CALIFORNIA ANIMAL HEALTH AND FOOD SAFETY SYSTEM - UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
311	3299	1090	10%
311	3299	1100	10%
311	3399	1090	10%
311	3399	1100	10%
311	3499	1090	10%
311	3499	1100	10%
311	3699	1090	10%
311	3699	1100	10%
311	3899	1090	10%
311	3899	1100	10%

Progress 07/01/94 to 06/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Final Report submitted to the funding agency.

Publications

Progress 10/01/13 to 06/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Progress report submitted to the funding agency.

Publications

Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Progress report submitted to the funding agency.

Publications

Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: The California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS) is a state-university veterinary diagnostic laboratory system comprised of four facilities located throughout the major animal agriculture producing regions of California. The CAHFS actively supports animal health, food safety, and disease surveillance activities both regionally and nationally. During 2012, the CAHFS continued active participation in the NAHLN, FERN, and LRN national networks; as well as supporting the new FDA Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network (VetLIRN), which responds primarily to feed contamination issues. CAHFS provides critical laboratory support for animal disease surveillance, food/feed safety, and veterinary public health through testing of domestic and non-domestic animals, milk and dairy products and animal feed including pet foods. In 2012, CAHFS was instrumental in the detection and diagnosis of food-borne intoxicants and disease producing agents, including zoonotic agents in food and fiber producing animals and wildlife species. CAHFS faculty and staff are involved in assay development, validation, and understanding of the pathogenesis of the range of infectious diseases impacting food animals and associated public health. In 2012 CAHFS was involved in outreach and education through numerous presentations and publications, BSL-3 laboratory and select agent training, and related activities on issues relevant to animal agriculture and diagnostic activities in support of state and federal animal health and food safety programs. PARTICIPANTS: USDA, CDFA, and the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System. TARGET AUDIENCES: State and federal animal disease regulatory officials, livestock industries, wildlife managers, public health officials, and U.S. trade partners. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
THE CAHFS is an integral partner through diagnostic services and laboratory expertise, helping to protect state and national animal agriculture, wildlife, and associated public health.

