James Counts, Stevie Glaspie, and Bryan Webster were responsible for trial design and establishment, oversight and maintenance of plots, harvest/data collection, statistical analyses, and aid in reporting and presentations. Graduate students, Catherine Erhardt, Jen Foster, Leah Granke, Shaunta Hill, Abby Morris, Lina Quesada, Lina Rodriguez, Tiffany Ezenbacher, and Xiaopeng Wang aided with establishment of field research plots as well as conducting their own independent research on vegetable, ornamental, and ginseng crops. Field, laboratory and greenhouse support crew included undergraduate students (Adam Bloemers, Adam Cortright, Halli Gutting, Lisa Henderson, Kyle Heslip, Amy Lebeis, Melissa Mercier, Allison Pianosi, Will Seeger, Heather Sweet, Mitch Wood, Tom VanderMaas, Ron Heslip, and Jayme Olsen) and labor employees (Orlando Alvarez, Mitch Fabus, Jon Bloemers, Alex Cook, Joey Cooper, Jake Eagen, Kasey Kaiser, Devin Linderman, Lorenzo Russi, Christian Bloemers, Allison Rademacher, James Romel, Justin Schmitt, Nick Sears, Luke Bielmeier, Kaitlyn VanderMaas, and Nicole Bendt). Collaborating researchers within Michigan State University who were responsible for specific project objectives, activities and reporting included Drs. Brad Day and Jay Hao, Plant Pathology; Drs. Daniel Brainard, Rebecca Grumet and Mathieu Ngouajio, Horticulture; Dr. Ronald Goldy, MSU Extension; and Dr. Darryl Warncke, Crop and Soil Sciences. Collaborating researchers and institutions external to Michigan State University who participated in projects and were responsible for specific project objectives, activities and reporting are Dr. Barbara Dartt, Lookout Ridge Consulting; Margery Daughtrey, Cornell University; Dr. Daniel Egel, Purdue University. Partner organizations who provided funding for this project include USDA NIFA (Specialty Crops Research Initiative, Special Research Grants, ipmPIPE, Methyl Bromide Transitions, Risk Avoidance and Mitigation Program); Michigan Asparagus Research Inc.; Celery Research Inc.; Michigan Carrot Committee; Mid-America Food Processors Association; Michigan Onion Committee; Michigan Vegetable Council; Pickle and Pepper Research Committee for MSU and the Agricultural Research Fund, Pickle Packers International Inc.; and BASF, Bayer, Dow, DuPont, FMC, Gowan, Makhteshim-Agan, OHB, SePRO, Syngenta, UPI, and Valent. TARGET AUDIENCES: Vegetable research results were presented in 26 talks at local, regional, and international meetings, including the Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, attended by growers, packers, processors, industry stakeholders, extension personnel and others. Ornamental research results were presented in 7 talks at local and regional meetings attended by growers, industry stakeholders, extension personnel and others. Ginseng research was presented in 3 talks at meetings in Wisconsin in March and May, and a summer Field Day tour of demonstration plots to ginseng growers, industry stakeholders, and others. The EPA Decision Makers' Tour was held at research plots and presented research and foliar spray trial data for celery, onion, cucurbits, and asparagus. This meeting targeted industry stakeholders, researchers, IR-4 and government officials. Research and demonstration plots were established in commercial growers' fields and targeted growers and industry stakeholders. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
The herbicide Callisto (mesotrione) negatively impacted asparagus fern and crown growth in both greenhouse and field studies. This product is registered for use on asparagus fields and has the potential to weaken the asparagus crown and exacerbate both Fusarium and Phytophthora crown rots. Herbicide safety is an important factor in the new asparagus production system. The newly released fungicides Reason, Revus, Presidio, and Ranman were very effective in limiting tomato late blight in campus research trials. Combining these products or alternating with chlorothalonil-based products will help Michigan growers avert devastating tomato losses like those that occurred in the northeast portion of the U.S. in 2009. In research studies, Presidio and Ranman fungicides were shown to be very effective in limiting cucurbit downy mildew both before and after infection occurs. Presidio and Revus fungicides were significantly effective in limiting pickle fruit rot caused by P. capsici. Several experimental fungicides were also very effective in limiting both cucurbit downy mildew and P. capsici and even more new products were effective against cucurbit powdery mildew, onion leaf blight, and onion purple blotch. The DMDS fumigant provided control of P. capsici similar to methyl bromide with comparable yields. Sectagon K-54 fumigant can cause plant injury to peppers and squash when used at high rates during cool wet spring conditions. Several lines of celery show high tolerance to Fusarium crown rot and a few cucumber lines that were evaluated have some tolerance to downy mildew with high yields. P. capsici is a destructive soilborne pathogen worldwide. In the PCR studies of P. capsici, a total of 52 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were found in 9 genes after amplification and sequencing of the 200 isolates analyzed. Understanding the mechanisms of P. capsici sporangial dissemination is paramount to understanding epidemic initiation and development. Direct laboratory observations showed P. capsici sporangial dispersal occurred in water with capillary force, but did not occur in response to wind or a reduction in relative humidity. Airborne sporangial concentrations were positively associated with rainfall, but not vapor pressure deficit. In the experimental field situation, wind speed was not significant in regression analysis. Both direct laboratory observations and volumetric spore sampling indicated that dispersal of sporangia via wind currents is infrequent, and sporangia are unlikely to be naturally dispersed among fields by wind alone. Initial ratings in ginseng seedling field trials showed that the foliar applications of fungicides did limit the spread of Phytophthora and Cylindrocarpon from the inoculation sites. Many of the newer products developed for the control of Phytophthora on ornamentals also tested effective against downy mildew in greenhouse trials. Greenhouse trial results were presented to IR-4 at the annual research meeting; it was determined that further research was no longer needed and that companies would move forward with labeling their products for the control of downy mildew of ornamentals.

Publications

• Hausbeck, M.K., and Glaspie, S.L. 2009. Control of Rhizoctonia root rot of celery seedlings with fungicide drenches, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:V048.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Glaspie, S.L. 2009. Control of Pythium root rot of celery seedlings with fungicide drenches, trial 2, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:V047.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Glaspie, S.L. 2009. Control of Botrytis blight of geranium with experimental and registered fungicide applications, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:OT002.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Glaspie, S.L. 2009. Control of Pythium root rot of geranium seedlings with fungicide drenches, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:OT003.
• Wang, X., Harlan, B., and Hausbeck, M. 2009. Evaluation of fungicide treatments for control of soilborne pathogens of American ginseng. Abstr. Phytopathology 99:S137.
• Windstam, S.T., Gutting, H.C., Henderson, L.A., Hausbeck, M. 2009. Population structure of Phytophthora capsici in a yellow squash field in Michigan. Abstr. Phytopathology 99:S142.
• Windstam, S.T., Granke, L.L., Hoch, H.C. Hausbeck M.K., and Smart, C.D. 2009. Pathogenic development of Phytophthora capsici on cucumber fruits. Abstr. Phytopathology 99:S142.
• Day, B., and Hausbeck, M. 2009. Epidemiology of downy mildew: A regional and molecular approach. Abstr. Phytopathology 99:S172.
• Foster, J.M. 2009. Management tools to control Phytophthora capsici in pepper and eggplant. M.S. Thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
• Erhardt, C. 2009. Developing a high-throughput, SNP-based population screening method for Pseudoperonospora cubensis. M.S. Thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
• Hill, S.N. 2009. Epidemiology of Alternaria panax on American ginseng and evaluation of a disease forecaster. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Watch for early season disease problems. Wisconsin Ginseng Reporter 060109:2 (1 Jun).
• Hausbeck, M. 2009. Cucurbit downy mildew update. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 24(16): (Aug 19). Online.
• Foster, J., and Hausbeck, M. 2009. Phytophthora research and control in peppers. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 24(16): (Aug 19). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2009. Downy mildew outbreak in onions requires immediate action. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 24(13):4 (Jul 29). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2009. Downy mildew outbreak on cucumbers is statewide - All cucumbers and melons must be protected immediately! MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 24(13):1-3 (Jul 29): Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2009. Downy mildew detected in Monroe, Saginaw, and Tuscola counties. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 24(11):1-3 (Jul 15). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2009. Downy mildew on cucumbers: Michigan growers need to be on high alert. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 24(10):1-2 (Jul 1). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2009. Late blight on tomatoes found on homeowner's plants in the northeastern United States. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 24(10):3 (Jul 1). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2009. Downy mildew outlook and control: Cucumber and melon growers in Monroe County should spray now to prevent disease. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 24(8):1-3 (Jun 17). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2009. High number of downy mildew sporangia detected in Monroe County. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 24(7):1-2 (Jun 10). Online.
• Hausbeck, M. 2009. Downy mildew reported in Canadian cucumber greenhouses. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletters 24(5):1-2 (May 27). Online.
• Hausbeck, M., and Harlan, B. 2009. Strategies for resistance management. MSU Extension Greenhouse Alert Newsletters Feb 26. Online.
• Hausbeck, M., and Harlan, B. 2009. Downy mildew update. MSU Extension Greenhouse Alert Newsletters Feb 26. Online.
• Hausbeck, M., and Harlan, B. 2009. Powdery mildew update. MSU Extension Greenhouse Alert Newsletters Feb 26. Online.
• Hausbeck, M., and Harlan, B. 2009. Botrytis blight update. MSU Extension Greenhouse Alert Newsletters Feb 26. Online.
• Hausbeck, M., and Harlan, B. 2009. Phytophthora root rot update. MSU Extension Greenhouse Alert Newsletters Feb 26. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Late blight: You say tomato and I say potato. GrowerTalks 73(7):64-70. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. New control products for Botrytis blight. Greenhouse Management and Production 25(8):(Aug 6). Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. New fungicides offer Phytophthora control. Greenhouse Management and Production (formerly GMPro) 25(4):41-43.
• Foster, J.M., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Phytophthora research and control in peppers. The Tomato Magazine 13(1):19-21.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Cortright, B.D. 2009. Evaluation of fungicides for control of powdery mildew of pumpkin, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:V110.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Cortright, B.D. 2009. Evaluation of fungicides for control of foliar blights of onion, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:V111.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Cortright, B.D. 2009. Evaluation of fungicides for control of downy mildew of pickling cucumber, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:V112.
• Foster, J.M., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Evaluation of fungicides for control of Phytophthora blight of acorn squash, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:V088.
• Foster, J.M., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Evaluation of fungicides for control of asparagus rust, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:V087.
• Foster, J.M., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Evaluation of fungicides for control of Phytophthora blight of yellow squash in fumigated beds, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:V086.
• Foster, J.M., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Evaluation of fungicides for control of Phytophthora blight of yellow squash grown on flat plant beds, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:V085.
• Foster, J.M., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Evaluation of fungicides for control of Phytophthora blight of yellow squash grown on raised plant beds, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:V084.
• Granke, L.L., Cortright, B., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Evaluation of methyl bromide alternatives for control of Verticillium wilt of eggplant, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:V013.
• Granke, L.L., Cortright, B., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Methyl bromide alternatives for control of Phytophthora crown and root rot of summer squash, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:V014.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Glaspie, S.L. 2009. Control of Pythium root rot of celery seedlings with fungicide drenches, trial 1, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:V049.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Glaspie, S.L. 2009. Control of Phytophthora root rot of gerbera daisy with fungicide drenches, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:OT007.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Glaspie, S.L. 2009. Evaluation of preventive fungicide treatments for controlling powdery mildew on gerbera daisy, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:OT008.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Glaspie, S.L. 2009. Control of powdery mildew on gerbera daisy with experimental and registered fungicide applications, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:OT009.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Glaspie, S.L. 2009. Residual control of Phytophthora root rot of snapdragons, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:OT014.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Glaspie, S.L. 2009. Control of Phytophthora root rot of dwarf snapdragons with fungicide drenches, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:OT015.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Glaspie, S.L. 2009. Control of Phytophthora root rot of cut flower snapdragons with fungicide drenches, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:OT016.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2009. Evaluation of newly introduced Syngenta fungicides to control Alternaria blight on four-year-old ginseng, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:V068.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2009. Effectiveness of registered, unregistered, and experimental fungicides to control Alternaria blight on three-year-old ginseng, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:V069.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2009. Effectiveness of registered and unregistered fungicides to control Alternaria blight on three-year-old ginseng, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:V070.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Webster, B.J. 2009. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of Botrytis blight of primrose, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:OT025.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Webster, B.J. 2009. Greenhouse evaluation of fungicides for the control of Botrytis blight of ginseng, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:V105.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Webster, B.J. 2009. Evaluation of fungicide products for control of Phytophthora root rot of snapdragon, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:OT022.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Webster, B.J. 2009. Evaluation of Terrazole fungicide for control of Phytophthora root rot of snapdragon, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:OT023.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2009. Evaluation of newly released Syngenta fungicides to control Alternaria blight on two-year-old ginseng, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:V071.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2009. Evaluation of registered and nonregistered fungicides in managing Phytophthora root rot of poinsettia, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:OT012.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2009. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of Pythium on dwarf snapdragons, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:OT011.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Webster, B.J. 2009. Evaluation of fungicide products for control of Phytophthora aerial blight of vinca, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:OT021.
• Wang, X.P., Harlan, B.R., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Evaluation of fungicide combinations to control Phytophthora root rot on ginseng seedlings, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:V004.
• Wang, X.P., Harlan, B.R., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Evaluation of fungicides to control Cylindrocarpon root rot on ginseng seedlings, 2008. Plant Disease Management Reports 3:V003.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B. 2009. Strategies for resistance management: Downy mildew and others. Pp. 25-31 in: Proceedings of the 25th Annual Pest Management Conference, Society of American Florists and Greenhouse Grower, San Jose CA, Feb 19-21.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B. 2009. What you can't see, can hurt you. Pp. 36-39 in: Proceedings of the 25th Annual Pest Management Conference, Society of American Florists and Greenhouse Grower, San Jose CA, Feb 19-21.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Foliar diseases in carrots. Pages 150-152 in: Proceedings of the 2009 Empire State Fruit and Vegetable Expo, Syracuse NY, Feb 11-12.
• Foster, J.M., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Variety selection and fungicide programs for controlling Phytophthora in pepper. Pages 187-189 in: Proceedings of the 2009 Empire State Fruit and Vegetable Expo, Syracuse NY, Feb 11-12.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Downy mildew and Phytophthora control in vine crops. Pages 193-195 in: Proceedings of the 2009 Empire State Fruit and Vegetable Expo, Syracuse NY, Feb 11-12.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Celery disease control update. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Celery Session Summaries. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Downy mildew and foliar diseases of onion. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Onion Session Summaries. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Transplant diseases - Identification and control. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Transplant Production Session Summaries. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B. 2009. Greenhouse disease update. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Greenhouse III: Diseases and Insects Session Summaries. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Preventing late blight on tomatoes is easier than you think. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Tomato Session Summaries. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Rodriguez-Salamanca, L.M. 2009. Asparagus disease update. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Asparagus Session Summaries. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Using technology to track and avoid losses from downy mildew. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Pickling Cucumber Session Summaries. Online.
• Hill, S.N., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Factors influencing airborne conidial concentrations of Alternaria panax in cultivated American ginseng gardens. Plant Disease 93:1311-1316.
• Granke, L.L., Windstam, S.T., Hoch, H.C., Smart, C.D., and Hausbeck, M. K. 2009. Dispersal and movement mechanisms of Phytophthora capsici sporangia. Phytopathology 99:1258-1264.
• Dorman, E.A., Webster, B.J., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Managing foliar blights on carrot using copper, azoxystrobin, and chlorothalonil applied according to TOM-CAST. Plant Disease 93:402-407.
• Quesada-Ocampo, L.M., Fulbright, D.W., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Susceptibility of Fraser fir to Phytophthora capsici. Plant Disease 93:135-141.
• Quesada-Ocampo, L.M., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Global diversity of Phytophthora capsici. Abstr. Pages 13-14 in: Proceedings of the 2nd International Phytophthora capsici Conference, Hawks Cay, Duck Key, FL, 1-2 Dec 2009.
• Quesada-Ocampo, L.M., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Resistance in tomato and wild relatives to Phytophthora capsici. Abstr. Page 15 in: Proceedings of the 2nd International Phytophthora capsici Conference, Hawks Cay, Duck Key, FL, 1-2 Dec 2009.
• Granke, L., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Dispersal and movement mechanisms of Phytophthora capsici sporangia. Abstr. Page 10 in: Proceedings of the 2nd International Phytophthora capsici Conference, Hawks Cay, Duck Key, FL, 1-2 Dec 2009.
• Granke, L.L. and Hausbeck, M. K. 2009. Relationships between airborne Pleospora herbarum and Alternaria sp. spores in no-till asparagus fields. Abstr. Page 90 in: XIIth International Asparagus Symposium, Lima, Peru, 29 Oct-1 Nov.
• Granke, L., Windstam, S.T., Hoch, H.C., Smart, C.D., and Hausbeck M.K. 2009. Dispersal and movement mechanisms of Phytophthora capsici sporangia. Abstr. Phytopathology 99:S46.
• Morris, A.F., Hammerschmidt, R., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Effect of jasmonic acid on foliar diseases of American ginseng. Abstr. Phytopathology 99:S89.
• Quesada-Ocampo, L.M., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2009. Resistance in tomato and wild relatives to Phytophthora capsici. Abstr. Phytopathology 99:S106.

Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: ORNAMENTALS: Powdery and downy mildews are major foliar diseases in the floriculture industry which can quickly reach epidemic proportions. Downy mildew susceptibility was tested on 21 different coleus cultivars. Cultivars Fairway Mosaic, Wizard Velvet Red and Fairway Red Velvet looked healthy despite being infected with downy mildew and Fairway Red Velvet did not have sporulation. Two years of environmental data have been collected on greenhouse coleus downy mildew epidemics. Preliminary evaluation finds that year 2 had fewer hours of very high temperatures and very high relative humidities than year 1, but had considerably higher spore counts. ASPARAGUS: Fusarium and Phytophthora spp. can attack and kill asparagus crowns in nursery and commercial fields. Our research has shown that Telone C35 and metam fumigant products (K-Pam, Sectagon) are very effective in reducing Fusarium colonies in a commercial field. Additional disease protection can be achieved using a crown soak of effective fungicides. Results show that the registered product Cannonball has some activity on crown disease. Studies show that other products are also effective in promoting more fern growth compared to untreated crowns. Topsin M + Presidio significantly increased fern height, and Topsin M + Ridomil Gold significantly increased fern count compared to the untreated control plants. CELERY: Damping-off (caused by Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp. and Rhizoctonia sp.) affects celery seedlings. Studies were conducted in the research greenhouses at Michigan State University using celery 'Dutchess' seeds sown into 288-cell flats. Fungicide drenches were evaluated for control of Pythium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani. ONION: A twelve treatment trial was conducted to evaluate fungicides for control of the foliar diseases, Botrytis leaf blight (Botrytis squamosa), downy mildew (Peronospora destructor), and purple blotch (Alternaria porri), of onion. PICKLE: Michigan pickle growers have battled downy mildew, incited by the water mold, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, for four consecutive years. Unprotected foliage can become completely infected and appear to be frosted within 10 days of initial infection. The downy mildew reproduces via tiny, microscopic spores that act as seeds of the pathogen. Six spore traps were placed in five Michigan counties. PEPPER: Currently registered fungicides were evaluated for control of Phytophthora crown, root and fruit rot of bell pepper. Pepper cultivars and breeding lines were evaluated in the greenhouse for tolerance to Phytophthora crown, root and fruit rot. Differences in virulence among P. capsici isolates were observed across all cultivars and breeding lines screened. Differences in cultivar susceptibility to crown and root rot were observed. 'Paladin' had the lowest average plant death (%) among all cultivars across all isolates. 'Paladin' plants treated with Revus 2.08SC or Presidio 4FL had significantly less plant death (<10%) than the untreated inoculated control (30.6%). The bell pepper PRO3-15x16R-5 and the Poblano pepper XPP2548 had the lowest average plant death (%) among all breeding lines screened across all isolates. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Mary Hausbeck, Michigan State University, was the Principal Investigator/Project Director and oversaw the entire project objectives, activities, and reporting. Assisting Dr. Hausbeck was post-doc, Dr. Sofia Windstam, who provided supervised support of graduate and undergraduate students and conducted advanced research experiments. Research assistants, Brian Cortright, Sheila Linderman, Blair Harlan, Buck Counts, Stevie Glaspie, Bryan Webster and Tim Cunningham, were responsible for trial design and establishment, oversight and maintenance of plots, harvest/data collection, statistical analyses, and aid in reporting and presentations. Graduate students, Catherine Erhardt, Jen Foster, Leah Granke, Shaunta Hill, Abby Morris, Lina Quesada, Lina Rodriguez and Xiaopeng Wang, aided with establishment of field research plots as well as conducting their own independent research on vegetable, ornamental, and ginseng crops. Field, laboratory and greenhouse support crew included undergraduates students (Adam Bloemers, Meg Callahan, Priscilla Clark, Adam Cortright, Jake Gonzalez, Halli Gutting, Lisa Henderson, Kyle Heslip, Scott Izzo, Amy Lebeis, Ellie Monarch, Melissa Mercier, Justin Passmore, Allison Pianosi, Bob Rector, Will Seeger, Taylor Smith, Heather Sweet, Mitch Wood, Andrew Worth) and labor employees (Orlando Alvarez, Jonathan Bloemers, Alex Cook, Joey Cooper, John Davenport, Jake Eagen, Mitch Fabus, Kasey Kaiser, Devin Linderman, Tara Oomen, Bill Quackenbush, Dan Reif, Lorenzo Russi, Tom VanderMaas, Jon Wickens). Collaborating researchers within Michigan State University who were responsible for specific project objectives, activities and reporting include Drs. Brad Day and Jay Hao, Plant Pathology; Drs. Daniel Brainard, Rebecca Grumet and Mathieu Ngouajio, Horticulture; Dr. Ronald Goldy, MSU Extension; Dr. Larry Olsen, Entomology, Agriculture and Natural Resources; and Dr. Darryl Warncke, Crop and Soil Sciences. Collaborating researchers and institutions external to Michigan State University who participated in projects and were responsible for specific project objectives, activities and reporting are Dr. Barbara Dartt, Salisbury Management Services; Margery Daughtrey, Cornell University; Dr. Daniel Egel, Purdue University. Partner organizations who provided funding for this project include USDA CSREES (Specialty Crops Research Initiative, Special Research Grants, ipmPIPE, Methyl Bromide Transitions, Risk Avoidance and Mitigation Program); Michigan Asparagus Research Inc.; Celery Research Inc.; Michigan Vegetable Council; Pickle and Pepper Research Committee for MSU and the Agricultural Research Fund, Pickle Packers International Inc.; Arysta, Bayer, Dow, DuPont, FMC, Mana/Makhteshim-Agan, SePRO, Syngenta, UPI Inc, and Valent. TARGET AUDIENCES: Vegetable research results were presented in 22 talks at local and regional meetings, including the Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, attended by growers, packers, processors, industry stakeholders, extension personnel and others. Ornamental research results were presented in 12 talks at local and regional meetings attended by growers, industry stakeholders, extension personnel and others. Three posters were presented at the 9th International Congress of Plant Pathology, Torino, Italy, Aug 2008 attended by researchers, industry stakeholders and others. Two talks were presented at the annual meeting of the American Phytopathological Society that targeted researchers, industry leaders and stakeholders. Ginseng research was presented in 3 talks at meetings in Wisconsin in January and April, and a summer Field Day tour of demonstration plots to ginseng growers, industry stakeholders, and others. Additional ginseng information was presented to government officials at an EPA meeting. The EPA Decision Makers' Tour was held at research plots and presented fumigation and foliar spray trial data. This meeting targeted industry stakeholders, researchers, IR-4 and government officials. Research and demonstration plots were established in commercial growers' fields and targeted growers and industry stakeholders. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
ORNAMENTALS: Infected cultivars that appear healthy may escape detection in a scouting program and serve as an inoculum source in a production facility. The most susceptible coleus cultivars included Color Pride and Volcano. ASPARAGUS: A new system of asparagus production needs to be adopted to ensure that newly established fields remain viable and productive. This new system will rely on the use of clean crowns grown in properly fumigated fields. Additional measures for crown disease management are also needed to help lengthen field productivity. Crown soaks of effective chemicals will help limit disease on newly planted crowns. Fumigation of production fields will help reclaim fields that have high levels of disease. Controlling foliar pathogens with fungicides will ensure that summer fern growth has time to recharge the crown for next harvest season. Proper rotation of crops and management of soil pH and soil moisture can help keep crowns vigorous and resistant to infection. Research has been and is currently being conducted on commercial farms to help growers become aware of the benefits of these disease control strategies. Planting crowns grown in fumigated soil and that have also been soaked in a fungicide solution, are the two most important steps a grower can take to ensure a healthy field establishment. Some replant fields may need to be fumigated before planting to reduce the level of disease populations. CELERY: The untreated control was the only treatment in which plant death (25%) occurred; drenches of Aliette, Banrot, Phostrol and Presidio + Previcur provided significant control of Pythium spp. and were similar to the untreated uninoculated plants. In another trial, treatments of Aliette, Phostrol and Presidio + Previcur Flex provided control against Pythium and were among the healthiest and tallest of all plants. Treatments that prevented plant death and significantly limited infection of R. solani compared to the untreated inoculated control included Quadris, Endorse, Moncut, Scholar and Terraclor. ONION: The treatments of Quadris Top 2.71SC and A15909 2.19EC, both tankmixed with Acivator 90, were especially effective in limiting all three foliar pathogens. Pristine 38WG 1.16 lb, Rovral 4Flo 4SC 1.5 pt, and Rovral 4Flo 4SC 1.5 pt + Bravo WeartherStik 6SC 1.5 pt had the highest total yield for all treatments. PICKLE: The spore traps helped to alert us to any influx of downy mildew spores into those production regions, but were not used to time fungicide sprays. Results from our downy mildew research in past research trials and those from field season 2008 indicate that an effective spray program includes the following: Previcur Flex plus Bravo alternated with Tanos 50DF plus mancozeb. PEPPER: Cultivar selection plays an important role in disease management. Different pepper cultivars will not provide an equal level of tolerance to local isolates of P. capsici. Growers should evaluate several pepper cultivars on-site, selecting those which provide the greatest level of tolerance to the isolates at their location.

