Progress 10/01/98 to 09/30/04
Outputs
We have evaluated electron beam irradiation, hot water, ozone and hydrogen peroxide treatments to treat mildly Fusarium head blight infected malting barley. All treatments showed a significant reduction in Fusarium survival with minimal effect on barley germination. Additional studies on malt quality were performed for the irradiation and hot water treatments. Irradiation dosages between 6-8 kGy resulted in minimal quality effects, while reducing deoxynivalenol levels to below 0.5 ppm in the final malt. Hot water treatments of 45 degrees C for up to 20 minutes and 50 degrees C for up to 5 minutes gave similar results.
Impacts
Fusarium head blight has become a severe and devastating problem in some areas of the United States which produce small grains. This plant disease and the mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin), associated with it may present a serious public health concern and lead to price discounts for infected grain resulting in severe economic consequences to small grain producing regions. The objectives of this project are intended to lead to methods to control DON concentrations in post-harvest foods and feeds so that infected grains can be utilized without food safety and quality concerns.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
We expanded our irradiation study to include different levels of Fusarium infection and malt quality analyses. Irradiation was done at a Surebeam Corporation plant in Chicago, with dosages of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 kGy. Treatments were repeated three times on different days. Treated samples were malted in a pilot-scale malting unit at North Dakota State University. The barley samples were analyzed for Fusarium infection (FI), germinative energy (GE), aerobic plate counts (APC), and mold and yeast counts (MYC) and deoxynivalenol (DON). Malted barley samples were analyzed for FI, APC, MYC, and DON. FI decreased with increase in radiation dosage in both the barley and malted samples. In barley samples exposed to 10 kGy, FI was reduced by 50-98%. APC significantly decreased (1-5 logs) in barley with increase in irradiation dosage. A 5-log reduction in APC was observed at 10 kGy for all barley samples. MYC significantly decreased in barley with increase in irradiation
dosage. A 1-2.5 log reduction in MYC was observed for all barley samples exposed to 10 kGy. DON was eliminated in malts from barley treated with 2 kGy and higher. Pre-harvest formed DON was likely washed out during steeping. APC and MYC in malts from 8-10 kGy treated barleys were slightly higher than in other malts indicating that radiation resistant microflora were able to thrive during malting due to decreased competition. GE in barley samples was significantly decreased (3-15%) at dosages of 8-10 kGy. The results suggest that dosages between 4-8 kGy may be effective in reducing DON in malt while maintaining the GE in barley. Dosages over 8 kGy reduce GE and appear to lead to higher microbial loads in malt. Additional malt quality analysis is still in progress. We also evaluated the effect of hydrogen peroxide on FI and GE in naturally FHB infected barley. Treatments included 0, 5, 10 and 15% hydrogen peroxide exposure for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes. All treatments were done at
room temperature and were repeated three times on different days. For each treatment, 150 seeds were soaked in 50 ml of solution in a 100 ml conical flask. The seeds were agitated during exposure in a shaker at 200 rpm, and then rinsed with sterile distilled water prior to analysis. In the 0% control, FI was decreased by 30% after 30 minutes. With 5% hydrogen peroxide there was a 79-95% decrease in FI between 5-30 minutes of exposure. GE was only negatively affected with treatments of 10 and 15% hydrogen peroxide exposed for 20 minutes.
Impacts
Fusarium head blight has become a severe and devastating problem in some areas of the United States which produce small grains. This plant disease and the mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin), associated with it may present a serious public health concern and lead to price discounts for infected grain resulting in severe economic consequences to small grain producing regions. The objectives of this project are intended to lead to methods to control DON concentrations in post-harvest foods and feeds so that infected grains can be utilized without food safety and quality concerns.
Publications
- Kottapalli, B., C.E. Wolf-Hall, and P. Schwarz. 2003. Efficacy of hydrogen peroxide for reducing post-harvest Fusarium infection in malting barley. Poster abstract. Annual meeting of the International Association for Food Protection. New Orleans, Louisiana.
- Kottapalli, B., C.E. Wolf-Hall, and P. Schwarz. 2003. Evaluation of electron-beam irradiation for reducing Fusarium infection and microbial loads in barley malt. Poster abstract. 2003 National Fusarium Head Blight Forum. Bloomington, Minnesota.
