Progress 10/01/98 to 10/30/04
Outputs
There are two sources of tissue/products from animals that are extremely rich in immune globulins and available in large quantities. That is plasma protein from food producing animals and egg yolks. The swine industry recognizes the benefits of including immune globulins in the first diets of young weaned pigs. Blood has been fractionated and the plasma protein isolated and dried for use as a source of immune globulins. More recently eggs have been spray dried to produce a pasteurized egg powder rich in immune globulins. The egg product was produced originally for use in baked goods for human consumption without thought for immune globulin content. This research was initiated to determine the value of the pasteurized egg powder in diets for weaned pigs. In diets equal in metabolizable energy and equal or greater in the critical amino acids, the inclusion of pasteurized egg powder at 5% of the diet significantly increased gain, feed intake, and usually feed efficiency
in pigs during the first fourteen days post weaning. As in studies with plasma protein, the benefits from feeding pasteurized egg powder are attributed to the greatly increased intake of immune globulins. In a subsequent study, a constant 3 to 1 ratio of lactose and pasteurized egg powder was added at increased levels to weaned pig diets containing a constant level of dried whey. The gain, intake, and feed efficiency increased with each increment of the combination up to a plateau in which the diet contained 6% of pasteurized egg powder.
Impacts
Pasteurized egg powder is becoming the immune globulin source of choice because of freedom from concern for blood borne diseases and restrictions on the use of blood products levied in numerous countries. Pasteurized egg powder is a less costly source of immune globulins for young pig diets because of the vast amount produced for human and animal use. The use of pasteurized egg powder has expanded to the diets of young dogs, cats and calves as a rich source of immune globulins, fat and protein.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
Our research has identified and quantified the value of spray dried egg as a special ingredient in diets of pigs weaned from 14 to 28 days of age as a rich source of immune globulin (Ig-Y) as well as an excellent source of amino acids and fat. Benefits are increased gain, intake, efficiency and reduced incidence of diarrhea. This product is used only in the first 10 to 21 days post weaning until pigs start producing effective quantities of immune globulins. The two feed ingredients rich in immune globulins are plasma protein and spray dried egg, but plasma protein is not approved in numerous countries with severe restrictions on the use of animal-byproducts. Either source is used at 5-6% of the first diet post weaning. In an effort to determine an efficient inclusion level of spray dried egg and milk byproducts, dietary levels of each have been studied in weaned pigs diets. A 75/25 ratio of lactose and spray dried egg produced greatest gain and efficiency at 10 to 15%
of the diet, and yielded greater performance than a 60/40 ratio of the same ingredients. A second functional feed ingredient studied for young weaned pigs was adipic acid, a di-carboxylic organic acid with minimal molecular weight. Young pigs grow more rapidly and efficiently and are less susceptible to diarrhea when the digestive tract pH is reduced. Adipic acid, which also provides an energy source, was studied because it has a high concentration of carboxyl groups allowing greater impact on pH with minimal formula space. Adipic acid at 1.5% of the diet effectively lowered urine and fecal pH but reduced feed intake. Further studies with lower levels of the acid are needed.
Impacts
The use of spray dried is expanding rapidly in the first diets of weaned pigs in US, Europe, South America, and Asia. Spray dried egg provides a less expensive effective immune globulin source than plasma protein and is not subject to the same concern for disease exposure. Adipic acid will lower digestive tract pH but titration studies are needed to ascertain a level effective for pH modificaton and maintenance or enhancement of feed intake.
Publications
- Shao, C.M., B.G. Harmon, and M.A. Latour. 2003. Effect of different levels of spray dried egg and lactose on the performance of weaned pigs. J.Anim.Sci. 181:48 (Suppl 1)
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Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02
Outputs
Egg yolk has four times the concentration of immune globulin (IgY)found in chicken serum. Pasteurized spray dried egg made from fresh, unfertilized eggs with shell removed provides an amino acid (lysine = 3.72%), fat (28%), immune globulin (IgY) rich ingredient for segregated early weaned(SEW)pigs. The addition of 5% spray dried egg to a standard starter diet containing 15% dried whey significantly increased gain and feed intake of SEW pigs. Diets for weaned pigs containing porcine plasma protein (also rich in immune globulin) or spray dried egg at 5% of the diet supported similar gain and efficiency values. When lactose and spray dried egg were incremented into diets for SEW pigs at a constant ratio of 3:1, gain, intake, and efficency were improved as the combination was titrated up through 16% of the diet with no further benefit from higher inclusion levels.
Impacts
The spray dry process enables egg producers to add excellent value to inedible, undergrade, or low value eggs by producing a feed ingredient of extremely high nutritional and immune globulin value for young pigs. The process provides a value added product while removing a potential biohazard from the environemnt
Publications
- Harmon, B.G., M.A. Latour, and S. Norberg. 2002. Spray Dried Eggs as a Source of Immune Globulins for SEW Pigs. Purdue Swine Research Reports, 2002. pg 31 - 35.
