Progress 10/01/03 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Successful crossing, seedling evaluation, and selection evaluation was conducted for the reporting period and for most years of the life of the project. The only recent year of missed activity was in 2007 due to a devastating freeze that eliminated much of the crop of most species. The results of such a project are cultivar releases for public use by nurseries and growers. During the five-year period, Ouachita and Natchez floricane-fruiting cultivars were released. Also the first primocane-fruiting cultivars were released, Prime-Jim and Prime-Jan. Numerous other selections of blackberries and grapes were made along with limited blueberry selections. The first muscadine grape selections were made in 2008 in the program. In prior recent periods of the project, one blueberry, three blackberry and two table grape cultivars were released also. PARTICIPANTS: John R. Clark Penny Perkins-Veazie TARGET AUDIENCES: Commercial growers for large and small scale production along with home gardeners and fruit enthusiasts. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The most substantial impact of outputs have been the growing of the developed varieties by commercial growers. The grape cultivars have been grown mainly by local producers for local sales in various states and Arkansas. Ozarkblue blueberry has had commercial use in the South and Pacific Northwest. The blackberry cultivars have had the widest use commercially, with hundreds of acres of these planted in Arkansas, the South, Midwest, and western states. Of the more recent releases Ouachita blackberry has had the greatest impact due to its high production of high quality berries for the shipping market. These blackberries have contributed to the establishment of a shipping production industry in the US for blackberries. The first priomocane-fruiting blackberries have been targeted for home garden use, but commercially adapted genotypes are nearing release.
Publications
- Clark, J.R. 2004. Discrimination of Rubus cultivars using RAPD markers and pedigree analysis. Acta Hort. 626-119-124.
- Clark, J.R. 2005. Changing times for eastern United States blackberries. HortTechnology 15:491-494.
- Clark, J.R. 2005. Thoughts on breeding intractable traits in eastern U.S. blackberries. HortScience 40:1954-1955.
- Clark, J.R. and J.N. Moore. 2005. 'Ouachita' thornless blackberry. HortScience 40:258-260.
- Clark, J.R., J.N. Moore, J. Lopez-Medina, P. Perkins-Veazie, and C.E. Finn. 2005. 'Prime Jan' (APF-8) and 'Prime-Jim' (APF-12) primocane-fruiting blackberries. HortScience 40-852-855.
- Stafne, E.T. and J.R. Clark. 2005. Genetic similarity and inbreeding among eastern North American blackberry cultivars. Euphytica 129:95-104.
- Stafne, E.T. and J.R. Clark. 2005. A retrospective of blackberry breeding and production in Arkansas. J. Amer. Pom. Soc. 59:68-71.
- Stafne, E.T., J.R. Clark, C.A. Weber, J. Graham, and K.S. Lewers. 2005. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for genetics mapping of raspberry and blackberry. J. Amer. Hort. Soc. 130:722-728.
- Stewart, P.J. and J.R. Clark. 2005. Sources and inheritance of resistance to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) in eastern U.S. genotypes. HortScience 40:39-42.
- Stewart, P.J., J.R. Clark, and P. Fenn. 2005. Detached stem assay of resistance to Botryosphaeria cane canker (Botryosphaeria dothidea) in eastern U.S. blackberry genotypes. Intl. J. Fruit Sci., 5:57-64.
- Carter, P.M., J.R. Clark, C.A. Drake Particka, and D. Yazetti Crowne. 2006. Chilling response of Arkansas blackberry cultivars. J. Amer Pomol. Soc. 60:187-197.
- Clark, J.R., and J.N. Moore. 2006. Southern highbush blueberry breeding and at the University of Arkansas. Acta Hort. 715:61-64.
- Clark, J.R. and C.E. Finn. 2008. New trends in blackberry breeding. Acta Hort. 777:41-48.
- Clark, J.R. 2008. Primocane-fruiting blackberry breeding. HortScience 43:1637-1639.
- Clark, J.R., 2002. Grape breeding at the University of Arkansas: Approaching forty years of progress. Acta Hort. 603-357-360.
- Clark, J.R. and J.N. Moore. 2008. 'Natchez' thornless blackberry. HortScience 43:1897-1899.
