Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Field tests were completed to demonstrate alternatives for replacing multiple foliar insecticide applications against cucumber beetles with a single neonicotinoid application applied to seed or to the soil at cucurbit planting. At 14 days after planting cucumber beetle feeding in plots receiving Admire applied in soil or to seed was significantly reduced when compared to that in non-treated plots. Effectiveness was noted for the duration of the test, i.e., 34 days. Greenhouse and field tests were completed to demonstrate alternatives for replacing multiple foliar insecticide applications against insects on spinach and greens with a single neonicotinoid application applied to seed. Seed treatments were ineffective against lepidopterous larvae. Aphids were effectively controlled by imidacloprid and thiamethoxam. Seed and soil treatments of neonicotinoid insecticides were also effective in managing aphids on corn and pepper. The uptake of neonicotinoid insecticides into pepper seedlings after soil application was demonstrated to be rapid. Green peach aphids were killed throughout the plant by the insecticide. Persistence was long and aphid toxicity was detected six weeks after application. Research also demonstrated the benefits of several newly developed insecticides on insect pests of spinach. Coragen is now providing acceptable control of several lepidopterous caterpillars attacking fall produced spinach in the Arkansas River Valley. Application techniques that proved effective included in furrow at planting, foliar sprays and application through center pivot irrigators. The impact of seedling and bloom thrips on cowpea production and yield was shown to be less than previously thought. Although acephate, an older OP insecticide, was shown to be effective against bloom thrips on cowpea, its greatest impact may be the promotion of greater numbers of flowers. Preliminary data indicated that southwestern and European corn borer impact on field corn yield is reduced when corn is not drought stressed. PARTICIPANTS: Paul McLeod (PI), Dept. of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR James C. Correll, Dept. of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR TARGET AUDIENCES: Commercial vegetable producers of Arkansas, southwest Missouri and eastern Oklahoma. Many one-on-one meetings were held with the producers. Approximately two field meetings were held each year and insect management information was provided. Two books were completed and provided to the producers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: The PI had responsibilities for development of IPM programs for many vegetable crops. As information became available that solved an insect problem, emphasis was changed to a more pressing problem.
Impacts
Cucurbit seeds treated with new neonicotinoid insecticides and single applications of these materials applied to soil at planting were as effective as multiple foliar applications of older more toxic insecticides against cucumber beetles. Use of the neonicotinoid can reduce costs of multiple foliar applications and increase applicator safety. Spinach and collard seeds treated with neonicotinoid insecticides provided an effective alternative to foliar insecticide applications for aphid management. Use of the neonicotinoid can reduce costs of multiple foliar applications and increase applicator safety. Delaying cowpea planting date until late June or later will reduce the impact of thrips on seedling cowpea. Producers of cowpea may be able to reduce their insecticide applications on cowpea and thereby reduce costs and increase profits. Further, the studies demonstrated that seedling thrips are generally most abundant in new folded leaves which are more protected from beneficials and contact insecticides. Thus, management decisions should be better based knowing this information.
Publications
- Diaz, F.J., P.J. McLeod, and D.T. Johnson. 2004. Seasonal occurrence and distribution of eggplant flea beetle on eggplant in Arkansas. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 77: 80-88.
- McLeod, P. J., T. Rashid, S. Eaton, and L. Martin. 2004. Evaluation of soil applied insecticides for control of cucumber beetles on summer squash, 2003. Arthropod Management Tests, 29: E 75.
- McLeod, P. J., T. Rashid, S. Eaton, and L. Martin. 2004. Evaluation of seed applied insecticides for control of cucumber beetles on watermelon, 2003. Arthropod Management Tests, 29: E 91.
- McLeod, P. J. 2004. Evaluation of foliar insecticides for control of corn borers in field corn, 2003. Arthropod Management Tests, 29: F 33.
- McLeod, P. J. 2004. Evaluation of insecticides for control of fall grasshoppers in pasture adjacent to mustard greens, 2003. Arthropod Management Tests, 29: F 68.
- McLeod, P., M.E. Pontaroli, J.C. Correll, F. Copa, H. Serrate and R. Unterladstaetter. 2005. Identification and Management of Insects in Vegetables in Bolivia. Sirena Press, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. 162 pp.
