Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:Dr. Michaels at the University of Minnesota (UMN) coordinated potato breeding and genetic research at MN in collaboration with Dr. David Douches (Michigan State University,) Dr. Jeff Endelman (University of Wisconsin,) and Dr. Susie Thompson (NorthDakota State University). Dr. Rosen (UMN) advised on potato fertility management; Darrin Haagenson, Sugarbeet and Potato Research at the USDA/ARS Potato Research Worksite in East Grand Forks, MN contributed to post harvest screening for processing quality. University research and outreach locations include the Sand Plains Research Farm, UMORE Park, Rosemount, MN, and North Central Research and Outreach center at Grand Rapids, MN. Stakeholders involved in determining state and regional priorities include the Minnesota Area II Potato Research and Promotion Council, the Northern Plains Potato Growers Association, Minnesota potato farms at Pine Lake Wild Rice seed potato farm, and the Student Organic Farm at the University of Minnesota. The two target audiences for this project are Minnesota Area II potato growers and institutional plant breeders with whom this project collaborates. These breeders include Dr. Shelley Janskey (Research Geneticist, USDA-ARS Madison, WI), Dr. Dave Douches, (Professor, Michigan State University), Dr. John Bamberg (USDA-ARS Potato Genebank Sturgeon Bay, WI), Dr. Jeffrey Endelman (Assistant Professor, University of Wisconsin - Madison), Dr. Asunta (Susie) L. Thompson (Associate Professor, North Dakota State University), Dr. David Holm (Professor, Colorado State University) and Dr. Walter De Jong (Associate Professor, Cornell University). Changes/Problems:The University of Minnesota potato breeding program is now in the hands of a new faculty member in the Horticultural Science Department, Dr. Laura Shannon. She will ultimately become responsible for potato breeding a the UofM since Dr. Michaels is returning to his other vegetable breeding and production responsibilities. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project is part of the research being pursued by Mr. Colin Jones who is a MS candidate at the University of MInnesota. Additional experiments have been conducted and are under analysis. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Mr Jones recently presented his research findings at the NCCC 215 meeting in Chicago in December 2017. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
A trial of 13 experimental fresh market red potato breeding lines and 3 check cultivars was planted at the Sand Plains Research Center in Becker, MN to exploretuber yield and root relationships when grown at a standard nitrogen fertilizer rate of 180 lbs/a compared to a reduced rate of 90 lbs/a. The purpose of this trial was to identify checks or breeding lines that maintain satisfactory yield at low nitrogen rates that would reduce the risk of nitrogen leaching in sandy, irrigated soils. We hypothesize that potatoes with more vigorous root systems will more effectively scavenge the available nitrate and support high tuber yield even at low nitrogen fertilizer rates. The figure found at this link (learnhort.umn.edu/Research/Potato research reports 2016/Chicago_Colin small yield and root mass.jpg) highlights the tuber yield and total root weight of two of the 16 entries. These two entriesproduced similar tuber yields at both nitrogen rates. Both also produced more root mass at the low nitrogen rate than at the high rate. These two entries appear to support the concept of high root mass leading to improved nitrogen scavenging. One of these entries (#15) was the check cultivar Red Lasota, a cultivar released by the USDA and Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station in 1948. Entry #6 is a breeding line developed at the University of Minnesota. This project is part of the research being pursued by Mr. Colin Jones who is a MS candidate at the University of MInnesota. Additional experiments have been conducted and are under analysis. The results from these an subsequent experiements will assist in our development of new potato cultiars with lower nitrogen fertilizer demand so that growers can reduce nitrogen applications and reduce the risk of nitrate leaching into groundwater and streams. We also conducted a yield trial of specialty poatoes on certified organic land at the NDSU Carrington Research Center and at the Minnesota AES in St. Paul. Trial entries included: from Michigan State University - Spartan Splash, Jac Lee, McBride, Red Marker #2, Rasberry, MSQ131-A, MSQ558-2RR; from Colorado State University - Masquerade, C0050037-2R/Y. Red Luna, Mountain Rose, Purple Majesty; from the University of Minnesota collection - MN084407, ND7834-2P, ND7818-1Y, Mondak Gold,ATND99331-2PintoYandMN07112WB-01W/Pwith Dark Red Norland as check.Yield differences at St. Paul were not significant, but those at Carrington were. Four entries generated produced greater tuber yield than the check: Spartan Splash, Jac Lee, Red Marker #2 and Mondak Gold. However, ranking the cultivars for productivity is not the point of the exercise because each represents a different combination of skin and flesh coloration that consumers might find particularly attractive regardless of yield. The intent is to provide information on specialty potato yields to growers with local and direct-to-consumer markets such as CSAs and farmers markets. Additional trials will be required before recommendations can be made with satisfactory confidence.
Publications
|
Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:Dr. Michaels at the University of Minnesota (UM) coordinated potato breeding and genetic research at MN in collaboration withDr. David Douches (Michigan State University,) Dr. Jeff Endelman (University of Wisconsin,) and Dr. Susie Thompson (North Dakota State University). Dr. Rosen (UMN) advised on potato fertility management;Darrin Haagenson,Sugarbeet and Potato Research at the USDA/ARS Potato Research Worksite in East Grand Forks, MN contributed to post harvest screening for processing quality. University research and outreach locations include the Sand Plains Research Farm, UMORE Park, Rosemount, MN, and North Central Research and Outreach center at Grand Rapids, MN. Stakeholders involved in determining state and regional priorities include the Minnesota Area II Potato Research and Promotion Council, the Northern Plains Potato Growers Association, Minnesota potato farms at Pine Lake Wild Rice seed potato farm, and the Student Organic Farm at the University of Minnesota. Changes/Problems:The 2016 nitrogen response field at the UofM experiment station in St. Paul was unsatisfactory due to the high nitrate level of the unfertilized soil. It was impossible to plant tubers in a low nitrogen soil. In 2017 the trial will be moved to Becker, MN in low fertility sandy soil with irrigation. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Participants of this project have attended grower sponsored field and research reporting conferences. Also, they have attended the NCCC215 Potato Breeding and Technical Committee meeting and the National Potato Council EXPO to report research findings. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Research results have been disseminated to research staff as year-end research reports and oral presentations during two field days in the 2016 growing season. Displays of advanced clonal selections have been used at grower field and research reporting conferences, year-end research reports, and oral research presentations. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Advanced selections will be planted at the University's Sand Plains Research and Outreach Center in Becker, MN for continued evaluation of yield, tuber quality, pest resistance, and market-limiting traits. Harvest will begraded and stored for processing potential. Approximately 20 potato accessions will be grown in a nitrogen response trial at Becker, MN in plots with and without supplemental nitrogen fertilizer. Plots will be evaluated for vine growth, tuber production and tuber quality. Approximately 20 potato accessions, the same accessions planted in the field trial above, will be grown in a hydroponic nitrogen response trial in the Plant Growth Facility, University of Minnesota. Plots will be evaluated for vine growth, tuber production and tuber quality. Approximately 30 specialty potato types will be grown in certified organic plots at the University of Minnesota Student Organic Farm. Plots will be evaluated for tuber production and tuber quality. Samples may be made available to market representatives for evaluation, where permitted by the breeder's institution.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
In Fall 2016 approximately 40 potato breeding lines were identified from early maturity (90 day) preliminary performance trials for fresh market tuber types, and approximately 50 potato breeding lines were identified from late maturity (120 day) preliminary performance trials for chipping and dual purpose tuber types. These selections were made primarily on the basis of tuber productivity, size, conformation and freedom frm disease. Theselines will be entered in advanced yield trials in 2017. Six advanced selections were increased at Becker MN to provide tubers for restaurant and other fresh market evaluations prior to decisions regarding cultivar release. A graduate research project was initiated to investigate the differences among potato cultivars for response to reduced rates of nitrogen application. The intent is to breed new potato cutlivars that provide farmers with sustainable return per acre when grown with half the normal rate of nitrogen application. Reducing nitrogen application, particularly on sandy, irrigated potato fields, should reduce the risk of nitrate leaching into groundwater. A reseach project was initiated to identify specialty potato types and cultivars that have potential as fresh market potatoes in urban markets. Potatoes with strongly pigmented cortex (flesh) including purple, red, orange and deep yellow, are of particular interest. This breeding program is initially screening lines developed at Michigan State University and Colorado State University, and may expand to other breeding programs, or may initiate a specialty potato breeding project if satisfactory breeding lines from other programs cannot be identified. The intent is to develop a robust market chain from smaller, organic or sustainable production system growers in Minnesota to urban markest and also extend that market chain to rural communities in greater Minnesota.
Publications
|
Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:Dr. Michaels at the University of Minnesota (UM) coordinated potato breeding and genetic research at MN in collaboration with Dr. David Douches (Michigan State University,) Dr. Jeff Endelman (University of Wisconsin,) and Dr. Susie Thompson (North Dakota State University.) Dr. Rosen (UMN) advised on potato fertility management; Dr. Haynes at USDA Beltsville, MD coordinated the national late blight; Dr. Warner at USDA Beltsville, MD coordinated the national common scab trial; Dr. Bamberg at USDA NRSP6 contributed breeding germplasm; and Mr. Marty Glynn at the USDA/ARS Potato Research Worksite in East Grand Forks, MN contributed to post harvest screening for processing quality. University research and outreach locations include the Sand Plains Research Farm, UMORE Park, Rosemount, MN, and North Central Research and Outreach center at Grand Rapids, MN. Stakeholders involved in determining state and regional priorities include the Minnesota Area II Potato Research and Promotion Council, the Northern Plains Potato Growers Association, the Williston Economic Development Partnership, Minnesota potato farms at Pine Lake Wild Rice seed potato farm, and the US Potato Board with the National Chip Processing Trials. Changes/Problems:The primary change this year shift of principle investigator role to Dr. Tom Michaels. This shift was required due to the death of Dr. Christian Thill who was the previous PI. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Participants of this project have attended grower sponsored field and research reporting conferences. Also, they have attended the NCCC215 Potato Breeding and Technical Committee meeting and the National Potato Council EXPO to report research findings. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Research results have been disseminated to research staff as year-end research reports and oral presentations during three field days in the 2015 growing season. Displays ofadvanced clonal selections have been used at grower field and research reporting conferences, year-end research reports,and oral research presentations. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?It is imperative to keep quality seed populations and trial locations to continue to accomplish these goals. For the following reporting period, advanced selections will be planted at the University's Sand Plains Research and Outreach Center in Becker, MN for continued evaluation of yield, tuber quality, pest resistance, and market-limiting traits, and harvest will be graded and stored for processing potential. Early generation selections will be planted at the University's North Central Research and Outreach Center in Grand Rapids, MN to keep new entries from becoming infected with clonal tuber diseases and lower the burden of tissue culture clean-up of large quantities. Select grower's fields will be used to again evaluate most advanced clones for commercial viability in the Becker, MN area. Sub populations of the original 1150 chipping clones will be advanced for evaluation at the University's Sand Plains Research and Outreach Center in Becker, MN. UM lines will be entered into common scab, PVY and Late Blight plots maintained by UM research and outreach centers for evaluation of resistance and advancement of germplasm. Throughput of early generation potato germplasm will be enhanced by developing new meristem tissue culture protocols for eliminating tuber viruses, and by developing new aerated deep water hydroponic systems for greenhouse production of minitubers.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
1. One cultivar from the Minnesota program(MonDak Gold) was increased as certified seed for distribution in 2016. 2. During the 2015 growing season, 211 UofM clones were evaluated for yield, tuber quality, pest resistance, and market-limiting traits and are currently being selected for advancement. Over 100 new clones were selected in first generation trials, 33 were selected in 2nd year trials and 30 were selected in 3rd year trials for advancement into standard yield trials. The data from these trials are under analysis. Superior clones will be advanced in the program. 3. 1150 clones were screened for EGS for cold induced sweetening and of those, 150 clones were advanced to 2015 trials. Genetic markers developed by UofM are used to select promising clones with the ability to chip out of storage and to predict this storage trait for reducing need for actual long term storage in the breeding program. Results will be used to better select parents for new hybrids to streamline the breeding process.