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Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02
Outputs
Methods to control Fusarium growth and deoxynivalenol production during malting of scab infected barley are being evaluated. Physical methods including hot water, electron beam irradiation and UV-C exposure have been evaluated. UV-C irradiation was not found to be effective in eliminating Fusarium infection, but did not damage germinative energy. Hot water and electron-beam treatments were further studied. Hot water treatments included four temperatures (45, 50, 55, and 60 degrees C) for 0, 1, 5, 10, and 15 min, and electron-beam radiation included dosages of 0-11.4 kGy. For hot water treatments, at 45 degrees C, reductions in Fusarium infection (FI) averaged 97% after 10 and up to 15 min, with no significant reductions in germinative energy (GE). Significant reduction (25%) in GE occurred at 50 degrees C after 5 min, but FI was dramatically reduced after only 1 min. For temperatures 55 and 60 degrees C, significant reductions (48% and 95% respectively) in GE were
seen after 1 minute. For electron-beam radiation, significant reduction in the FI started between 2.3-4.7 kGy. Higher doses (9.2 kGy, and 11.4 kGy) achieved complete reduction (100%) of FI. GE decreased with increase in the electron-beam dosage over 4.5 kGy; however, there was a slight increase in GE at approximately 8kGy where the GE was not significantly different from that at 0 kGy. Additional chemical treatments to be evaluated include ozone and hydrogen peroxide. Barley subjected to effective treatments will be malted to determine the effects on quality and the mycotoxigenesis of surviving Fusarium graminearum isolates
Impacts
Fusarium head blight has become a severe and devastating problem in some areas of the United States which produce small grains. This plant disease and the mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin), associated with it may present a serious public health concern and lead to price discounts for infected grain resulting in severe economic consequences to small grain producing regions. The objectives of this project are intended to lead to methods to control DON concentrations in post-harvest foods and feeds so that infected grains can be utilized without food safety concerns.
Publications
- Panigrahi, S., B. Kottapalli, A. Kubiak and C.E. Wolf-Hall. 2003. Evaluation of optical radiation techniques for reducing Fusarium in barley. (Submitted)
- Kottapalli, B., C.E. Wolf-Hall, P. Schwarz, J. Schwarz and J. Gillespie. 2003. Evaluation of hot water and electron-beam irradiation for reducing Fusarium infection in malting barley. J. Food Protection. (Submitted)
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Progress 10/01/00 to 09/30/01
Outputs
Methods to control Fusarium growth and deoxynivalenol production during malting of scab infected barley are being evaluated. Physical methods including hot water, electron beam irradiation and UV-C exposure have been evaluated. The use of hot water and electron beam irradiation appear promising for killing Fusarium molds in infected barley while having little effect on germination. These, and other methods will be further evaluated to determine optimum effectiveness. Barley subjected to effective treatments will be malted to determine the effects on quality and the mycotoxigenesis of surviving Fusarium graminearum isolates. In another experiment, preliminary virulence studies have indicated that there is no correlation between virulence and deoxynivalenol producing potential in the 12 isolates of F. graminearum tested. Isolates were selected based on differences in mycotoxigenesis and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis.
Impacts
Fusarium head blight has become a severe and devastating problem in some areas of the United States which produce small grains. This plant disease and the mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin), associated with it may present a serious public health concern and lead to price discounts for infected grain resulting in severe economic consequences to small grain producing regions. The objectives of this project are intended to lead to methods to control DON concentrations in post-harvest foods and feeds so that infected grains can be utilized without food safety concerns.
Publications
- No publications for this period. 2001.
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Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/00
Outputs
Objectives 1 and 2 are still in the stages of obtaining analytical equipment and personnel. Objective 3. Evaluate methods to control Fusarium growth and deoxynivalenol production during malting of scab infected barley. Physical methods including electron beam irradiation and UV- ozone exposure have been screened in small scale experiments. These methods appear promising in significantly killing Fusarium molds in infected barley while having little effect on germination. These methods will be further optimized and treated barley put through malting to determine the effects on quality. Objective 4. Determine physiological and environmental signals for mycotoxin production in Fusarium graminearum strains. Preliminary virulence studies have indicated that there is no correlation between virulence and deoxynivalenol producing potential in the 12 strains of F. graminearum tested.
Impacts
Fusarium head blight has become a severe and devastating problem in areas of the United States which produce small grains. This plant disease and the mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin), associated with it may present a serious public health concern and lead to price discounts for infected grain. The objectives of this project are intended to lead to methods to control DON concentrations in post-harvest foods and feeds so that infected grains can be utilized without food safety concerns.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/98 to 09/30/99
Outputs
Objective 1. Improve and adapt current analytical methods for deoxynivalenol detection and quantitation for use with processed food samples. Work on this project has been delayed while efforts have been made to fill a technical support position to assist with this portion of the project. Objective 2. To determine the fate of deoxynivalenol in food processing systems (wheat-based foods). A working plan for this collaborative work is currently being arranged. Objective 3. Evaluate methods to control Fusarium growth and deoxynivalenol production during the malting of scab infected barley. Preliminary screening of physical methods to control Fusarium growth in barley during steeping have been completed. Irradiation appears to be the most promising method and will be further optimized. Objective 4. Determine physiological and environmental signals for mycotoxin production in Fusarium graminearum strains. Preliminary testing of the virulence levels of the strains to be
examined are being completed.
Impacts
Fusarium head blight has become a severe and devastating problem in areas of the United States which produce small grains. This plant disease and the mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin), associated with it may present a serious public health concern and lead to price discounts for infected grain. The objectives of this project are intended to lead to methods to control DON concentrations in post-harvest foods and feeds so that infected grains can be utilized without food safety concerns.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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