- Wycislo, A., J.R. Clark, and D.E. Karcher. 2008. Fruit shape analysis of Vitis using digital photography. HortScience 43:677-680.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Blackberry. 'Natchez' thornless blackberry was released in 2007, providing an early season thornless cultivar with large berries, high yield potential, good postharvest handling capability, and excellent plant health. Breeding activity for 2007 included 79 hybridizations, for primocane-fruiting and thornless segregants. Fall crosses were again made on primocane-fruiting blackberries in the program since this attempt for the first time was successful in 2006. Seeds yielded totaled about 150,000. Seedlings from 2006 crosses totaled over 6,000 field planted. Seedlings evaluations were limted due to crop loss but seven selections were made. Replicated plots of advanced trials were established at two Arkansas locations. Blueberry. Hybridizations totaled 12 and were made among Arkansas selections with focus in upland adaptation and fruit quality. Seedlings (approx. 1500) from 2006 crosses were field-palnted in the fall. Grapes. Limited evaluations of seedlings provided for six
selections among 2003 and 2004 seedling populations. Hybridizations totaled 20 for the year and done for table grapes and muscadines. Seeds yielded were near 6,000. Over 2,200 seedlings were field planted from 2006 crosses.
PARTICIPANTS: Staff at the UA Fruit Research Station along with graduate students working in fruit breeding. Cooperative evaluations of selections done at a range of sites in the US and other world locations.
TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for the fruit breeding effort is fruit growers in Arkansas, and further throughout the US and world. Improved cultivars provide for more opportunities for production and profitability for growers with reduced risks.
PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: There were no major programmatic changes in 2007 in program approach or reasoning.
Impacts
The major product for the year for public utilization was the release of 'Natchez' blackberry. This cultivar will provide an excellent early season, fresh market blackberry that should replace 'Arapaho' and is much improved over this older release. This new variety plus the other thornless releases are providing the basis for a substantial shipping blackberry production industry in the US, particularly the South. Further breeding is providing a wide range of new genotypes for future release, both in floricane- and primocane-fruiting types.
Publications
- Clark, J.R. and C.E. Finn. 2007. New trends in blackberry breeding. Acta Hort. (accepted for publication).
- Stanton, M.A., J.C. Scheerens, R.C. Funt, and J.R. Clark. 2007. Floral competence of primocane-fruitng blackberries Prime-Jan and Prime-Jim blackberries grown at three temperature regimes. HortScience 42:508-513.
- Strik, B., J.R. Clark, G. Buller, and C. Finn. 2007. Management of primocane-fruiting blackberry to maximize yield and extend the fruiting season. Acta Hort. (accepted for publication).
- Thompson, E., B.C. Strik, J.R. Clark, and C.E. Finn. 2007. Flowering and fruiting patterns of primocane-fruiting blackberries. HortScience 24:1174-1176.
- Thompson, E., B. Strik, J.R. Clark, and C. Finn. 2007. Flowering and fruiting morphology of primocane-fruiting blackberry. Acta Hort. (accepted for publications).
- Wycislo, A., J.R. Clark, and D.E. Karcher. 2007. Fruit shape analysis of Vitis using digital photography. HortScience (accepted for publication).
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Brambles. Breeding activity for 2006 included 79 hybridizations, for primocane-fruiting and thornless segregants. Fall crosses were again made on primocane-fruiting blackberries in the program since this attempt for the first time was successful in 2006. Seeds yielded totaled about 200,000. Seedlings from 2005 crosses totaled over 14,000 field planted. Seedlings evaluated totaled approx 15,000 yielding 31 selections. Progress is being made quickly in improved quality in primocane-fruiting types as well as developing thornless, primocane-fruiting plants. Two advanced selections were identified for possible release in 2007 or 2008, both floricane-fruiting thornless. Blueberry. Breeding involved evaluation of first-test and advanced selections along with 10 hybridizations among advanced UA selection parents. Seedlings (approx. 2000) were field-planted in the fall. Grapes. Four thousand seedlings were evaluated in 2006 with 27 selections made for table grape quality and
unique shape. Advanced selection trials continued but no cultivar releases made. Twenty two crosses were made with good set on most crosses. The first muscadine crosses were made in 2006, and some open-pollinated seedlings (approx. 1500) were planted.