Publications

• Tuell, J.K., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2008. Characterization of Ophiomyia simplex (Diptera: Agromyzidae) activity in commercial asparagus fields and its association with Fusarium crown and root rot. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 776:203-211.
• Bounds, R.S., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2008. Evaluation of disease thresholds and predictors for managing late blight in celery. Plant Disease 92:438-444.
• Counts, J.W., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2008. Strategies for managing Fusarium crown and root rot on asparagus. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 776:167-174.
• Foster, J., and Hausbeck, M. 2008. Evaluating commercial and breeding lines of bell peppers for resistance to Phytophthora root, crown and fruit rot. Abstr. Page 32 in: Proceedings of the 19th International Pepper Conference, Sep 7-10, Atlantic City, NJ.
• Foster, J.M., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2008. Evaluation of bell pepper cultivars and experimental lines for tolerance to Phytophthora crown and root rot, 2007. Plant Disease Management Report 2:V171.
• Gevens, A.J., Lamour, K.H., Donahoo, R., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2008. Characterization of Phytophthora capsici causing foliar and pod blight of snap bean in Michigan. Plant Disease 92:201-209.
• Granke, L.L., and Hausbeck, M. 2008. Epidemiology of Phytophthora capsici in water. Abstr. Phytopathology 98:S61.
• Hausbeck, M. 2008. Disease management strategies for celery in the greenhouse. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletter 23(1): (Apr 16).
• Hausbeck, M. 2008. Downy mildew confirmed in cucumbers located in Monroe County, Michigan. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletter 23(11): (Jul 3).
• Hausbeck, M. 2008. Downy mildew confirmed on the west side of the state. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletter 23(11): (Jul 9).
• Hausbeck, M. 2008. Downy mildew is in Ontario field cucumbers: Michigan growers need to be on high alert. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletter 23(10): (Jun 25).
• Hausbeck, M. 2008. Onion disease alert. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletter 23(14):2-3 (Jul 30).
• Hausbeck, M. 2008. Recent foggy, humid weather favors downy mildew. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletter 23(13):2-3 (Jul 23).
• Hausbeck, M. 2008. Recent rains favor Phytophthora development on vegetable crops. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletter 23(8): (Jun 11).
• Hausbeck, M. 2008. Warm, wet weather favors early appearance of several vegetable diseases. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletter 23(11): (Jul 9).
• Hausbeck, M. 2008. White rust on mums: Symptoms and management. MSU Extension Greenhouse Alert Newletters 7 (Aug 15).
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2008. Downy mildew. Pp. 88-89 in: Proceedings of the 2008 Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention, Pumpkin Session, Hershey PA, Jan 29-31.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2008. Fungicides: What's new and what's working. Pp. 21-25 in: Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference on Pest and Disease Management in Ornamentals, Society of American Florists, Atlanta GA, Feb 28-Mar 1.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2008. Keep onions healthy. American Vegetable Grower 56(2):12.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2008. Managing downy mildews. Pp. 98-102 in: Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference on Pest and Disease Management in Ornamentals, Society of American Florists, Atlanta GA, Feb 28-Mar 1.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2008. Take aim to battle three common diseases. GMPro 28(4):44-46.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2008. Watch for downy mildew on coleus. GMPro 28(8):68-69.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2008. Your mother was right - wash your hands (and everything else). Greenhouse Product News 18(7):40-43.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D., Myers, N. and Olsen, L.G. 2008. Optimal use of fungicides to manage purple spot and rust on asparagus ferns. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 776:153-160.
• Hausbeck, M., and Dudek, T. 2008. Fungicides and black root rot. MSU Extension Greenhouse Alert Newletters 5 (Apr 24).
• Hausbeck, M., and Howard, C. 2008. Managing tomato diseases. MSU Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletter 23(12):2-4 (Jul 16).
• Hill, S.N., and Hausbeck, M. K. 2008. Epidemiology of Alternaria panax and forecasting disease in American ginseng. Abstr. Journal of Plant Pathology 90(2, Supplement):S2.161-S2.162.
• Hill, S.N., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2008. Pathology and treatment of American ginseng seed. Abstr. Phytopathology 98:S67.
• Hill, S.N., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2008. Evaluation of TOM-CAST in timing fungicide sprays for management of Alternaria blight on American ginseng. Plant Disease 92:1611-1615. Hill, S.N., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2008. Virulence and fungicide sensitivity of Phytophthora cactorum isolated from American ginseng gardens in Wisconsin and Michigan. Plant Disease 92:1183-1189.
• Hill, S.N., Hurtado-Gonzales, O.P., Lamour, K.H., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2008. First report of mefenoxam sensitivity and pathogenicity of Phytophthora citricola isolated from American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium). Plant Disease Note 92:1706.
• Quesada-Ocampo, L.M., Fulbright, D.W., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2008. Fraser fir, a new host of Phytophthora capsici. Abstr. Phytopathology 98:S129.
• Saude, C., Hurtado-Gonzales, O.P., Lamour, K.H., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2008. Occurrence and characterization of a Phytophthora sp. pathogenic to Asparagus officinalis in Michigan. Abstr. Journal of Plant Pathology 90(2, Supplement):S2.420.
• Saude, C., Hurtado-Gonzales, O.P., Lamour, K.H., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2008. Occurrence and characterization of Phytophthora sp. pathogenic to asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) in Michigan. Phytopathology 98:1075-1083.
• Savory, E.A., Tian, M., Erhardt, C., Hausbeck, Hammerschmidt, R., and Day, B. 2008. An integrative approach to characterizing the cucumber-Pseudoperonospora cubensis interaction. Abstr. Phytopathology 98:S140.
• Sconyers, L.E., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2008. Influence of greenhouse environment on atmospheric Erysiphe cichoracearum conidia and disease on Gerbera jamesonii. Abstr. Journal of Plant Pathology 90(2, Supplement):S2.190.

Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Forty-six replicated trials on vegetables, ornamentals and ginseng were conducted in 2007 with 24 trials established in grower-cooperators' fields serving as both research and demonstration plots. Some of the vegetable and ginseng trials were featured during field days and field tours attended by growers, extension, and USDA and EPA personnel. Volumetric spore traps were placed in 5 Michigan counties to sample the air for cucurbit downy mildew spores. Vegetable trials researched fungicide efficacy for downy mildew and powdery mildew of cucurbits, Phytophthora rot of vegetables, and diseases of onions and tomatoes. Asparagus crowns were treated with fumigants and fungicides to determine the efficacy of these products to control Fusarium and Phytophthora. Cucurbit cultivars were evaluated for downy mildew resistance and pepper cultivars for Phytophthora resistance. Surface water sources used for irrigation were monitored for Phytophthora capsici with additional lab experiments to determine optimal conditions for zoospore survival in water. Experiments focusing on air dispersal of Phytophthora capsici spores were conducted in infected cucurbit fields. Frasier fir was identified as a new host for Phytophthora capsici under both greenhouse and field studies. Carrot foliar blight control using the TOM-CAST disease forecaster was compared using either on-site data or satellite weather data at three different locations. Low density polyethylene (LDPE) was compared to virtually impermeable film (VIF) with methyl bromide alternatives for disease control on melon and eggplant. Additional studies with fumigants investigated the market loss potential of using methyl bromide alternatives. Ornamental trials tested fungicides for control of foliar and root diseases. Coleus cultivars were evaluated for their downy mildew resistance and verbena cultivars for powdery mildew resistance. Ginseng research included fungicide, foliar fertilizer, herbicide efficacy trials, and testing of the TOM-CAST disease forecaster for Alternaria control. Research results were presented in 47 talks at local and regional meetings. Ginseng research was presented at a growers meeting and featured in a Field Day tour of demonstration plots. The EPA Decision Makers' Tour featured demonstration plots of Phytophthora capsici and methyl bromide alternatives research. Michigan State University hosted meetings to update the Pest Management Strategic Plans for the Michigan carrot and Michigan and Wisconsin ginseng industries and hosted the Phytophthora and Downy Mildew Workshop. Growers and private scouts received recommendations and counseling via phone calls (20-25/week) and during grower visits (4-5/week) during the course of the year. Dr. Hausbeck's website for growers regarding pathogens and current control recommendations was accessed 1,800 times by both growers and private consultants (plantpathology.msu.edu/labs/hausbeck/Hausbeck%20Lab%20home.html). Research findings were made available via the website, meeting proceedings, abstracts for conferences, as well as annual reports to commodity groups. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Mary Hausbeck, Michigan State University (MSU), is the Principal Investigator/Project Director and oversees entire project objectives, activities and reporting to USDA, is responsible for Michigan research for all collaborating projects. Sheila Linderman, Brian Cortright, Blair Harlan, James Counts, Stevie Glaspie, Tim Cunningham, and Brian Webster are Research Assistants who are responsible trial design and establishment of plots, oversight of maintenance of plots, harvest/data collection, statistical analyses, and aid in reporting and presentations. Post-doctorate staff included Dr. Amanda Gevens and Dr. Sofia Windstam who provided supervised support of graduate students and conduted advance research experiments. Catherine Erhardt, Jen Foster, Leah Granke, Shaunta Hill, Abby Morris, Lina Quesada, Lina Rodriguez, and Xiaopeng Wang are Graduate Students who aided with establishment of field research plots as well as conducting their own independent research on vegetable, ornamental, and ginseng crops. Field and greenhouse support crew included undergraduates Meaghan Callahan, Priscilla Clark, Adam Cortright, Lisa Henderson, Kyle Heslip, Justin Passmore, Taylor Smith, Andrew Worth and Jacob Gonzales, and labor employees, Alex Cook, Joey Cooper, Jacob Eagen, Hallig Gutting and Adam Bloemers. Dr. Mathieu Ngouajio, Horticulture, is a collaborator at MSU, and is responsible for Michigan biofumigant studies with eggplant and melon, including overseeing all activities, harvest/data collection, statistical analyses, reporting. Other collaborators within MSU involved in research and reporting of other aspects of this project are Drs. Jianjun Hao and Brad Day, Plant Pathology; Drs. Daniel Brainard and Rebecca Grumet, Horticulture; Dr. Darryl Warncke, Crop and Soils; Dr. Ron Goldy, Extension. Dr. Andreas Westphal is a collaborator at Purdue who oversaw their portion of the research and coordinated with D. Egel on Purdue research on watermelon root-knot-nematode studies, activities and reporting. Dr. Daniel Egel is a collaborator at Purdue who coordinated with A. Westphal on activities, reporting, etc. of Purdue research. Alison Seyb is a Post-doc at Purdue who coordinated with A. Westphal and D. Egel to establish and maintain watermelon trials, data collection/harvest, statistical analyses and reporting. Partner organizations in this project include Iowa State University, USDA CSREES Methyl Bromide Transitions Program; USDA CSREES Special Research Grant Program; USDA CSREES NC-IPM Enhancement Program; USDA CSREES Risk Avoidance and Mitigation Program; USDA Agricultural Research Service Agreement; USDA IR-4 Biopesticide Grant program; MSU MAES Hatch Project 01966; MSU Project GREEEN; Fresh Vegetable Growers of Ontario; American Floral Endowment; Ontario Asparagus Growers Marketing Board; Pickle Seed Research Fund and Pickle and Pepper Research Committee of MSU, Pickle Packers International, Inc.; Celery Research, Inc.; Michigan Carrot Committee; Michigan Asparagus Research, Inc.; Michigan Vegetable Council; Michigan Onion Committee; various chemical corporations. TARGET AUDIENCES: Vegetable research results were presented in 26 talks at local and regional meetings attended by growers, packers, processors, industry stakeholders, extension and others. Ornamental research results were presented in 10 talks at local and regional meetings attended by growers, industry stakeholders, extension and others. One presentation was given at the Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions that targeted researchers, extension, industry leaders and stakeholders. Ginseng research was presented in 2 talks at a meeting in Wisconsin in March and then a summer Field Day tour of demonstration plots to ginseng growers, industry stakeholders, and others. Additional ginseng information was presented to government officials at an EPA meeting. A meeting to update the Pest Management Strategic Plan for the Michigan and Wisconsin ginseng industry featured 2 presentations, was hosted by Michigan State University and attended by growers, industry stakeholders, extension and others. The EPA Decision Makers' Tour was held at research plots and presented fumigation and foliar spray trial data. This meeting targeted industry stakeholders, researchers, IR-4 and government officials. Research and demonstration plots were established in commercial growers' fields and targeted growers and industry stakeholders. A meeting to update the Pest Management Strategic Plan for the Michigan carrot industry was hosted by Michigan State University and attended by growers, packers, processors, industry stakeholders, extension and others. The Phytophthora and Downy Mildew Workshop was hosted by Michigan State University and featured 6 presentations that targeted growers, packers, processors, industry stakeholders, extension and others.