Publications
|
Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: Dr. Thill at the University of Minnesota (UM) coordinated potato breeding and genetic research at MN in collaboration with Dr. David Douches (Michigan State University,) Dr. Jiwan Palta (University of Wisconsin,) and Dr. Susie Thompson (North Dakota State University.) Dr. Rosen (UMN) advised on potato fertility management; Dr. Haynes at USDA Beltsville, MD coordinated the national late blight; Dr. Warner at USDA Beltsville, MD coordinated the national common scab trial; Dr. Bamberg at USDA NRSP6 contributed breeding germplasm; and Mr. Marty Glynn at the USDA/ARS Potato Research Worksite in East Grand Forks, MN contributed to post harvest screening for processing quality. University research and outreach locations include the Sand Plains Research Farm, UMORE Park, Rosemount, MN, and North Central Research and Outreach center at Grand Rapids, MN. Stakeholders involved in determining state and regional priorities include the Minnesota Area II Potato Research and Promotion Council, the Northern Plains Potato Growers Association, the Williston Economic Development Partnership, Minnesota potato farms at Pine Lake Wild Rice seed potato farm, Peterson Farms, Moquist Farms, Wingard Farms, and Edling Farms, Valley Tissue Culture, and the US Potato Board with the National Chip Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Participants of this project have attended grower sponsored field and research reporting conferences. Also, they have attended the NCCC215 Potato Breeding and Technical Committee meeting and the National Potato Council EXPO to report research findings. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Research results have been disseminated to research staff as year-end research reports and oral presentations. Displays of advanced clonal selections have been used at grower field and research reporting conferences, year-end research reports, and oral research presentations. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? It is imperative to keep quality seed populations and trial locations to continue to accomplish these goals. For the following reporting period, advanced selections will be planted at the University’s Sand Plains Research and Outreach Center in Becker, MN for continued evaluation of yield, tuber quality, pest resistance, and market-limiting traits, and harvest will be graded and stored for processing potential. Early generation selections will be planted at the University’s North Central Research and Outreach Center in Grand Rapids, MN to keep new entries from becoming polluted with clonal tuber diseases and lower the burden of tissue culture clean-up of large quantities. Select grower’s fields will be used to again evaluate most advanced clones for commercial viability in the Becker, MN area. Genetic markers developed by UM will be used to select promising clones with the ability to chip out of storage and to predict this storage trait for reducing need for actual long term storage in the breeding program. Results will be used to better select parents for new hybrids to streamline the breeding process. Sub populations of the original 1150 chipping clones will be advanced for evaluation at the University’s Sand Plains Research and Outreach Center in Becker, MN. UM lines will be entered into common scab, PVY and Late Blight plots maintained by UM research and outreach centers for evaluation of resistance and advancement of germplasm.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
One cultivar from the Minnesota program has been developed and released (MonDak Gold) with plans for Plant Variety Protection on Runestone Gold. MonDak Gold and Runestone Gold are currently being grown as certified seed in North Dakota and Minnesota, respectively, and are also being tested in different markets by Four Rivers Produce of Big Lake, MN. In growing season of 2014, 115 UM lines were evaluated for yield, tuber quality, pest resistance, and market-limiting traits and are currently being selected for advancement. Over 100 new clones were selected in first generation trials, 33 were selected in 2nd year trials and 30 were selected in 3rd year trials for advancement into standard yield trials. 54 Advanced clones were grown on 5 commercial grower’s fields in Minnesota and the North Central Region for evaluation in comparative environments to that of the commercial grower. These trials have been evaluated and sub-par clones were removed from the program. 1150 clones were screened for EGS for cold induced sweetening and of those, 150 clones were advanced to 2014 trials. Genetic markers developed by UM are used to select promising clones with the ability to chip out of storage and to predict this storage trait for reducing need for actual long term storage in the breeding program. Results will be used to better select parents for new hybrids to streamline the breeding process.
Publications
|
Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Dr. Thill at the University of Minnesota (UM) coordinated potato breeding and genetic research at MN in collaboration with Dr. David Douches (Michigan State University,) Dr. Jiwan Palta (University of Wisconsin,) and Dr. Susie Thompson (North Dakota State University.) Dr. Rosen (UMN) advised on potato fertility management; Dr. Haynes at USDA Beltsville, MD coordinated the national late blight; Dr. Warner at USDA Beltsville, MD coordinated the national common scab trial; Dr. Bamberg at USDA NRSP6 contributed breeding germplasm; and Mr. Marty Glynn at the USDA/ARS Potato Research Worksite in East Grand Forks, MN contributed to post harvest screening for processing quality. University research and outreach locations include the Sand Plains Research Farm, UMORE Park, Rosemount, MN, and North Central Research and Outreach center at Grand Rapids, MN. Stakeholders involved in determining state and regional priorities include the Minnesota Area II Potato Research and Promotion Council, the Northern Plains Potato Growers Association, the Williston Economic Development Partnership, Minnesota potato farms at Pine Lake Wild Rice seed potato farm, Peterson Farms, Moquist Farms, Wingard Farms, and Edling Farms, Valley Tissue Culture, and the US Potato Board with the National Chip Performance and FF Processing Trials. Changes/Problems: Stakeholder engagement meetings have been annually conducted in coordination with managers of our state potato grower organizations to solicit input from producers and advisory board members on breeding, production, processing, quality, and potato marketability concerns. One area that needs greater attention is research delivering late blight resistant potato selections to the organic potato growing community. A second need is earlier emphasis on introducing breeding lines into tissue culture for the purpose of eliminating viral plant pathogens. Successful field research depends on favorable weather conditions, which is not within our control. Small-scale disturbances can be partially anticipated and addressed by replicating trials across space and time when possible. Disease expression is variable and may not be conducive to screening in all planned locations. The favorable combination of traits via genetic segregation within families is largely unpredictable. This limitation is addressed by screening a large number of families with enough progeny per family. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Participants of this project have attended grower sponsored field and research reporting conferences. Additionally, participants have attended the NCCC215 Potato Breeding and Technical Committee meeting, and the National Potato Council EXPO to report research findings. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Research results have been disseminated to research staff as year-end research reports and oral presentations. At grower field and research reporting conferences, year-end research reports, oral research presentations, and displays of advanced clonal selections have been used. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Our plan is to continue selecting among Minnesota clones for clones meeting the concerns of Minnesota and North Dakota growers. Priority will be given to traits such as processing quality, disease resistance, and yield, as determined by our stakeholder groups. We are evaluating use of the biochemical markers UGPase and acid invertase as predictors of resistance to cold induced sweetening (CIS) in the FF and PC selected clones. These studies are advancing our efforts to select in early generations for FF and PC processing clones. Fresh market red selections will continue to be advanced if they have bright red skin color and lack physiological defects. We have produced prenuclear and nuclear class seed among some of these lines to facilitate transfer of lines to producer on-farm trials. Viral contamination of breeding germplasm is inevitable when lines are grown and evaluated in close proximity to commercial farms. Moderate virus spread among breeding populations in early generations suggests identifying locations with reduced pressure to serve as seed growing locations. Unlike all major state potato breeding programs, the UM and state of MN do not have a dedicated seed farm for producing virus free breeding stocks developed at the university. This barrier significantly hinders our ability to advance promising breeding lines to industry and from having on-farm grower trials. This has led us to explore methods to introduce germplasm In-vitro and eliminate potato viruses. Expanding seed production to seed grower fields has enhanced our ability to transfer advanced germplasm to growers. We have placed additional priority on developing virus free seed potatoes at a northern seed site, facilitating production of virus free seed for subsequent evaluation by grower stakeholders. In 2013 we introduced over 120 new breeding lines in our In-vitro genebank. Late blight (LB), common scab (CS), and potato virus Y (PVY) are major potato diseases in Minnesota. Our efforts establishing regional and national disease screening sites to characterize Minnesota and nation breeding germplasm allow for targeted selection for host plant resistance.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Research emphasized the development, evaluation and release of potato varieties with improved yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. We field evaluated 50,000 single-hill generation (SH) seedlings from 163 families. New hybrid crosses focused on priority traits determined by Minnesota (MN) and North Dakota (ND) growers in French fry (FF) and potato chip (PC) processing, fresh market russet and fresh market red skin markets. Among SH clones planted we selected 131 reds from 24 families; 53 yellow flesh fresh market clones from 13 families; 178 FF processing clones from 29 families; and 1163 PC clones from 39 families. These first-year selections represent a 150% increase over last year. We are evaluating use of the biochemical markers UGPase and acid invertase as predictors of resistance to cold induced sweetening (CIS) in the FF and PC selected clones. These studies are advancing our efforts to select in early generations for FF and PC processing clones. To do this, first, the parental clones used in crosses to develop the families were evaluated for these biochemical markers; then a core of tuber tissue was removed from each of the 178 FF and 1163 PC clones and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Analysis of UGPase and acid invertase will begin early this winter. Since many of the parental clones used in crosses vary in their ability to resist CIS, we expect our population to segregate for these biochemical markers. Our next step is to develop a predictive model for selecting for CIS resistance based on these markers and phenotypic evaluation for processing quality. Advanced clones for processing into FF and PC were evaluated in four and 12 national locations; respectively, as part of the National Fry Processing Trial (NFPT) and National Chip Processing Trials (NCPT). Among these clones, two FF and four PC lines are being advanced for further evaluation. The FF clones show promise for their yield, blocky tuber shape, starch content for manufacturing into French fries, and ability to resist CIS. The PC clones have resistance to CIS, and additionally are showing resistance to internal physiological defects, a desired trait, particularly in southern growing regions of the US. To enhance efforts selecting for PC lines for the NCPT southern locations, 37 hybrid PC families were planted in Missouri in early March. At harvest we selected 66 clones from 22 families that lacked physiological defects. These 66 clones will again be planted in Missouri for selection in 2014. Greenhouse studies continue to suggest that pot volume influences the size, weight, and number of minitubers that can advance to the SH field population for selection. Desired are one or two large mini-tubers per greenhouse pot. These numbers would assure that one mini-tuber would be retained by the University of Minnesota for selection while the second would be shared with project cooperators.
Publications
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Flynn, J. 2013. Examining Potato Virus Y (PVY) in the First Field Season of the University of Minnesota Potato Breeding Program. MS Thesis University of Minnesota.
|
Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Research emphasized the development, evaluation and release of potato varieties with improved yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. We field evaluated 45,000 single-hill generation (SH) seedlings from 169 families. New hybrid crosses focused on priority traits determined by Minnesota (MN) and North Dakota (ND) growers in French fry (FF) and potato chip processing, fresh market russet and red skin markets. Twenty percent of the new SH families were reds, 10 yellows, 50 processing russets, and 20 processing chipping clones. SH populations are first grown in greenhouses to produce minitubers. Greenhouse studies suggest pot volume influences the size, weight, and number of minitubers that can advance to the SH field population for selection. Studies continue to increase minitubers production under our growing conditions. Combined we selected 419 SH lines for these markets. Among SH populations we continue studying environmental influence and PVY spread on selection efficiency. We observe improved russet selection in Williston, ND and improved red skin color when growing on peat soils. Thirty-five SH russets from Williston and 49 bright red color selections from peat soils were advanced. A third of 60 red skin clones that were first selected on peat soils were broadly adapted to MN; including organic growing conditions and on sandy soils of central MN. Concern arises though if SH selection occurs in commercial regions due to line contamination with viral pathogens; which, hinders our ability to replant and reevaluate them due to yield and quality declines. The northern seed site facilitates production of virus free seed for subsequent evaluation on sandy soils. We released MN15620 (MonDak Gold) to growers in 2010. Commercial testing continues exploiting its long-storage fry potential and as a roasted restaurant product. MN18747 an early maturing FF processing clone was released in 2012. It has low acrylamide formation (a carcinogen) and thus desirable by the FF industry. MN02419Rus, MN02467Rus/Y, and MonDak Gold are additional fry lines with low acrylamide, (less than 200ppb); while Russet Burbank has greater than 1000ppb acrylamide. Acrylamide in potato chips is also a concern. Nineteen MN chipping lines were screened for yield, and cold induced sweetening resistance at southern and northern national locations; six had high merit scores and will be advanced. The 2012 released chip potato line MN99380-1Y was selected for fast-track expansion by the US Potato Board due to its high yield and superior quality, and resistance to cold induced sweetening; it will be grown at 11 US locations in 2013. The 2012 released red skin yellow flesh line MN02616R/Y was commercially test marketed with positive results leading to increased minitubers production for more rapid commercial expansion. MN04844-07Y has yellow flesh and is being commercially tested in 2013. Host plant resistance to common scab, late blight, and viral pathogens was determined. Twenty-two MN russet selections had resistance to common scab. Nine clones were resistant to late blight. These clones are maintained in tissue culture for stakeholder testing. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Thill at the University of Minnesota (UM) coordinated potato breeding and genetic research at MN in collaboration with Dr. David Douches Michigan State University, Dr. Jiwan Palta University of Wisconsin, and Dr. Susie Thompson North Dakota State University. Dr. Rosen (UM) advised on potato fertility management; Dr. Haynes at USDA Beltsville, MD coordinated the national late blight, Dr. Warner at USDA Beltsville, MD coordinate the national common scab trial; Dr. Bamberg at USDA NRSP6 contributed breeding germplasm; and Mr. Marty Glynn at the USDA/ARS Potato Research Worksite in East Grand Forks, MN contributed to post harvest screening for processing quality. University research and outreach locations include the Sand Plains Research Farm, UMORE Park, Rosemount, MN, and North Central Research and Outreach center at Grand Rapids, MN. Stakeholders involved in determining state and regional priorities include the Minnesota Area II Potato Research and Promotion Council, the Northern Plains Potato Growers Association, the Williston Economic Development Partnership, Minnesota potato farms at Pine Lake Wild Rice seed potato farm, Peterson Farms, Moquist Farms, Wingard Farms, and Edling Farms, Valley Tissue Culture, and the US Potato Board with the National Chip Performance and FF Processing Trials. TARGET AUDIENCES: This project combines collaborative efforts from the disciplines of potato breeding and genetics, potato biochemistry, plant pathology, soil water and climate, agronomy, and entomology at the University of Minnesota. The north central region (NCR) contributes 24% to the total US potato production and potatoes for French fry and chip processing along with fresh market russets, reds, and specialty potatoes define regional utilization. Thus, potato producers and processors define the largest segment of our target audience. Our grower-based research advisory boards have identified a critical need to develop varieties and germplasm that exhibit superior genetics in yield, quality, and host plant resistance. Our long-term goals are to develop potato varieties adapted to Minnesota and the NCR. Our outreach plan is to educate producers on our new technologies, NCR varieties, and breeding innovations by presenting our research at grower educational conference and field venues. Our scientific team will meet and present research findings at the Potato Association of America (PAA), the National Potato Council (NPC) POTATO EXPO, and the NCCC84 Potato Genetics Technical Committee meeting. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Stakeholder engagement meetings have been annually conducted in coordination with managers of our state potato grower organizations to solicit input from producers and advisory board members on breeding, production, processing, quality and potato marketability concerns. One area that needs greater attention is research delivering late blight resistant potato selections to the organic potato growing community. In 2012 we conducted two advanced variety trials on two Minnesota organic farms. A second need is earlier emphasis on introducing breeding lines into tissue culture for the purpose of eliminating viral plant pathogens. In 2012 we introduced over 100 new breeding lines in our In-vitro genebank.