Impacts
The expansion of blackberry production in the South and East continues to grow substantially with the shipping industry having an impact unlike ever before. Farmer profits have been substantial. The 2003-released Ouachita cultivar continues to make a substantial impact with high yields of excellent quality fruit. The primocane-fruiting releases Prime-Jim and Prime-Jan are being tested further in research and commercial trials for potential commercial use in selected moderate summer heat climates. Ozarkblue blueberry continues to be the most successful berry variety, being planted in highbush production areas for late season fruiting.
Publications
- Carter, P.M., J.R. Clark, C.A. Drake Patricks, and D. Yazetti Crowne. 2006. Chilling response of Arkansas blackberry cultivars. J. Amer. Pomol. Soc. 60:187-197.
- Clark, J.R. 2006. Primocane-fruiting blackberry breeding. HortScience (accepted for publication).
- Clark, J.R. and J.N. Moore. 2006. Southern highbush blueberry breeding at the University of Arkansas. Acta Hort. 715:61-64.
- Clark, J.R. and C.E. Finn. 2006. New trends in blackberry breeding. Acta Hort. (accepted for publication).
- Clark, J.R. and C.E. Finn. (eds.) 2006. Register of new fruit and nut cultivars - list 43. HortScience 41:1101-1133.
- Stanton, M.A., J.C. Scheerens, R.C. Funt, and J.R. Clark. 2006. Floral competence of primocane-fruiting blackberries Prime-Jan and Prime-Jim blackberries grown at three temperature regimes. HortScience (accepted for publication).
- Susaimuthu, J., R.C. Gergerich, M.M. Bray, K.A. Dennis, J.R. Clark, I.E. Tzanetakis, and R.R. Martin. 2007. Blackberry yellow vein associated virus: a new threat to blackberry production in the United States. Plant Disease (accepted for publication).
- Strik, B., J.R. Clark, C. Finn, and M.P. Banados. 2006. Worldwide blackberry production. HortTechnology (accepted for publication).
- Strik, B., J.R. Clark, C. Finn, and M.P. Banados. 2006. Worldwide production of blackberry production. Acta Hort. (accepted for publicaiton).
- Strik, B., J.R. Clark, G. Buller, and C. Finn. 2006. Management of primocane-fruiting blackberry to maximize yield and extend the fruiting season. Acta Hort. (accepted for publication).
- Thompson, E., B. Strik, J.R. Clark, and C. Finn. 2006. Flowering and fruiting morphology of primocane-fruiting blackberry. Acta Hort. (accepted for publication).
- Thompson, E., B.C. Strik, J.R. Clark, and C.E. Finn. 2006. Flowering and fruiting patterns of primocane-fruiting blackberries. HortScience (submitted for publication).
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Brambles. Breeding activity for 2005 included 70 hybridizations, for primocane-fruiting and thornless segregants. The first fall crosses were made on blackberries in the program. Seeds yielded totaled about 200,000. Seedlings from 2004 crosses totaled over 12,000 field planted. Seedlings evaluated totaled approximately 8,000 yielding 30 selections. Progress is being made quickly in improved quality in primocane-fruiting types as well as developing thornless primocane-fruiting plants. Blueberry. Breeding involved evaluation of first-test and advanced selections along with six hybridizations among advanced UA selection parents. Nutraceutical work on blueberries continues with Luke Howard in the evaluation of genotypes for antioxidant content along with other variables. Grapes. Four thousand seedlings were evaluated in 2005 with 35 selections made for table grape quality and unique shape. Advanced selection trials continued but no cultivar releases made. Crosses were
made with 17 hybrid populations generated.
Impacts
The expansion of blackberry production in the South and East continued to grow and the shipping industry is having an impact in several states with farmer profits substantial in 2005. This industry is based largely on Arkansas-developed cultivars that are suitable for shipping. The new Ouachita cultivar released in 2003 made a substantial impact in 2005, its first year of fruit production. The new primocane-fruiting releases offer an entirely new type of plant for blackberry production offering summer and fall fruiting and improvements in this area potentially will change substantially the fresh market blackberry industry.
Publications
- Clark, J.R., J.N. Moore, J. Lopez-Medina, P. Perkins-Veazie, and C.E.Finn. 2005. 'Prime Jan' (APF-8) and 'Prime-Jim' (APF-12) primocane-fruiting blackberries. HortScience 40:852-855.