Impacts
Data from spore traps were posted online to keep growers updated on the presence of downy mildew spores in Michigan's cucurbit growing regions which allowed growers to determine when to initiate protective sprays. Results of downy mildew research have been incorporated into growers' recommendations that include alternating applications of Gavel 75WG, Previcur Flex 6SC, Ranman 3.6SC, Tanos 50WG or Presidio 4FL (label expected in 2008). All of these products should be tankmixed with either Dithane or Bravo to limit resistance development. Before downy mildew disease is evident, fungicides should be applied at 7-10 (cucumber) or 10-14 (other cucurbits) day intervals, and after disease at 5-7 (cucumber) or 7-10 (other cucurbits) day intervals. Gavel 75WG and Presidio 4FL have been identified as dual-purpose fungicides, effective against both downy mildew and Phytophthora capsici. One experimental breeding line of pepper, PRO3-13x14 R-4, was tolerant to Phytophthora capsici but had significant problems with silvering, a disorder where the cuticle separates from the flesh of the fruit. Surface water used for irrigation across the state is still infested with Phytophthora capsici and growers need to avoid watering crops from these sources. The TOM-Cast disease forecaster using satellite or on-site weather data provided similar and significantly improved control of carrot foliar blight compared to the untreated at one site. At a second site the satellite data was not as effective as on-site weather data for petiole blight severity and petiole health and was similar to the untreated control for infected plants. Growers now understand that fumigation of fields with K-Pam or Telone prior to sowing asparagus produced significantly healthier crowns compared to the unfumigated control. Soaks of one-year-old crowns in Ridomil Gold alone or mixed with Cannonball had the highest stand counts while crowns soaked in Ridomil Gold or Presidio produced taller plants. Methyl bromide alternatives research revealed that when using VIF films, a longer plant-back is needed with all fumigants to avoid plant injury. Also the use of Sectagon-K54, Telone C-35, and chloropicrin delayed harvest and resulted in reduced profits. Presidio, a promising new fungicide to be labeled in 2008, completely prevented death due to Phytophthora on pansy, poinsettia, and snapdragon. Death due to Phytophthora was prevented by Mandipropamid and Subdue MAXX on pansy and snapdragon, while Alude and Omega prevented pansy death. OHP 6672 and BAS 494 prevented death of pansy due to Thielaviopsis. Applications of Quadris + Bravo, Switch + Bravo and Dithane + Switch prevented ginseng plant death from Alternaria. Applications of reduced risk fungicides (Endura, Cabrio, Quadris, Scala, Switch) or Rovral with or without Kocide significantly reduced Alternaria infection of ginseng. When using TOM-CAST for control of Alternaria of ginseng: 10 DSV applications of Bravo or Kocide alternated with Cabrio and 15DSV applications of Bravo alternated with Cabrio were similar to all programs applied at 7-day intervals and significantly better than the untreated.

Publications

• Hausbeck, M.K., Counts, J.W., and Cortright, B.D. 2007. Asparagus disease update. Pages 6-9 in Asparagus Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Grand Rapids, MI. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B., and Glaspie, S. 2007. Using Skybit for blight management in carrots. Pages 11-13 in Carrot Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Grand Rapids, MI. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2007. Disease management strategies for greenhouse and field. Pages 2-4 in Celery Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Grand Rapids, MI. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2007. Iris yellow spot virus: A new threat for Michigan onion producers? Pages 2-3 in Onion Session Summaries Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Grand Rapids, MI. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Cortright, B. 2007 The downy mildew situation in Michigan. Pages 11-14 in Pickle Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Grand Rapids, MI. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Howard, C. 2007. Tomato disease update. Pages 1-4 in Tomato Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Grand Rapids, MI. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Foster, J.M., and Cortright, B. 2007. Phytophthora and downy mildew update. Pages 9-12 in Vine Crops Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Grand Rapids, MI. Online.
• Ngouajio, M., Hausbeck, M.K., and Counts, J. 2007. Horticultural strategies for improving asparagus production in a replant situation. Pages 10-13 in Asparagus Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Grand Rapids, MI. Online.
• Ngouajio, M., Hausbeck, M.K., Goldy, R.G., and Counts, J.W. 2007. Growing eggplant without methyl bromide: Can biological alternatives help? Pages 12-14 in Pepper and Eggplant Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Grand Rapids, MI. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., preparer. 2007. Pest management in the future, a strategic plan for the Michigan and Wisconsin ginseng industry. USDA Regional Pest Management Centers, Center Products/PMSPs. Online.
• Bird, G., Bishop, B., Grafius, E., Hausbeck, M., Jess, L., Kirk, W., Pett, W., and Warner, F. 2007. Insect, Disease and Nematode Control for Commercial Vegetables. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin 312.
• Bounds, R.S., Podolsky, R.H., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2007. Integrating disease thresholds with TOM-CAST for carrot foliar blight management. Plant Dis. 91:798-804.
• Bounds, R.S., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2007. Comparing disease predictors and fungicide programs for late blight management in celery. Plant Dis. 91:532-538.
• Gevens, A.J., Lamour, K.H., Donahoo, R., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2007. Characterization of Phytophthora capsici from Michigan surface irrigation water. Phytopathology 97:421-428.
• Hausbeck, M. 2007. Michigan State University Extension Vegetable Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletter. Weekly from April through September. Provides recommendations to vegetable growers of Michigan and the surrounding area regarding disease, insect and weather issues during the growing season.
• Hausbeck, M. 2007. Does Botrytis have you feeling too warm and fuzzy? Michigan State University Extension Greenhouse Alert Newletter 8 (Apr 11).
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2007. Coleus and downy mildew -- research advances. Greenhouse Product News 17(10):28-32.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2007. INSV remains a problem, even after all these years. GMPro 27(8):69-72.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2007. How to control Phytophthora. GMPro 27(4):58.
• Gevens, A.J., Hausbeck, M.K., and Cortright, B.D. 2007. Downy mildew, Phytophthora continue to threaten vine crops. The Vegetable Grower News 41:46-48.
• Hausbeck, M.K. 2007. Control tips to help manage Pythium rots on plants. GMPro 27(1):108.
• Gevens, A.J., Harlan, B.R., Hausbeck, M.K., and Singletary, S. 2007. Field evaluation of fungicides for control of downy mildew on rose, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports Plant Disease Management Reports 1:OT004.
• Gevens, A.J., Harlan, B.R., Hausbeck, M.K., and Singletary, S. 2007. Field evaluation of registered fungicides for control of downy mildew on rose, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports Plant Disease Management Reports 1:OT005.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2007. Control of Pythium root rot of poinsettia with fungicide drenches, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:OT013.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2007. Effectiveness of registered and non-registered fungicides to control Phytophthora cactorum on ginseng seedlings, 2005. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:V051.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Harlan, B.R. 2007. Effectiveness of the biopesticide Endorse to control Cylindrocarpon root rot on ginseng seedlings, 2005. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:V052.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Woodworth, J.A., and Harlan, B.R. 2007. Greenhouse evaluations of registered and unregistered fungicides for the control of Phytophthora root rot of ginseng seedlings, 2004. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:V045.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R., and Woodworth, J.A. 2007. Effectiveness of a registered and unregistered fungicides to control Cylindrocarpon root rot on ginseng seedlings, 2004. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:V053.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R., and Woodworth, J.A. 2007. Effectiveness of the biopesticide Endorse to control Cylindrocarpon root rot on ginseng seedlings, 2004. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:V054.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Cortright, B.D. 2007. Evaluation of fungicides and applications for management of Phytophthora blight of pepper, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:V139.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Cortright, B.D. 2007. Evaluation of fungicides for control of powdery mildew of pumpkin, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:V066.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Cortright, B.D. 2007. Evaluation of fungicides for control of purple blotch of onion, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:V067.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Cortright, B.D. 2007. Evaluation of fungicides for control of late blight on celery, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:V068.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Cortright, B.D. 2007. Evaluation of Cannonball 50WP for control of Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:V069.
• Hausbeck, M.K., and Cortright, B. 2007. Transitioning from methyl bromide: Fumigant trials. Pages 17-20 in Plasticulture Session Summaries, Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, Grand Rapids, MI. Online.
• Quesada-Ocampo, L.M., Fulbright, D.W., and Hausbeck, M.K. 2007. Susceptibility of Fraser fir to Phytophthora capsici. Phytopathology 97:S95.
• Saude, C., Hausbeck, M.K., Hurtado-Gonzales, O., Rippetoe, C., and Lamour, K.H. 2007. First report of Phytophthora cactorum causing root rot of processing carrots (Daucus carota) in Michigan. Plant Dis. Note 91:459.

Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06

Outputs
A 2nd consecutive downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) epidemic occurred in MI. By the end of the season, 28 counties had confirmed disease on cucumber, cantaloupe and winter squash. Numbers of downy mildew spores in the air were monitored at 6 sites by volumetric spore traps. Daily spore numbers reached a high of 62,013 at one site in mid-July. Trials identified applications of Gavel 75WG, Previcur Flex 6SC, Ranman 3.6SC, and Tanos 50WG (mixed with Dithane or Bravo), applied at 5-day intervals to be effective for downy mildew control once disease is present. Experimental V-10161 4FL (fluopicolide) performed favorably in our downy mildew trials. Fruits of 21 cultivars and 10 plant introductions of cucumber were screened for resistance to downy mildew and Phytophthora capsici. Spunky, Cobra, and Vlasspear had reduced downy mildew disease compared to the others. None exhibited complete Phytophthora resistance, but 6 limited sporulation (Sassy, Feisty, Cross Country, Classy F1, Vlaspik, Moxie). Five surface water sites used for vegetable irrigation were monitored from May to October for Phytophthora, which was detected at all 5 sites from mid-June to mid-August. This included the Pentwater River, a major waterway relied upon heavily in northwest MI as an irrigation source. Phytophthora capsici was isolated from Fraser fir in MI for the first time. Research into diseased carrot roots found many to be infected with a fungus identified through DNA fingerprinting as Phytophthora cactorum, the same Phytophthora sp. that infects ginseng and other crops. Efficacy trials (38) tested 94 products, including 23 reduced-risk (RR) fungicides, 6 biopesticides and 24 experimental products, for control of fungal diseases of vegetables, ginseng, and ornamentals. V-10161 was especially effective at controlling downy mildew of cucumber, coleus and rose and Phytophthora disease of cucumber, acorn squash, snapdragon and vinca. Standout products in the vegetable trials included Cannonball (RR) for asparagus Fusarium; RR products (Amistar, Cabrio) alternated with Bravo and Bravo alone for carrot foliar disease; Amistar alternated with Bravo or Tilt and Bravo alone for celery foliar disease; Quintec (RR) and Bravo alternated with Pristine (RR) for pumpkin powdery mildew. Fungicides especially effective for ornamental disease included RR products (BAS 516, Insignia, Subdue MAXX), Stature DM and Pentathlon for coleus downy mildew; Decree (RR) and Daconil for geranium Botrytis; Heritage (RR) for rose black spot; RR products (Fenamidone, Subdue MAXX, Cyazofamid), Mandipropamid and Stature DM for Phytophthora of snapdragon and vinca. Ginseng foliar blights were effectively controlled by RR products (Pristine, Scala) and Rovral. Ginseng plant death due to Cylindrocarpon was prevented by Cannonball, BAS 516, Topsin and Bravo, while death due to Phytophthora was prevented by Reason (RR), Captan and Mandipropamid. Applying fungicides to ginseng according to the TOM-CAST disease forecast 10- and 15-DSV programs significantly reduced foliar disease compared to the untreated and saved 9 and 11 fungicide sprays, respectively, over a 7-day calendar program.

Impacts
Compared to 7-day applications, TOM-CAST 10-DSV reduced the number of sprays needed to control foliar blight on ginseng to 7 (a reduction of 56% of the sprays); when applying chlorothalonil, this could result in a fungicide savings of $89/A. TOM-CAST was used to manage foliar blights on 61% of carrot acreage in 4 MI counties in 2006. TOM-CAST using on-site weather data (collected by specialized equipment located in the farmer's field) was as effective as satellite weather data (localized through the global positioning system) in reducing carrot foliar disease and increase yield compared to the untreated. Using satellite data with TOM-CAST could make this tool available to growers who do not have the on-site weather monitoring equipment. Finding Phytophthora capsici in the Pentwater River, a major irrigation source, puts a vegetable production area of nearly 4,000 acres at risk. In response, 6 wells have been drilled and will be used as a source of clean irrigation water that is free of Phytophthora. The Methyl Bromide Transitions Task Force met in a special session at the Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo to determine 2007 research goals, including treatments, applications rates, plots and locations. Downy mildew is a new disease on coleus, an important greenhouse crop. It was widespread in the industry in 2006, but many growers did not recognize the problem. Spore trapping studies are looking at how the number of spores in the greenhouse atmosphere correlate with environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity and leaf wetness.