Publications

Thomasy, S.M., Whittem, T., Bales, J., Ferrone, M., Stanley, S.D., Maggs, D.J. (2012). Pharmacokinetics of penciclovir in healthy cats following oral administration of famciclovir or intravenous infusion of penciclovir. Am J Vet Res, 73(7): 1092-99.
Toth, B., Aleman, M., Brosnan, R.J., Dickinson, P.J., Conley, A.J., Stanley, S.D., Nogradi, N., Willams, D.C., Madigan, J. (2012). Evaluation of the squeeze induced somnolence in neonatal foals. Am J Vet Res, 73(12): 1881-9.
Tseng, M., Fleetwood, M., Reed, A., Gill, V.A., Harris, R.K., Moeller, R.B., Lipscomb, T.P., Mazet, J.A., Goldstein, T. (2012). Mustelid herpesvirus-2, a novel herpes infection in northern sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni). J Wildl Dis, 48(1): 181-5.
Uzal, F.A., Diab, S.S., Blanchard, P., Moore, J., Anthenill, L., Shahriar, F., Garcia, J.P., Songer, J.G. (2012). Clostridium perfringens type C and Clostridium difficile co-infection in foals. Vet Micro, 156(3-4): 395-402.
Uzal, F.A., Mukai, M., Woods, L., Poppenga, R., Valentine, B.A., Smith, J. (2012). Acute respiratory distress in an alpaca. Vet Pathol, 49(6): 1070-3.
Uzal, F.A. (2012). Evidence-based medicine concerning efficacy of vaccination against Clostridium chauvoei infection in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 28(1): 71-7, viii.
Vallance, S.A., Case, J.T., Entwistle, R.C., Kinde, H., Barr, B.C., Moore, J., Anderson, M.L., Arthur, R.M., Stover, S.M. (2012). Characteristics of Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse racehorses that sustained a complete scapular fracture. Equine Vet J, 44(4): 425-31.
Vidal, J.E., Ma, M., Saputo, J., Uzal, F.A., McClane, B.A. (2012). Evidence that the Agr-like quorum sensing system regulates the toxin production, cytotoxicity and pathogenicity of Clostridium perfringens type C isolate CN3685. Molecular Microbiology, 83(1): 179-194.
Wack, R.F., Hansen, E., Small, M., Poppenga, R., Bunn, D., Johnson, C.K. (2012). Hematology and plasma biochemistry values for the giant garter snake (Thamnophis gigas) and valley garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis fitchi) in the Central Valley of California. J Wildl Dis, 48(2): 307-313.
Wheeler, S.S., Vineyard, M.P., Wood, L.W., Reise, W.K. (2012). Dynamics of West Nile virus persistence in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus). PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 6(10): e1860.
Wheeler, S.S., Langevin, S.A., Brault, A.C., Woods, L., Carroll, B.D., Reisen, W.K. (2012). Detection of persistent west nile virus RNA in experimentally and naturally infected avian hosts. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 87(3): 559-64.
Wiedner, E.B., Peddie, J., Peddie, L.R., Abou-Madi, N., Kollias, G.V., Doyle, C., Lindsay, W.A., Isaza, R., Terrell, S., Lynch, T.M., Johnson, K., Johnson, G., Sammut, C., Daft, B., Uzal, F.A. (2012). Strangulating intestinal obstructions in four captive elephants (Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africana). J Zoo Wildl Med, 43(1): 125-30.
Yee, M.M., Woods, L.W., Poppenga, R.H., Puschner, B. (2012). Amanitin intoxication in two beef calves in California. J. Vet Diagn Invest, 24(1): 241-244.
Giannitti, F., Margineda, C.A., Cid, M.S., Diab, S.S., Weber, N., Rodriquez, A., Campero, C.M., Odriozola, E.R. (2012). Mortality of a captive deer (Axis axis) and a llama (Lama glama) due to ingestion of Wedelia glauca. J Vet Diagn Invest, 24(6): 1068-1072.
Grimsrud, K., Mama, K.R., Steffey, E.P., Stanley, S.D. (2012). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous medetomidine in the horse. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 39(1): 38-48.
Jackwood, D.J., Crossley, B.M., Stoute, S.T., Sommer-Wagner, S., Woolcock, P.R., Charlton, B.R. (2012) Diversity of genome segment B from infectious bursal disease viruses in the United States. Av Dis, 56(1): 165-72.
Kinde, H., Foate, E., Beeler, E., Uzal, F., Moore, J., Poppenga, R. (2012). Strong circumstantial evidence for ethanol toxicosis in Cedar Waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum). J of Orithology, 153(3): 995-998.
Knych, H.K., Casbeer, H.C., McKemie, D.S., Arthur, R.M. (2012). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of butorphanol following intravenous administration to the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 36(1): 21-30.
Knych, H.K., Steffey, E.P., Stanley, S.D. (2012). Effect of yohimbine of the pharmacokinetics parameters of detomidine on performance horses. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 39(3): 221-9.
Macias Rioseco, M., Beingesser, J., Uzal, F.A. (2012). Freezing or adding trypsin inhibitor to equine intestinal contents extends the lifespan of Clostridium perfringens beta toxin for diagnostic purposes. Anaerobe, 18(3): 357-60.
Madigan, J., Haggins, E., Pickles, K., Conley, A., Stanley, S., Moeller, B., Toth, B., Aleman, M. (2012). Allopregnanolone infusion induced neurobehavioral alterations in a neonatal foal: Is this a clue to the pathogenesis of neonatal maladjustment syndrome? Eq Vet J, 44(s41): 109-112.
Martinez, J., Martorell, J., Abarca, M.L., Olvera, A., Ramis, A., Woods, L., Cheville, N., Juan-Salles, C., Moya, A., Riera, A., Soto, S. (2012). Pyogranulomatous pleuropneumonia and mediastinitis in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) associated with Pseudomonas luteola Infection. J Comp Pathol, 146(1): 4-10.
Martinez, J., Montgomery, D.L., Uzal, F.A. (2012). Vascular mineralization in the brain of horses. J Vet Diagn Invest, 24(3): 612-7.
McKemie, D., Stanley, S.D. (2012). Analysis of steroids in plasma by LC-MS employing full scan high resolution mass spectrometry using accurate mass for quantification. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference of Racing Analyst and Veterinarians, 18: 142-148.
Mete, A., Woods, L., Famini, D., Anderson, M. (2012). Disseminated Pleomorphic Myofibrosarcoma in a Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos horribilis). J Comp Pathol, 147(2-3): 376-80.
Moeller, B.C., Stanley, S.D. (2012). The development and validation of a turbulent flow chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the endogenous steroid profiling of equine serum. J of Chromatography B, 905: 1-9.
Ortega, I., Wong, D.H., Villanueva, J.A., Cress, A.B., Sokalska, A., Stanley, S.D., Duleba, A.J. (2012). Effects of resveratrol on growth and function of rat ovarian granulosa cells. Fertil Steril, 98(6): 1563-73.
Ohmura, H., Boscan, P.L., Solano, A.M., Stanley, S.D., Jones, J.H. (2012). Changes in heart rate, heart rate variability, and atrioventricular block during fasting in Thoroughbreds. Am J Vet Res, 73(4): 508-14.
Ortega, I., Cress, A.B., Wong, D.H., Villanueva, J.A., Sokalska, A., Moeller, B.C., Stanley, S.D., Duleba, A.J. (2012). Simvastatin reduces steroidogenesis by inhibiting Cyp17a1 gene expression in rat ovarian theca-interstitial cells. Biol Reprod, 86(20): 1-9.
Ortega, I., Villanueva, J.A., Wong, D.H., Cress, A.B., Sokalska, A., Stanley, S.D., Duleba, A.J. (2012). Resveratrol reduces steroidogenesis in rat ovarian theca-interstitial cells: the role of inhibition of Akt/PKB signaling pathway. Endocrinology, 158(8): 4019-29.
Ostrowski, S.R., Kubiski, S.V., Palmero, J., Reilly, C.M., Higgins, J.K., Cook-Cronin, S., Tawde, S.N., Crossley, B.M., Yant, P., Cazarez, R., Uzal, F.A. (2012). An outbreak of equine botulism type A associated with feeding grass clippings. J Vet Diagn Invest, 24(3): 601-3.
Patton, K.M., Bildfell, R.J., Anderson, M.L., Cebra, C.K., Valentine, B.A. (2012). Fatal Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus-like infection in 4 Rocky Mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus). J Vet Diagn Invest, 24(2): 392-6.
Pimentel, L.A., Dantas, A.F., Uzal, F., Riet-Correa, F. (2012). Meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri in cattle of northeast Brazil. Res Vet Sci, 93(2): 811-2.
Poppenga, R.H., Ramsey, J., Gonzales, B.J., Johnson, C.K. (2012). Reference intervals for mineral concentrations in whole blood and serum of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in California. J Vet Diagn Invest, 24(3): 531-538.
Quinn, J.H., Girard, Y.A., Gilardi, K., Hernandez, Y., Poppenga, R., Chomel, B.B., Foley, J.E., Johnson, C.K. (2012). Pathogen and rodenticide exposure in American badgers (Taxidea taxus) in California. J Wildl Dis, 48(2): 307-313.
Sarrafian, T.L., Case, J.T., Kinde, H., Daft, B.M., Read, D.H., Moore, J.D., Uzal, F.A., Stover, S.M. (2012). Fatal Musculoskeletal Injuries of Quarter Horse Racehorses. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 241(7): 935-942.
Siao, K.T., Pypendop, B.H., Escobar, A., Stanley, S.D., lkiw, J.E. (2012). Effect of amantadine on oxymorphone-induced thermal antinociception in cats. J. Vet Pharmacol Therap, 35(2): 169-74.
Sutter, M.E., Clarke, M.E., Cobb, J., Daubert, G.P., Rathore, V.S., Aston, L.S., Poppenga, R.H., Ford, J.B., Owen, K.P., Albertson, T.E. (2012). Blood leak alarm interference by hydroxycobalamin is hemodialysis machine dependent. Clinical Toxicology, 50(10): 892-895.
Tawde, S.N., Puschner, B., Albin, T., Stump, S., Poppenga, R.H. (2012). Death by caffeine: presumptive malicious poisoning of a dog by incorporation in ground meat. J of Medical Toxicology, 8(4): 436-440.
Thomasy, S.M., Covert, J.C., Stanley, S.D., Maggs, D.J. (2012). Pharmacokinetics of famciclovir and penciclovir in tears following oral administration of famciclovir to cats: A pilot study. Vet Ophthalmol, 15(5): 299-306.
Diab, S.S., Kinde, H., Moore, J., Shahriar, M.F., Odani, J., Anthenill, L., Songer, G., Uzal, F.A. (2012). Pathology of Clostridium perfringens Type C enterotoxemia in horses. Vet Pathol, 49(2): 255-263.
Adaska, J.M., Whitlock, R.H. (2012). Low rate of detectable in utero transmission of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in a dairy herd with a low prevalence of Johnes disease. J Vet Diagn Invest, 24(1): 153-155.
Aly, S.S., Anderson, R.J., Whitlock, R.H., Fyock, T.L., McAdams, S., Byrem, T.M., Jiang, J., Adaska, J.M., Gardner, I.A. (2012). Cost-effectiveness of diagnostic strategies to identify Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis super-shedder cows in a large dairy herd using antibody ELISAs, quantitative real-time PCR and bacterial culture. J Vet Diag Invest, 24(5): 821-832.
Conley, A.J., Corbin, C.J., Thomas, J.L., Gee, N.A., Lasley, B.L., Moeller, B.C., Stanley, S.D., Berger, T. (2012). Costs and consequences of cellular compartmentalization and substrate competition among human enzymes involved in androgen and estrogen synthesis. Biol Reprod, 86(1)(15): 1-8.
Diab, S,S,, Shivaprasad, H.L., Giannitti, F., Uzal, F.A. (2012). Cerebrospinal nematodiasis outbreak in an urban outdoor aviary of cockatiels in Southern California. J Vet Diagn Invest, 24: 994-999. DiMaio Knych, H.K., Covarrubias, V., Steffey, E.P. (2012). Effect of yohimbine on detomidine induced changes in behavior, cardiac and selected blood parameters in the horse. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 39(6): 574-583.
Eeckhaut, V., Boyen, F., Pasmans, F., Uzal, F.A., Ducatelle, R., Van Hoorebeke, S., Maris, J., Haesebrouck, F., Van Immerseel, F. (2012). Clostridium novyi type B as a causative agent of bovine meat spoilage. Anaerobe, 18(3): 286-8.
Escobar, A., Pypendop, B.H., Siao, K.T., Stanley, S.D., Ilkiw, J.E. (2012). Effect of dexmedetomidine on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Therap, 35(2): 163-8.
Escobar, A., Pypendop, B.H., Siao, K.T., Stanley, S.D., Ilkiw, J.E. (2012). Pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine administered intravenously in isofluraneanesthetized cats. Am J Vet Res, 73(2): 285-9.
Gabriel, M.W., Woods, L.W., Poppenga, R., Sweitzer, R.A., Thompson, C., Matthews, S.M., Highly, J.M., Keller, S.M., Purcell, K., Barrett, R.H., Wengert, G.M., Sacks, B.N., Clifford, D.L. (2012). Anticoagulant rodenticides on our public and community lands: spatial distribution of exposure and poisoning of a rare forest carnivore. PLoS One, 7(7): e40163.
Garcia, J.P., Beingesser, J., Fisher, D.J., Sayeed, S., McClane, B.A., Posthaus, H., Uzal, F.A. (2012). The effect of Clostridium perfringens type C strain CN3685 and its isogenic beta toxin null mutant in goats. Vet Microbiol, 157(3-4): 412-9.
Giannitti, F., Diab, S.S., Uzal, F.A., Fresneda, K., Rossi, D., Talmi-Frank, D., Baneth, G. (2012). Infection with a Hepatozoon sp. closely related to Hepatozoon felis in a wild Pampas gray fox (Lycalopex, Pseudalopex gymnocercus) co-infected with canine distemper virus. Vet Parsitol, 186(3-4): 497-502.

Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: The California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS) is a state-university veterinary diagnostic laboratory system comprised of 4 facilities located throughout the major animal agriculture producing regions of California. The CAHFS actively supports animal health, food safety, and disease surveillance activities both regionally and nationally. During 2011, the CAHFS continued active participation in the NAHLN, FERN, and LRN national networks. CAHFS provides critical laboratory support for surveillance, food safety, and veterinary public health through testing of domestic and non-domestic animals, milk and dairy products and animal feed including pet foods. In 2011, CAHFS was instrumental in the detection and diagnosis of food-borne intoxicants and disease producing agents, including zoonotic agents in food and fiber producing animals and wildlife species. CAHFS faculty and staff are involved in assay development, validation, and understanding of the pathogenesis of the range of infectious diseases impacting food animals and associated public health. In 2011 CAHFS was involved in outreach and education through numerous presentations and publications, table-top exercises involving disease outbreak response preparedness, BSL-3 laboratory and select agent training, and related activities on issues relevant to animal agriculture and diagnostic activities in support of NAHLN, LRN, and FERN programs. PARTICIPANTS: USDA, CDFA, and the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System. TARGET AUDIENCES: State and federal animal disease regulatory officials, livestock industries, wildlife managers, public health officials, and U.S. trade partners. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
The CAHFS is an integral partner through diagnostic services and laboratory expertise, helping to protect state and national animal agriculture, wildlife, and associated public health.