- F. J. Diaz and Paul McLeod. 2005. Movement, toxicity and persistence of imidacloprid in seedling Tabasco pepper infested with Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). J. of Econ. Entomol. 98: 2095-99.
- Correll, J. C., M. I. Villarroel, P. J. McLeod, M. I. Cazon and C. Rivadeneria. 2005. First report of powdery mildew caused by Leveillula taurica on tomato and pepper in Bolivia. Plant Disease 89: 776.
- McLeod, P. J. 2005. Evaluation of seed applied insecticides for control of cucumber beetles on watermelon, 2004. Arthropod Management Tests, 30: E97.
- McLeod, P. J. 2005. Evaluation of foliar insecticides for control of corn borers in field corn, 2004. Arthropod Management Tests, 30: F27.
- McLeod, P. J. 2005. Evaluation of insecticides for control of fall grasshoppers in pasture adjacent to mustard greens, 2004. Arthropod Management Tests, 29: F59.
- McLeod, P. J. 2005. Evaluation of insecticides for control of harlequin bug on turnip, 2004. Arthropod Management Tests, 29: E96.
- McLeod, P. 2006. Identification, biology and management of insects attacking vegetables in Arkansas. Sirena Press, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. 244 p.
- McLeod, P. 2006. Use of Neonicotinoid Insecticides to Manage Cucumber Beetles on Seedling Zucchini. Plant Health Progress PHP-2006-1020-01-RS.
- McLeod, P. 2006. Evaluation of insecticides for control of green peach aphid on spinach, 2005. Arthropod Management Tests 31: E64.
- McLeod, P. 2006. Evaluation of foliar insecticides for control of corn borers in field corn, 2005.Arthropod Management Tests 31: F11.
- Jones, A.K., P. McLeod and D. Steinkraus. 2009. Use of Expanding Foam for Confining Thrips in Cages on Cowpea Flowers. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. (In press).
- Jones, A.K., P. McLeod, and D. Steinkraus. 2010. Use of expanding foam for confining thrips in cages on cowpea flowers. J. Kan. Entomol. Soc. 83: 97-99.
- Jones, A.K., Paul McLeod, and Don Steinkraus. 2010. Influence of cowpea planting date on tobacco thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) abundance, within plant distribution, and foliar injury. J. of Agri. and Urban Entomol. 26:41-46.
- McLeod, P. 2010. Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Corn Earworm on Snap Bean, 2009. Arthropod Management Tests, E20.
- Hopkins, J. and P. McLeod. 2010. Insect Pest Management in the Home Garden. U of A Coop. Ext. Serv. FSA 7510. 4 p.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Research completed during 2009 demonstrated the benefits of several newly developed insecticides on insect pests of spinach. Coragen is now providing acceptable control of several lepidopterous caterpillars attacking fall produced spinach in the Arkansas River Valley. Application techniques that proved effective included in furrow at planting, foliar sprays and application through center pivot irrigators. Aphids were effectively managed with several newer nionicotinoid insecticides. The impact of seedling and bloom thrips on cowpea production and yield was shown to be less than previously thought. Although acephate, an older OP insecticide, was shown to be effective against bloom thrips on cowpea, its greatest impact may be the promotion of greater numbers of flowers. Preliminary data indicated that southwestern and European corn borer impact on field corn yield is reduced when corn is not drought stressed. PARTICIPANTS: Paul McLeod, Professor of Entomology, Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville TARGET AUDIENCES: Vegetable producers, county extension agents, food industry field staff PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The data reported from the aforementioned studies suggest that delaying cowpea planting date until late June or later will reduce the impact of thrips on seedling cowpea. Producers of cowpea may be able to reduce their insecticide applications on cowpea and thereby reduce costs and increase profits. Further, the studies demonstrated that seedling thrips are generally most abundant in new folded leaves which are more protected from beneficials and contact insecticides. Thus, management decisions should be better based knowing this information.
Publications
- McLeod, P. 2009. Identification, Biology and Management of Insects Attacking Home Garden Vegetables in Arkansas. Sirena Press, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. 228 p.