Impacts
This project aims to produce potato cultivars and germplasm having superior genetics for yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress to reduce production inputs and increase producer marketability. MN advanced French fry (FF) processing lines are meeting industry quality measures and have low acrylamide; as are the chip processing selections. MonDak Gold variety was released having low acrylamide. It has low acrylamide and processes into FF from an extended storage season. MN18747 is an early maturing FF processing selection having low acrylamide. Advanced clonal selections for the chipping potato market MN99380-1 and MN02696 are resistant to cold induced sweetening (CIS). These clones would offer production savings from 1) decreased use of sprout-inhibitor, 2) reduced shrinkage, 3) decreased use of bactericides and fungicides in storage, 4) retention of dry matter, 5) decreased potential for acrylamide formation during frying, and 6) an increased marketing-window. MN99380-1Y is being evaluated at 12 national locations. Commercial testing of MN02616R/Y a red skin yellow flesh selection determined is superiority in niche marketing. Fresh market red producers are also seeking selections retaining red color grown on sandy soils, and color retention after storage. Forty red selections were advanced while seed was being produced. Twenty five percent were duel selected at differing regional locations suggesting broad adaptation. We are observing favorable responses to MN selections in areas of local adaptation by developing enhanced fresh market red skin and processing lines. We have produced prenuclear and nuclear class seed among some of these lines to facilitate transfer of lines to producer on-farm trials. Viral contamination of breeding germplasm is inevitable when lines are grown and evaluated in close proximity to commercial farms. Moderate virus spread among breeding populations in early generations suggests identifying locations with reduced pressure to serve as seed growing locations. Unlike all major state potato breeding programs, the UM and state of MN do not have a dedicated seed farm for producing virus free breeding stocks developed at the university. This barrier significantly hinders our ability to advance promising breeding lines to industry and from having on-farm grower trials. This has led us to explore methods to introduce germplasm In-vitro and eliminate potato viruses. Expanding seed production to seed grower fields has enhanced our ability to transfer advanced germplasm to growers. In 2012 we introduced over 100 new breeding lines in our In-vitro genebank. In 2012 we conducted two advanced variety trials on two Minnesota organic farms. Late blight (LB), common scab (CS), and potato virus Y (PVY) are major potato diseases in MN. Our efforts establishing regional and national disease screening sites to characterize MN and nation breeding germplasm allows for targeted selection for host plant resistance.
Publications
- Davis JA, EB Radcliffe, CA Thill, DW Ragsdale. Resistance to Aphids, Late Blight and viruses in Somatic Fusion and Crosses of Solanum tuberosum L. and Solanum bulbocastanum. Am. J. Pot. Res 2012. DOI 10.1007/s12230-012-9272-1.
- John K. Factors Affecting Cryotherapy as a Means of Virus Eradication in Solanum tuberosum L. MS Thesis University of Minnesota, 2012.
|
Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Research emphasized the development, evaluation and release of potato varieties with improved yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. We field evaluated 53,000 single-hill generation (SH) seedlings from 200 families. New hybrid crosses focused on priority traits determined by Minnesota (MN) and North Dakota (ND) growers in French fry processing, fresh market russet and red skin, and potato chip processing markets. Combined we selected 650 SH lines for these markets. Among SH populations we continue studying environmental influence on selection efficiency. As example, variation in red skin color and degree of color fading is observed across locations; influencing selection decisions. A new, short-season northern MN site with peat soils was added for developing early maturing fresh reds. We observe improved red skin color when growing on peat soils and selected 157 SH clones with bright red color. Conversely, red skin color fades on sandy soils; the predominant soil type in commercial central MN regions. Concern arises though if SH selection occurs in commercial regions due to line contamination with viral pathogens; which, hinders our ability to replant and reevaluate them due to yield and quality declines. The northern seed site facilitates production of virus free seed for subsequent evaluation on sandy soils. We selected 157 SH and 50 generation 1 (G1) red lines for testing on-farm in sandy soils in 2012. Growing for processing also predominates in central MN and we selected 100 SH fry, and 238 SH chip lines. SH selections fill the breeding pipeline for subsequent evaluation over years across MN environments. We continued evaluation of 450 generation 2 (G2) through G3, G4, and G5 or greater lines in MN and ND for yield, grade, internal and external physiological defects, and processing quality at harvest and from low temperature storage. Host plant resistance to common scab, late blight, and viral pathogens was also determined. Promising lines include MN02419Rus, MN18747, and MN02467Rus/Y for fry processing; MN03178-2Rus and MN02467Rus/Y for fresh russet; MN96072-4R/W, MN99460-14R/W, MN03505-3R/W, MN03021-1R/W, MN03027-1R/W, MN06030-1R/W, MN02616R/Y, and MN96013-1 for fresh red; MN02696, MN00467-4, MN02574, MN03339-4, MN02588, and MN99380-1Y for chips; MN02586Y, and MN04844-07Y for fresh yellow markets. We released MN15620 (MonDak Gold) to growers in 2010. Commercial testing continues exploiting its long-storage fry potential and as a roasted restaurant product. MN18747, MN02419Rus, MN02467Rus/Y, and MonDak Gold are fry lines with low acrylamide (less than 200ppb). Cultivar Russet Burbank had greater than 1000ppb acrylamide. Acrylamide is a known carcinogen found in processed food products, and is a major concern to the industry. Chip potato line MN99380-1Y was selected for fast-track expansion by the US Potato Board due to its high yield and superior quality, and will be grown at 11 US locations in 2012. The red skin yellow flesh line MN02616R/Y is being expanded for commercialization and varietal release in 2012. These clones are maintained in tissue culture as virus free; seed was produced for stakeholder testing. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Thill at the University of Minnesota (UM) coordinated potato breeding and genetic research at MN in collaboration with Dr. David Douches Michigan State University, Dr. Jiwan Palta University of Wisconsin, and Dr. Susie Thompson North Dakota State University. Dr. Rosen (UM) advised on potato fertility management; Dr. Haynes at USDA Beltsville, MD coordinated the national late blight and national common scab trial; Dr. Bamberg at USDA NRSP6 contributed breeding germplasm; and Mr. Marty Glynn at the USDA/ARS Potato Research Worksite in East Grand Forks, MN contributed to post harvest screening for processing quality. Stakeholders involved in determining state and regional priorities include the Minnesota Area II Potato Research and Promotion Council, the Northern Plains Potato Growers Association, the Williston Economic Development Partnership, the Pine Lake Wild Rice seed potato farm, Valley Tissue Culture, and the US Potato Board with the National Chip Performance Trials. TARGET AUDIENCES: This project combines collaborative efforts from the disciplines of potato breeding and genetics, potato biochemistry, plant pathology, soil water and climate, agronomy, and entomology at the University of Minnesota. The north central region (NCR) contributes 24% to the total US potato production and potatoes for French fry and chip processing along with fresh market russets, reds, and specialty potatoes define regional utilization. Thus, potato producers and processors define the largest segment of our target audience. Our grower-based research advisory boards have identified a critical need to develop varieties and germplasm that exhibit superior genetics in yield, quality, and host plant resistance. Our long-term goals are to develop potato varieties adapted to Minnesota and the NCR. Our outreach plan is to educate producers on our new technologies, NCR varieties, and breeding innovations by presenting our research at grower educational conference and field venues. Our scientific team will meet and present research findings at the Potato Association of America (PAA), the National Potato Council (NPC) POTATO EXPO, and the NCCC84 Potato Genetics Technical Committee meeting. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Stakeholder engagement meetings have been annually conducted in coordination with managers of our state potato grower organizations to solicit input from producers and advisory board members on breeding, production, processing and potato marketability concerns. One area that needs greater attention is research delivering late blight resistant potato selections to the organic potato growing community. A second need is earlier emphasis on introducing breeding lines into tissue culture for the purpose of eliminating viral plant pathogens.
Impacts
This project aims to produce potato cultivars and germplasm having superior genetics for yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress to reduce production inputs and increase producer marketability. MN advanced French fry (FF) processing lines are meeting industry quality measures and have low acrylamide; as are the chip processing selections. MonDak Gold variety was released. It has low acrylamide and processes into FF from an extended storage season. Advanced clonal selections for the chipping potato market MN99380-1 and MN02696 are resistant to cold induced sweetening (CIS). These clones would offer production savings from 1) decreased use of sprout-inhibitor, 2) reduced shrinkage, 3) decreased use of bactericides and fungicides in storage, 4) retention of dry matter, 5) decreased potential for acrylamide formation during frying, and 6) an increased marketing-window. Fresh market red producers are seeking selections retaining red color grown on sandy soils, and color retention after storage. Six advanced MN red lines are showing promise for this market; another 50 new seedlings were selected to meet this market. We have produced prenuclear and nuclear class seed among these lines to facilitate transfer of lines to producer on-farm trials. We are observing favorable responses to MN selections in areas of local adaptation by developing enhanced fresh market red skin and processing lines. Viral contamination of breeding germplasm is inevitable when lines are grown and evaluated in close proximity to commercial farms. Unlike all major state potato breeding programs, the UM and state of MN do not have a dedicated seed farm for producing virus free breeding stocks developed at the university. This barrier significantly hinders our ability to advance promising breeding lines to industry and from having on-farm grower trials. This has led us to explore cryotherapy as a method to eliminate potato viruses in vitro. Our attempts have been successful and encourage continued research, since cryotherapy has the potential to reduce the virus eradication time-line by up to 1.5 years. What remains unclear is whether this procedure is effective in eliminating multiple viral diseases, recombinant viral diseases, or viral strains without repeated treatment. Late blight (LB), common scab (CS), and potato virus Y (PVY) are major potato diseases in MN. Our efforts establishing regional and national disease screening sites to characterize MN and nation breeding germplasm allows for targeted selection for host plant resistance.
Publications
- Esplin, D. Early generation selection for cold chipping in potato genotypes developed by conventional tetraploid breeding and by interspecific and interploidy hybridizations. Thesis (Ph. D.), University of Minnesota, 2011.
- Bolvaran, S. Evaluation for resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de bary.) of potato (Solanum tuberosum) clones in an early generation selection program. Thesis (M.S.). University of Minnesota, 2009.
|
Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Research emphasized the development and evaluation of potato germplasm for improved yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. We evaluated 43,000 first-year single-hill (SH) seedlings, and continued evaluation of 295 clones in breeding generation 1 (G1), 76 in G2, 162 in G3, 30 in G4, 17 in G5 or greater. Beyond G1, clones were evaluated at 3 or more MN and ND locations for yield, grade, internal and external physiological defects, production requirements, and processing quality at harvest and from low temperature storage. We also evaluated them for resistance to late blight (LB), common scab (CS), potato virus Y (PVY) and foliar expression to PVY. Greenhouse trials to produce prenuclear seed of 12 MN advanced lines evaluated 5 differing pot sizes to determine production efficiency. Additionally, nuclear seed of 10 MN lines was produced on a cooperative MN grower's seed farm. Up to 200 tissue culture transplant seedlings from each line was planted, resulting in Nuclear Class seed. Seed production in isolated University of Minnesota greenhouses and fields were certified by the Minnesota Department of Agriculture seed potato certification. Promising advanced selections include MN15620 a red/pink skin, yellow flesh, oval shape French fry (FF) processing line with cold sweetening resistance (CIS). Commercial testing of MN15620 in a 1.5 acre semi-commercial plot began to determine its response to commercial handling. MN02419 is a russet skin, white flesh, long shape FF processing line from 45F, MN02467 a russet skin, white flesh, long shape FF processing line from 45F, MN18747 a long white, white skin, blocky shape, FF field processing line maturing in 90 days. Advanced fresh market red selections each having round tubers, bright red skin and white flesh include MN96072-4R, and MN99460-14R, while, storage reds include ATMN03505-3R, COMN03021-1R, COMN03027-1R, and WIMN06030-1R a red with small uniform B-size tubers. Two red skin yellow flesh seedlings have been grown on-farm and nuclear seed has been produced including MN02616R/Y and MN96013-1R/Y. Two promising selections for the chip potato market include MN99380-1Y having white skin, yellow flesh, and CIS resistance from 45F, and MN02696 a white skin, white flesh, potato with CIS resistance from 42F. Among SH populations we continued a study determining the importance of environment on selection efficiency by growing populations in diverse regional locations. Variation in red skin color and degree of color fading across locations is often observed; influencing selection decisions. We selected 135 bright red skin clones at a new location on peat soils; which will be grown on sandy loam soils next year. Red color tends to fade on sandy soils. Among the 762 breeding lines evaluated for resistance to CS, 21 lines had no scab lesions, 37 had only surface scab, and 27 had minor raised scab. Twelve MN seedlings had a maximum LB defoliation of 25%, and 46 scored at 50% defoliation; standard Russet Burbank reached 100% defoliation 2.5 weeks earlier. We successfully regenerated 4 plants from cryotherapy, a novel tissue culture based method used to eliminate viral pathogens from potato. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Thill at the University of Minnesota (UM) coordinated potato breeding and genetic research at MN in collaboration with Dr. David Douches Michigan State University, Dr. Jiwan Palta University of Wisconsin, and Dr. Susie Thompson North Dakota State University. Drs. Rosen and David University of Minnesota performed agronomic and Nitrogen utilization studies; Dr. Haynes at USDA Beltsville, MD coordinated the national late blight and national common scab trial; Dr. Bamberg at USDA NRSP6 contributed breeding germplasm; and Mr. Marty Glynn at the USDA Potato Research Worksite in East Grand Forks MN contributed to post harvest screening for processing quality. Stakeholders involved in determining state and regional priorities include the Minnesota Area II Potato Research and Promotion Council, the Northern Plains Potato Growers Association, and the Williston Economic Development Partnership. TARGET AUDIENCES: This project combines collaborative efforts from the disciplines of potato breeding and genetics, potato biochemistry, plant pathology, soil water and climate, agronomy, and entomology at the University of Minnesota. The north central region (NCR) contributes 24% to the total US potato production and potatoes for French fry and chip processing along with fresh market russets, reds, and specialty potatoes define regional utilization. Thus, potato producers and processors define the largest segment of our target audience. Our grower-based research advisory boards have identified a critical need to develop varieties and germplasm that exhibit superior genetics in yield, quality, and host plant resistance. Our long-term goals are to develop potato varieties adapted to Minnesota and the NCR. Our outreach plan is to educate producers on our new technologies, NCR varieties, and breeding innovations by presenting our research at grower educational conference and field venues. Our scientific team will meet and present research findings at the Potato Association of America (PAA), the National Potato Council (NPC) POTATO EXPO, and the NCCC84 Potato Genetics Technical Committee meeting. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Stakeholder engagement meetings have been annually conducted in coordination with managers of our state potato grower organizations to solicit input from producers and advisory board members on breeding, production, processing and potato marketability concerns. One area that needs greater attention is research delivering late blight resistant potato selections to the organic potato growing community.