Publications

Almeida J, Ball BA, Conley AJ, Place N, Liu IKM, Scholtz EL, Mathewson L, Stanley SD, Moeller BC. (2011). Biological and clinical significance of anti-mullerian hormone determination in blood serum of the mare. Theriogenology, 76:1393-1403.
Arens AM, Barr B, Puchalski SM, Poppenga R, Kulin RM, Anderson J, Stover SM. (2011). Osteoporosis associated with pulmonary silicosis in an equine bone fragility syndrome. Vet Pathol, 48:593-615.
Brito BP, Gardner IA, Hietala, SK, Crossley, BM. (2011). Variation in Bluetongue virus real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay results in blood samples of sheep, cattle, and alpaca. J Vet Diagn Invest, 23:753-6.
Mathews MS, Chighvinadze D, Gach HM, Uzal FA, Madsen SJ, Hirschberg H. (2011). Cerebral edema following photodynamic therapy using endogenous and exogenous photosensitizers in normal brain. Lasers in surgery and medicine, 43:892-900.
Kelly TR, Bloom PH, Torres SG, Hernandez YZ, Poppenga RH, Boyce WM, Johnson CK. (2011). Impact of the California lead ammunition ban on reducing lead exposure in golden eagles and turkey vultures. PloS one, 6:e17656.
Knych HK, Stanley SD. (2011). Effect of Three Reversal Agents on Detomidine Induced Changes in Behavior, Cardiac and Selected Blood Parameters in the Horse. Proc Am Assoc Eq Pract, 57: 64.
Leavens TL, Tell LA, Clothier KA, Griffith RW, Baynes RE, Riviere JE. (2011). Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict tulathromycin distribution in goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther, June 15: Epub ahead of print.
Lyle CH, Uzal FA, McGorum BC, Aida H, Blissitt KJ, Case JT, Charles JT, Gardner I, Horadagoda N, Kusano K, Lam K, Pack JD, Parkin TD, Slocombe RF, Stewart BD, Boden LA. (2011). Sudden death in racing Thoroughbred horses: an international multicentre study of post mortem findings. Equine Vet J, 43:324-31.
Ma M, Vidal J, Saputo J, McClane BA, Uzal FA. (2011). The VirS, VirR system regulates cytotoxicity, intestinal pathogenicity and enterotoxemic lethality of Clostridium perfringens type C isolate CN3685. MBio, 2: pii:e00338-10: e00338-10.
Moeller BC, Sams RA, Guingab J, Szabo NJ, Calohan P, Stanley SD. (2011). An interlaboratory study of the pharmacokinetics of testosterone following intramuscular administration to Thoroughbred horses. J Vet Pharmacol Therap, 34:588-93.
Ozpinar A, Golub MS, Poppenga RH, Blount BC, Gillespie JR. (2011). Thyroid status of female rhesus monkeys and preliminary information on impact of perchlorate administration. Laboratory animals, 45:209-14.
Pavez JC, Hawkins MG, Pascoe PJ, DiMaio Kynch HK, Kass PH. (2011). Effect of fentanyl target-controlled infusions on isoflurane minimum anaesthetic dose and cardiovascular function in red-tailed hawks. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 38:344-51.
Payne S, Shivaprasad HL, Mirhosseini N, Gray P, Hoppes S, Weissenbock H, Tizard I. (2011). Unusual and severe lesions of proventricular dilatation disease in cockatiels, Nymphicus hollandicus, acting as healthy carriers of avian bornavirus, ABV, and subsequently infected with a virulent strain of ABV. Avian Pathol, 40:15-22.
Premashthira S, Salman MD, Hill AE, Reich RM, Wagner BA. (2011). Epidemiological simulation modeling and spatial analysis for foot-and-mouth disease control strategies: a comprehensive review. Animal Health Research Reviews, 12:225-34.
Pusterla N, Conrad PA, Packham AE, Mapes SM, Finno CJ, Gardner IA, Barr BC, Ferraro GL, Wilson WD. (2011). Endogenous transplacental transmission of Neospora hughesi in naturally infected horses. J Parasitol, 97:281-5.
Pypendop BH, Barter LS, Stanley SD, lkiw JE. (2011). Hemodynamic effects of dexmedetomidine in isoflurane-anesthetized cats. Vet Anaesth Analg, 38:555-67.
Rand C, Stanley S, Pusterla N. (2011). Effects of intra-rectally administered omeprazole paste on gastric fluid pH in healthy adult horses. Vet Rec, 169:126.
Reeves A, Salman MD, Hill AE. (2011). Approaches for evaluating veterinary epidemiological models: verification, validation and limitations. Revue scientifique et technique, 30:499-512.
Robertson SL, Li J, Uzal FA, McClane BA. (2011). Evidence for a prepore stage in the action of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin. PloS one, 6:e22053.
Senties-Cue CG, Charlton BR, Woolcock P, Bickford AA, Cooper G, Bland M. (2011). Atypical distribution of fowl pox lesions in broilers. Avian Dis, 54:1316-8.
Siao KT, Pypendop BH, Stanley SD, Ilkiw JE. (2011). Pharmacokinetics of oxymorphone in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Therap, 34:594-598.
Siao KT, Pypendop BH, Stanley SD, Ilkiw JE. (2011). Pharmacokinetics of amantadine in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Therap, 34:599-604.
Slota KE, Hill AE, Keefe TJ, Bowen RA, Pabilonia KL. (2011). Biosecurity and bird movement practices in upland game bird facilities in the United States. Avian Dis, 55:180-6.
Stanley SD, Knych HK. (2011). Comparison of pharmaceutical equivalence for commercially available preparations of Omeprazole. Proc Am Assoc Eq Pract, 57:63.
Slota KE, Hill AE, Keefe TJ, Bowen RA, Miller RS, Pabilonia KL. (2011). Human-bird interactions in the United States upland gamebird industry and the potential for zoonotic disease transmission. Vector borne and zoonotic diseases, Larchmont, N.Y., 11:1115-23.
Ruder MG, Poppenga RH, Bryan JA, Bain M, Pitman J, Keel MK. (2011). Intoxication of nontarget wildlife with rodenticides in northwestern Kansas. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 47:212-6.
Schild AL, Fiss L, Dame MC, Uzal FA, Soares MP, Schuch LF, Flores EF, Riet-Correa F. (2011). Congenital hydranencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia in water buffalo in southern Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest, 23:603-9.
Steneroden KK, Hill AE, Salman MD. (2011). A needs-assessment and demographic survey of infection-control and disease awareness in western U.S. animal shelters. Prev Vet Med, 98:52-7.
Toth B, Aleman M, Brosnan RJ, Dickinson PJ, Conley AJ, Stanley SD, Nogradi N, Willams DC, Madigan J. (2011). Evaluation of the Squeeze-Induced Somnolence in Neonate Foals. Proc Am Assoc Eq Pract, 57:335.
Steneroden KK, Hill AE, Salman MD. (2011). Environmental sampling for Salmonella spp. in Colorado animal shelters. Zoonoses and Public Health, 58:407-15.
Uzal FA, McClane BA. (2011). Recent progress in understanding the pathogenesis of Clostridium perfringens type C infections. Vet Microbiol, 324-31.
Vallance SA, Case JT, Entwistle RC, Kinde H, Barr BC, Moore J, Anderson ML, Arthur RM, Stover SM. (2011). Characteristics of Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse racehorses that sustained a complete scapular fracture. Equine Vet J, E-pub ahead of print.
Clothier KA, Leavens T, Griffith RW, Wetzlich SE, Baynes RE, Riviere JE, Tell LA. (2011). Tulathromycin assay validation and tissue residues after single and multiple subcutaneous injections in domestic goats, Capra aegagrus hircus. J Vet Pharmacol Ther, E-pub ahead of print.
Caserta JA, Robertson SL, Saputo J, Shrestha A, McClane BA, Uzal FA. 2011). Development and application of a mouse intestinal loop model to study the in vivo action of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. Infection and immunity, 79:3020-7.
Clothier KA, Kinyon JM, Frana TS, Naberhaus N, Bower L, Strait EL, Schwartz K. (2011). Species characterization and minimum inhigitory concentration patterns of Brachyspira species isolates from swine with clinical disease. J Vet Diagn Invest, 23:1140-5.
DiMaio Knych HK, Steffey EP and Stanley SD. (2011). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of three intravenous doses of yohimbine in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Therap, 34:359-66.
Clothier KA, Leavens T, Griffith RW, Wetzlich SE, Baynes RE, Riviere JE, Tell LA. (2011). Pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin after single and multiple subcutaneous injections in domestic goats, Capra aegagrus hircus. J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 34:448-54.
Colegrove KM, Grigg ME, Carlson-Bremer D, Miller RH, Gulland FM, Ferguson DJ, Rejmanek D, Barr BC, Nordhausen R, Melli AC, Conrad, PA. (2011). Discovery of three novel coccidian parasites infecting California sea lions, Zalophus californianus, with evidence of sexual replication and interspecies pathogenicity. J Parasitol, 97:868-77.
Conley A, Moeller B, Nguyen A, Stanley SD, Plant T, Abbott D. (2011). Redefining adrenarche: non-human primate models for adrenal androgen secretion. Molecular & Cellular Endocrinol, 336: 110-6.
Da Silva EG, Gionfriddo JR, Hudachek SF, Gustafson DL, Olea-Popelka FJ, Scofield VL, Powell CC, Hill AE. (2011). Evaluation of the ocular penetration of topical alpha-luminol Galavit, GVT. Vet Ophthalmol, 14:180-5.
Degernes LA, Lynch PS, Shivaprasad HL. (2011). Degenerative joint disease in captive waterfowl. Avian Pathol, 40:103-10. Diab SS, Kinde H, Moore J, Shahriar MF, Odani J, Anthenill L, Songer G, Uzal FA. (2011). Pathology of Clostridium perfringens type C enterotoxemia in horses. Vet Pathol, 324-31.
DiMaio Knych HK, Arthur RM, Taylor A, Moeller BC, Stanley SD. (2011). Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of dantrolene in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Therap, 34:238-46.
DiMaio Knych HK, Stanley SD. (2011). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of detomidine following sublingual administration to horses. Am J Vet Res, 72:1378-85.
DiMaio Knych HK, Steffey EP, Deuel J, Shepard R, Stanley S. (2011). Pharmacokinetics of yohimbine following intravenous administration to horses. J Vet Pharmacol Therap, 34:58-63.
Gasper D, Barr B, Hong L, Taus N, Peterson R, Benjamin G, Hunt T, Pesavento P. (2011). Ibex-associated malignant catarrhal fever-like disease in a group of Bongo antelope, Tragelaphus euryceros. Vet Pathol, e-pub ahead of press.
Filigenzi MS, Ehrke N, Aston LS, Poppenga RH. (2011). Evaluation of a rapid screening method for chemical contaminants of concern in four food-related matrices using QuEChERS extraction, UHPLC and high resolution mass spectrometry. Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment, 28:1324-39.
Franca M, Woolcock PR, Yu M, Jackwood MW, Shivaprasad HL. (2011). Nephritis associated with infectious bronchitis virus Aal99 variant in game chickens. Avian Diseases, 55:422-8.
Fritz H, Barr B, Packham A, Melli A, Conrad PA. (2011). Methods to produce and safely work with large numbers of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts and bradyzoite cysts. J Microbiol Methods, 38:47-52.
Gershwin LJ, Anderson ML, Wang C, Berghaus LJ, Kenny TP, Gunther RA. (2011). Assessment of IgE response and cytokine gene expression in pulmonary efferent lymph collected after ovalbumin inhalation during experimental infection of calves with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Am J Vet Res, 72:134-45.
Guy JS, West MA, Fuller FJ, Marusak RA, Shivaprasad HL, Davis JL, Fletcher OJ. (2011). Detection of chicken proventricular necrosis virus, R11,3 virus, in experimental and naturally occurring cases of transmissible viral proventriculitis with the use of a reverse transcriptase-PCR procedure. Avian Dis, 55:70-5.
Harris HS, Benson SR, Gilardi KV, Poppenga RH, Work TM, Dutton PH, Mazet JA. (2011). Comparative health assessment of Western Pacific leatherback turtles, Dermochelys coriacea, foraging off the coast of California, 2005-2007. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 47:321-37.
Haussler KK, Martin CE, Hill AE. (2011). Efficacy of spinal manipulation and mobilisation on trunk flexibility and stiffness in horses: a randomised clinical trial. Equine Vet J, 42 Suppl 38:695-702.
Jackwood DJ, Sommer-Wagner SE, Crossley BM, Stoute ST, Woolcock PR, Charlton BR. (2011). Identification and pathogenicity of a natural reassortant between a very virulent serotype 1infectious bursal disease virus, IBDV, and a serotype 2 IBDV. Virology, 420:98-105.
Hilton H, Magdesian G, Groth A, Knych HK, Stanley SD, Hollingsworth S. (2011). Distribution of flunixin meglumine and firocoxib into aqueous humor of horses. J Vet Internal Med, 25:1127-33.
Honkavuori KS, Shivaprasad HL, Briese T, Street C, Hirschberg DL, Hutchison SK, Lipkin WI. (2011). Novel picornavirus in turkey poults with hepatitis, California, USA. Emerg Infect Dis, 17:480-7.
Imai DM, Barr BC, Daft B, Bertone JJ, Feng S, Hodzic E, Johnston JM, Olsen KJ, Barthold SW. (2011). Lyme neuroborreliosis in 2 horses. Vet Pathol, 281-5.
Johnston MS, Davidowski LA, Rao S, Hill AE. (2011). Precision of repeated, doppler-derived indirect blood pressure measurements in conscious psittacine birds. J Avian Med Surg, 25:83-90.
Kelly KR, Pypendop BH, Grayson K, Stanley SD, Christe KL, Summers L, Lerch NW. (2011). Pharmacokinetics of Oxymorphone in Titi Monkeys, Callicebus spp., and Rhesus Macaques, Macaca mulatta, as Compared to Rhesus Macaques, Macaca mulatta. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci, 50:212-20.
Vapniarsky N, Barr BC, Murphy B. (2011). Systemic Coxiella-like infection with myocarditis and hepatitis in an Eclectus Parrot, Eclectus roratus. Vet Pathol, E-pub ahead of print.

Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: The California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS) is state-university veterinary diagnostic laboratory system comprised of 4 facilities located throughout the major animal agriculture producing regions of California. The CAHFS actively supports animal health, food safety, and disease surveillance activities both regionally and nationally. During 2010, the CAHFS continued active participation in the NAHLN, FERN, and LRN national networks. CAHFS provides critical laboratory support for surveillance, food safety, and veterinary public health through testing of domestic and non-domestic animals, milk and dairy products and animal feed including pet foods. In 2010, CAHFS played a key role in identifying food-borne intoxicants, pathogens and disease producing agents in food animals including zoonotic agents that may pose public health concerns. CAHFS faculty and staff are involved in assay development, validation, and understanding of the pathogenesis of the range of infectious diseases impacting food animals and associated public health. In 2010 CAHFS was involved in outreach and education through table-top exercises involving Foot and Mouth Disease outbreak preparedness, BSL-3 laboratory and select agent training and response activities. CAHFS additionally provided training to Northern California veterinarians on issues relevant to animal agriculture and diagnostic activities in support of NAHLN, LRN, and FERN programs. PARTICIPANTS: USDA, CDFA, and the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System. TARGET AUDIENCES: State and federal animal disease regulatory officials, livestock industries, wildlife managers, public health officials, and U.S. trade partners. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
The California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS) is an integral partner through diagnostic services and laboratory expertise, helping to protect state and national animal agriculture, wildlife, and associated public health.