- McLeod, P. 2009. Evaluation of insecticides for control of eggplant flea beetle on eggplant, 2008 Arthropod Management Tests, E29. McLeod, P., S. Eaton and L. Martin. 2009. Evaluation of seed treatments for control of green peach aphid on spinach, 2008. Arthropod Management Tests, E53.
- McLeod, P. 2009. Evaluation of pumping coragen insecticide through a center pivot irrigation system for management of lepidopterous larvae on spinach, 2008 Arthropod Management Tests, E54.
- McLeod, P. 2009. Evaluation of insecticides for control of corn earworm on snap bean, 2008 Arthropod Management Tests, E2.
- McLeod, P., S. Eaton and L. Martin. 2009. Evaluation of seed applied insecticides for control of flower thrips on cowpea, 2008. Arthropod Management Tests, E26.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Research completed during 2007 and 2008 demonstrated the influence that cowpea planting date had on tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca. Tobacco thrips damage cowpea by puncturing and feeding on the cells of leaves thereby causing the leaves to curl and turn yellow. In 2007 field studies, tobacco thrips numbers were low and few significant differences in thrips abundance were detected among the planting dates. The low numbers of thrips in 2007 may have been related to abnormally high temperatures in March followed by very low temperatures in April. With higher numbers in 2008, cowpea planted in May and early June held significantly more adult, immature and total F. fusca per plant than on cowpea planted from late June into August. Throughout the study new emergent (folded) leaves held significantly more adult and immature F. fusca than either unifoliate or unfolded trifoliate leaves. Unifoliate leaves exhibited little feeding damage from F. fusca. Although foliar damage ratings varied greatly, cowpea seedlings from the latest plantings generally sustained less damage than was observed on earlier plantings. PARTICIPANTS: Paul McLeod, Professor of Entomology, Univ. Of Arkansas, Fayetteville Austin Jones, graduate student, Univ. Of Arkansas, Fayetteville TARGET AUDIENCES: Cowpea producers, county extension agents, food industry field staff PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The data reported from the aforementioned studies suggest that delaying cowpea planting date until late June or later will reduce the impact of thrips on seedling cowpea. Producers of cowpea may be able to reduce their insecticide applications on cowpea and thereby reduce costs and increase profits. Further, the studies demonstrated that seedling thrips are generally most abundant in new folded leaves which are more protected from beneficials and contact insecticides. Thus, management decisions should be better based knowing this information.
Publications
- McLeod, P., S. Eaton and L. Martin. 2008. Use of Neonicotinoid Insecticides Applied to Soil and Seed for Green Peach Aphid Management on Spinach. Plant Health Progress. 2008:0208.
- McLeod, P. 2008. Evaluation of insecticides for control of eggplant flea beetle on eggplant, 2007 Arthropod Management Tests, E13.
- McLeod, P. 2008. Evaluation of in-furrow insecticide treatments for control of green peach aphid on spinach, 2007 Arthropod Management Tests, E14.
- McLeod, P. 2008. Evaluation of imidacloprid as a post-harvest side dress application for control of green peach aphid on spinach, 2007 Arthropod Management Tests, E15.
- McLeod, P. 2008. Evaluation of seed treatments for control of green peach aphid on spinach, 2006 Arthropod Management Tests, E16.
- McLeod, P. 2008. Evaluation of Thuricide/corn oil applications for corn earworm management on sweet corn, 2007 Arthropod Management Tests, E17.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
Greenhouse and field tests were completed during the 2008 production season to demonstrate alternatives for replacing multiple foliar insecticide applications against insects on spinach and greens with a single neonicotinoid application applied to seed. Seed treatments were ineffective against lepidopterous larvae. Aphids were effectively controlled by imidacloprid and thiamethoxam. The uptake of neonicotinoid insecticides into spinach and cowpea seedlings after soil application was demonstrated to be rapid. Green peach aphids were killed throughout the plant by the insecticide. Persistence was long and aphid toxicity was detected six weeks after application.
Impacts
Spinach and cowpea seeds treated with neonicotinoid insecticides provided and effective alternative to foliar insecticide applications for aphid management. Use of the neonicotinoid can reduce costs of multiple foliar applications and increase applicator safety.