Impacts
This project aims to produce potato cultivars and germplasm having superior genetics for yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress to reduce production inputs and increase producer marketability. MN advanced French fry (FF) processing lines are meeting industry quality measures; as are the chip processing selections. Advanced clonal selections MN15620, MN99380-1 and MN02696 are all resistant to cold induced sweetening (CIS). These clones would offer production savings from 1) decreased use of sprout-inhibitor, 2) reduced shrinkage, 3) decreased use of bactericides and fungicides in storage, 4) retention of dry matter, 5) decreased potential for acrylamide formation during frying, and 6) an increased marketing-window. Fresh market red producers are seeking selection retaining red color grown on sandy soils, and color retention after storage. Six advanced MN red lines are showing promise for this market; another 135 new seedlings were selected to meet this market. We have produced prenuclear and nuclear class seed among these lines to facilitate transfer of lines to producer farm trials. We are observing favorable responses to selection in areas of local adaptation by developing enhanced red skin fresh market and processing lines. A consequence of practicing this selection method is virus contamination within commercial selection locations as opposed to selection in isolated seed growing locations. This has led us to explore cryotherapy as a method to eliminate potato viruses in vitro. Our success regenerating 4 lines using cryotherapy encourages continued research since cryotherapy has the potential to reduce the virus eradication time-line by up to 1.5 years. What remains unclear is whether this procedure is effective in eliminating multiple viral diseases, recombinant viral diseases, or viral strains without repeated treatment. Late blight (LB), common scab (CS), and potato virus Y (PVY) are major potato diseases. Our efforts establishing regional and national disease screening sites to characterize MN and nation breeding germplasm allows for targeted selection for host plant resistance. Increased focus on LB screening identified 58 MN lines with significantly greater resistance than standard commercial cultivars, and 85 MN lines with CS resistance. Our PVY nursery allows for resistance selection, and studies determining foliar expression to PVY.
Publications
- Haynes KG, L Wanner, CAThill, JM Bradeen, J Miller, RG Novy, JL Whitworth, DL Corsini and BT Vinyard. Common Scab Trials of Potato Varieties and Advanced Selections at Three U.S. Locations. Am. J. Pot Res 2010 87: 261-276.
- Kirk WW, A Rojas, P Tumbalam, E Gachango, P , Wharton & F El-Samen, D Douches, J Coombs, CA Thill, and A Thompson. 1010. Effect of Different Genotypes of Phytophthora infestans (Mont. de Bary) and Temperature on Tuber Disease Development. Am. J. Pot Res 2010 87:509-520.
|
Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Research emphasized the development and evaluation of potato germplasm for improved yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. We evaluated 65,000 first-year single-hill (SH) seedlings, and continued evaluation of 376 clones in breeding generation 1 (G1), 168 in G2, 36 in G3, 6 in G4, 18 in G5, and 25 clones in G6 or greater. Beyond G1 clones were evaluated at 3 or more MN and ND locations for yield and grade, internal and external physiological defects, Nitrogen requirements, and processing quality after harvest and from low temperature storage. We also evaluated them for resistance to late blight (LB), common scab (CS), potato virus Y (PVY) and foliar expression to PVY. Among SH populations we continued a study determining the importance of environment on selection efficiency by growing populations in diverse regional locations; 2 irrigated and 1 non-irrigated. Differences in tuber marketability traits were observed across locations. Notable was wide variation in red skin color and degree of color fading; which, influenced selection decisions within genetically similar populations. Despite strong population by environment interaction we selected 550 clones at irrigated Becker, MN and Williston, ND locations and far fewer at the non-irrigated Grand Forks, ND location. Among these selections 52% were for French fry processing, 15% were for potato chip processing, and 33% were fresh market red skin types. Among 376 G1 clones selected in 2008 at the 3 locations, fewer than 10% were simultaneously selected in all locations indicating that site specific selection may have merit at this early breeding stage. Significantly higher PVY infection was observed selecting in commercial environments. MN15620 a long oval, pale red skin, yellow flesh French fry processing clone was released by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. Grower based trials of MN96013-1 a round, bright red skin, yellow flesh fresh market clone were produced and preliminary results are favorable for varietal release. The round, white skin, yellow flesh chip processing clone MN99380-1 continues to display resistance to cold induced sweetening (CIS) and has starch properties desired by the kettle chip industry. Seedling MN02696 has superior resistance to CIS producing acceptable chips from 4C after 10 months storage. Resistance to CS, LB, and PVY was determined in 249, 380, and 324 lines, respectively. The French fry selection AOMN06156-02 had no scab lesions. Another 33 clones had less than 5% tuber coverage of 2-3 mm lesions. Eight selections had a maximum LB defoliation of 15% and 5 selections reached a maximum of 50%; standard Russet Burbank reached 100% defoliation 2.5 weeks earlier. Four LB resistant selections have resistance to CIS. The ability to detect PVY visually in early breeding generations remains challenging; visual detection correctly identified no greater than 50% of the diseased plants. These results underscore the importance of continuing our efforts to develop a high through-put method for PVY screening in a 96-well platform. We established 20 selections in virus free culture to initiate pre nuclear seed production for grower trials. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Thill at the University of Minnesota (UM) coordinated potato breeding and genetic research in collaboration with Dr. Sowokinos in potato biochemistry and carbohydrate metabolism studies; Dr. Bradeen in plant pathology studies; Drs. Rosen and David in agronomic and Nitrogen utilization studies; and Drs. MacRae and Ragsdale in entomology studies. Dr. Haynes at USDA Beltsville, MD coordinated the national late blight trial; Dr. Bamberg at USDA NRSP6 contributed breeding germplasm; and Mr. Marty Glynn at the USDA Potato Research Worksite in East Grand Forks MN contributed to post harvest screening for processing quality. Stakeholders involved in determining state and regional priorities include the Minnesota Area II Potato Research and Promotion council, the Northern Plains Potato Growers Association, and the Williston Economic Development Partnership. TARGET AUDIENCES: This project combines collaborative efforts from the disciplines of potato breeding and genetics, potato biochemistry, plant pathology, soil water and climate, agronomy, and entomology at the University of Minnesota. The north central region (NCR) contributes 24% to the total US potato production and potatoes for French fry and chip processing along with fresh market russets, reds, and specialty potatoes define regional utilization. Thus, potato producers and processors define the largest segment of our target audience. Our grower-based research advisory boards have identified a critical need to develop varieties and germplasm that exhibit superior genetics in yield, quality, and host plant resistance. Our long-term goals are to develop potato varieties adapted to Minnesota and the NCR. Our outreach plan is to educate producers on our new technologies, NCR varieties, and breeding innovations by presenting our research at grower educational conference and field venues. Our scientific team will meet and present research findings at the Potato Association of America (PAA), the National Potato Council (NPC) POTATO EXPO, and the NCCC84 Potato Genetics Technical Committee meeting. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Stakeholder engagement meetings have been annually conducted in coordination with managers of our state potato grower organizations to solicit input from producers and advisory board members on production, processing and potato marketability concerns. One area that needs greater attention is research exploring the culinary and nutritional aspects of potato. This will be explored with scientists in food science and nutrition.
Impacts
This project aims to produce potato cultivars and germplasm having superior genetics for yield, quality, and disease resistance to reduce production inputs and increase producer marketability. We are observing favorable responses to selection in areas of local adaptation by developing enhanced red skin fresh market and processing lines. A consequence of practicing this selection method is virus contamination within commercial selection locations as opposed to selection in isolated seed growing locations. This has led us to explore cryopreservation as a method to eliminate potato viruses in vitro. What remains unclear is whether this procedure is effective in eliminating multiple viral diseases, recombinant viral diseases, or viral strains without repeated treatment. Our high throughput ELISA procedure for detecting PVY has allowed us to annually evaluate greater than 15,000 potato leaf samples with equivalent accuracy and reduced effort. With modifications, we believe that high throughput sampling may be useful to state seed certification agencies where it is not uncommon to process larger sample sizes in a short time period. LB disease caused by Phytophthora infestans remains among the top production constraints nation wide. Research has indicated that significant savings on production costs are realized with each fungicide application that is eliminated during potato production. Our LB screening identified clones with significantly greater resistance than standard commercial cultivars. Advanced clonal selections MN15620, MN99380-1 and MN02696 are all resistant to CIS. These clones would offer production savings from 1) decreased use of sprout-inhibitor, 2) reduced shrinkage, 3) decreased use of bactericides and fungicides in storage, 4) retention of dry matter, 5) decreased potential for acrylamide formation during frying, and 6) an increased marketing-window. The clone MN96013-1 is superior in bright red color and quality than currently available yellow flesh, red skinned cultivars grown in the north central region. Increasing national sales of the red skin, yellow flesh cultivar Klondike Rose demonstrates the potential of this emerging market area.
Publications
- Haynes, K.G., C.A. Thill, J.M. Bradeen, G. Secor, M.I. Vales, B.J. Christ, and D.S. Douches. 2009. Resistance to Late Blight in Potato Clones Evaluated at Five U.S. Locations in 2002-2007. AJPR accepted with revisions.
|
Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Research emphasized the development and evaluation of potato germplasm for improved yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. UM evaluated ca. 60,000 first year hybrid (SH), and selected 860 Generation 1 (G1), 180 G2, 85 G3, 20 G4, and 35 G5 or greater clones for continuation. Clones advanced beyond G1 were evaluated for resistance to late blight, common scab, Verticillium wilt, potato virus Y, and plant foliar expression to PVY. Minnesota has experienced unprecedented high levels of PVY in seed lots since mid 1990's. We evaluated both SH and G1 for PVY and 48% of the G1 population had PVY. Our ability to detect PVY visually in these materials was no greater than 50% underscoring the necessity to devote future resources to developing a high through-put method for PVY screening. The new procedure; which macerates plant tissue in buffer within cluster tubes set in a 96-well platform is fast and provides results that are not significantly less sensitive than current testing protocols. We repeated a study to determine if site specific selection has merit in potato breeding. New hybrid minituber populations were sampled and randomly planted at 2 irrigated and 1 non-irrigated location. Distinct differences were observed across environments which influenced selection decisions within genetically similar populations. We selected for fresh market red and russets, and processing types. A minor 11% of the clones were simultaneously selected at more than one selection environment. If site specific selection were to have greater merit, research efforts aimed at increasing the capacity to eliminate potato viruses in vitro would become more important since early generation clonal material would have been grown in non-seed environments. We screened SH, G1, and G2 plant populations for potato virus Y, X, M, S, T, and PLRV (potato leafroll virus). In most cases, if not all, advancing selections acquired one or multiple regulated plant disease that will now require elimination prior to commercialization. We are modifying a procedure that uses cryopreservation for virus elimination purposes. We successfully established 23 UM clones in virus free culture, grew some as nuclear generation seed in UM greenhouses, and grew some as G1 seed for state certification. With favorable testing the following lines will be available for commercial seed testing: MN02419 a yellow skin flesh market russet; MN18747 a early maturing French fry processing (FF); MN02589, MN02586, and MN02574 each potato chip processing; MN02616, MN96013-1, and MN 96072 each have fresh market red potential. MN99460-14 is a 2000 selection having bright red skin and white flesh. This clone has smooth round tubers with excellent internal tuber quality. MN99380-1 is a 1999 seedling having white skin, dark yellow flesh, smooth uniform tubers, and an excellent internal quality. MN99380-1 has low glucose content from storage and can chip directly from 40F. MN99380-1 has some resistance to late blight, low incidence of pink rot. MN02696 is a cold sweetening resistant selection having promise from 4C after 10 months. PARTICIPANTS: The genetic improvement of potatoes through traditional breeding is a continuous cycle of parental evaluation, hybridization, seedling production, selection/ evaluation, semi-commercial trials, and seed multiplication and commercialization. The projected timetable of releasing a cultivar, developed by intercrossing adapted germplasm, is between 10 and 15 years. We are exploring methods to accelerate this process, via early generation selection techniques, micropropagation strategies, and others. Dr. Thill (UM) will be responsible for coordinating research collaborations in MN at the University of Minnesota; Dr. Douches (MSU) will be responsible for coordinating research collaborations in MI at Michigan State University; Dr. Thompson (NDSU) will be responsible for coordinating research collaborations in ND at North Dakota State University, and Dr. Palta (UW) will be responsible for coordinating research collaborations in WI at the University of Wisconsin. Our project's breeding and genetic personnel have expertise that includes development of breeding strategies enabling the utilization of the genetic diversity available in the Solanum species; genetic mapping of important traits, integration of transgenic approaches in genetic improvement, and genetic understanding of numerous resistance and quality traits of potato, such as our priority traits. The four PD have extensive research experience on potato breeding and genetics, potato production, and varietal commercialization. TARGET AUDIENCES: Stakeholder Need Summary: Our state research advisory boards has identified a critical need to develop varieties and germplasm that exhibit superior genetics in agronomics, quality, and host plant resistance to potato insects and diseases. Our long-term goals are to develop potato varieties adapted to our states and region. Outreach Plan Summary: Our outreach plan is to educate producers about our new technologies, NCR varieties, and breeding innovations by presenting our research at grower educational conference and field venues. Our scientific team will meet and present research findings at the Potato Association of America (PAA), the National Potato Council (NPC) POTATO EXPO, and the NCCC-84 Potato Genetics Technical Committee meeting. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Stakeholder Engagement: Project state co-directors and key researchers and extension personnel will attend yearly meetings of state research reporting conferences, the NPC POTATO EXPO, and extension activities to solicit input from the growers and advisory board members.