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Progress 10/01/00 to 09/30/01
Outputs
A series of feeding trials have been conducted utilizing spray dried eggs (SDE) to determine the optimum inclusion level in diets for segregated early weaned (SEW) pigs and newborn chicks as a source of amino acids, energy, and immune globulins. Inedible and under-grade eggs, that have been discarded in the past, are now being processed with dairy-industry spray-dried technology to produce a dry pasteurized feed ingredient. The metabolizable energy of this high fat (28%), high protein (48%) product has been determined to be 4700 kcal/kg on an air-dry basis for poultry and swine. The SDE product is compared to porcine plasma protein (PPP) as an indicator if immune globulin protection in young pigs. The IgY content of eggs is approximately 10mg/ml of liquid contents. The efficacy of immune protection is theorized to occur in the upper digestive tract prior to protein digestion. SDE has been titrated into diets of pigs weaned at 14-16 days and compared to pigs that
received diets containing PPP. When SDE incrementally replaced PPP weight gain was greater for pigs receiving PPP during the first phase, but there were no differences between treatments over the entire study. In subsequent trials, when levels of SDE were comparable to the standard 5-7% PPP used in the industry, feed intake, weight gain, and feed efficiency values were similar. There were no performance advantages to feeding 12% or higher SDE and some indication that performance was impaired at the higher feeding levels. The feeding of 5% spray dried eggs increased gain by as much as 15% over a control diet during the first feeding phase postweaning. In broiler studies, in ingrediant, SDE was substituted to provide 0, 50, and 100% of the added dietary fat. There was no significant difference in performance across treatments, supporting the accuracy determined metabolizable energy value. There was only a limited increase in feed intake and weight gain in broilers fed the immune
globulin source, less difference than one would expect based on the swine research.
Impacts
Inedible and under-grade eggs have moved from a waste product subject to disposal costs to a high value feed ingredient for young animals. An increasing number of egg producers are implementing this technology to remove a biohazard from the environment.
Publications
- Norberg, S.E., J.B. Durst, M.A. Latour and B.G. Harmon. 2001. Spray dried eggs as an ingredient in diets for SEW pigs. J. Anim. Sci. abst 219, vol 79, Supplement 2.
- Orban, J. and B.G. Harmon. 2001. Effect of dessicated bile salts on fat digestibility in early weaned pigs. J. Anim. Sci. abst 619, vol 79, Supplement 2.
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Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/00
Outputs
Spent (used) sucrose polyester has been evaluated in a growth study and a digestibility study to determine if the extended use of this product in the deep frying of snack foods increases the digestibility of this non caloric fat-like product. Growing pigs were fed diets of 94% of a basal diet with 6% of solka floc, yellow grease or spent sucrose polyester. Diets containing solka floc with no nutritive value for swine and spent sucrose polyester supported similar dry matter digestibility, weight gain and feed efficiency values, much lower than the diet containing yellow grease. The extended cooking process does not improve nutritional value of this product made from carbohydrate and fat. Eggs deemed inedible have been spray-dried to an air-dry basis and evaluated as a nutrient source for young pigs. Eggs are the second richest source of immune globulins after dried blood plasma. Spray dried eggs (SDE) have potential as a rich nutrient source and a concentrated source
of immune globulins for pigs weaned at 14-18 days of age. SDE were substituted for 0, 1/3, 2/3 and 3/3 of porcine plasma protein on an equal protein basis in diets for segregated early weaned (SEW) pigs. Weight gain and feed efficiency were comparable for all treatments. In a second study in which SDE provided 6, 12 or 18% of the diet for SEW pigs, performance was similar to the control diet containing porcine plasma protein.
Impacts
Spent sucrose polyester mixed with used cooking grease will decrease the energy value of the resulting feed ingredient. Spray dried eggs is an excellent substitute for porcine plasma protein in early-weaned pig diets. SDE creates a valuable feed ingredient for the 2% of the eggs deemed inedible and thereby wasted.
Publications
- Harmon, B.G., G. M. Hill, & D. C. Mahan. 2000. Effect of bile salt supplementation in fat digestion in early-weaned pigs. J. Animal Science. Suppl. 2. 78:62.
- Harmon, B. G., S. L. Barlow and M.E. Einstein. 2000. Bioplex iron as a hematinic for nursery pigs. Animal Science. Suppl 2. 78:62.
- Harmon, B. G., M. A. Latour and J. Durst. 2000. Spray dried eggs as an ingredient for SEW pigs. Purdue University. Swine Day. pp 6-10
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Progress 10/01/98 to 09/30/99
Outputs
The use of pork biosolids varies from landfill component to feed ingredient. A process has been developed to effectively flocculate the protein and fat from the liquid suspension (patent applied for). A different mineral is used in place of iron chloride. The protein rich product and fat particles from swine carcasses have been rendered and incorporated into a diet. Performance in growing swine was similar to that attained with a like amount of meat and bone meal. Spent unhydrolyzed vegetable sucrose polyester (UVSP) was evaluated to determine if metabolizable energy is increased in the product following sustained use in a deep fat cooking medium. The fat containing product considered to have no dietary calories was evaluated to determine if a sustained deep vat cooking process would alter the energy obtained from consumption of the product by pigs. There is concern by the animal by-products industry that this used product would change the metabolizable energy of
cooking fat if used as a feed ingredient and mixed with other used fat. Spent UVSP supported gain in pigs no better than did a like amount of cellulose. Very expensive porcine plasma protein (PPP) is used in most swine early weaning programs. A study was conducted to compare PPP with other immune globulin containing animal products during the post-weaning period. There was no advantage to feeding PPP beyond the first seven days post weaning when compared to combinations of blood meal, fish meal, and meat and bone meal. Pigs weaned at less than 21 days are reported to have reduced fat digestibility compared with older pigs. Desiccated porcine bile powder was added to diets for pigs weaned at 14-18 days of age to determine if performance could be altered using levels suggested in a study conducted a decade ago. Feeding bile powder at levels up to .45% of the diet did not alter gain, intake or efficiency.
Impacts
Utilization of the smallest particles remaining in the pork carcass fabrication process, as a pork biosolids feeding ingredient, adds value and reduces the chance for impact on the environment. The process can accomplish both goals.
Publications
- Selin, S.L., Einstein, M.E., Adeola, O., and Harmon, B.G. 1999. Molasses/fat combination as a nutrient source for swine and ducks. J. Anim. Sci. 77:187(Suppl. 1).
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