Publications
- McLeod, P., J.B. Hensley, A. Vangilder and J. Kelley. 2007. Use of Methoxyfenozide (Intrepid) and Bifenthrin (Capture) for Management of Southwestern and European Corn Borers in Conventional Field Corn in Arkansas. Crop Management 4-19-07.
- McLeod, P., S. Eaton and L. Martin. 2007. Use of Neonicotinoid Insecticides Applied to Soil and Seed for Green Peach Aphid Management on Spinach. Crop Management (in press).
- McLeod, P. 2007. Evaluation of insecticides for control of green peach aphid on spinach, 2006. Arthropod Management Tests E44.
- McLeod, P. 2007. Evaluation of seed applied insecticides for control of cucumber beetles on seedling watermelon, 2006. Arthropod Management Tests E66.
- McLeod, P. 2007. Evaluation of seed applied insecticides for control of insects on cowpea, 2006. Arthropod Management Tests E12.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Greenhouse and field tests were completed during the 2006 production season to demonstrate alternatives for replacing multiple foliar insecticide applications against insects on spinach and greens with a single neonicotinoid application applied to seed. Seed treatments were ineffective against lepidopterous larvae. Aphids were effectively controlled by imidacloprid and thiamethoxam. The uptake of neonicotinoid insecticides into spinach and cowpea seedlings after soil application was demonstrated to be rapid. Green peach aphids were killed throughout the plant by the insecticide. Persistence was long and aphid toxicity was detected six weeks after application.
Impacts
Spinach and cowpea seeds treated with neonicotinoid insecticides provided and effective alternative to foliar insecticide applications for aphid management. Use of the neonicotinoid can reduce costs of multiple foliar applications and increase applicator safety.
Publications
- McLeod, P. 2006. Identification, biology and management of insects attacking vegetables in Arkansas. Sirena Press, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. 244 p.
- McLeod, P. 2006. Use of Neonicotinoid Insecticides to Manage Cucumber Beetles on Seedling Zucchini. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2006-1020-01-RS.
- McLeod, P. 2006. Evaluation of insecticides for control of green peach aphid on spinach, 2005. Arthropod Management Tests 31: E64.
- McLeod, P. 2006. Evaluation of foliar insecticides for control of corn borers in field corn, 2005. Arthropod Management Tests 31: F11.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Greenhouse and field tests were completed during the 2005 production season to demonstrate alternatives for replacing multiple foliar insecticide applications against insects on spinach and greens with a single neonicotinoid application applied to seed. Seed treatments were ineffective against lepidopterous larvae. Aphids were effectively controlled by imidacloprid and thiamethoxam. Seed and soil treatments of neonicotinoid insecticides were also effective in managing aphids on corn and pepper. The uptake of neonicotinoid insecticides into pepper seedlings after soil application was demonstrated to be rapid. Green peach aphids were killed throughout the plant by the insecticide. Persistence was long and aphid toxicity was detected six weeks after application.
Impacts
Spinach and collard seeds treated with neonicotinoid insecticides provided an effective alternative to foliar insecticide applications for aphid management. Use of the neonicotinoid can reduce costs of multiple foliar applications and increase applicator safety.
Publications
- McLeod, P., M.E. Pontaroli, J.C. Correll, F. Copa, H. Serrate and R. Unterladstaetter. 2005. Identification and Management of Insects in Vegetables in Bolivia. Sirena Press, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. 162 pp.
- F. J. Diaz and Paul McLeod. 2005. Movement, toxicity and persistence of imidacloprid in seedling Tabasco pepper infested with Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). J. of Econ. Entomol. 98: 2095-99.
- Correll, J. C., M. I. Villarroel, P. J. McLeod, M. I. Cazon and C. Rivadeneria. 2005. First report of powdery mildew caused by Leveillula taurica on tomato and pepper in Bolivia. Plant Disease 89: 776.
- McLeod, P. J. 2005. Evaluation of seed applied insecticides for control of cucumber beetles on watermelon, 2004. Arthropod Management Tests, 30: E97.