- Stafne, E.S. and J.R. Clark. 2005. Genetic similarity and inbreeding among eastern North American blackberry cultivars. Euphytica 129:95-104.
- Stafne, E.T. and J.R. Clark. 2005. Peditrack-an adaptable pedigree tracking program. HortTechnology 15:666-667.
- Stafne, E.T., J.R. Clark, C.A. Weber, J. Graham, and K.S. Lewers. 2005. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for genetic mapping of raspberry and blackberry. J. Amer. Hort. Soc. 130:722-728.
- Stewart, P.J. and J.R. Clark. 2005. Sources and inheritance of resistance to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) in eastern U.S. genotypes. HortScience 40:39-42.
- Clark, J.R. 2005. Changing times for eastern United States blackberries. HortTechnology 15:491-494.
- Clark, J.R. 2005. Thoughts on breeding intractable traits in eastern U.S. blackberries. HortScience 40:1954-1955.
- Clark, J.R. and J.N. Moore. 2005. 'Ouachita' thornless blackberry. HortScience 40:258-260.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/30/04
Outputs
Brambles. Breeding activity for 2004 included 53 hybridizations, for primocane-fruiting and thornless segregants. Seeds yielded totaled about 170,000. Seedlings from 2003 crosses totaled 7,500 field planted. Seedlings evaluated totaled approx 9,000 yielding 48 selections. For the the first time ever at least in Arkansas, a selection was made in November. Prime-Jan (cultivar APF-8) and Prime Jim (cultivar APF-12) were released this year. These primocane-fruiting selections are intended for home garden use and very limited trial. They are both thorny, and have fruit quality much like the thorny cultivars from Arkansas. They do not offer shipping potential. Blueberry. Breeding involved evaluation of about 2000 seedlings yielding several new selections. The most exciting material was from crosses of some older USDA selections x highbush. These are envisioned to be very adapted to mineral soils, and combine at least four species. This is parent material to cross back to
better quality to pull out a higher-quality, more broadly soil adapted plant. Nutraceutical work on blueberries continues with Luke Howard. A number of genotypes were analyzed for the fourth season for antioxidant capacity by measuring oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), in addition to total phenolics and total anthocyanins.
Impacts
The expansion of blackberry production in the South and East is based largely on Arkansas-developed cultivars that are suitable for shipping. The new primocane-fruiting releases offer an entirely new type of plant for blackberry production offering summer and fall fruiting.
Publications
- Stafne, E.T. and J.R. Clark. 2005. A retrospective of blackberry breeding and production in Arkansas. J. Amer. Pom. Soc. (accepted for publication).
- Stafne, E.T., J.R. Clark, C.A. Weber, J. Graham, and K.S. Lewers. 2004. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for genetic mapping of raspberry and blackberry. J. Amer. Hort. Soc. (accepted for publication).
- Clark, J.R. and J.N. Moore. 2005. 'Ouachita' thornless blackberry. HortScience 40:xx (accepted for publication).
- Clark, J.R., J.N. Moore, and P. Perkins-Veazie. 2005. 'White Rock' and 'White County' peaches. HortScience (accepted for publication).
- Clark, J.R., J.N. Moore, J. Lopez-Medina, P. Perkins-Veazie, and C.E. Finn. 2005. Prime Jan (APF-8) and Prime-Jim (APF-12) primocane-fruiting blackberries. HortScience 40: xx (accepted for publication).
- Stafne, E.T. and J.R.Clark. 2005. Genetic similarity and inbreeding among eastern North American blackberry cultivars. Euphytica 129:95-104.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Brambles. Breeding activity for 2003 included 52 hybridizations, over half for primocane-fruiting and the remainder floricane-fruiting thornless. Crosses were done on some 2002 PF selns to move the newest advances into crosses. Seedlings from 2002 crosses totaled just under 2,000. Seedlings evaluated totaled approx 15,000 yielding 25 PF selections and 46 PF F1s or thornless selections (all floricane-fruiting). Ouachita, tested as A-1905 and released in early 2003, is intended to give another high-quality fruit option for the fresh market. Berries on average are about 7 g. The first two primocane-fruiting cultivars are being released in early 2004. Blueberry. Blueberry breeding involved evaluation of about 2000 seedlings in 2003, yielding several new selections. The most exciting material was from crosses of some older USDA upland selections x highbush. These are envisioned to be very adapted to mineral soils, and combine at least four species. This is parent material
to cross back to better quality to pull out a higher-quality, more broadly soil adapted plant. In the existing selections, there are a number of promising, exciting early-ripening selections under evaluation. Most of these are southern highbush type selections. Grapes. Grape breeding progressed in 2003 with 1,300 seedlings evaluated yielding 11 selections. Additionally, seedlings from 2002 crosses were planted in the field (3,000) and 18 new hybridizations made. All crosses were for table grapes. The remaining wine selections continue to be evaluated.