Impacts
This project aims to produce potato cultivars and germplasm having superior yield, quality, and disease resistance. We initiated procedures to select, in earlier generations, in the environment of intended production. We are seeing favorable response to selection by developing better red or russet lines in areas of local adaptation. A severe consequence is virus contamination when selecting in commercial locations as opposed to isolated seed growing locations. Challenging potato production system are newly emerging pathogens with unfamiliar pathogenicity and unstudied epidemiology along with more aggressive strains of historical pathogens. Cryopreservation has the capacity to eliminate potato viruses in vitro; yet what is unknown is whether this procedure is effective on combined potato viruses, in particular PVYO, PVYN, and PVYN:O recombinants as experienced in the North Central region (NCR). Our high throughput ELISA has allowed us to annually evaluate greater than 15,000 potato leaf samples for virus. Modified, we believe that these sampling procedures could be useful to state seed certification agencies where it is not uncommon to have large sample sizes to process in a short time period. Our work developing cold sweetening resistant clones would decrease producer losses substantially if cultivars were available that resist sweetening in low-temperature storage Savings would result from (1) decreased use of sprout-inhibitor, (2) reduced shrinkage, (3) decreased use of bactericides and fungicides, (4) retention of dry matter, (5) decreased potential for acrylamide formation during frying, and (6) an increased marketing-window.
Publications
- William W Kirk, Ph.D; Firas Abu El-Samen; Pavani G Tumbalam; Phillip S Wharton; David S Douches; Christian A Thill; Asunta Thompson, 2008. Impact of different US genotypes of Phytophthora infestans on potato seed tuber rot and plant emergence in a range of cultivars and advanced breeding lines. Potato Research In Press. POTR95R3
- Haynes, K.G.1, C.A. Thill2, J.M. Bradeen2, G. Secor3, M.I. Vales4, B.J. Christ5, and D.S. Douches6. 2008. Resistance to Late Blight in Potato Clones Evaluated at Five U.S. Locations in 2002-2007. AJPR submitted.
|
Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This research emphasizes the development and evaluation of potato cultivars and germplasm with improved yield, quality, and disease resistance. UM evaluated ca. 60,000 new hybrid first year seedlings, and selected for continuation in breeding 23 Elite, 38 Advanced, 215 Intermediate, 95 Early Generation II, 472 Early Generation I, 83 cold chipping clones, and 300 clones having late blight resistance. We also evaluated these breeding selections for resistance to late blight, common scab, Verticillium wilt, potato virus Y, and expression of PVY in plant foliage. Breeding selections move through the program from single-hills (SH) to Early 1 (E1), to E2, to Intermediate, to Advanced, and then Elite populations. Minnesota has experienced unprecedented high levels of PVY in seed lots since mid 1990's. We evaluated both SH and E1 generations for PVY. These populations are the earliest in the program and should have little virus. In contrast, 48% of the E1 population had PVY; our
ability to detect PVY visually in these materials was no greater than 50%. At harvest, E1 selection was based on desirable tuber characteristics. Both PVY free and PVY positive clones were selected to initiate a study looking at the relationship of yield drag, and selection decisions (Type 1, 2 error) to PVY status of a clonal selection. Information will guide decisions on when breeding lines will be introduced virus free in vitro. A new study was initiated to determine the best environment for selection of different market types of potato: fresh market red, fresh market russet, processing russet, and processing round whites for chips; two irrigated and one dry land locations were used. The Hubbard sandy loam soils of Becker, MN appears to be favorable for red selection because red tuber skin color fading readily occurs in this environment and thus provides an objective selection variable for variants. Fresh market and processing russet clones were favorable produced at the
Willliston, ND location. A successful program was completed to establish 18 MN potato breeding clones into virus free in vitro culture. Greenhouse grown minitubers are being produced on eight clones for Minnesota seed growers. Seedlings for commercial release include: MN 15620 a seedling having red to pink skin and yellow flesh, smooth uniform long oval to long tuber shape having excellent tuber quality. Tuber can process from cold 10C storage after 10 months. Taste panel results of MN 15620 are favorable having rated excellent flavor and texture. MN 15620 is showing field tolerance to Potato virus Y and Potato Leafroll virus. MN 99460-14 is a 2000 selection having bright red skin and white flesh. This clone has smooth round tubers with excellent internal tuber quality. This clone would be of interest to fresh potato producers throughout MN. MN 99380-1 is a 1999 seedling having white skin, dark yellow flesh, smooth uniform tubers, and an excellent internal quality. MN 99380-1 has low
glucose content from storage and can chip directly from 40F. MN 99380-1 has some resistance to late blight, low incidence of pink rot. MN 02696 is a cold sweetening resistant selection having promise from 4C after 10 months.
PARTICIPANTS: At the University of Minnesota: Drs. Sowokinos, Radcliffe, Ragsdale, Rosen, and Bradeen. In the North Central Region: Drs. Douches at MSU, Thompson at NDSU, and Palta at UW-Madison
TARGET AUDIENCES: Potato Breeders and Geneticists and Potato producers
PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: No major changes
Impacts
This project aims to produce potato cultivars and germplasm having superior yield, quality, and disease resistance. The use of novel breeding methods coupled with exploiting useful genes found among the wild relatives of potato provides multiple approaches to solve industry issues.
Publications
- DeJong, W., CA Thill, and J. Miller. 2007. Minnesota potato varieties. Annual meeting of the Snack Foods Association, March 2007, St. Augustine, FL.
- Thill, C.A., 2007. US Potato Industry and technology. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, July 2007.
|
Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
This research emphasizes the development and evaluation of potato cultivars and germplasm with improved yield, quality, and disease resistance. UM produced ca. 600 new hybrid cross combinations, evaluated ca. 40,000 new hybrid first year seedlings at Morris, MN, exchanged ca. 40,000+ seedling tubers with Colorado, Idaho, Oregon, North Dakota, and Wisconsin, and selected for continuation in breeding 19 Elite, 20 Advanced, 54 Intermediate, 214 Early Generation II, 95 Early Generation I, and 71 cold chipping clones. We also evaluated breeding selections for agronomic / horticultural / quality from 5 disease screening nurseries. The following seedling selections are being considered for release: MN 15620 is a seedling selected by F. Lauer in 1985 having red to pink skin and yellow flesh, smooth uniform long oval to long tuber shape having excellent tuber quality. Tuber can process from cold 10C storage after 10 months. Taste panel results of MN 15620 are favorable having
rated excellent flavor and texture. MN 15620 is showing field tolerance to Potato virus Y and Potato Leafroll virus. MN 02419 is a French fry russet selection that also rated favorably for taste and texture evaluation. This clone has favorable yield and quality parameters to further test. MN 99460-14 is a seedling selected in 2000 having bright red skin and white flesh. This clone has smooth round tubers with excellent internal tuber quality. This clone would be of interest to fresh potato producers throughout MN. MN96013-1 is a seedling selected in 1997 having dark red skin, dark yellow flesh, smooth uniform tubers, and an excellent internal quality. Tubers have moderate to low specific gravity and good culinary characteristics. MN96013-1 has moderate resistance to common scab. MN 99380-1 is a seedling selected in 1999 having white skin, dark yellow flesh, smooth uniform tubers, and an excellent internal quality. MN 99380-1 has low glucose content from storage and can chip directly
from 40F. Tubers have moderate to high specific gravity and good culinary characteristics. MN 99380-1 has some resistance to late blight, low incidence of pink rot. MN 02696 is a cold sweetening resistant selection that processes directly from 4C after 10 months. The UM is one of three national selection sites for characterizing elite germplasm for resistance to common scab since 2001. We have determined the importance of independent genetic mechanisms of resistance, 1) severity index accounting for the depth of common scab lesions, and 2) incidence index accounting tuber surface area coverage. Our UM germplasm has moderate to low resistance to common scab. UM has the only national selection site for characterizing resistance to aphids, viruses, and virus expression in foliar tissue. In 2005 we screened 500 clones by first infecting them with PVY and PLRV via viraliferous aphids, then, evaluating them for expression and virus presence via ELISA. Late blight (LB) resistance selection
has identified ca. 300 clones having strong resistance. They are currently being evaluated for specific gravity and resistance to cold sweetening. The project is advising to completion 1 MS and 2 Ph.D. students.
Impacts
This project aims to produce potato cultivars and germplasm having superior yield, quality, and disease resistance. The use of novel breeding methods coupled with exploiting useful genes found among the wild relatives of potato provides multiple approaches to solve industry issues.
Publications
- Jiang, J., CA Thill. 2006. White Pearl: a chipping potato variety with high level resistance to cold sweetening. Amer J Potato Res in Press.
|
Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
This research emphasizes the development and evaluation of potato cultivars and germplasm with improved yield, quality, and disease resistance. UM produced ca. 500 new hybrid cross combinations, evaluated ca. 70,000 new hybrids seedlings at East Grand Forks, MN, exchanged ca. 40,000+ seedling tubers with Colorado, Idaho, Oregon, and North Dakota, and selected for continuation in breeding 12 Elite, 8 Advanced, 30 Intermediate, 77 Early Generation II, and 515 Early Generation I, and 60 cold chipping clones. We also evaluated breeding selections for agronomic / horticultural / quality from 5 disease screening nurseries. Three seedling selections are being considered for release: MN 18710 is a seedling selected by F. Lauer having a light russet skin, white flesh, smooth uniform tubers, and an excellent internal quality. MN 18710 processes into French fries from 50F and has a good fresh market appearance. Tubers have moderate to high specific gravity 1.083 and good
culinary characteristics. MN 18710 has resistance to common scab. MN96013-1 is a seedling selected in 1997 having dark red skin, dark yellow flesh, smooth uniform tubers, and an excellent internal quality. Tubers have moderate to low specific gravity and good culinary characteristics. MN96013-1 has moderate resistance to common scab. MN 99380-1 is a seedling selected in 1999 having white skin, dark yellow flesh, smooth uniform tubers, and an excellent internal quality. MN 99380-1 has low glucose content from storage and chips directly from 40F. Tubers have moderate to high specific gravity and good culinary characteristics. MN 99380-1 has some resistance to late blight, low incidence of pink rot. Late blight (LB) is a worldwide potato disease caused by the pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Early generation selection (EGS) for resistance to late blight may accelerate potato cultivar development. The research objectives were to determine if 1) differences between field transplants (FTS)
and greenhouse grown tuber (GGT) populations exist when evaluating for LB, and 2) difference between reading dates influence EGS. FTS plants had low-moderate mortality post-transplanting and grew to a reasonable size prior to inoculation. Significant differences were observed among reading dates within years and between each propagule source. However, by the final reading, year was no longer a significant source of variation. Thus, a breeder should consider using FTS as a propagule for determining progeny resistance to LB. Moreover, FTS could accelerate EGS for LB resistance by 2 years. An additional research objective was to measure the response from early generation selection for resistance to late blight. Nearly 500 genotypes were selected for resistance and the genetic gain from EGS will be determined. Knowledge gained from this research will direct breeding efforts in EGS for late blight resistance. The project advised to completion 1 Ph.D. student; advising to completion 1 Ph.D.
and 1 M.S. students.
Impacts
This project aims to produce potato cultivars and germplasm having superior yield, quality, and disease resistance. The use of novel breeding methods coupled with exploiting useful genes found among the wild relatives of potato provides multiple approaches to solve industry issues.
Publications
- Davis, JA, EB Radcliffe, DW Ragsdale, and CA Thill. 2005. Identifying resistance to aphids in crosses with somatic fusions of Solanum tuberosum L. and Solanum bulbocastanum Dun. Amer J Potato Res In Press.
- Davis, JA, EB Radcliffe, DW Ragsdale, and CA Thill. 2005. Identifying and mapping mechanisms of host plant resistance to aphids in potato. Entomological Society of America In press.
- Sowokinos, J. S. Gupta, and C.A. Thill. 2005. Introduction of an anti-sweetening gene (UgpA) from the cultivar Snowden into chipping cultivar Dakota Pearl. XVI Triennial Conference of the European Association for Potato Research. Bilbao, Spain.
- Thill, C.A. and I.I. Dinu. 2005. Examining chromosomal interactions in inter-series hybrids of Solanum spp., section Petota. XVI Triennial Conference of the European Association for Potato Research. Bilbao, Spain.
- Thill, C.A., and J. Miller. 2005. Minnesota potato breeding program progress report 2005. Proc. of the 35th Annual Meeting, NCR-84 Potato Breeding and Genetics Technical Committee January, 2005, Chicago, IL.
- Dinu, I.I., R.J. Hayes, R.G. Kynast, R.L. Phillips, and C.A. Thill. 2005. Novel inter-series hybrids in Solanum, section Petota. Theor Appl Genet 110:403-415.
- Hayes, R.J., I.I. Dinu, and CA Thill. 2005. Unilateral and bilateral hybridization barriers in inter-series crosses of 4x 2EBN Solanum stoloniferum, S. pinnatisectum, S. cardiophyllum, and 2x 2EBN S. tuberosum Haploids and Haploid Species hybrids. Sexual Plant Reproduction Sexual Plant Reproduction 17:303-311.
- Kirk, W.W., Abu-El Samena, F.M., Muhinyuzaa, J.B., Hammerschmidt, R., Douches, D.S., Thill, C.A., Groza, H., Thompson, A.L. 2005. Evaluation of potato late blight management utilizing host plant resistance and reduced rates and frequencies of fungicide applications. Crop Protection. 24:961-970.
- Lara-Chavez, A., and C.A. Thill. 2005. Sample size for early generation selection of cold chipping genotypes in potatoes. Crop Science Accepted with revisions.
- Mollov, D.S., and C.A. Thill. 2005. Breeding behavior of potato virus Y asymptomatic expression in 2x and 4x potato crosses. Crop Science Accepted with revisions.
- Zlesak, D.C., C.A. Thill, and N.O. Anderson. 2005. Trifluralin-mediated polyploidization of Rosa chinensis minima (Sims) Voss seedlings. Euphytica 141:281-290.