- McLeod, P. J. 2005. Evaluation of foliar insecticides for control of corn borers in field corn, 2004. Arthropod Management Tests, 30: F27.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/30/04
Outputs
Field tests were completed during the 2004 production season to demonstrate alternatives for replacing multiple foliar insecticide applications against cucumber beetles with a single neonicotinoid application applied to seed or to the soil at cucurbit planting. At 14 days after planting cucumber beetle feeding in plots receiving Admire applied in soil or to seed was significantly reduced when compared to that in non-treated plots. Effectiveness was noted for the duration of the test, i.e., 34 days. The uptake of neonicotinoid insecticides into Tabasco pepper seedlings after soil application was demonstrated to be rapid. Green peach aphids were killed throughout the plant by the insecticide. Persistence was long and aphid toxicity was detected six weeks after application.
Impacts
Cucurbit seeds treated with new neonicotinoid insecticides and single applications of these materials applied to soil at planting were as effective as multiple foliar applications of older more toxic insecticides against cucumber beetles. Use of the neonicotinoid can reduce costs of multiple foliar applications and increase applicator safety.
Publications
- Diaz, F.J., P.J. McLeod, and D.T. Johnson. 2004. Seasonal occurrence and distribution of eggplant flea beetle on eggplant in Arkansas. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 77: 80-88.
- McLeod, P. J., T. Rashid, S. Eaton, and L. Martin. 2004. Evaluation of soil applied insecticides for control of cucumber beetles on summer squash, 2003. Arthropod Management Tests, 29: E 75.
- McLeod, P. J., T. Rashid, S. Eaton, and L. Martin. 2004. Evaluation of seed applied insecticides for control of cucumber beetles on watermelon, 2003. Arthropod Management Tests, 29: E 91.
- McLeod, P. J. 2004. Evaluation of insecticides for control of fall grasshoppers in pasture adjacent to mustard greens, 2003. Arthropod Management Tests, 29: F 68.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Field tests were completed during the 2003 production season to demonstrate alternatives for replacing multiple foliar insecticide applications against cucumber beetles with a single neonicotinoid application applied to seed or to the soil at cucurbit planting. At the first evaluation (14 days after planting) cucumber beetle feeding in plots receiving either rate of Platinum or either rate of Admire applied at planting was significantly reduced when compared to that in non-treated plots. Effectiveness was noted for the duration of the test, i.e., 34 days. The uptake of neonicotinoid insecticides into Tabasco pepper seedlings after soil application was demonstrated to be rapid. Green peach aphids were killed throughout the plant by the insecticide. Persistence was long and aphid toxicity was detected six weeks after application.
Impacts
Cucurbit seeds treated with new neonicotinoid insecticides and single applications of these materials applied to soil at planting were as effective as multiple foliar applications of older more toxic insecticides against cucumber beetles. Use of the neonicotinoid can reduce costs of multiple foliar applications and increase applicator safety.
Publications
- McLeod, P. J., F. J. Diaz, S. Eaton, and L. Martin. 2003. Evaluation of soil applied insecticides for control of cucumber beetles on summer squash, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests, 29: E71.
- McLeod, P. J., F. J. Diaz, S. Eaton, and L. Martin. 2003. Evaluation of insecticides for control of squash bugs on summer squash, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests, 29: E72.
- McLeod, P. J. and F. J. Diaz. 2003. Evaluation of insecticides for control of corn earworm on snap bean, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests, 29: E2.
- McLeod, P. J. and W. Johnson. 2003. Evaluation of insecticide seed treatments for control of chinch bug on field corn, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests, 29: F23.
- McLeod, P. J. and W. Johnson. 2003. Evaluation of insecticides for control of chinch bug on field corn, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests, 29: F24.
- McLeod, P. J. and W. Johnson. 2003. Evaluation of insecticide seed treatments and soil insecticides for control of chinch bug on field corn, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests, 29: F25.
- McLeod, P. J., W. Johnson, T. Kirkpatrick, and J. D. Barham. 2003. Evaluation of insecticide seed treatments and soil insecticides for control of chinch bug and corn earworm on field corn, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests, 29: F26.