Publications

• Webster, B.J., Hausbeck, M.K. 2006. Evaluation of reduced-risk fungicides and biopesticides for control of Alternaria blight of ginseng, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:V065. Online.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K., Podolsky, R.H. 2006. Comparing disease forecasters for timing fungicide sprays to control foliar blight on carrots. Plant Disease 90:264-268.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2006. Evaluation of fungicides for managing late blight of celery, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:V121. Online.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2006. Evaluation of fungicide programs and disease predictors for managing late blight of celery, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:V123. Online.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2006. Evaluation of spray initiation timings for managing crater rot of celery, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:V125. Online.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2006. Evaluation of products for managing bacterial leaf spot of celery, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:V122. Online.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2006. Evaluation of spray initiation timings for managing late blight of celery, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:V124. Online.
• Charles, K.S., Ngouajio, M., Warncke, D.D., Poff, K.L., Hausbeck, M.K. 2006. Integration of cover crops and fertilizer rates for weed management in celery. Weed Science 54:326-334.
• Counts, J.W. Jr. 2006. Strategies for managing Fusarium crown and root rot on asparagus. M.S. Thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
• Gevens, A.J., Ando, K., Lamour, K.H., Grumet, R., Hausbeck, M.K. 2006. A detached cucumber fruit method to screen for resistance to Phytophthora capsici and effect of fruit age on susceptibility to infection. Plant Disease 90:1276-1282.
• Gevens, A.J., Donahoo, R.S., Lamour, K.H., Hausbeck, M.K. 2006. Identification and characterization of Phytophthora capsici on bean in Michigan. Phytopathology 96:S39.
• Gevens, A.J., Hausbeck, M.K. 2006. Control of downy mildew of cucumbers with fungicides, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:V062. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D. 2006. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of powdery mildew of pumpkin, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:V067. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D. 2006. Evaluation of fungicides for managing Cercospora leaf spot and Alternaria leaf blight of carrot, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:V066. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R. 2006. Control of Rhizoctonia root rot of zinnia with fungicide drenches, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:OT015. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R. 2006. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of foliar Phytophthora on vinca, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:OT016. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R. 2006. Evaluations of registered and unregistered fungicides for the control of Phytophthora root rot of snapdragon, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:OT017. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Wagstaff, S.A., Harlan, B.R. 2006. Evaluation of curative versus preventive fungicide treatments for controlling powdery mildew on verbena, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:OT013. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Wagstaff, S.A., Harlan, B.R. 2006. Evaluation of biopesticides, reduced-risk, and unregistered fungicides for the control of powdery mildew on verbena. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:OT014. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Wagstaff, S.A., Harlan, B.R., Sconyers, L.E. 2006. Evaluation of curative versus preventive fungicide treatments for controlling powdery mildew on Gerbera daisy, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:OT010. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R. 2006. Evaluations of registered and unregistered fungicides for the control of Phytophthora root rot of snapdragon, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:OT018. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R. 2006. Evaluation of a biopesticide and fungicides in managing Phytophthora root rot of poinsettia, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:OT019. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R. 2006. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of Thielaviopsis root rot on pansy, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:OT020. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R. 2006. Effectiveness of labeled fungicides for the control of foliar diseases on ginseng, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:V141. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R. 2006. Evaluation of TOM-CAST and fungicide programs for managing Alternaria blight of ginseng, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:V142. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R. 2006. Effectiveness of fungicides and the biopesticide Endorse 11.3DF to control Alternaria blight on ginseng, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:V143. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R., Sconyers, L.E. 2006. Screen of verbena cultivars for resistance to powdery mildew. Biological and Cultural Tests 21:O001. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Wagstaff, S.A., Harlan, B.R. 2006. Evaluation of spray intervals and initiations for the control of powdery mildew on verbena, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:OT012. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Wagstaff, S.A., Harlan, B.R., Sconyers, L.E. 2006. Evaluation of curative fungicide treatments for controlling powdery mildew on Gerbera daisy, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:OT011. Online.
• Hill, S.N., Hausbeck, M.K. 2006. Influence of environment on atmospheric concentrations of Alternaria panax conidia in cultivated American ginseng gardens. Phytopathology 96:S48.
• Saude, C., Counts, J.W., Hausbeck, M.K. 2006. A survey of pre- and post-harvest fungal diseases of carrot roots (Daucus carota L.) in Michigan. Phytopathology 96:S103.
• Saude, C., Hausbeck, M.K. 2006. First report of black rot of carrots caused by Alternaria radicina in Michigan. Plant Disease Note 90:684.
• Saude, C.C., Hausbeck, M.K. 2006. Occurrence of rubbery brown root rot of carrots (Daucus carota L.) in Michigan. Phytopathology 96:S104.
• Bounds, R.S. 2006. Integrating disease predictors and a reduced-risk fungicide and evaluating disease thresholds for late blight management in celery. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing.

Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05

Outputs
http://www.plantpathology.msu.edu/labs/hausbeck/hausbeck.htm. Research focused on reduced-risk (RR) fungicides, biopesticides (BP) and use of disease forecasters to reduce reliance of growers on pesticides that are carcinogenic or becoming ineffective due to pathogen resistance. Products (14 BP, 12 RR, 20 experimental and 43 other fungicides) were tested in 16 ornamental, 19 vegetable and 12 ginseng trials. Downy mildew was first reported on cucurbits in MI on Aug 4; the disease was found in 16 MI counties. DM will not overwinter in MI, but is carried on air currents. A trial found downy mildew symptoms could be controlled and pickle yield preserved with spray programs that included Previcur Flex alternated with Tanos, each mixed with a protectant fungicide. Agricultural water sources near susceptible crops were monitored for Phytophthora capsici, genetic fingerprints showed a lack of similarity groups over time and in specific geographical locations when compared to isolates from previous years. P. capsici was not found to overwinter in the monitored water sources. P. capsici was again isolated from diseased snap and wax beans collected from commercial fields. Screening of cucumber cultigens for resistance to P. capsici continued in 2005. Of the 432 cultigens screened to date, none exhibited complete resistance, although some showed limited pathogen sporulation. Six ginseng greenhouse trials tested 16 fungicides in 73 treatments for control of root rots. Cannonball 50WP (RR), Topsin 4.5L and Captan 80WDG significantly reduced disease caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans. Cannonball (RR) reduced Fusarium root rot, and Endorse alone and in alternation with Captan or rotation of Captan/Cannonball (RR)/Topsin appeared helpful. Disease caused by Phytophthora cactorum was significantly reduced by Captan, Aliette 80WDG, Dithane, Acrobat 50WP, Kocide 2000, Gavel 75DF and Reason 500SC (RR). Dithane and Acrobat completely prevented plant death. Cannonball (RR) and Moncut 70DF reduced ginseng disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Geranium leaf disks, treated with BP products (Endorse 2.5WP, Bacillus subtilis), azoxystrobin (RR) or chlorothalonil were placed in moist chambers at 16C for 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 hours. All fungicide treatments were significantly better than the untreated control at 36 hours. Endorse and azoxystrobin were effective in limiting germination to <4.0%, limiting appressorial development to <3.0%, and preventing germ tube elongation from reaching >5.0 um over five time intervals. Products effective at controlling powdery mildew of ornamentals included Eagle, Terraguard, BAS 510, BAS 516 and Quintec. Phytophthora of ornamentals was managed with RR products (Cyazofamid, BAS 500), Biophos (BP), Stature DM, Terrazole, Aliette and Polyram. Medallion (RR) and Endorse (BP) were effective against Thielaviopsis and Rhizoctonia root rots. Powdery mildew of pumpkin was controlled by Nova 40WP, and alternations of Pristine/Bravo Ultrex and Nova/Bravo Ultrex. Sclerotinia drop of lettuce was significantly limited by Omega 500F (RR). Rotations of Cabrio (RR)/Ridomil Gold Bravo was especially effective at controlling late blight of tomato.

Impacts
Increasing information on pest biology can lead to decreased pesticide applications to crops which would benefit growers, consumers and the environment. Cucurbit crops, with a value of $97 million, are grown on 56,750 MI acres. MI ranks as follows for U.S. production of: pickling cucumber-1; fresh market cucumber-3; squash-4; pumpkin-5. Pickling cucumber, squash and pumpkin are important crops for processors. Information about the downy mildew epidemic on cucurbits was disseminated via a grower, processor and extension agent phone chain. The downy mildew fungicide trial identified an effective treatment program of 6 sprays of tank mixes of Dithane, Tanos, Previcur Flex and Bravo Ultrex applied between Aug 15 and Sep 15. Despite a wet, late harvest, this field yielded 115 bushels/A of pickles for a fungicide cost of $106.70/A. Conveying this disease management information to MI growers allowed some to halt the downy mildew epidemic and preserve their cucurbit crop. Monitoring agricultural water sources for the 3rd year found P. capsici in many sites despite rotation to non-host crops in nearby fields. Testing irrigation sources for MI growers could prevent infestation of new fields with this long-lived, soil-borne pathogen by alerting growers to when they should discontinue use of a particular water source and encouraging the use of wells. P. capsici was found in commercial bean fields for the 3rd year. All isolates collected from beans were pathogenic on cucumber fruit. Rotating beans with other susceptible hosts (cucurbits, solanaceous crops) is not recommended.

Publications

• Webster, B.J., Hausbeck, M.K. 2005. Evaluation of reduced risk fungicides and biopesticides for control of Botrytis blight of ginseng, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:V060.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2005. Combining disease control tactics and the utility of registered fungicides when applied according to disease predictors for managing late blight of celery. APS North Central Division Meeting (online).
• Hausbeck M.K., Harlan, B.R. 2005. Effectiveness of registered and unregistered fungicides to control Botrytis blight on ginseng, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:V022.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R., Woodworth, J.A. 2005. Evaluation of curative and preventive treatments for controlling powdery mildew on verbena, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:OT007.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R., Woodworth, J.A. 2005. Evaluation of curative and preventive treatments for the control of Botrytis blight on geranium, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:OT005.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R., Woodworth, J.A., Sconyers, L.E. 2005. Evaluation of a biopesticide and fungicides for controlling powdery mildew on verbena, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:OT008.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2005. Evaluation of fungicides for managing downy mildew and powdery mildew of lettuce, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:V013.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2005. Evaluation of fungicides and a biopesticide for managing Sclerotinia drop of lettuce, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:V012.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2005. Evaluation of fungicides for managing fungal leaf blights on onion, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:V011.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2005. Evaluation of fungicides for managing late blight of celery, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:V009.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2005. Evaluation of fungicides for managing Cercospora leaf spot and Alternaria leaf blight of carrot, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:V010.
• Byrne, J.M., Hausbeck, M.K., Sconyers, L.E. 2005. Influence of environment on atmospheric concentrations of Peronospora antirrhini sporangia in field-grown snapdragons. Plant Disease 89:1060-1066.
• Gevens, A.J. 2005. Documenting and characterizing Phytophthora capsici from irrigation water and bean in Michigan and screening for fruit resistance in cucumber. Ph.D. Dissertation. Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI.
• Gevens, A.J., Hausbeck, M.K. 2005. Phytophthora capsici isolated from snap beans is pathogenic to cucumber fruit and soybean. Phytopathology 95:S162.
• Gevens, A.J., Lamour, K.H., Hausbeck, M.K. 2005. Screening cucumber germplasm for resistance to Phytophthora capsici using a detached fruit method. Phytopathology 95:S34.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D. 2005. Control of asparagus rust with fungicide sprays, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:V015.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D. 2005. Control of Phytophthora crown and fruit rot of pickling cucumbers with fungicides, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:V016.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D. 2005. Late season control of Phytophthora crown and fruit rot of pickling cucumbers with fungicides, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:V017.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D. 2005. Evaluation of fungicides for control of powdery mildew of pumpkin, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:V018.
• Hausbeck M.K., Harlan, B.R. 2005. Evaluation of TOM-CAST and fungicide programs for managing Alternaria blight of ginseng, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:V023.
• Hausbeck M.K., Harlan, B.R. 2005. Effectiveness of fungicides and the biopesticide Endorse 2.5WP to control Botrytis blight on ginseng, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:V020.
• Hausbeck M.K., Harlan, B.R. 2005. Effectiveness of registered and unregistered fungicides to control Alternaria blight on ginseng, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:V021.
• Hausbeck M.K., Harlan, B.R. 2005. Effectiveness of fungicides and the biopesticide Endorse 2.5WP to control Alternaria blight on ginseng, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:V019.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Woodworth, J.A., Harlan, B.R. 2005. Evaluations of registered and unregistered fungicides for the control of Phytophthora root rot of snapdragon, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:OT006.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Woodworth, J.A., Linderman, S.D. 2005. Evaluation of 54 poinsettia cultivars for resistance to scab, 2004. Biological and Cultural Tests 20:O013.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Woodworth, J.A., Linderman, S.D. 2005. Evaluation of 57 poinsettia cultivars for resistance to scab, 2003. Biological and Cultural Tests 20:O014.
• Hill, S.N. 2005. Virulence and fungicide sensitivity of Phytophthora cactorum isolated from American ginseng. M.S. Thesis. Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI.
• Hill, S., Hausbeck, M. 2005. Detection of Phytophthora cactorum on ginseng seed and screening pathogen isolates for resistance to mefenoxam. Phytopathology 95:S42.
• Hill, S.N., Hausbeck, M.K. 2005. Characterization of Phytophthora cactorum isolated from American ginseng. Phytopathology 95:S163.
• Saude, C., Hausbeck, M.K., Hurtado-Gonzales, O., Lamour, K.H. 2005. Detection of a Phytophthora sp. causing asparagus spear and root rot in Michigan. Plant Disease 89:1011.
• Sconyers, L.E., Hausbeck, M.K. 2005. Evaluation of biological and biorational products in managing powdery mildew of African daisy, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:OT001.
• Sconyers, L.E., Hausbeck, M.K. 2005. Evaluation of reduced-risk fungicides in managing powdery mildew of African daisy, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:OT002.
• Sconyers, L.E., Hausbeck, M.K. 2005. Evaluation of registered and unregistered fungicides for control of powdery mildew on African daisy (trial 1), 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:OT003.
• Sconyers, L.E., Hausbeck, M.K. 2005. Evaluation of registered and unregistered fungicides for control of powdery mildew on African daisy (trial 2), 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:OT004.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2005. Evaluation of disease predictors and scheduling the first fungicide spray for managing late blight of celery. Phytopathology 95:S161.
• Sconyers, L.E., Hausbeck, M.K. 2005. Evaluation of verbena cultivars for resistance to powdery mildew, 2004. Biological and Cultural Tests 20:O015.
• Sconyers, L.E., Hausbeck, M.K. 2005. Evaluation of African daisy cultivars for resistance to powdery mildew, 2004. Biological and Cultural Tests 20:O016.
• Webster, B.J. 2005. Managing foliar blights on specialty crops. M.S. Thesis. Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI.
• Webster, B.J., Hausbeck, M.K. 2005. Evaluation of reduced risk fungicides and biopesticides for control of Botrytis blight of geranium, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:OT009.

Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04

Outputs
http://plantpathology.msu.edu/labs/hausbeck/hausbeckResearch.htm. Research focused on reduced risk fungicides, biopesticides and use of disease forecasters to reduce growers' reliance on pesticides that are carcinogenic or becoming ineffective due to pathogen resistance. Products were tested in 24 ornamental, 32 vegetable and 16 ginseng trials. Ornamental Botrytis blight was effectively controlled by reduced risk products (BAS 510, Omega, Decree, Insignia, Heritage), biopesticides (Endorse, Rhapsody) and others (Captan, Daconil Weather Stik). Pythium root rot was managed with reduced risk (Fenstar, Cyazofamid) and others (Banrot, Terraclor, Terraguard, Terrazole, Truban). Snapdragon Phytophthora rot was controlled with reduced risk (Cyazofamid, Fenstar) and biopesticide (Phostrol) products. Reduced risk products (Compass O, Heritage, Insignia, BAS 516, Switch) and others (Dithane, Terraguard) limited poinsettia scab. Rhizoctonia root rot of zinnia was reduced by Terraclor and Contrast alternated with 710-145f (biopesticide). Powdery mildew of ornamentals was limited by Eagle, Banner MAXX, Systhane, reduced risk proucts (Compass, Heritage) and biopesticides (Milstop, 710-145f). Greenhouse research is investigating environmental effects on sporulation of the powdery mildew fungus. Severe spring flooding affected muck vegetable research in 2004. Purple blotch of onion was significantly limited to <26% by programs including Pristine (reduced risk) or Tanos + Manzate, while Stemphylium blight was reduced by Pristine alternated with Bravo Weather Stik. Powdery mildew of pumpkin was effectively managed compared to untreated control plants with applications of Pristine (reduced risk) alternated with Bravo Ultrex, Kocide 2000 alternated with Bravo, or Bravo + Nova alternated with Quintec. Phytophthora capsici can infect cucurbit and solanaceous crops and has recently been found on beans. Diseased beans in 2004 yielded isolates that were sensitive (40%), intermediately sensitive (42%) and insensitive (18%) to mefenoxam. These isolates caused disease on 12 bean species. Irrigation water was monitored and P. capsici was frequently found in a river, creek and a naturally-fed pond. Irrigating crops with water sources near infested fields may put susceptible crops at risk. Fungicide trials compared mefenoxam and others with newer registered products (Acrobat, Gavel, Tanos) which significantly reduced disease, giving growers alternatives/rotational partners for P. capsici control. K-Pam was an effective fumigant alternative to methyl bromide, limiting Phytophthora plant death to <9%. The Septoria, Cercospora and Tom-Cast 10/15/20 DSV disease predictors significantly reduced foliar blights of celery compared to untreated plants in 4 field trials. These predictors saved up to 9 sprays and $154/A in fungicide costs compared to a 7-day schedule. Ginseng Alternaria blight was significantly controlled by all treatments compared to the control.

Impacts
Decreasing pesticide applications to crops would benefit growers and consumers. Research identified effective reduced risk and biopesticide products for disease control. Using these in alternation with industry standards that are carcinogenic or at risk (due to development of fungicide resistance in the pathogen) could allow growers to reduce B2 carcinogen use up to 50% while producing a quality crop. Applying fungicides only when weather favors disease development saves growers time and pesticide inputs needed to produce a quality crop. Celery forecaster research saved 1-9 sprays and $17-$154/A in fungicide costs compared to a 7-day schedule without compromising crop quality. Using forecasters on celery has the potential of saving Michigan growers $39,100-$354,200 in a similar growing season. Increased use of the Tom-Cast forecaster in carrots and asparagus has resulted in 40-50% fewer fungicide applications. Excluding pathogens from production fields is very desirable. Educating growers on the presence of P. capsici in agricultural water sources would help them time irrigation from water sources and limit infestion of their fields with this long-lived fungus. Alternatives to industry standards need to be identified as products may be discontinued through EPA action. Methyl bromide research investigated efficacy of alternatives, and was used to support Critical Use Exemptions allowing Michigan growers to use methyl bromide on cucurbit and solanaceous crops in 2005.

Publications

• Gevens, A.J., Hausbeck, M.K. 2004. Phytophthora capsici isolated from snap beans is pathogenic to cucumber fruit and soybean. APS North Central Division Meeting, Publication no. P-2005-0011-NCA.
• Hausbeck, M.K., preparer. 2004. Pest management in the future, a strategic plan for the Michigan and Wisconsin ginseng industry. USDA Regional Pest Management Centers, Crop Profiles/PMSP. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D. 2004. Control of purple spot and rust of asparagus with fungicide sprays, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:V107. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D. 2004. Chemical control of Alternaria and Cercospora leaf blights in carrot, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:V108. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D. 2004. Control of diseases of fresh market tomatoes with foliar sprays, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:V109. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Lamour, K.H. 2004. Phytophthora capsici on vegetable crops: Research progress and management challenges. Plant Disease 88(12):1292-1303.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D., Harlan, B.R. 2004. Evaluation of a biopesticide and fungicides for managing powdery mildew of pumpkin, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:V050. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R. 2004. Evaluation of an experimental fungicide and a biopesticide for the control of Botrytis blight of geranium, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:OT007. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R. 2004. Evaluation of new products for control of Botrytis on poinsettia, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:OT008. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R. 2004. Evaluation of the biopesticide Endorse to control Botrytis blight on ginseng, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:V059. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R., Peever, M.J., Heil, J. 2004. Evaluation of the biopesticide Endorse to control Alternaria blight on ginseng, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:V049. Online.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2004. Evaluation of fungicides and biopesticides for managing late blight of celery, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:V079. Online.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2004. Evaluation of fungicides for managing crater rot of celery, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:V081. Online.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2004. Evaluation of fungicides for managing early blight of celery and impact on yield, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:V082. Online.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2004. Evaluation of a biopesticide and fungicides for managing Cercospora and Alternaria blights of carrot, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:V085. Online.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2004. Evaluation of reduced risk fungicides for managing late blight of celeriac, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:V086. Online.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2004. Evaluation of a biopesticide and fungicides for managing late blight of celery, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:V080. Online.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D. 2004. Evaluation of fungicides and a biopesticide for managing downy mildew of onion, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:V083. Online.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D. 2004. Evaluation of fungicides and biopesticides for managing downy mildew and fungal diseases of onion, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:V084. Online.
• Byrne, J.M., Hausbeck, M.K., Sconyers, L.E. 2004. Influence of environment on atmospheric concentrations of Peronospora antirrhini in field-grown snapdragons. Phytopathology 94(6):S13.
• Byrne, J.M., Hausbeck, M.K., Sconyers, L.E. 2004. Influence of environment on atmospheric concentrations of Peronospora antirrhini conidia in field-grown snapdragons. Phytopathology 94:S13.
• Byrne, J.M., Sconyers, L.E., Hausbeck, M.K. 2004. Evaluation of snapdragon cultivars for resistance to downy mildew, 2000 and 2001. Biological and Cultural Tests 19:O010. Online.
• Dorman, E.A., Hausbeck, M.K. 2004. Evaluation of soil and foliar applications of organic products for control of foliar blights on carrot, 2001. Biological and Cultural Tests 19:V013. Online.
• Gevens, A.J., Hausbeck, M.K. 2004. Characterization and distribution of Phytophthora capsici from irrigation water near Michigan cucurbit fields. A first report of Phytophthora capsici in irrigation water in Michigan. Phytopathology 94(6):S157.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R., Woodworth, J.A. 2004. Evaluation of fungicides and biopesticides for control of Botrytis blight of geranium, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:OT006. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R., Woodworth, J.A. 2004. Evaluation of a biopesticide and fungicides in managing Phytophthora root rot of poinsettia, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:OT009. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R., Woodworth, J.A. 2004. Evaluation of fungicides in managing Phytophthora root rot of poinsettia, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:OT010. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R., Woodworth, J.A. 2004. Evaluation of fungicides in managing Phytophthora root rot of snapdragon, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:OT011. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R., Woodworth, J.A. 2004. Evaluation of copper and strobilurin fungicides in managing Phytophthora root rot of snapdragon, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:OT012. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R., Woodworth, J.A. 2004. Evaluation of a biopesticide and fungicides for controlling powdery mildew on verbena, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:OT013. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R., Woodworth, J.A. 2004. Control of powdery mildew on verbena with foliar sprays, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:OT014. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R., Woodworth, J.A. 2004. Control of Rhizoctonia root rot of zinnia with biopesticide and fungicide drenches, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:OT015. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R., Woodworth, J.A. 2004. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of black root rot on vinca, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:OT016. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Woodworth, J.A., Harlan, B.R. 2004. Evaluation of a biopesticide and fungicides for managing Phytophthora crown rot of calibrachoa, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:OT017. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Woodworth, J.A., Harlan, B.R. 2004. Evaluation of fungicides and a biopesticide for the control of Myrothecium leaf spot on New Guinea impatiens, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:OT018. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Woodworth, J.A., Harlan, B.R. 2004. Control of Phytophthora aerial blight on vinca with fungicides, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:OT020. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Woodworth, J.A., Harlan, B.R. 2004. Evaluation of fungicides and a biopesticide in managing Alternaria leaf spot of zinnia, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:OT022. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Woodworth, J.A., Harlan, B.R., Zalack, J.T. 2004. Control of Phytophthora aerial blight with fungicides and experimental products, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:OT021. Online.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Woodworth, J., Zalack, J. 2004. Evaluation of registered and unregistered fungicides in controlling poinsettia scab, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:OT019. Online.
• Hill, S., Lamour, K., Hausbeck, M.K. 2004. Mating type and mefenoxam sensitivity of overwintering Phytophthora capsici. Phytopathology 94(6):S158.
• Tuell, J.K., Hausbeck, M.K., Bishop, B. 2004. Characterization of Ophiomyia simplex L. in commercial asparagus fields and its association with Fusarium crown and root rot. Phytopathology 94(6):S161.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2004. Evaluation of disease predictors and scheduling the first fungicide spray for managing late blight of celery. APS North Central Division Meeting, Publication no. P-2005-0005-NCA. Online.

Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03

Outputs
http://plantpathology.msu.edu/labs/hausbeck/hausbeckResearch.htm. Reduced risk fungicides and biopesticides can be alternatives to industry standards that are carcinogenic or are becoming ineffective due to pathogen resistance. They were tested in 21 ornamental, 39 vegetable, and 4 ginseng trials for disease control. Acrobat 50WP, Aliette 80WDG, Banol 66.5E, Banrot 40WP, Camelot 58EC, Stature DM 50WP, Truban 30WP, Truban alternated with 710-145f 0.13% (biopesticide), and reduced risk products (Pristine 38WG, Ranman 3.3SC, Reason 4.17SC, Subdue MAXX 21.3EC) were effective against Phytophthora rot on various ornamental crops. Fungicides effective against Botrytis blight of ornamentals included Daconil Weather Stik 6F, Chipco 26019 50WP, reduced risk products (Decree 50WDG, Insignia 20WG), and biopesticides (Endorse 2.4WP, Endorse alternated with 710-1465f). Products effective against poinsettia scab included Daconil Weather Stik, 3336 50WP, Dithane 75DF, coppers (Cuprofix Disperss 37DF, Camelot), and reduced risk products (Pristine, Heritage 50WG). Two trials tested poinsettia cultivars for susceptibility to scab and Phytophthora rot. All 57 poinsettia cultivars developed scab lesions on stems, leaves and petioles. Phytophthora drechsleri was especially virulent with 100% death occurring in 20 of 32 poinsettia cultivars, while P. nicotianae caused up to 50% death among 9 of 32 cultivars. Screening isolates of P. drechsleri and P. nicotianae from ornamental facilities in the US showed 375 were sensitive, 43 were intermediately sensitive, and 94 were insensitive to mefenoxam, thus spread of mefenoxam-insensitive Phytophthora isolates may significantly reduce the efficacy of this fungicide. Pickling cucumber fruit infection by P. capsici was limited by Acrobat, Gavel 75DF (mancozeb + zoxamide [reduced risk]) and Tanos 50DF in laboratory trials. Phytophthora rot was limited in pickle field trials by Acrobat, Dithane, Gavel, Zoxium 30WP (zoxamide); Acrobat or Gavel is enhanced by adding copper hydroxide. Zoospores of P. capsici can move with water from a site of a disease epidemic to an uninfested irrigation water source, and were found in 5 of 8 water sources samples in 2003. Snap beans infected with P. capsici were first found in 2003, in MI fields that had squash and P. capsici in 2002. Rotations among susceptible crops and any type of bean crop is not recommended for any fields with P. capsici. Downy mildew infected onions in 2003, and was controlled by fungicide programs that included the industry standard Manzate 75DF (mancozeb). Powdery mildew infection of vine crops can reduce market quality and predispose the plant to other diseases. Treatments alternating Pristine and Bravo Ultrex 82.5WDG and/or Nova 40WP limited pumpkin powdery mildew in 2003. Four ginseng trials evaluated fungicides for control of foliar blights and root rots. Root rot trials were inconclusive due to hot dry weather. Quadris 2.08SC (reduced risk) significantly reduced incidence of Alternaria stem infection of ginseng. Endorse was significantly better than Quadris at limiting Botrytis blight of ginseng.