- Douches, D., C. Thill, A. Pavlista, A. Thompson, M. Kleinhenz, J. Jiang, D. Lynch, V. Currie, and M. Glynn. North central potato variety trials 2005. In: Haynes, K.G. (ed), National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 2005: Seventy-Fifth Annual Report by Cooperators. USDA, ARS, ARS.
- Thill, C.A., and J. Miller. Minnesota potato breeding and genetics - 2005. In: Haynes, K.G. (ed), National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 2005: Seventy-Sixth Annual Report by Cooperators. USDA, ARS, ARS.
- Dinu, I.I. 2005. Introgression of wild Solanum species germplasm into cultivated potato gene pool using EBN manipulation. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota. pp.138.
|
Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
This research emphasizes the development and evaluation of potato cultivars and germplasm with improved yield, quality, and disease resistance. UM evaluated 120,000 hybrids, exchanged seedling with 13 US programs, and advanced 19 Elite, 11 Advanced, 35 Intermediate, 57 Early Generation II, and 572 Early Generation I, and 37 cold chipping clones. Clones were evaluated for production, quality and 5 disease resistance traits. Early generation selection (EGS) can identify cold chipping (CC) genotypes earlier in breeding. Results suggest that the greatest genetic gain occurs from 4x-4x progeny in EGS populations; but, significant improvement for CC and disease resistance can be made with 2x potato species crosses. Determining chip sample size in EGS is important to enhance precision and accuracy when selecting. Results established that chipping one slice from one tuber per genotype had a marginal error (ME) of +,-0.3 with 95% confidence. Such a ME impacts breeding and
selection decisions, i.e., type I error discarding poor that should be retained, or type II error retaining poor genotypes erroneously. The optimum sample size of one slice from one tuber reduces type I errors. Development of host plant resistant potatoes will lead to increased yields and economic benefit to MN farmers. Reducing chemical inputs will diminish concerns over food quality, safety, and promote environmental sustainability. Sexual hybrids between distantly related Solanum species can facilitate this process, since wild potatoes have resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Novel sexual diploid and triploid inter-series hybrids were generated from wild species crosses by using post-pollination applications of auxin and embryo rescue in vitro. Twenty-four novel hybrids were created and is the first step in overcoming post-zygotic reproductive barriers among isolated species. The wild Mexican species are an important untapped source of useful variation for potato improvement.
Self compatibility (SC) in S. stoloniferum and S. pinnatisectum suggests that the S-locus does not contribute to this barrier. A non-stylar unilateral incongruity was discovered in H-S / tbr x S. stoloniferum crosses. Pollen rejection did not occur in the styles of SI genotypes. Introgression strategies using these species would benefit potato improvement by moving disease resistance and quality genes via co-current introgression. Existence of Potato virus Y (PVY) asymptomatic (ASM) clones in a potato breeding program can alter selection efficiency Results support the highly heritable nature of PVY ASM expression, the existence of ASM gene(s) in both 2x and 4x potatoes, and ability to transmit these gene(s) by n and 2n gametes. Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) is an economically detrimental virus. PLRV resistance was found in 16 families. Significant location differences emphasized the inability to select for resistance without a post-harvest storage interval. PLRV also induces internal
net necrosis (INN) in tubers. Results suggest that polygenic inheritance of PLRV restricts breeding progress, but breeding for INN resistance is possible. Two M.S. students graduated; 2 Ph.D. and 2 M.S. are active.
Impacts
This project aims to produce potato cultivars and germplasm having superior yield, quality, and disease resistance. The use of novel breeding methods coupled with exploiting useful genes found among the wild relatives of potato provides multiple approaches to solve industry issues.
Publications
- Dinu, I.I., R.J. Hayes, R.G. Kynast, R.L. Phillips, and C.A. Thill. 2004. Novel inter-series hybrids in Solanum, section Petota. TAG ISSN: 0040-5752 (Paper) 1432-2242 (Online), DOI: 10.1007/s00122-004-1782-x, Issue: Online First . Mollov, D.S., and C.A. Thill. 2004. Evidence of Potato Virus Y Asymptomatic Clones in Diploid and Tetraploid Potato Breeding Populations. Amer J Potato Res 81:317-326.
- Zlesak, D.C., and C.A. Thill. 2004. Variation for resistance to Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary (US8, A2 mating type) in 1, 2, and 4EBN wild Solanum species. Amer J Potato Res In Press.
- Zlesak, D.C., C.A. Thill, and N.O. Anderson. 2004. Trifluralin-mediated polyploidization of Rosa chinensis minima (Sims) Voss seedlings. Euphytica In Press.
- Bolvaran, S., and C.A. Thill 2004. Comparison between propagule sources for determining foliar resistant to late blight (P. infestans) in early breeding generations. Amer J Potato Res In press. Abst.
- Davis, J., C.A. Thill, D. Ragsdale, and E. Radcliffe. 2004. Identifying resistance to aphids and aphid-transmitted viruses in potato. Entomological Society of America In press. Abst.
- Dinu, I.I., and C.A. Thill. 2004. Cytogenetic, molecular and phenotypic characterization of inter-series hybrids in the genus Solanum, section Petota. Amer J Potato Res In Press. Abst.
- Sowokinos, J., C.A Thill, I. Shea, and K. Novak. 2004. Use of UDP-Glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) isozyme profiles and basal acid invertase activity to select for potato germplasm resistance to cold-induced-sweetening (CIS). Amer J Potato Res In press. Abst.
- Bolvaran, Sonia and C.A. Thill. 2004. Breeding progress for resistant to late blight following early generation selection. Proc. of the 34th Annual Meeting, NCR-84 Potato Breeding and Genetics Technical Committee January, 2004, Madison, Wisconsin.
- Dinu, I.I. and C. A. Thill. 2004. Novel Inter-series Hybrids between remote species of Section Petota. Proc. of the 34th Annual Meeting, NCR-84 Potato Breeding and Genetics Technical Committee January, 2004, Madison, Wisconsin.
- Esplin, Dave L., and C.A. Thill. 2004. Selection efficiency for cold chipping potato genotypes in three populations developed via sexual polyploidization. Proc. of the 34th Annual Meeting, NCR-84 Potato Breeding and Genetics Technical Committee January, 2004, Madison, Wisconsin.
- Dinu I.I., R.G. Kynast, R.L. Phillips, and C.A. Thill. 2004. The genomic relationship among remote species of the tuber-bearing section Petota. International Plant and Animal Genome XII In press. Abst.
- Esplin, D.L., and C.A. Thill. 2004. Genetic gain from early generation selection for cold chipping from 2x-2x, 2x-4x, 4x-2x, and 4x-4x crosses in potato. Amer J Potato Res In Press. Abst.
- Frost, K.E., S.H. Jansky, D. I. Rouse, and C.A. Thill. 2004. Seasonal dynamics of Verticillium dahliae in potato plant tissue. Amer J Potato Res In press. Abst.
- Haynes, K.G., L.A. Wanner, C.A. Thill, J. Miller, R.G. Novy, and D.L. Corsini. 2004. National Common Scab Trial of Potato Varieties and Advanced Selections 2002. Amer J Potato Res In press. Abst.
- Lara-Chavez, A., and C.A. Thill. 2004. Sample size for selection of cold chipping genotypes from haploid-species hybrids. Amer J Potato Res In press. Abst.
- Miller, J.L., and C.A. Thill. 2004. MN 15620 a high yielding yellow flesh French fry processing selection having resistance to PVY and PLRV. Amer J Potato Res In press. Abst.
- Mollov, D.S., and C.A. Thill. 2004. Incidence of PLRV induced tuber net necrosis in potato breeding populations. Amer J Potato Res In Press. Abst.
- Mollov, D.S., D.C. Hane, and C.A. Thill. 2004. PVY OC & N expression in advanced potato breeding lines. APS In press. Abst.
- Lara, Angel and C.A. Thill. 2004. Evaluation of tubers for determining cold chipping genotypes. Proc. of the 34th Annual Meeting, NCR-84 Potato Breeding and Genetics Technical Committee January, 2004, Madison, Wisconsin.
- Mollov, Dimitre and C.A. Thill. 2004. 2003 National PVY trial: PVYOC and PVYN expression in advanced breeding lines. Proc. of the 34th Annual Meeting, NCR-84 Potato Breeding and Genetics Technical Committee January, 2004, Madison, Wisconsin.
- Thill, C.A. 2004. Regional potato varietal development and potato varietal protection, plant breeder's rights, and patents. Proc. 23rd Annual meeting National Potato Council Seed Seminar January 2004, San Diego, California.
- Thill, C.A., and J. Miller. Minnesota potato breeding and genetics - 2004. In: Haynes, K.G. (ed), National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 2004: Seventy-Fifth Annual Report by Cooperators. USDA, ARS, ARS.
- Summers, B., D. Douches, C. Thill, A. Pavlista, A. Thompson, M. Kleinhenz, J. Jiang, D. Lynch, V. Currie, and M. Glynn. North central potato variety trials - 2004. In: Haynes, K.G. (ed), National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 2004: Seventy-Fifth Annual Report by Cooperators. USDA, ARS, ARS.
- Thill, C.A., and J. Miller. 2004. Minnesota potato breeding program progress report - 2004. . Proc. of the 34th Annual Meeting, NCR-84 Potato Breeding and Genetics Technical Committee January, 2004, Madison, Wisconsin.
|
Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
This research emphasizes the development and evaluation of potato cultivars and germplasm with improved yield, quality, and disease resistance. UM evaluated 110,000 hybrids seedlings, exchanged 40,000 seedling with CO, ID, OR, and ND, and selected 27 Advanced, 17 Intermediate, 94 Early II, and 176 Early I clones. Clones were evaluated for production, quality and 5 disease resistance traits. Early generation selection (EGS) can identify cold chipping (CC) genotypes earlier in the breeding cycle. Results established that the mean color score for the field transplant (FTR) population was 7.3. CC genotypes were identified in FTR with 6.5% of the random and 3.4% of the selected clones being acceptable. Indicating that cold chipping clones could be found in both seedling and greenhouse derived populations, saving 3 years of breeding. Bilateral polyploidization produced a higher frequency of acceptable clones indicating that SP is an efficient vehicle to transfer CC.
Immediate use of CC genotypes in breeding may increase favorable alleles in populations, thus accelerating genetic gain. Results established that progeny from acceptable chipping (AC) performed better than poor progeny indicating value in making AC x good cultivar crosses. AC selections had wild species, indicating the value of using this germplasm since CC alleles from wild species are easily to introgress. Seed production in interspecific Solanum hybrids depends on compatibility of combined genomes in the embryo and endosperm, and interactions between them. Objectives were to explore post-zygotic reproductive barriers in intra- and interspecific crosses. Results established that confocal microscopy evidenced endosperm cells broke down in pnt 4x-tbr 2x and pnt 4x-HS crosses within 3-4 days after pollination (DAP), despite Endosperm Balance Number (EBN) ratios. Use of growth regulators applied to ovules yielded 76 fruits having 119 immature seeds, but none survived. In ver 2x-pnt 2x
and ver 2x-pnt 4x crosses, irrespective of EBN ratios, incipient normal endosperm and embryo growth was observed suggesting that control mechanisms except gene dosage for EBN are involved during early endosperm formation. Late blight (LB) is a worldwide potato fungal disease. A traditional approach to breeding is selecting among advanced clones. EGS, when variation is greatest, may have merit. Results established that normal plants derived from B-size tubers got infected with LB similar to control tubers. Therefore, EGS is possible and 86 selections were advanced in 2003. Potato virus Y (PVY) is the most important tuber-borne virus, yet not all infected clones express symptoms. Objectives were to determine the genetic control of PVY asymptomatic expression and its environmental influence. Results established that families contributed significant sources of variation for both ELISA and visual evaluation. Storage at 4C had little effect on PVY detection by ELISA. A moderate correlation
was found between visual and ELISA PVY detection emphasizing the inability to always detect PVY visually. Growing environment seems to significantly influence this trait. One M.S. graduated; 2 Ph.D. and 3 M.S. are active.
Impacts
This project aims to produce potato cultivars and germplasm having superior yield, quality, and disease resistance. The use of novel breeding methods coupled with exploiting useful genes found among the wild relatives of potato provides multiple approaches to solve industry issues.
Publications
- Summers, B., D. Douches, C. Thill, A. Pavlista, A. Thompson, M. Kleinhenz, J. Jiang, D. Lynch, V. Currie, and M. Glynn. North central potato variety trials. In: Haynes, K.G. (ed), National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 2003: Seventy-Fourth Annual Report by Cooperators. USDA, ARS, ARS.
- Thill, C.A., 2003. Evaluation of potato breeding methods in the US. Joint Meeting of EAPR: Section Breeding and varietal assessment and EUCARPIA: Potato section. Oulu, Finland, EAPR: Appendix.
- Thill, C.A., I.I. Dinu, and R.J. Hayes. 2003. Overcoming reproductive barriers between Mexican wild species and Group Tuberosum. Joint Meeting of EAPR: Section Breeding and varietal assessment and EUCARPIA: Potato section. Oulu, Finland, EAPR:8.
- Thill, C.A., and J. Miller. Minnesota potato breeding and genetics - 2003. In: Haynes, K.G. (ed), National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 2003: Seventy-Fourth Annual Report by Cooperators. USDA, ARS, ARS.
- Thill, C.A., and D.S. Mollov. 2003. Genetic control of asymptomatic expression to potato virus Y and the environmental influence on this trait. Joint Meeting of EAPR: Section Breeding and varietal assessment and EUCARPIA: Potato section. Oulu, Finland, EAPR:51.
- Dinu, I.I., and C.A. Thill. 2003. Endosperm and embryo development in interspecific incompatible Solanum crosses. Amer J Potato Res In Press.
- Esplin, D.L., and C.A. Thill. 2003. Selection for cold chipping genotypes in populations derived by sexual polyploidization. Amer J Potato Res In Press.