Impacts
The Arkansas-developed blackberries, particularly thornless cultivars, continue to expand in production in the U.S. These high quality cultivars are performing very well in shipping, the main growth area of production.
Publications
- Clark, J.R. 2002. Grape breeding at the University of Arkansas: Approaching forty years of progress. ActaHort. 603:357-360.
- Drake, C.A. and J.R. Clark. 2003. Effects of pruning and cropping on field-grown primocane-fruiting blackberries. HortScience 38:260-262.
- Howard, L., J.R. Clark, and C. Brownmiller. 2003. Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content in blueberries as affected by genotype and growing season. J. Sci. Food Agric. 83:1238-1247.
- Stafne, E.T., J.R. Clark, M.C. Pelto, and J.T. Lindstrom. 2003. Discrimination of Rubus cultivars using RAPD markers and pedigree analysis. Acta Hort. 626:119-124.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
The 2002 fruit evaluation season was very exciting. Winter lows were not extreme, although a low of 8F occurred in March. Blueberries. The evaluation period progressed at Fayetteville, Clarksville and Hope. A group of advanced selections were evaluated at all three locations and it is hoped that one or more cultivars will be identified in the near future. Some of these have very impressive fruit quality, size, and season of ripening. Approximately 2,000 seedlings were evaluated yielding 33 selections. Blackberries. Some winter injury was experienced in Clarksville and Fayetteville due to the March freeze. Approximately 12,000 seedlings were evaluated yielding 107 selections. Just over 7,000 seedlings from 2001 crosses were field-planted this year, and a large number of seeds resulted from 38 hybridizations conducted this year. Most of these crosses are for thornless, primocane-fruting (PF), or F1s for PF that will be used in subsequent crossing to improve the PF
quality and yield. A group of advanced selections fruited For the final time and A-1905 is being released as `Ouachita'. It is a thornless erect cultivar that ripens mid season with excellent fruit quality. Two primocane-fruiting selections were identified for planned release later in 2003. Grapes. Little winter injury was seen this year and the crop was very good. Diseases were not common in 20021, owing to good disease control in the vineyards in addition to a lighter disease-pressure year. Impressive, however, was the amount of fruit cracking seen again this year and screening for crack resistance was very good. Approximately 6,000 seedlings were evaluated this year resulting in 56 selections, all table grapes. Twenty three hybridizations were made also. Two groups of advanced selections are under close data collection, but these will require an additional year or 2 of evaluation before release decisions are made. A final note concerns wine grape selections. Wine grape selection
evaluation continued on the 12 remaining selections in the program.
Impacts
Blackberry cultivars are becoming industry standards for shipping quality and acreage is increasing in the south and other areas of the world. Other small fruit cultivars continue to be very popular in the State and in other states or areas of the world. Ozarkblue blueberry is also being planted commercially in the U.S. and several foreign countries.
Publications
- Stafne, E., J.R. Clark, M.C. Pelto and J.T. Lindstrom. 2002. Discrimination of Rubus cultivars using RAPD markers and pedigree analysis. Acta Hort. (accepted for publication).
- Takeda, F., B.C. Strik, D. Peacock, and J.R. Clark. 2002. Cultivar differences and effect of winter temperature on flower bud development in blackberry. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 127:495-501.
- Takeda, F., B.C. Strik, D. Peacock, and J.R. Clark. 2002. Patterns in floral development in erect and trailing blackberries. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. (accepted for publication).
- Clark, J.R., L. Howard, and S. Talcott. 2002. Antioxidant activity of blackberry genotypes. Acta Hort. 585:475-479.