Impacts
Reducing the amount of carcinogenic or otherwise harmful pesticides applied to crops would be beneficial to the environment and human health. 1) Research showed that downy mildew of onion was controlled by replacing some sprays of the industry standard mancozeb (B2 carcinogen) with fungicides containing reduced risk components (mefenoxam). This reduced the amount of mancozeb applied to the crop and environment by 18 pounds active ingredient/A; this could have the potential of preventing the application of 16,400 pounds of mancozeb to Michigan's onion fields in a similar growing season. 2) New chemistry fungicides (Acrobat, Gavel, Tanos) proved effective against Phytophthora capsici. They can be used on vegetable production acreage which has populations of P. capsici resistant to mefenoxam fungicides (about 10,000 acres in Michigan), and can be used in rotation with mefenoxam on acreage with mefenoxam-sensitive P. capsici to delay development of resistance. 3) Phytophthora capsici was found in 5 of 8 agricultural water sources sampled in 2003. Identification of water sources with P. capsici can aid growers in justifying establishment of new well-water systems and developing irrigation practices that do not contaminate their production fields with this long-lived fungus. 4) New fungicides were identified for diseases of ornamentals and powdery mildew of vine crops. Use of these products in a rotation program will minimize the possibility of development of fungicide resistance in the pathogens and the amount of B2 carcinogens applied to crops.

Publications

• Hausbeck, M.K., Quackenbush, W., Linderman, S.D. 2003. Evaluation of registered and unregistered fungicides for control of powdery mildew on verbena, 2002. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT011. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Quackenbush, W.R., Werner, N.A. 2003. Evaluation of fungicides in managing powdery mildew on field-grown African daisies, 2001. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT008. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Wendling, N., Werner, N.A. 2003. Evaluation of registered and unregistered fungicides in managing Botrytis blight of geranium, 2001. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT032. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Wendling, N., Werner, N.A. 2003. Evaluation of a reduced risk fungicide in managing Botrytis blight of geranium, 2001. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT027. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Werner, N.A., Harlan, B.R. 2003. Evaluation of registered and unregistered fungicides and biological agents in managing Phytophthora root rot of snapdragon, 2001. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT017. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Woodworth, J. 2003. Evaluation of fungicides in managing Phytophthora root rot of poinsettia, 2002. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT026. On-line publication.
• Tuell, J.K. 2003. Fusarium and the asparagus miner (Ophiomyia simplex L.) in Michigan. M.S. Thesis. Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI.
• Tuell, J.K., Hausbeck, M.K., Bishop, B. 2003. Relationship between Fusarium crown and root rot and Ophiomyia simplex in asparagus fields of different maturities. Proceedings of the 4th National Integrated Pest Management Symposium, Indianapolis, IN, p.88.
• Tuell, J.K., Hausbeck, M.K. 2003. Characterization of Ophiomyia simplex L. activity in commercial asparagus fields and its association with Fusarium crown and root rot. APS North Central Division Annual Meeting, E. Lansing, MI. On-line publication no. P-2004-0043-NCA.
• Warncke, D.D., Reid, T.C., Hausbeck, M.K. 2002. Sodium chloride and lime effects on soil cations and elemental composition of asparagus fern. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 33:3075-3084.
• Bounds, R.S. 2003. Using scouting and disease forecasters to manage foliar blights of carrots. M.S. Thesis. Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2003. Incorporating disease scouting and Tom-Cast into a foliar blight management program for carrots. APS North Central Division Annual Meeting, E. Lansing, MI. On-line publication no. P-2004-0005-NCA.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2003. Evaluation of disease forecasters for managing foliar blights of carrots. Proceedings of the 4th National Integrated Pest Management Symposium, Indianapolis, IN, p.88.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2003. Using Tom-Cast and scouting to manage foliar blights of carrots. Proceedings of the 4th National Integrated Pest Management Symposium, Indianapolis, IN, p.88.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2003. Evaluation of spray application equipment to manage foliar blights of carrot, 2001. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:V020. On-line publication.
• Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2003. Evaluation of spray application equipment and reduced fungicide rates to manage foliar blights of carrot, 2001. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:V021. On-line publication.
• Dorman, E.A. 2003. Developing a reduced risk management program to control Alternaria dauci and Cercospora carotae on carrots in Michigan. M.S. Thesis. Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI.
• Dorman, E.A., Hausbeck, M.K. 2003. Developing a reduced risk management program to control foliar blights on carrots in Michigan. Proceedings of the 4th National Integrated Pest Management Symposium, Indianapolis, IN, p.87.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Byrne, J., Quackenbush, W.R. 2003. Evaluation of registered and unregistered fungicides for the control of powdery mildew of poinsettia, 1999. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT015. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D. 2003. Control of rust of asparagus with a scouting program and fungicide sprays, 2002. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:V066. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D., Linderman, S.D. 2003. Evaluation of registered and unregistered fungicides in managing Botrytis blight of geranium, 2000. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT020. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D., Linderman, S.D. 2003. Evaluation of newly-registered fungicides in managing Botrytis blight of geranium, 2000. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT030. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D., Werner, N.A. 2003. Evaluation of registered and unregistered fungicides in managing Botrytis blight of geranium, 2000. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT033. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D., Werner, N.A. 2003. Evaluation of registered and unregistered fungicides for the control of powdery mildew of poinsettia, 2001. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT013. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R. 2003. Chemical control of Alternaria and Cercospora leaf blights in carrot, 2002. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:V065. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R., Linderman, S.D. 2003. Evaluation of registered and unregistered fungicides in managing Phytophthora root rot of snapdragon, 2002. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT018. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R., Linderman, S.D. 2003. Evaluation of fungicides in managing Phytophthora root rot of snapdragon, 2002. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT019. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R., Linderman, S.D. 2003. Evaluation of reduced risk fungicides and a biopesticide for control of Botrytis blight of geranium, 2002. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT029. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Harlan, B.R., Linderman, S.D. 2003. Control of powdery mildew on pincushion flower with foliar sprays, 2002. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT010. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Quackenbush, W.R. 2003. Evaluation of registered and unregistered fungicides for the control of powdery mildew on verbena, 2002. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT012. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Quackenbush, W., Linderman, S.D. 2003. Evaluation of standard fungicides and a biological control agent in managing Botrytis blight of geranium, 2002. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT031. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Quackenbush, W., Linderman, S.D. 2003. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of powdery mildew of miniature roses, 1999. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT009. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Quackenbush, W., Linderman, S.D. 2003. Evaluation of strobilurin-based and other fungicides in managing powdery mildew on field-grown African daisies, 2002. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT005. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Quackenbush, W., Linderman, S.D. 2003. Evaluation of biopesticide for control of Botrytis blight of geranium, 2002. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT028. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Quackenbush, W., Linderman, S.D. 2003. Evaluation of registered and unregistered fungicides for the control of Botrytis blight of poinsettia, 2001. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT016. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Quackenbush, W., Linderman, S.D. 2003. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of powdery mildew of poinsettia, 1999. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT014. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Quackenbush, W., Linderman, S.D. 2003. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of powdery mildew of greenhouse-grown African daisy, 1999. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT007. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Quackenbush, W., Linderman, S.D. 2003. Evaluation of new fungicides in managing powdery mildew on field-grown African daisies, 2002. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT004. On-line publication.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Quackenbush, W., Linderman, S.D. 2003. Evaluation of fungicide programs in managing powdery mildew on field-grown African daisies, 2002. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 58:OT006. On-line publication.

Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02

Outputs
http://plantpathology.msu.edu/labs/hausbeck/hausbeckResearch.htm. Fungicides, alternatives, and disease forecasters were tested in 30 ornamental and 38 vegetable trials for disease control. Compass 50WG, Terraguard 50W, Strike 50WDG and Systhane 40WP were effective for powdery mildew of ornamentals. Stature, Mefenoxam 2, Curzate, Compass, Gavel, Aliette and IKF 916 limited downy mildew of snapdragon. Daconil Weatherstik and Decree 50WDG reduced Botrytis foliar infection and sporulation on geranium; Chipco 26GT and Compass + Latron limited sporulation. Septoria leaf blight of celery was controlled by BAS 516 38WG, Bravo Ultrex, Equus DF, and Bravo alternated with Cabrio 20WG or Quadris 2.08SC. Forecasters [Septoria predictor (9 sprays), Cercospora predictor (6 sprays), or Tom-Cast 15 DSV (5 sprays)] reduced fungicide use without loss of disease control or marketable yield of celery compared with a 7-day program (12 sprays). Strobilurins (Quadris, Cabrio, BAS 510 70WDG, BAS 516 38WDG), alone or in combination with other fungicides, and non-strobilurins (Bravo Weather Stik, Rovral 50WP + Bravo) controlled purple blotch on onion. Bravo applied according to Tom-Cast 15 DSV saved 4 sprays and was as effective as a 7-day program. Pickle trials tested Acrobat 50WP, Zoxium 80WP or Gavel 75DF tank mixed with Kocide 2000 54WG for control of Phytophthora capsici. All treatments significantly reduced numbers of infected fruit at harvest compared to the grower standard (trial 1) and the untreated control (trial 2). Significantly fewer Zoxium-treated fruit had rot after 4 days of storage, compared with the untreated. Epidemiology research on downy mildew of snapdragon in FL, found atmospheric conidial concentrations were greatest during 0500-1200 hrs, peaking at 0700-0900 hrs. Temperatures <10 C and >30 C limited concentrations of conidia, while <6 C had more severe limiting effects. Dew periods >6 hrs were associated with relatively large conidia releases. Carrot fungicide sprays were made at 7-day intervals, or according to Tom-Cast 10, 15, 20 DSV. Tom-Cast 15 DSV resulted in disease control comparable to 7-day sprays and reduced fungicide sprays by 46%, but higher DSVs may need to be reduced with the early blight occurrence. Three disease forecasting systems were tested for carrot foliar blights, and Tom-Cast 15 DSV saved $60.52/A while providing blight control similar to the 7-day. Spray programs were started based on scouting in a carrot trial, and up to 4 sprays were omitted, saving $46.05/A. Tom-Cast 15 DSV (started at a trace of disease) provided blight control comparable to calendar sprays (started before disease). Asparagus miner activity was monitored weekly in 9 commercial fields. Trapping showed a 2-generation trend across different aged fields with highest numbers trapped in early to mid-August, and highest number of adults trapped in the 4-5 year old fields. Most pupae emerged during the season in the 1 year old fields, but were intact for overwintering in older fields, which went into fern later in the season due to harvesting. Fusarium spp. were isolated from 33% of pupae and 20% of stem tissue samples.

Impacts
Celery is affected by many pests and requires intensive control strategies that can represent up to 42% of the cost of growing the crop. Applying fungicides only when conditions favor disease development may reduce applications without compromising disease control. In 2002, Bravo or a Quadris/Bravo alternation was applied according to the Septoria predictor (9 sprays), Cercospora predictor (6 sprays), Tom-Cast 15 DSV (5 sprays), or a 7-day program (12 sprays) with similar and effective control of foliar blights. This resulted in a cost savings per acre of $39.79 (Quadris/Bravo) and $85.9 (Bravo) for the Septoria predictor, $88.11(Quadris/Bravo) and $116.47 (Bravo) for the Cercospora predictor, and $99 (Quadris/Bravo) and $126.66 (Bravo) for Tom-Cast 15 DSV compared to the 7-day program. Phytophthora crown, root and fruit rot disease is the limiting factor in the production of many vegetables in Michigan. Some isolates of the fungus have been found to be resistant to traditionally-used mefenoxam-based fungicides. Phytophthora isolates sampled from about 10,000 vegetable production acres in Michigan have been found to be resistant to mefenoxam, thus use of mefenoxam fungicides can be discontinued on this acreage at a savings of $16 million.

Publications

• Hausbeck, M.K., Wendling, N.J., Linderman, S.D. 2002. Evaluation of fungicides for managing powdery mildew of pumpkin, 2001. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 57:V081.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D., Linderman, S.D. 2002. Control of foliar blights of celery using standard fungicides programs and a disease forecaster, 2000. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 57:V023.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Linderman, S.D. 2002. Evaluation of fungicides in managing Botrytis blight of geranium, 2000. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 57:OT11.
• Lamour, K.H., Hausbeck, M.K. 2002. The spatiotemporal genetic structure of Phytophthora capsici in Michigan and implications for disease management. Phytopathology 92:681-684.
• Werner, N.A., Hausbeck, M.K., Podolsky, R., Bell, J., Fulbright, D.W. 2002. Limiting populations and spread of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on seedling tomatoes in the greenhouse. Plant Disease 86:535-542.
• Reid, T.C., Hausbeck, M.K., Kizilkaya, K. 2002. Use of fungicides and biological controls in the suppression of Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus under greenhouse and growth chamber conditions. Plant Disease 86:493-498.
• Byrne, J.M. 2002. Epidemiology of mildews on floricultural crops. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Quackenbush, W.R., Werner, N.A. 2002. Evaluation of fungicides for control of powdery mildew of transvaal daisy, 2001. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 57:OT27.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Quackenbush, W.R., Linderman, S.D. 2002. Control of rust of asparagus ?Franklim? with foliar sprays, 2000. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 57:V001.

Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01

Outputs
Research showed that powdery mildew of gerbera is prevented by Compass + Latron B-1956; Heritage, Heritage + Latron B-1956, Rubigan, Systhane, TwoSome significantly limited the disease. Phytophthora crown and root rot of ornamentals is caused by Phytophthora spp., fungi that produce sporangia which release swimming spores in water, some of which require both the A1 and A2 mating types to complete the sexual stage and produce thick walled, long-surviving oospores. Sampling diseased plants from 7 production greenhouses showed that single clonal lineages of a single mating type were responsible for the epidemics; oospores were not found. The absence of oospores suggests that immediate and strict sanitation measures may be effective in halting an epidemic. Management of celery foliar disease would include optimizing application timing and finding effective reduced risk fungicides to replace B2 carcinogens. A spray trial using reduced risk fungicides alone or in alternation with industry standards, tested disease forecasters against a calendar spray program. The Septoria and Cercospora predictors saved 5and 4 sprays, respectively, compared to 7-day sprays, but were as effective as a 7-day program. Foliar blight, and crown, root, and fruit rot caused by the soilborne fungus P. capsici affects cucumbers, pumpkins, squash, melons, tomatoes, eggplant, and peppers. A novel, integrated approach to Phytophthora disease management on vegetables includes testing of soil amendments, protective mulches, cropping schemes, and water management. Flat and raised beds, 1 inch straw mulch, 2 ton/A compost and black plastic, alone and in combination, were tested on zucchini in a field which a known disease problem. All cultural treatments of zucchini had significantly greater stand counts and fewer infected fruits than flat beds; all treatments except raised beds and raised beds + plastic + straw yielded significantly more than flat beds. Asparagus is a perennial crop susceptible to crown and root rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. asparagi and F. proliferatum. In greenhouse studies with asparagus seedlings in soil, Trichoderma harzianum strain T-22 (biological control agent), benomyl, and fludioxonil treatments increased root weight and decreased disease compared to the infested control when a low level of inoculum was used; fludioxonil limited plant death at high inoculum levels. Nonpathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum were effective in limiting disease on asparagus seedlings in culture tubes. Field experiments with NaCl applications increased yield and fern health in a research plot with severe symptoms of early decline without decreasing levels of calcium, magnesium, or potassium, or affecting pH. In growth chamber studies with asparagus seedlings in Hoagland's agar test tubes, and in greenhouse studies with asparagus seedlings in soil, none of the alternative forms of chloride salt tested were more effective than NaCl in controlling Fusarium crown and root rot.

Impacts
New fungicides, including those considered to be reduced risk, were identified that are effective against the powdery mildew affecting gerbera. Identification of the source of Phytophthora inoculum in ornamental plantings allowed effective management strategies. Celery foliar disease was managed effectively using disease forecasters and the numbers of sprays required were reduced. Cultural techniques including raised beds were effective in vegetable production in reducing crown and fruit rot caused by Phytophthora capsici. Novel control strategies for managing Fusarium crown and root rot on asparagus were identified including biocontrols and fungicides.

Publications

• Lamour, K.H. 2001. An investigation of Phytophthora capsici on vegetable hosts in Michigan: survival, spread, and response to the phenylamide fungicide mefenoxam. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
• Lamour, K.H., Hausbeck, M.K. 2001. Investigating the spatiotemporal genetic structure of Phytophthora capsici in Michigan. Phytopathology 91:973-980.
• Reid, T.C., Hausbeck, M.K., Kizilkaya, K. 2001. Effect of sodium chloride on commercial asparagus and the effect of alternate forms of chloride salt on Fusarium crown and root rot. Plant Disease 85:1271-1275.
• Lamour, K.H., Hausbeck, M.K. 2001. The dynamics of mefenoxam insensitivity in a recombining population of Phytophthora capsici characterized with amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. Phytopathology 91:553-557.
• Medina-Mora, C.M., Hausbeck, M.K., Fulbright, D.W. 2001. Bird's eye lesions of tomato fruit produced by aerosol and direct application of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Plant Disease 85:88-91.

Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00

Outputs
Rust on asparagus was effectively managed by Folicur. A long-term asparagus purple spot project showed growers can realize a three year benefit per acre of up to $1,559.45 by using the Tom-Cast disease forecaster with Bravo Ultrex, compared to $624.62 (Tom-Cast with Penncozeb). The celery Septoria predictor provided excellent control of late blight with 2 fewer applications compared to calendar-based spray programs. F1 progeny of a celery breeding program to produce a Fusarium yellows-resistant cultivar showed high resistance, good yield, and significantly greater height than the parents. Research on Phytophthora blight of cucurbits in MI included testing >3,000 Phytophthora isolates for fungicide sensitivity and mating type. Cultural strategies such as raised beds decreased fruit rot and plant death; combining raised beds, black plastic, and composted chicken manure enhanced yields. Cucurbit germ plasm (125 lines) was screened for disease resistance. About 350 acres of MI farmland infested with Phytophthora tested highly resistant to Ridomil Gold, which was discontinued at a savings of $35,000-$105,000. Fungicide trials on vine crops supported the Acrobat MZ Section 18 Request for Phytophthora control when it is resistant to Ridomil Gold/Bravo. Research into defects (shoulder corkiness) on tomato fruits showed the highest incidence occurring after periods of rapid fruit growth, typically following warm, rainy weather. Trials proved the popular 'Mountain Spring' tomato is no more susceptible to defects than others, and standard protectant fungicides (Quadris, Bravo, Penncozeb) can be used without concern of increasing defect occurrence. In greenhouse research on powdery mildew (PM) of poinsettia, conidial release occurred mainly between 1000-1400 hrs; and was influenced by fluctuation of relative humidity (RH), often caused by watering. Latron B-1956 2 fl oz, Systhane 4 oz, RH-0611 2 lb, Cygnus 1.6 oz, and Cygnus 1.6 oz + Latron B-1956 1 fl oz limited PM to <3 leaves/poinsettia plant. Downy mildew (DM) spore release in commercial snapdragon fields in FL occurred mid-morning when the RH dropped and wind speed increased following a dew period the previous evening. DM incidence was greatest on snapdragon cultivars 'Potomac Early Pink' and 'Rocket White;' infections were limited on 'Potomac Dark Orange,' 'Potomac Soft Yellow,' and 'Rocket Orchid.' DM on snapdragon was prevented by Heritage 2 oz 14-day and Stature MZ 1.75 lb. Stature MZ 1.75 lb controlled DM of rose; Compass 2 oz and Junction 3.5 lb significantly decreased defoliation. DM on pansy was prevented by Stature MZ 1.75 lb and Junction 3.5 lb. Compass 1 oz, Medallion 1 oz, A1584 11.25DF 2.22 lb, and Daconil 2787 4.17FL 2 pt (industry standard) significantly limited Botrytis on poinsettia; Daconil also limited % infected leaves. Heritage 2 oz, and industry standards Daconil 2787FL 32 fl oz and Chipco 26019 50WP 32 oz significantly decreased numbers of geranium leaves with sporulating Botrytis, and total numbers of diseased and sporulating leaves.

Impacts
Research on vegetables and ornamentals has increased our knowledge of plant pathogens that infect these crops, and factors involved in disease development. This information is important in developing cost effective disease management strategies that work.

Publications

• Hausbeck, M.K., Quackenbush, W.R., Linderman, S.D. 2000. Evaluation of fungicides for managing Phytophthora crown and fruit rot of zucchini, 1999. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 55:294.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Quackenbush, W.R., Linderman, S.D. 2000. Control of diseases of fresh market tomatoes with foliar sprays, 1999. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 55:270-271.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Quackenbush, W.R., Linderman, S.D. 2000. Evaluation of fungicides for managing Pythium root rot of geranium, 1999. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 55:542.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Quackenbush, W.R., Linderman, S.D. 2000. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of powdery mildew of miniature roses, 1999. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 55:561-562.
• Medina-Mora, C.M., Hausbeck, M.K., Fulbright, D.W. 2000. Rep-PCR analysis of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis from peppers. Phytopathology 90:S51.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D., Linderman, S.D. 2000. Chemical control of Alternaria blight in carrot, 1999. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 55:153-154.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D., Linderman, S.D. 2000. Chemical control of purple blotch on onion, 1999. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 55:178-179.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D., Linderman, S.D. 2000. Evaluation of fungicides for managing powdery mildew of pumpkin, 1999. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 55:245-246.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Quackenbush, W.R., Linderman, S.D. 2000. Evaluation of fungicides for managing Phytophthora crown and fruit rot of zucchini, 1999. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 55:293.
• Byrne, J.M., Hausbeck, M.K., Shaw, B.D. 2000. Factors affecting concentrations of airborne conidia of Oidium sp.among poinsettias in a greenhouse. Plant Disease 84:1089-1095.
• Lamour, K.H., Hausbeck, M.K. 2000. Mefenoxam insensitivity and the sexual stage of Phytophthora capsici in Michigan cucurbit fields. Phytopathology 90:396-400.
• Meyer, M.P., Hausbeck, M.K., Podolsky, R. 2000. Optimal fungicide management of purple spot of asparagus and impact on yield. Plant Disease 84(5):525-530.
• Arriola, L.L, Hausbeck, M.K., Rogers, J., Safir, G.R. 2000. The effect of Trichoderma harzianum and arbuscular mycorrhizae on Fusarium root rot in asparagus. HortTechnology 10(1):141-144.

Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99

Outputs
Long-term research shows that using Tom-Cast (with the fungicide Bravo) is a viable purple spot disease management tool for asparagus. Preliminary data on a Fusarium root rot study of two newly-seeded asparagus fields show that Benlate (standard), formononetin, and mycorrhizae + formononetin resulted in increased plant height and fresh weight compared with the untreated control. Applications of lime (3 tons/A), and sodium chloride (1,000 lb/A) to a declining asparagus field resulted in a net increase in yield (+194 g/20' row) compared to a net decreased yield (-221 g/20' row) in the untreated control plot. The largest yield increase in a healthy asparagus field was observed in the untreated control plot (+748 g/20' row) with the smallest increase (+413 g/20' row) observed in the treatment receiving 1,000 lb/A of sodium chloride. Over 700 isolates of Phytophthora capsici have been collected from cucurbits; of 498 from 1998, 55% were sensitive, 32% were intermediate, and 13% were fully insensitive to the fungicide mefenoxam. The A1 and A2 mating types have been recovered from each sampled field with oospores collected in several. A germ plasm trial showed all tested varieties of cucumber and zucchini appeared susceptible to Phytophthora blight. Three field trials with cucumber and squash showed that Curzate 60DF + Bravo Ultrex, Acrobat MZ, Fore 80WP + Aliette 80WDG, and RH 141457 75DF suppressed disease, but no fungicide completely prevented plant death. Research with bacterial canker on tomato suggests a simple criterion for evaluating the efficacy of treatment: the ability of the control agent to hold populations below a threshold of 1 x 106 cfu/gram of tissue. The application of Kocide 40DF and Dithane F-45 to tomato transplants in the transplant production greenhouse according to the label is recommended for the control of bacterial canker. New products with different modes of action that significantly suppressed powdery mildew on poinsettia were the strobilurins and alternative chemistries (Milsana, eKsPunge, ZeroTol 27%, WAC-72); products that protect for up to 60 days following the last application are Systhane, Heritage, CGA 279, Cygnus, and XDE-795. Microscopic studies of powdery mildew on poinsettia showed infection was limited at 15C, and highest at 20C under 35-50% RH. Maximum germ tube elongation and development of secondary germ tubes and appressoria was favored at 25C. Sporulation was initiated 9 days after inoculation. Maximum conidial chain lengths were 4 conidia at 15C and 7 at 20C. Conidiophores with no conidia were 33% at 15C and 15% at 20C. WAC-72 and Pipron controlled powdery mildew on roses. Phyton-27 and Ornalin as postharvest fungicide dips were effective for control of Botrytis on cut roses. Environmental monitoring in field snapdragons from Dec through Apr found that downy mildew spore release typically occurred in mid-morning during a time when the relative humidity (RH) decreased and the wind speed increased following a dew period occurring the previous evening.

Impacts
Research conducted has supplied valuable information regarding epidemiology of plant pathogens affecting vegetable and floriculture crops. This information is important in developing sound disease management strategies.

Publications

• Hausbeck, M.K., Linderman, S.D., Quackenbush, W.R. 1999. Evaluation of biocontrols and conventional fungicides for the control of Rhizoctonia root rot of impatiens, 1998. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 54:541.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Linderman, S.D., Quackenbush, W.R. 1999. Evaluation of biocontrols and conventional fungicides for the control of Rhizoctonia root rot of vinca, 1998. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 54:522.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D., Linderman, S.D. 1999. Chemical control of Alternaria and Cercospora blight in carrot, 1998. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 54:204.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D., Linderman, S.D. 1999. Control of Cercospora leaf blight of celery, 1998. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 54:133.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D., Linderman, S.D. 1999. Control of late blight of fresh market tomatoes with foliar sprays, 1998. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 54:251.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Bell, J., Medina-Mora, C., Podolsky, R., Fulbright, D.W. 2000. Effect of bactericides on population sizes and spread of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on tomatoes in the greenhouse and on disease development and crop yield in the field. Phytopathology 90:38-44.
• Pritchard, P.M., Hausbeck, M.K., Heins, R.D. 1999. The influence of diurnal temperatures on the susceptibility of bedding plants to gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. Plant Disease Note 83:589.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Hartwell, J., Byrne, J.M. 1999. Epidemiology of Stemphylium leaf spot and purple spot in no-till asparagus. Acta Horticulturae 479:205-210.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Linderman, S.D., Quackenbush, W.R. 1999. Evaluation of fungicides in managing Botrytis blight of geranium, 1998. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 54:536.
• Hausbeck, M.K., Linderman, S.D., Quackenbush, W.R. 1999. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of black root rot of begonia, 1998. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 54:532.