- Hayes, R.J., and C.A. Thill. 2003. Genetic gain from early generation selection for cold chipping genotypes in potato. Plant Breeding 122:158-163.
- Hayes, R.J., and C.A. Thill. 2003. Selection for late blight tuber resistance within foliar resistant genotypes. Amer J Potato Res In Press.
- Mollov, D.S., and C.A. Thill. 2003. Heritability of asymptomatic expression to potato virus Y. Amer J Potato Res In Press.
- Mollov, D.S., and C.A. Thill. 2003. Identifying resistant PVY and PLRV progenies among various parental matings. Amer J Potato Res In Press.
- Posch, D.M. 2003. Breeding for Phytophthora infestans resistance by selecting progenies in the first clonal generation of potato breeding. M.S. Thesis. University of Minnesota. pp.79.
|
Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
We produced 1200 new hybrids crosses in 2002. Graduate students contributed another 700 crosses. Progeny were shared with cooperating breeding programs in MI, WI, ND, TX, CO, and OR. Collaborative research on disease resistance trials included over 500 clones for late blight, and 175 for Colorado potato beetle, PVY/PLRV, Verticillium wilt and common scab. Identifying variation for processing color in early-generation populations of potato breeding promotes rapid development of cold-sweetening resistant (CSR) cultivars. We previously identified CSR isozymes of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) that are basic in nature (A-II isozymes) and rarely found in potatoes that rapidly sweeten in cold storage. Objectives were to 1) compare differences in processing color and isozymes of UGPase in progeny from sexual polyploidization (SP), and 2) determine our ability to predict progeny performance based on the UGPase pattern of the parents. Results established that superior
means and larger variances resulted in more acceptable CSR genotypes in SP progeny. Color in progeny was dependent upon the % of A-II isozymes of UGPase; therefore, parental selection is moderately successful to predict progeny performance. Color improved as the % of A-II isozymes increased. Exceptional progeny having poor color and the presence of A-II were observed; we hypothesized their greater ability to convert sucrose into glucose due to increased efficiency in acid invertase activity. In breeding, single-hill progeny (SH) are advanced following visual selection in the 1st field year and disease evaluations are done later in development. If SH selection was performed in a late blight (LB) nursery greater progress for resistance may result; yet, selected clones must also have good yield and quality for acceptance as a cultivar. Research explored 1) the yield and quality performance, and 2) levels of LB resistance among clones previously selected for resistance in an early
breeding generation. False selections (25%) were made the previous year for LB resistance. None of the SH selections had LB resistance despite being sub-samples of the same populations planted in the LB nursery; indicating 100% false rejection was being performed in the SH field. Introgression of desirable traits from the reproductively isolated wild species into cultivated potato is valuable for potato improvement. However, interspecific incompatibility barriers can limit gene transfer from these species. Previous research produced a triploid hybrid, MNDZ-1, from S. pinnatisectum having durable resistance to LB a fungal pathogen having world significance. Breeding progress MNDZ-1 needed to be characterized for breeding behavior and resistance. Objectives were to cytologically analyze MNDZ-1 for: 1) mitotic chromosomal constitution, 2) meiotic chromosome behavior, and 3) viability and size variation in pollen population. The significant results from this work established that MNDZ-1
was triploid but somatically unstable. It was also unstable in gamete production; meiotic abnormalities at the tetrad stage of microsporogenesis involved dyads, triads, and tetrads with micronuclei.
Impacts
This project aims to produce potato cultivars and germplasm having superior yield, quality, and disease resistance. The use of novel breeding methods coupled with exploiting useful genes found among the wild relatives of potato provides multiple approaches to solve industry issues.
Publications
- Haynes, K.G., R.W. Goth, D.S. Douches, C.A. Thill, G. Secor, W.E. Fry, and B.J. Christ. 2002. National late blight germplasm evaluation trials - 1999. In: Haynes, K.G. (ed), National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 2000: Seventy-First Annual Report by Cooperators. USDA, ARS, ARS-160, p. 88-92.
- Thill, C.A., J.R. Sowokinos, and R.J. Hayes. 2002. Variation for isozymes of UGPase in 4x potatoes and its relationship to cold sweetening resistance in 4x progenies from bilateral polyploidization. XXVI International Horticultural Congress, Toronto, ON, Canada, p.115.
- Thill, C.A., and D.C. Zlesak. 2002. Phytophthora infestans (US-8, A2) resistance in 1, 2 and 4EBN Solanum germplasm and gene introgression into adapted 4x S. tuberosum germplasm. XV Triennial Conference of the European Association for Potato Research. Hamburg, Germany, EAPR:117.
- Summers, B., D. Douches, C. Thill, A. Pavlista, A. Thompson, M. Kleinhenz, J. Jiang, D. Lynch, V. Currie, and M. Glynn. North central potato variety trials. In: Haynes, K.G. (ed), National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 2001: Seventy-Second Annual Report by Cooperators. USDA, ARS, ARS-Submitted.
- Thill, C.A. Minnesota potato breeding and genetics. In: Haynes, K.G. (ed), National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 2001: Seventy-Second Annual Report by Cooperators. USDA, ARS, ARS, Submitted.
- Haynes, K.G., D.P. Weingartner, D.S. Douches, C.A. Thill, G. Secor, W.E. Fry, D.H. Lambert, B.J. Christ, and R.E. Voss. 2002. National late blight germplasm evaluation trials - 1998. In: Haynes, K.G. (ed), National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 2000: Seventy-First Annual Report by Cooperators. USDA, ARS, ARS-160, p. 83-87.
- Haynes, K.G., C.A. Thill, G. Secor, W.E. Fry, D.S. Douches, W.R. Stevenson, and D.P. Weingartner. 2002. National late blight germplasm evaluation trials - 2000. In: Haynes, K.G. (ed), National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 2000: Seventy-First Annual Report by Cooperators. USDA, ARS, ARS-160, p. 93-97.
- Summers, B., P. Colyer, D. Douches, C. Thill, A. Pavlista, J. Lorenzen, M. Kleinhenz, J. Jiang, D. Lynch, A. Sullivan, and M. Glynn. 2002. North central potato variety trials. In: Haynes, K.G. (ed), National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 2000: Seventy-First Annual Report by Cooperators. USDA, ARS, ARS-160, p. 32-57.
- Hayes, R.J. 2002. Breeding for cold chipping potato cultivars through sexual polyploidization and early generation selection. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota. pp. 173.
- Sowokinos, J.R., S.K. Gupta, and C.A. Thill. 2002. Characterization and distribution of unique isozymes of UDP-Glc pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) in potato clones that resist sweetening when subjected to cold stress. XV Triennial Conference of the European Association for Potato Research. Hamburg, Germany, EAPR:160.
- Haynes, K.G., B.J. Christ, P.D. Weingartner, D.S. Douches, C.A. Thill, G. Secor, W.E. Fry, and D.H. Lambert. 2002. Foliar resistance to late blight in potato clones evaluated in national trials in 1997. Amer J Potato Res, In Press.
- Hayes, R.J., and C.A. Thill. 2002. Co-current introgression of economically important traits in a potato breeding program. Amer J Potato Res 79:173-181.
- Hayes, R.J., and C.A. Thill. 2002. Genetic gain from early generation selection for cold chipping genotypes in potato. Plant Breeding, In Press.
- Hayes, R.J., and C.A. Thill. 2002. Introgression of cold (4 C) chipping from 2x (2 Endosperm Balance Number) potato species into 4x 4EBN cultivated potato using sexual polyploidization. Amer J Potato Res, In Press.
- Hayes, R.J., and C.A. Thill. 2002. Selection for cold chipping genotypes from three early generations in a potato breeding program. Euphytica 128:353-362.
- Hayes, R.J., and C.A. Thill. 2002. Selection for potato genotypes from diverse progenies that combine 4 C chipping with acceptable yields, specific gravity and tuber appearance. Crop Sci 42:1343-1349.
- Zlesak, D.C., and C.A. Thill. 2002. Variation for 2n pollen production and male fertility in wild Solanum germplasm resistant to Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary (US8). Amer J Potato Res 79:219-229.
- Dinu, I.I., and C.A. Thill. 2002. Cytological analysis of a S. pinnatisectum - S. tuberosum bridging genotype developed by EBN manipulation and sexual crosses. XXVI International Horticultural Congress, Toronto, ON, Canada, Amer J Potato Res, In Press.
- Hayes, R.J., and C.A. Thill. 2002. Early generation selection to rapidly develop cold chipping germplasm. XXVI International Horticultural Congress, Toronto, ON, Canada, Amer J Potato Res, In Press.
- Mollov, D.S., and C.A. Thill. 2002. Identifying PVY asymptomatic clones in 4x and 2x breeding populations. XXVI International Horticultural Congress, Toronto, ON, Canada, Amer J Potato Res, In Press.
- Posch, D.M., and C.A. Thill. 2002. Yield and quality of clones selected for late blight resistance earlier in breeding. XXVI International Horticultural Congress, Toronto, ON, Canada, Amer J Potato Res, In Press.
- Thill, C.A., and R.J. Hayes. 2002. Comparison of selection methods for 4C chipping genotypes in early breeding generations. XV Triennial Conference of the European Association for Potato Research. Hamburg, Germany, EAPR:299.
- Thill, C.A., D.S. Mollov, E.B. Radcliffe, and D.W. Ragsdale. 2002. The identification of resistance to PLRV and PVY in progenies of 5-species interspecific potato hybrids. XV Triennial Conference of the European Association for Potato Research. Hamburg, Germany, EAPR:300.
- Thill, C.A., and J.R. Sowokinos. 2002. Segregation of isozymes of UGPase and relationship to cold sweetening resistance in 2x and 4x potato progenies. XV Triennial Conference of the European Association for Potato Research. Hamburg, Germany, EAPR:59.
|
Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
We produced 500 new hybrid families and evaluated 100,000 single-hill seedlings in our breeding efforts. Included in this population were seedling tuber families received from collaborating potato breeding programs in CO, ID, ND, OR, and TX. Reciprocally, MN sent seedling families to CO, ID, MI, ND, TX, and WI. Ten percent of MN first-year selections came from these exchanged populations, highlighting the importance of these collaborations. A total population of 4,000 new seedlings was selected. Field trials are done at university Research and Outreach Centers (ROC). At the West Central ROC, Morris, MN 8 acres of seed potatoes from 28-advanced, 25-intermediate, and 1097-early generation clones, and 665 selections from graduate student research were grown. WCROC produces breeder class experimental seed to supply trials designed to test the yield, quality, and disease resistance performance of selections. Trials were planted at 5 MN and 1 ND location. Disease resistance
trials at the Rosemount, MN (RROC) included 253 clones for late blight, 182 for colorado potato beetle, and 217 for PVY/PLRV expression. At the North Central ROC at Grand Rapids, MN there was a Verticillium wilt resistance trial with 212 clones; and 212 clones for common scab resistance at the UM Sand Plains Research Farm. The breeding line MN 15620 has resistance to PVY/PLRV and has french fry market potential. The processing lines MN 18747 and MN 18710; fresh market red lines MN 19525 and MN 96013-1; and chipping lines MN 19157 and MN 19315 are competitive with commercial cultivars and are being increased for grower evaluations. We are exploring breeding methods that would accelerate varietal development. Progeny from 4x-4x crosses were field planted as single hills (SH) from greenhouse tubers (GT-173 families) and from seedling transplants (TR-97 families). After storing field-selections for 3 and 6 months at 4C, acceptable chipping progeny were found across each storage duration
and propagation method (32-GT/14-TR, 3mo.) and (32-GT/12-TR, 6 mo.). Six GT progeny were acceptable from both treatments. Selection is possible after 3 and/or 6 mo. in GT or in TR, but with higher false rejection in TR. Co-current selection is possible, but clones combining good tuber characteristics and 4C chipping were rare. Nineteen clones are being advanced and seed increased due to their chip-market potential. Introgressing wild potato species genes using 4x-2x and 2x-2x breeding strategies, may increase the frequency of cold chipping (CC) 4x clones. Twenty 4x genotypes per family were grown from 90-TC (traditional cross, 4x-4x) with 39-EC (experimental cross, 2x-4x), 101-EC (4x-2x), and 121-EC 4x(2x-2x)-4x families. The EC populations that were developed by sexual polyploidization, had superior means and larger variances resulted in significantly more acceptable chipping progeny: 2x-4x (3mo: percent acceptable-15.4% and 6mo: 21.0%), 4x-2x (3mo: 10.7% and 6mo: 11.8%) and
4x(2x-2x)-4x (3mo: 7.6% and 6mo: 10.4%) compared to TC (3mo: 0.4% and 6mo: 0.6%). Performance of EC is likely due to introgression of CC alleles from species and potentially the superior transmission of CC through 2n gametes.
Impacts
This project aims to produce potato cultivars and germplasm having superior yield, quality, and disease resistance. The use of novel breeding methods coupled with exploiting useful genes found among the wild relatives of potato provides multiple approaches to solve industry issues.
Publications
- Hayes, Ryan J. 2001. Accelerated development of cold (4C) chipping potatoes through early generation selection in diverse potato progenies. University of Minnesota, M.S. Thesis pp.116.
- Hayes, Ryan J., and C.A. Thill. 2001. Co-current introgression of economically important traits in a potato breeding program. Am J Potato Research (In Press).
- Hayes, Ryan J., and C.A. Thill. 2001. Early generation selection for cold 4C chipping potato progenies. Am J Potato Research 78:(In press).
- Hayes, Ryan J., and C.A. Thill. 2001. Sexual polyploidization in breeding for cold chipping potato cultivars. ASA:(In press).
- Hayes, Ryan J., and C.A. Thill. 2001. Co-Current Introgression of Economically Important Traits from Wild to Cultivated Potato. ASA:(In press).
- Haynes, Kathy G., C.A. Thill, G. Secor, W.E. Fry, D.S. Douches, W.R. Stevenson, and D.P. Weingartner 2001. Foliar resistance to late blight in potato clones evaluated in national trials in 2000. Am J Potato Research 78:(In press).