- Clark, J.R., L. Howard, and S. Talcott. 2002. Variation in phytochemical composition of blueberry cultivars and breeding selections. Acta Hort. 574:203-207.
- Drake, C.A. and J.R. Clark. 2002. Effects of pruning and cropping on field-grown primocane-fruiting blackberries. HortScience (accepted for publication).
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
The 2001 fruit evaluation season was very exciting. Winter lows were not extreme, although a low of -13C occurred in December 2000. Spring frosts were avoided also, providing a full crop in general. The fruit ripening season began slighly early but ended up being near average for ripening times. Blueberries. The evaluation period progressed at Fayetteville, Clarksville and Hope. The most significant progress was in the trial of a group of advanced selections at all three locations. These fruited at Hope and Clarksville for the first time and some were very impressive for fruit quality, size, and season of ripening. These will be evaluated further for yield and other characteristics and it likely will be 2-4 years before the next release is made. In the field are approximately 2,000 seedlings for evlautions in the next two years. Blackberries. Some winter injury was experienced in Clarksville and Fayetteville. This was not severe enough to affect cropping and only
those genotypes lacking hardiness were affected. Approximately 4,000 seedlings were evaluated yielding 37 new selections. Nearly 7,000 seedlings from 2000 crosses were field-planted this year, and a large number of seeds resulted from 36 hybridizations conducted this year. Most of these crosses are for thornless, primocane-fruiting (PF), or F1s for PF that will be used in subsequent crossing to improve the PF quality and yield. A group of advanced selections fruited for the seond time in 2001, and data from these trials will delineate the best ones in the group for possible release in 2003. Grapes. Little winter injury was seen this year and the crop was very good. Diseases were not common in 2001, owing to good disease control in the vineyards in addition to a lighter disease-pressure year. Impressive, however, was the amount of fruit cracking seen. This was due to three to five rains near and during fruit maturity; thus a good screening was experienced for this trait. Approximately
9,000 seedlings were evaluated this year resulting in 37 selections, all table grapes. Seventeen hybridizations were made also. A group of advanced selections are under close data collection, but these will require an additional 2 to 3 years of evaulation before release decisions are made. A final note concerns wine grape selections. The original group of 40 or more wine grape selections was reduced down to 12 this year via wine evaluation. These 12 have produced good quality wines and have good viticultural characterisitcs. Further evaluation may yield a new variety from this group but only further testing (wine quality and vine performance) will tell.
Impacts
Arkansas small fruit cultivars continue to be very popular in the State and in other states or areas of the world. The most planting is of blackberry cultivars for fresh market production, which are making an impact in the U.S., Mexico, South America, and other areas of the world. Ozarkblue blueberry is also being planted commercially in the U.S. These choices are enhancing success of fruit production in Arkansas and other regions.
Publications
- Clark, J.R., C. Drake, and R. Gergerich. 2001. Current blackberry topics: Chillings, viruses and variety shifts. Proc. 20th Annual Horticultural Industries Show p. 41-43.
- Clark, J.R., L. Howard, and S. Talcott. 2002. Antioxidant content of blackberry genotypes. Acta Hort. (accepted for publication)
- Clark, J.R., L. Howard, and S. Talcott. 2002. Variation in phytochemical content of blueberry cultivars and breeding selections. Acta Hort. (accepted for publication)
- Stafne, E., J.R. Clark, and C.R. Rom. 2001. Leaf gas exchange response of six red raspberry and one blackberry cultivars to moderate and high temperature conditions. HortScience 36:880-883.