- McLeod, P. J. and W. Johnson. 2003. Evaluation of foliar insecticides for control of corn borers in field corn, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests, 29: F27.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Field tests were initiated during the 2002 production season to explore the potential for replacing multiple foliar insecticide applications with a single neonicotinoid applied to the soil at or shortly after cucurbit planting. At the first evaluation (17 days after planting) cucumber beetle feeding in plots receiving either rate of Platinum or either rate of Admire applied at planting was significantly reduced when compared to that in non-treated plots. Effectiveness was noted for the duration of the test, i.e., 46 days. The uptake of neonicotinoid insecticides into Tabasco pepper seedlings after soil application was demonstrated to be rapid. Green peach aphids were killed throughout the plant by the insecticide. Persistence was long and aphid toxicity was detected six weeks after application.
Impacts
A single application of the newer neonicotinoid insecticide to soil at planting was shown to be as effective as multiple foliar applications of older more toxic insecticides. Use of the neonicotinoid can reduce costs of multiple foliar applications and increase applicator safety.
Publications
- McLeod, P., F.J. Diaz and D. T. Johnson. 2002. Toxicity, persistence, and efficacy of spinosad, chlorfenapyr, and thiemethoxam on eggplant when applied against the eggplant flea beetle. J. Econ. Entomol. 95:331-335.
- McLeod, P.J., J. Diaz, L. Vasquez, and D. T. Johnson. 2002. Within-plant distribution and sampling of mealybugs in FHIA 21 Plantain. Tropical Agriculture. (In press).
- McLeod, P. J. and F. J. Diaz. 2002. Evaluation of insecticides for control of lepidopteran larvae on cabbage, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests, 28:E16.
- McLeod, P.J., F.J. Diaz, S. Eaton and L. Martin. 2002. Evaluation of insecticides for control of thrips on seedling cowpea, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests, 28:E39.
- McLeod, P.J., W. Johnson, T. Kirkpartick and J. D. Barham. 2002. Evaluation of insecticide seed treatments for control of chinch bug on field corn, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests, 28:F25.
- McLeod, P.J. and F. J. Diaz. 2002. Evaluation of insecticides for control of squash bug on winter squash, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests, 28:E86.
- McLeod, P.J. and W. Johnson. 2002. Evaluation of insecticides for control of southwestern corn borer in field corn, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests, 28:F26.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Studies were completed in 2001 on aphid sampling in spinach and optimal timing of triazamate and imidacloprid aphicides. Single applications of either compound up to three weeks prior to harvest resulted in green peach aphid numbers below the threshold at harvest. Additional studies have been completed on grasshopper movement, biology and management. Pyrethroid insecticides were effective against five grasshopper species for fourteen days after treatment. The squash bug has become a frequent and major pest of cucurbits produced in Arkansas in recent years. Management has been based on studies conducted about twenty years ago with older OP and carbamate insecticides. In 2001 one study was completed with use of newer insecticides for squash bug management.
Impacts
As a result, producers now have more effective management tools. In pepper, the neonicotinoid insecticide, imidacloprid was shown to rapidly translocate throughout seedling peppers and effectively kill aphids.
Publications
- McLeod, P. J., F. J. Diaz and D. T. Johnson. 2001. Toxicity, persistence and efficacy of spinosad, chlorfenapyr and thiamethoxam on eggplant when applied against the eggplant flea beetle. J. of Econ. Entomol. (In press).
- Johnson, D. T., P. G. Mulder, B. D. McCraw, B. A. Lewis, B. Jervis, B. Carroll and P. McLeod. Trapping plum curculio Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the southern USA. 2002. Environ. Entomol. (In press).
- McLeod, P. J., William Johnson, John Hopkins and Don Johnson. 2001a. Evaluation of soil insecticides for control of southwestern corn borer in field corn, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests, 27: F27.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Field studies indicated that the eggplant flea beetle, Epitrix fuscula, is the principal insect pest of commercial eggplant produced in Arkansas. Flea beetles were detected in high numbers throughout the production season in northwestern and central Arkansas. Damage was severe shortly after transplants were set into fields. Maps of flea beetle occurrence were developed for eggplant fields in central Arkansas. Flea beetle damage was greatest along the field edges and declined toward the field center. This within field distribution may be used to reduce insecticide impact in eggplant by only spraying the field edges. Several newer insecticides, including thiamethoxam, chlorfenapyr and spinosad, were evaluated for flea beetle management. Substantial persistence on eggplant foliage was determined for thiamethoxam and chlorfenapyr. Spinosad was less persistant. Older organophosphate and carbamate insecticides are in the process of being removed for use in vegetable crops
like eggplant. Newer insecticides such as thiamethoxam, chlorfenapyr and spinosad, have been shown to offer effective alternatives for managing flea beetles on eggplant.