- Haynes, Kathy G., C.A. Thill, G. Secor, W.E. Fry, D.S. Douches, W.R. Stevenson, and D.P. Weingartner. 2001. Foliar resistance to late blight in potato clones evaluated in national trials in 2000. Proc National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 2001. 72nd Annual Report by Cooperators. USDA/ARS. K.G. Haynes ed.
- Haynes, Kathy G., C.A. Thill, G. Secor, W.E. Fry, D.S. Douches, W.R. Stevenson, and D.P. Weingartner. 2001. Foliar resistance to late blight in potato clones evaluated in national trials in 1999. Proc National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 2001. 72nd Annual Report by Cooperators. USDA/ARS. K.G. Haynes ed.
- Haynes, Kathy G., C.A. Thill, G. Secor, W.E. Fry, D.S. Douches, W.R. Stevenson, and D.P. Weingartner. 2001. Foliar resistance to late blight in potato clones evaluated in national trials in 1998. Proc National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 2001. 72nd Annual Report by Cooperators. USDA/ARS. K.G. Haynes ed.
- Posch, Danielle M., and C.A. Thill. 2001. Identifying resistance to Phytophthora infestans earlier in breeding. Am J of Potato Research 78:(In press).
- Thill, Christian A. 2001. Minnesota potato breeding program. Proc National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 2001. 72nd Annual Report by Cooperators. USDA/ARS. K.G. Haynes ed.
- Thill, Christian A. 2001. NCR-84 potato variety trials. Proc National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 2001. 72nd Annual Report by Cooperators. USDA/ARS. K.G. Haynes ed.
- Thill, Christian A. 2001. Minnesota potato breeding program. Proc National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 2000. 71st Annual Report by Cooperators. USDA/ARS. K.G. Haynes ed.
- Thill, Christian A. 2001. NCR-84 potato variety trials. Proc National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 2000. 71st Annual Report by Cooperators. USDA/ARS. K.G. Haynes ed.
- Zlesak, David C. 2001. Identification and introgression of resistance to Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary (US8) from wild Solanum species into cultivated potatoes. University of Minnesota, M.S. Thesis pp. 155.
- Zlesak, David C., and C.A. Thill. 2001. Variation for 2n pollen production and male fertility in wild Solanum germplasm resistant to Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary (US8). Am J Potato Research (In Press).
- Zlesak, David C. and C.A. Thill. 2001. Obtaining sexual hybrids between Solanum pinnatisectum (1EBN) and cultivated potato germplasm. Am J of Potato Research 78:(In press).
|
Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
We are exploring new breeding methods that would accelerate potato varietal development time while maintaining yield and quality. We believe that the phenotypic expression of processed potato products is market limiting. That is, without acceptable expression, i.e. color, the cultivar has limited market potential. Early selection for 4C chipping can reduce cultivar development time, but when can variation for cold chipping be identified to accelerate progress? Evaluating new hybrids for chip color from 3 and 6-mo. storage at 4C determined that cold-resistant clones could be identified in greenhouse-grown seedling tuber (ST) and field-grown single hill (SH) progenies, making selection possible at each stage. More were found in the ST population; however, regression of SH family means on ST means indicated that ST family performance from 6-mo. is only moderately predictive of SH performance from 3-mo., indicating the importance of independent selection. The best
performing families had the least genetic diversity and probably reflects progress developing cold-resistant germplasm in local adapted breeding populations. We are continuing to better understand the inheritance of alleles that directly influence a clone's ability to chip from cold storage. Diploid, 24-chromosome, clones are being used to simplify the genetics of this trait. Three hundred clones were field grown and evaluated for chip color from 3C. Marked color differences were observed and selections were made to initiate genetic analysis of the UGPase gene. It was established that there were genetic differences between isozymes in cold-resistant and cold-sensitive 2x potato clones. Similar to cold-sensitive 4x commercial potatoes, the cold-sensitive 2x potatoes demonstrated the presence of the same major UGPase isozyme, i.e., UGP3. Similar observations were made between the 4x and 2x clones for isozyme bands found in cold-resistant clones. Hybrid progeny developed from 2x-2x, and
4x-2x crosses will be evaluated for chip color and UGPase-allele/isozyme patterns to determine their inheritance and transmission. Research seeking to identify late blight (LB) resistance among wild potato populations for sexual introgression into adapted cultivars found that variability for resistance occurred among species and within species accessions. One of two methods used to transfer resistance, via 2n gametes, found that variability in 2n pollen production exists between the 1 and 2-EBN (endosperm balance number) accessions. Genotypes having both LB resistance and 2n pollen can be selected from these populations. Finally, among the resistant 1-EBN germplasm, 2n pollen frequency and pollen fertility show dependence, while independence was determined between these traits and LB resistance. The second method, chromosome doubling and subsequent crossing of 1-EBN potato species to 2x clones, has succeeded in developing 3x bridging-hybrids having resistance and an EBN value
compatible to crossing these hybrids to cultivars. Research to identify cold chipping germplasm among the LB resistant species was successful and represents initial steps toward co-introgression of these useful traits in our germplasm.
Impacts
This project aims to produce potato cultivars and germplasm having superior yield, quality, and disease resistance. The use of novel breeding methods coupled with exploiting useful genes found among the wild relatives of potato provides multiple approaches to solve industry issues.
Publications
- Thill, Christian A. 2001. Minnesota potato breeding program. Proc National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 2000. 71st Annual Report by Cooperators. USDA/ARS. K.G. Haynes ed. (in press).
- Thill, Christian A. 2000. Minnesota potato breeding program. Proc National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 1999. 70th Annual Report by Cooperators. USDA/ARS. K.G. Haynes ed. (in press).
- Hayes, Ryan J., and C.A. Thill. 2000. Early generation selection for cold chipping in diverse potato progenies. Am J Potato Research (Abstract in press).
- Haynes, Kathy G., D.S. Douches, C.A. Thill, G. Secor, W.E. Fry, B.J. Christ, and R.W. Goth. 2000. Foliar resistance to late blight in potato clones evaluated in national trials in 1999. Am J Potato Research (Abstract in press).
- Zlesak, David C., and C.A. Thill. 2000. The occurrence of 2n pollen in late blight resistant wild Solanum accessions. Am J Potato Research (Abstract in press).
|
Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
We are exploring new breeding methods to accelerate the development of cold chipping potato varieties. Previous research demonstrated that new hybrids field-grown as single hills can be identified and selected having cold sweetening resistance, high yield and specific gravity. It was suggested that breeding efficiency was dependent upon parental genetic diversity and earlier selection may be possible using greenhouse seedlings. We evaluated 7,322 greenhouse-grown seedling tubers after 6 months storage at 4C and found 490 clones making acceptable potato chips. Significant differences were observed relative to parental diversity and the percentage of acceptable progeny. How these data correlate with chipping results from 3 and 6-mo. 4C storage from field-grown tubers is being tested using the same 7,322 clones. We are evaluating wild species contribution to improve cultivated potato for resistance to late blight (LB). LB is a serious fungal disease costing growers
$200-250 annually to chemically control. Five steps are involved in our breeding approach to move late blight resistance into cultivated potato. Step 1, we identified germplasm resistant to LB (US8, A2) among 1928 genotypes from 51 accessions across 13 wild species. Species evaluated were 2x 1EBN S. bulbocastanum, S. cardiophyllum, S. commersonii, S. pinnatisectum, and S. trifidum; 2x 2EBN S. berthaultii, S. microdontum, S. stoloniferum, and S. verrucosum; 4x 2EBN S. fendleri; 6x 4EBN S. guerreroense; and 2x ?EBN S. megistacrolobum and S. polyadenium. Resistance segregated between species and AUDPC ranged from 555 (S. cph) to 1932 (S. mga). The most resistant species were S. cph (555), S. blb (649), S. pld (1075), and S. pnt (1178). The species S. blb and S. cph had the greatest variability among accessions, while S. pld and S. pnt had the least. Resistance also segregated within accessions i.e. S. blb: P.I. 243512 (35-1075 AUDCP), P.I. 243345 (315-1312), and P.I. 342505 (110-1072).
The most resistant accession was S. blb 243512; 36 of 48 clones had less than 25% defoliation. In step 2, we selected 95 resistant clones and successfully doubled the somatic chromosome number in a few of them. Crosses between them and haploid-species (2x) clones are underway. Steps 3-5 involve moving resistance into adapted commercial varieties. We produced 855 new hybrid families and evaluated 85,000 single hill seedlings in our varietal breeding efforts. We identified resistance to common scab, Verticillium wilt, LB, and Colorado potato beetle among our 500 early breeding selections. Our 93 advanced clones were tested for yield, stability and quality from 11 locations ranging from southern to central to northwestern MN to western ND. MN16966 (white), MN17922 (red), MN18153 and MN18713 (russets) were evaluated at 11 North Central Potato Variety Trial (NCPVT) locations. MN17922 has market potential; it ranked 4th among 26 entries in the NCPVT. New program initiatives include growing
and certifying seed at Morris, MN; adaptation trials at Williston, ND; expanding cooperative testing with ND and MI breeding programs; and exchange of new hybrid seedlings with state and national breeding programs.
Impacts
This project aims to produce breeding germplasm and varieties having superior yield, quality, and disease resistance. The benefits of this work would save the potato industry substantial annual losses, currently experienced, due to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Publications
- Thill, Christian A. 1999. University of Minnesota potato breeding and germplasm development. USDA/ARS National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, pp. 133-165.
- Thill, Christian A., and S.J. Peloquin. 1999. The identification of superior parents having 25 pct Solanum tarijense and used to develop cold-chipping progeny. European Association for Potato Research 14th Triennial Conference, pp. 327.
- Thill, Christian A., E.B. Radcliffe, D.W. Ragsdale, R.E. Hanneman Jr., and J.B. Bamberg. 1999. The identification of aphid resistant 4x potato germplasm for use in breeding. Am J Potato Research 76:385.
- Thill, Christian A., E.B. Radcliffe, and D.W. Ragsdale. 1999. Breeding for potato leafhopper resistance using wild Solanum species. Am J Potato Research 76:385.
- Zlesak, David C., and C.A. Thill. 1999. The identification of late blight resistance in 1, 2, and 4 EBN wild Solanum species for use in breeding. Am J Potato Research 76:388.
- Haynes, Kathy G., B.J. Christ, D.P. Weingartner, D.S. Douches, C.A. Thill, G. Secor, W.E. Fry, and D.H. Lambert. Foliar resistance to late blight in potato clones evaluated in national trials in 1997. Am J Potato Research 76:371.
- Haynes, Kathy G., D.P. Weingartner, D.S. Douches, C.A. Thill, G. Secor, W.E. Fry, D.H. Lambert, B.J. Christ, and R. Voss. Foliar resistance to late blight in potato clones evaluated in national trials in 1998. Am J Potato Research 76:371.
|
Progress 07/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
We evaluated wild potatoes contribution to improving cultivated potato for resistance to late blight (LB) disease and green peach aphids; which, spread potato leafroll virus (PLRV) and potato virus Y (PVY). Late blight is a serious fungal disease, it rapidly develops necrotic lesions on leaves that spreads and kills plants. Annual chemical control of LB costs between $100-250 per acre. Using 2550 (1 and 2 EBN) genotypes from 13 species we found resistance segregating in this wild germplasm. Species with the best resistance were S. bulbocastanum, S. cardiophyllum, S. pinnatisectum, and S. polyadenium. S. bulbocastanum (PI 243512) had 36 of 48 genotypes with less than 25% defoliation. Resistant clones from 10 species were selected for use in breeding. Their somatic chromosome number is being doubled in vitro and adventitious shoots are developing on leaf explants. Crosses between doubled clones and 2x haploid-species clones will proceed. PLRV reduces market tuber yield
by diminishing internal tuber quality through expression of net necrosis. PVY reduces plant productivity and yield. Spread of PLRV by aphids that colonize potatoes is persistent, while PVY spread is non-persistent during aphid probing during feeding. High aphid populations in Minnesota since 1995 and yield losses of 35% in 1998 have been reported. We evaluated 100 4x parental clones and 348 new hybrids (resistant, complex interspecific clones crossed to cultivars) for resistance to aphids. Twenty-one 4x parents had better aphid resistance than Russet Burbank. The best will be used to develop new resistant hybrids. Existing new hybrid progenies had aphids ranging from 4-1700 per plant and 39% had better resistance than Russet Burbank. The best families are Atlantic x MN85345 (92% of the progeny were aphid-resistant), Snowden x MN85348 (45%), W1005 x MN85348 (50%), MN85348 x Ranger Russet (80%), and MN85477 x Ranger Russet (67%). Progenies will be evaluated for resistance to PLRV and
PVY using ELISA. The best clones will be increased and evaluated for horticultural and processing characteristics. We are exploring breeding methods to accelerate varietal development. Hybrid progenies (10,000) from 200 families were developed by mating related and unrelated parental germplasm. We hypothesize that progenies from unrelated parents have greater variability for yield. Therefore, early generation selection, first, for a market-limiting trait wouldn't limit finding high yielding progeny in the selected population. We produced 700 new hybrid families, evaluated 45,000 new seedlings, and selected 383 from single hills in our varietal breeding efforts. Selection emphasized bright red color (reds), and processing quality (russets and round whites). We evaluated 10,258 clones at various stages of varietal development and emphasized good horticultural characteristics and resistance to scab, verticillium, LB, colorado potato beetle, and cold-sweetening during selection. MN16478
(white), MN16966 (white), MN17572 (red), and MN17922 (red) were tested in North Central regional trials (9 locations). MN17922 has market potential; it is bright red and yields more than Red Norland.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Longtine, Craig, J. Backlund, C.A. Thill, E.T. Radcliffe, and D.W. Ragsdale. 1997. Breeding potatoes resistant to potato leafhopper. Am Potato J (Abstract) in press.
- Thill, Christian A. 1997. Minnesota potato variety evaluation. Proc National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report. USDA/ARS.
|
|