- Yazzetti, D. and J.R. Clark. 2001. Evaluation of chilling requirements for six Arkansas blackberry cultivars utilizing stem cuttings. Inquiry, The University of Arkansas Undergraduate Research Journal 2:90-95.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Grape. Hybridizations continued with 12 crosses made for high-quality seedless table grapes. A total of 9,000 seedlings were evaluated and from these 18 selections made. Selection evaluation was conducted on all material including a number of wine grape selections in addition to table genotypes. Wine quality evaluations were conducted by the Food Science Dept on a number of selections. New cultivars released in 1999, Jupiter and Neptune, began to be sold commercially on a limited basis. Blueberry. Approximately 1000 seedlings were planted at Clarksville. Selection evaluation continued in 2000 at three locations, Clarksville, Hope and Fayetteville. A replicated trial of advanced selections was established at Fayetteville to parallel those established in 2000 at Hope and Clarksville. Blackberry. Hybridizations totalled 32 for 2000, emphasizing thornless and primocane-fruiting genotypes. A total of 3,200 seedlings were evaluated yielding 25 selections. Replicated trials
of advanced selections fruited at three locations, Clarksville, Fayetteville and Hope. Selection evaluation continued on newly-developed primocane fruiting selections, and a cultural trial evaluating cane tipping and single vs. double cropping was conducted. The two cultivars released in 1999, Apache and Chickasaw, had significant sales in 2000. Strawberry. Final evaluation of selections continues and no new breeding activity is underway on strawberry. Nutraceutical evaluations of cultivars and breeding selections was conducted in grape, blueberry and blackberry genotypes in 2000, and generally blueberry and blackberry genotypes had significant variation for oxidation reduction absorbance capacity. Table grape were much lower in this capacity.
Impacts
New cultivars provide further options for growers to choose in establishing or replacing plantings. The new cultivars previously released and under current development will provide growers additional choices, broadening production opportunities and marketing options.
Publications
- Drake, C. and J.R. Clark. 2000. Determination of chilling requirement of Arkansas blackberry cultivars. Discovery, The Student Journal of the Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences. 1:15-19.
- Pelto, M. and J. R. Clark. 2001. In vitro shoot tip culture of Rubus: review and application. Small Fruit Reviews (in press).
- Perkins-Veazie, P., J. R. Clark, D.J. Huber, and E.A. Baldwin. 2000. Ripening physiology in `Navaho' thornless blackberries: color, respiration, ethylene production, softening, and compositional changes. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 125:357-363.
- Perkins-Veazie, P., J.K. Collins, and J.R. Clark. 2000. Shelflife and quality of `Navaho' and `Shawnee' blackberry fruit stored under retail storage conditions. J. Food Qual. 22:535-544.
- Stafne, E., J. R. Clark, and C.R. Rom. 2000. Leaf gas exchange characteristics of red raspberry germplasm in a hot environment. HortScience 35:278-280.
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Grape. Hybridizatoins continued for high-quality seedless table grapes. Selection evaluation was conducted on all material including a limited number of wine grape selections in addition to table genotypes. Wine quality evaluations were conducted by the Food Science Department on a number of selections. Replicated trials of advanced selections were established at two locations. New cultivars released in 1999 are Jupiter and Neptune. Jupiter is an early-ripening, blue, seedless, non- slip skin table grape, and has a mild muscat flavor. It has large berries and has had high yields in replicated trials. Neptune is a mid-season, white large clustered table grape with a mild fruity flavor. It has medium-sized berries and moderate yields. Cuttings of these two patented cultivars have been distributed to licensed nurseries. Blueberry. Selection and seedling evaluation continued in 1999 at two locations, Clarksville and Fayetteville. Replicated trials of advanced selections
were established at Hope and Clarksville. Blackberry. Hybridizations were conducted as were seedling and selection evaluations. Replicated trials of advanced selections were established at three locations, Clarksville, Hope and Fayetteville. Selection evaluation was also conducted on newly-developed primocane fruiting selections. Two cultivars were released in 1999, Apache and Chickasaw. Apache is an upright-caned, thornless cultivar with much greater berry size compared to the previous releases Navaho and Arapaho. It is also higher yielding and has excellent cane erectness, and ripens near Navaho season. Chickasaw is a thorny, erect type and is envisioned to be a replacement for Shawnee in that it ripens in the same season, but has larger, firmer berries compared to Shawnee and is higher yielding than Shawnee. These patented cultivars have been distributed to licensed nurseries. Strawberry. Final evaluation of selections continues and no new breeding activity is underway on
strawberry.
Impacts
New cultivars provide further options for growers to choose in establishing or replacing plantings. The new cultivars mentioned above have characterisitics for growers to consider which broaden production opportunities and marketing options. Breeding continues to further enhance these crops.
Publications
- Clark, J.R. and J.N. Moore. 1999. 'Apache' thornless blackberry. HortScience 34:1291-1293.
- Clark, J.R. and J.N. Moore. 1999. 'Chickasaw' blackberry. HortScience 34:1294-1296.