Impacts
Use of the pheromone traps baited with the Iowa strain of the European corn borer pheromone and scouting seedling snap beans for flagging is now an effective method for detecting populations of European corn borer in snap beans and thereby reducing negative impact on the snap bean industry. Provodo, recently registered for aphid management on spinach, offers the commercial spinach producer an effective tactic on spinach.
Publications
- McLeod, P.J. 2000. Comparison of insect sampling techniques in snap bean. J. of Vegetable Crop Production 6: 37-43..
- McLeod, P.J., and Steinkraus, D.C. 1999. Influence of irrigation and fungicide sprays on prevalence of Erynia neopahidis infections of green peach aphids on spinach. J. Agri. and Urban Entomol. 16(4) : 279-284.
- Rafie, A., J. Diaz and P.J. McLeod. 2000. Effects of forage groundnut, Arachis pintoi, used as a ground cover in reducing the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and associated gemini virus disease in bell pepper in Honduras. Tropical Agri. 76: 208-211.
- McLeod, P. J. 2001. Evaluation of insecticides for control of green peach aphid on spinach. 2000. Arthropod Management Tests, (in press).
- McLeod, P. J. 2001. Evaluation of insecticides for control of turnip aphid on turnip. 2000. Arthropod Management Tests, (in press).
- McLeod, P. J. 2001. Evaluation of insecticides for control of grasshoppers in pasture adjacent to mustard greens, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests, (in press).
- McLeod, P. J. 2001. Evaluation of insecticides for control of Lepidoptera larvae on cabbage. 2000. Arthropod Management Tests, (in press).
- McLeod, P.J. and J. Diaz. 2001. Control of eggplant flea beetle on eggplant with reduced insecticide rates, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests, (in press).
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Field studies indicated that the use of the Iowa strain of the European corn borer pheromone in Heliothis mesh traps was effective in capturing European corn borer adults in Arkansas and southwestern Missouri snap bean fields. Trap placement was critical to trapping sucess. Sampling studies were completed to compare the effectiveness of sweep nets and drop cloths for insect detection in snap bean. Both methods were effective in detecting corn earworm. With plant bugs and cucumber beetles, the sweep net was superior. The effectiveness of new aphicides for green peach aphid management on cool season spinach was determined. Aphistar and Provado offer effective tools for aphid management of spinach. Eight additional insecticide trials were completed.
Impacts
Use of the pheromone traps baited with the Iowa strain of the European corn borer pheromone and scouting seedling snap beans for flagging is now an effective method for detecting populations of European corn borer in snap beans and thereby reducing negative impact on the snap bean industry. Provodo, recently registered for aphid management on spinach, offers the commercial spinach producer an effective tactic on spinach.
Publications
- McLeod, P.J. 1999. Comparison of insect sampling techniques in snap bean. J. of Vegetable crop Production (accepted September 22, 1999).
- McLeod, P.J. and Steinkraus, D.C. 1999. Influence of irrigation and fungicide sprays on prevalence of Erynia neopahidis infections of green peach aphids on spinach. J. Agri. and Urban Entomol. 16 (4) (accepted November 22, 1999).
- McLeod, P.J. 1999. Evaluation of insecticides for control of green peach aphid on spinach. 1999. Arthropod Management Tests, (in press).
- McLeod, P.J. 1999. Evaluation of insecticides for control of grasshoppers and meadow katydid in pature adjacent to mustard greens, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests, (in press).
- McLeod, P.J. 1999. Evaluation of insecticides for control of Lepidoptera larvae on collards. 1999. Artropod Management Tests, (in press).
- McLeod, P.J., and Katayama, R.W. 1999. Evaluation of insecticides for control of corn earworm in sweet corn, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests, (in press).
- McLeod, P.J., and Diaz, J. 1999. Control of Colorado potato beetle and eggplant flea beetle on eggplant. 1999. Arthropod Management Tests, (in press).
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