- Clark, J.R. and J.N. Moore. 1999. 'Jupiter' seedless table grape. HortScience 34:1297-1299.
- Clark, J.R. and J.N. Moore. 1999. 'Neptune' seedless table grape. HortScience 34:1300-1302.
- Lopez-Medina, J., J.N. Moore, and K.S. Kim. 1999. Flower bud initiation in primocane-fruiting blackberry germplasm. HortScience 34:132-136.
- Lopez-Medina, J. and J.N. Moore. 1999. Chilling enhances cane elongating and flowering in primocane-fruiting blackberries. HortScience 34:638-640.
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
Brambles. Breeding activity for 1998 included 32 hybridizations, with majority of these thornless. Seedlings evaluated totaled 7,000 yielding 42 selections. Replicated trials were continued at Clarksville, Hope and Fayetteville of the most promising selections. Two blackberry cultivars were released in 1998. These are Apache, a thornless cultivar which ripens about 5 days later than Navaho, and Chickasaw, a thorny cultivar. Fruit size is an exceptinal attribute of the thornless Apache, averaging 7 to 10 g in various trials and 2x that of Arapaho and Navaho, the other thornless culitvars released from the program. Yields are good, higher than Arapaho and Navaho in most comparisons. Chickasaw ripens near Shawnee and has high yields, as high or higher than Shawnee. Fruit size is excellent, 10 to 11 g commonly. Both of these selections appear to have similar hardiness to previously cultivars, although widespread testing in more northern environments has not been
conducted. An evaluation of raspberry germplasm for heat tolerance was begun in 1998. The goal of the project was to assemble and evaluate a range of raspberry species, and hopefully identify heat tolerant parents for future hybridizations. Gas exchange was measured at 35C for 18 raspberry genotypes and a range of differences in assimilation was found. Blueberry. Blueberry breeding involved evaluation of 1500 seedlings in 1998, resulting in 19 selections. Most of these are southern highbush type selections. Evaluation of existing selections continued and a number have been propagated for further testing. None have been targeted for release for the immediate future. Summit southern highbush blueberry was cooperatively released in 1998 among U of Arkansas, NC State and USDA. Summit is a sibling of Ozarkblue, ripens several days earlier, breaks bud and blooms earlier, and has exceptional fruit quality, especially flavor. Summit is targeted for trial in areas that receive at least 500
hours of chilling, although exact chilling requirement has not been measured. Grape. Grape breeding progressed in 1998 with 7,000 seedlings evaluated yielding 13 selections. Additionally, 4,158 seedlings from 1997 crosses were planted in the field and 22 new hybridizations were made. All emphasis now is on non-slipskin table grapes and no new wine or juice crosses are being conducted. The remaining wine and juice selections continue to be evaluated. Jupiter and Neptune table grapes were released in 1998-99, adding two new seedless table grape options for growers. Jupiter is a blue, muscat flavored seedless, and Neptune is a white, seedless. Two wine grape selections, A-2358 and A-2359 were determined to be of promising wine quality in evaluations. Strawberry. Strawberry breeding continues to wind down with only 13 selections remaining from the long-term breeding effort.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Clark, J.R. 1998. The blackberry breeding program at the University of Arkansas: thirty- plus years of progress and developments for the future. Acta Hort. (In press).
- Clark, J.R. 1998. Table grape cultivar options. Proc. 1998 Mo. Small Fruit Conference, p.13-15.
- Clark, J.R., J. N. Moore, and P. Perkins-Veazie. 1998. Improved blackberries for expanding markets. American Fruit Grower, April, p. 26-28.
- Galletta, G.J., J.L. Maas, J.R. Clark, and C.E. Finn. 1998. `Triple Crown' thornless blackberry. Fruit Var. J. 52:124-127.
- Lopez-Medina, J., J.N. Moore, K.S. Kim, and J.R. Clark. 1998. Flower bud initiation in primocane-fruiting, tetraploid blackberry germplasm. HortScience 33:595 (abstr.).
- Lopez-Medina, J. 1998. Genetics, Inheritance, and Characterization of Primocane (Fall)-Fruiting in Tetraploid Blackberry (Rubus subgenus Rubus). PhD Dissertation. University of Arkansas.
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