Publications

Aly SS, Anderson RJ, Adaska JM, Jiang J, Gardner IA. Association between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection and milk production in two California dairies. 2010. J Dairy Sci, 93(3): 1030-40.
Chin RP, Garcia M, Corsiglia C, Riblet S, Crespo R, Shivaprasad HL, Rodriguez-Avila A, Woolcock PR, Franca M. Intervention strategies for laryngotracheitis: impact of extended downtime and enhanced biosecurity auditing. 2010. Avian Dis, 53(4): 574-7.
Crespo R, Shivaprasad HL, Franca M, Woolcock PR. Isolation and distribution of West Nile virus in embryonated chicken eggs. 2010. Avian Dis, 53(4): 608-12.
Crossley BM, Barr BC, Magdesian KG, Ing M, Mora D, Jensen D, Loretti AP, McConnell T, Mock R. Identification of a novel coronavirus possibly associated with acute respiratory syndrome in alpacas (Vicugna pacos)in California. 2010. J Vet Diagn Invest, 22(1): 94-7.
Ernest HB, Woods LW, Hoar BR. Pathology associated with West Nile virus infections in the yellow-billed magpie (Pica nuttalli): a California endemic bird. 2010. J Wildl Dis, 46(2): 401-8.
Jackwood DJ, Sommer-Wagner SE, Stoute AS, Woolcock PR, Crossley BM, Hietala SK, Charlton BR. Characteristics of a very virulent infectious bursal disease virus from California. 2010. Avian Dis, 53(4): 592-600.
Kline Y, Clemons KV; Woods LW, Stevens DA, Tell LA. Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in adult mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). 2010. Med Mycol.
Ortega J, Crossley B, Dechant JE, Drew CP, MacLachlan NJ. Fatal bluetongue virus infection in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) in California. 2010. J Vet Diagn Invest, 1: 134-6.
Ortega J, Uzal FA, Walker R, Kinde H, Diab SS, Shahriar F, Pamma R, Eigenheer A, Read DH. Zygomycotic lymphadenitis in slaughtered feedlot cattle. 2010. Vet Pathol, 47(1): 108-15.
Palmieri C, Franca M, Uzal F, Anderson M, Barr B, Woods L, Moore J, Woolcock P, Shivaprasad HL. Pathology and immunohistochemical findings of West Nile virus infection in psittaciformes. 2010. Vet Path. Poppenga RH. Poisonous plants. 2010. EXS, 100: 123-75.
Shivaprasad HL, Franca M, Woolcock PR, Nordhausen R, Day JM, Pantin-Jackwood M. Myocarditis associated with reovirus in turkey poults. 2010. Avian Dis, 53(4): 523-32.
Wheeler SS, Langevin S, Woods LW, Caroll BD, Vickers W, Chang, GJ, Reisen W, Boyce W. Efficacy of three vaccines in protecting Western Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma californica) from experimental infection with West Nile virus; implications for vaccination of Santa Cruz Island Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma insularis). 2010. Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases.
Woods LW, Higgins RJ, Joseph VJ, Filigenzi MS, Puschner B. Ronidazole toxicosis in 3 society finches (Lonchura striata). 2010. Vet Pathol, 47(2): 231-5.
Woods LW, Puschner B, Filigenzi M, Woods DM, George L. Evaluation of the toxicity of Adonis aestivalis in sheep. 2010. Vet Rec
Wunschmann A, Rejmanek D, Conrad PA, Hall N, Cruz-Martinez L, Vaughn SB, Barr BC. Natural fatal Sarcocystis falcatula infections in free-ranging eagles in North America. 2010. J Vet Diagn Invest, 22(2): 282-9.

Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: The California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS) is an active partner in state and federal animal health, food safety, and disease surveillance activities. During 2009 the CAHFS continued participation in national laboratory networks including the NAHLN, FERN, and LRN. CAHFS provides laboratory support for surveillance, food safety, and veterinary public health through testing of domestic and non-domestic animals, milk and dairy products and animal feed including pet foods. In 2009 CAHFS testing helped identify intentional and inadvertent food-borne intoxicants and pathogens, disease producing agents in food animals including zoonotic agents, such as the novel H1N1 (swine) influenza virus, that may pose public health concerns. CAHFS continues to be involved in assay development, validation, and a wide range of infectious diseases impacting food animals and public health. In 2009 CAHFS detected the first introduction of very virulent Infectious Bursal Disease in poultry. The laboratory continued to be extensively involved in a state and national task force for control of bovine tuberculosis detected in California dairy herds. Other recent examples of CAHFS efforts to enhance laboratory detection, diagnosis, and interpretation of findings are demonstrated by publications from CAHFS in 2009. PARTICIPANTS: USDA, CDFA, and the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System TARGET AUDIENCES: State and federal animal disease regulatory officials, livestock industries, wildlife managers, public health officials, and U.S. trade partners. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
The California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System plays an integral role through diagnostic medicine and laboratory expertise to help protect state and national animal agriculture, wildlife, and associated diseases and toxicants related to public health.

Publications

Stoute ST, Bickford AA, Walker RL, Charlton BR. 2009. Mycotic pododermatitis and mycotic pneumonia in commercial turkey poults in northern California. J Vet Diagn Invest, 21(4):554-7.
Stoute ST, Charlton BR, Bickford AA, Bland MC. 2009. Respiratory tract trichomoniasis in breeder squab candidates in Northern California. Avian Dis, 53(1):139-42.
Aly SS, Anderson RJ, Whitlock RH, Fyock TL, McAdams S, Adaska JM, Jiang J, Gardner IA. 2009. Reliability of Environmental Sampling to Quantify Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis on California Freestall Dairies. Journal of Dairy Science, 92:3634-3642.
Brosnan RJ, Pypendop BH, Siao KT, Stanley SD. 2009. Dose-Effects of Remifentanil on Measures of Anesthetic Immobility and Analgesia in Cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 70(9):1065-1071. 2009.
Cattaneo M, Bermudez J, Baison M, Merino I, Carvalho Filho MB, Nascimento RAP, Lobato FCF, Uzal FA, Assis RA. 2009. Botulismo por Clostridium botulinum tipo C en patos en Uruguay (Botulism by Clostridium botulinum type C in ducks in Uruguay). Analecta Veterinaria, 29:25-27.
Charlton B, Crossley B, Hietala S. 2009. Conventional and future diagnostics for avian influenza. Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 32:341-50.
Deem SL, Norton TM, Mitchell M, Segars A, Alleman AR, Cray C, Poppenga RH, Dodd M, Karesh WB. 2009. Comparison of blood values in foraging, nesting, and stranded loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) along the coast of Georgia, USA. J Wildl Dis, 45(1):41-56.
DiMaio Knych HK, DeStefano Shields C, Buckpitt AR, Stanley SD. 2009. Equine Cytochrome P450 2C92: cDNA Cloning, Expression and Initial Characterization. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 485(1):49-55.
DiMaio Knych HK , Steffey EP, Mama KR, Stanley SD. 2009. The Effects of High Plasma Fentanyl Concentrations on the Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Isoflurane in Horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 70(10): 1193-1200.
Ecco R, Preis IS, Martins NR, Vilela DA, Shivaprasad HL. 2009. An outbreak of chlamydiosis in psittacines. Braz J Vet Path, 2:85-90.
Franca M, Walker RL, Kokka R, Shivaprasad HL. 2009. Aeromonas species associated with necrotizing enteritis and septicemia in an adult male ostrich (Struthio camelus). Avian Dis, (53)310-16.
Goldstein J, Morris WE, Loidl CF, Tironi-Farinatti C, McClane BA, Uzal FA, Fernandez Miyakawa ME. 2009. Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin increases the small intestinal permeability in mice and rats. PLoS One, 4(9):e7065.
Gonzalez J, Puschner B, Perez V, Ferreras MC, Delgado L, Munoz M, Perez C, Reyes LE, Velasco J, Fernandez V, Garcia-Marin JF. 2009. Nephrotoxicosis in Iberian piglets subsequent to exposure to melamine and derivatives in Spain between 2003 and 2006. J Vet Diagn Invest, 21(4): 558-63.
Grimsrud KN, Mama KR, Thomasy SM and Stanley SD. 2009. Pharmacokinetics of detomidine and its metabolites following intravenous and intramuscular administration in horses. Equine Veterinary Journal, 41(4):361-365.
Kozikowski TA, Magdesian KG, Puschner B. 2009. Oleander intoxication in New World camelids: 12 cases (1995-2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc, 235(3):305-10.
Miller MA, Barr BC, Nordhausen R, James ER, Magargal SL, Murray M, Conrad PA, Toy-Choutka S, Jessup DA, Grigg ME. 2009. Ultrastructural and molecular confirmation of the development of Sarcocystis neurona tissue cysts in the central nervous system of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Int J Parasitol, 39(12):1363-72.
Puschner B, Poppenga RH. 2009. Lead and zinc intoxication in companion birds. Compend Contin Educ Vet, 31(1):E1-E12.
Moeller RB, Puschner B, Walker RL, Rocke TE, Smith SR, Cullor JS, Ardans AA. 2009. Short communication: Attempts to identify Clostridium botulinum toxin in milk from three experimentally intoxicated Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci, 92(6):2529-33.
Odani JS, Blanchard PC, Adaska JM, Moeller RB, Uzal FA. 2009. Malignant edema in postpartum dairy cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest, 21:920-924.
Ortega J, Uzal F, Walker R, Kinde H, Diab S, Shahriar F, Eigenheer A, Pamma R, Read D. 2009. Zygomycotic lymphadenitis in slaughtered feedlot cattle. Vet Pathol, 4413-21.
Senties-Cue G, Chin RP and Shivaprasad HL. 2009. Systemic histomoniasis associated with high mortality and unusual lesions in the bursa of Fabricius, kidneys, and lungs in commercial turkeys. Avian Dis, 53:231-38.
Shivaprasad HL, Kim T, Tripathy D, Woolcock PR, Uzal F. 2009. Unusual pathology of canary poxvirus infection associated with high mortality in young and adult breeder canaries (Serinus canaria). Av Pathol, 38(4):311-16.
Stanley SD. 2009. Legal and Ethical Veterinary Compounding. Clinical Theriogenology, 1(1):29-31.
Steffey EP, Mama KR, Brosnan RJ , Imai A, Maxwell LK, Cole C, Stanley SD. 2009. Recovery Profile of Horses Following 4 Hours of Desflurane Anesthesia With and Without Recovery Period Co-administration of Propofol and Xylazine. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 70(8):956-963.
Stoute ST, Jackwood DJ, Sommer-Wagner SE, Cooper GL, Anderson ML, Woolcock PR, Bickford AA, Senties-Cue CG, Charlton BR. 2009. The diagnosis of very virulent infectious bursal disease in California pullets. Avian Dis, 53(2):321-6.
Wunschmann A, Rejmanek D, Cruz-Martinez L, Barr BC. 2009. Sarcocystis falcatula-associated encephalitis in a free-ranging great horned owl (Bubo virginianus). J Vet Diagn Invest, 21(2):283-7.
Tiwary AK, Puschner B, Poppenga RH. 2009. Using roquefortine C as a biomarker for penitrem A intoxication. J Vet Diagn Invest, 21(2):237-9.
Tiwary AK, Poppenga RH, Puschner B. 2009. In vitro study of the effectiveness of three commercial adsorbents for binding oleander toxins. Clin Toxicol (Phila), 47(3):213-8.
Wainwright KE, Lagunas-Solar M, Miller MA, Barr BC, Melli AC, Packham AE, Zeng N, Truong T, Conrad PA. 2009. Radiofrequency-Induced Thermal Inactivation of Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts in Water. Zoonoses Public Health, 1363-72.
Yhee JY, Brown CA, Yu CH, Kim JH, Poppenga R, Sur JH. 2009. Retrospective study of melamine/cyanuric acid-induced renal failure in dogs in Korea between 2003 and 2004. Vet Path, 46(2):348-54.

Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: The California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS) is an active partner in state and federal animal health, food safety, and disease surveillance activities. During 2008 the CAHFS continued participation in national laboratory networks including the NAHLN, FERN, and LRN. CAHFS provides laboratory support for surveillance, food safety, and veterinary public health through testing of domestic and non-domestic animals, milk and dairy products and animal feed including pet foods. In 2008 CAHFS testing helped identify food associated-botulism and other intoxicants, pathogens of food producing animals as well as infectious agents that may pose public health concerns. CAHFS continues to be involved in assay development, validation, and understanding of the pathogenesis of the range of infectious diseases impacting food animals and associated public health. In 2008 the CAHFS laboratory was extensively involved in state and national task forces for control of avian influenza virus associated with a live bird market and bovine tuberculosis detected in California dairy herds. Other recent examples of CAHFS efforts to enhance laboratory detection, diagnosis, and interpretation of findings are demonstrated by publications from CAHFS in 2008. PARTICIPANTS: USDA, CDFA, and the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System. TARGET AUDIENCES: The national diagnostic community, animal industries, and state and federal partners. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
The California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System plays an integral role in helping protect state and national animal agriculture, wildlife, and associated public health.

Publications

Adaska, J.M.; Silva, A.J.; Sischo, W.M. Comparison of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimuriam isolates from dairy cattle and humans using in vitro assays of virulence. Veterinary Microbiology, 128:90-95. 2008
Anderson, J.D.; Galuppo, L.D.; Barr, B.C.; Puchalski, S.M.; Macdonald, M.M.; Whitcomb, M.B.; Magdesian, K.G.; Stover, S.M. Clinical and scintigraphic findings in horses with a bone fragility disorder: 16 cases (1980-2006). Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association, 232:1694-1699. 2008
Beltran-Alcrudo, D.; Cardona, C.; McLellan, L.; Reimers, N.; Charlton, B. A persistent outbreak of ulcerative enteritis in Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). Avian Diseases, 52:531-536. 2008
Berge, A.C.B.; Thornburg, E.; Adaska, J.M.; Moeller, R.B.; Blanchard, P.C. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Dublin from dairy source calves in the central San Joaquin Valley, California during the years 1998 to 2002. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 20:497-500. 2008
Berger, J.; Valdez, S.; Puschner, B.; Leutenegger, C.M.; Gardner, I.A.; Madigan, J.E. Effects of oral tetrachlorvinphos fly control (Equitrol) administration in horses: Physiological and behavioural findings. Veterinary Research Communications, 32:75-92. 2008
Bruss, M.L.; Stanley, S.D.; Margolin, S.B.; Giri, S.N. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of intravenous pirfenidone in sheep. Biopharmaceutics and Drug Disposition, 29:119-126. 2008
Chaffin, K., Norton, T.M., Gilardi, K., Poppenga, R.H., Jensen, B., Moler, P., Cray, C., Dierenfeld, E.S., Chen,T., Oliva , M., Origgi, F.C., Gibbs, S., Mazzaro, L., and Mazet, J. (2008): Health assessment of free-ranging alligator snapping turtles (Macrochelys temminckii) in Georgia and Florida. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 44(3):670-86. 2008
Crespo, R.; Shivaprasad, H.L.; Sommer, F.; Puschner, B. Interaction of ionophore and vitamin E in knockdown syndrome of turkeys. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 20:472-476. 2008
Crespo, R.; Subbiah, M.; Corsiglia, C.; Bickford, A.; Puschner, B. Bilateral malacia associated with sodium poisoning in turkey poults. Avian Diseases, 52:179-182. 2008
DiMaio Knych, H.K.; Stanley, S.D. Complementary DNA cloning, functional expression and characterization of a novel cytochrome P450, CYP2D50, from equine liver. Biochemical Pharmacology, 76:904-911. 2008
Eberspacher, E.; Stanley, S.D.; Rezende, M.; Steffey, E.P. Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of transdermal fentanyl administration in foals. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 35:249-255. 2008
Ecco, R., M. M. Luppi, M. M. C. Malta, M. R. Araujo, R. M. C. Guedes and H. L. Shivaprasad. An outbreak of Sarcocystosis in psittacines and a pigeon in a zoological collection in Brazil. Avian Diseases. 52:706-710. 2008
Fernandez-Miyakawa, M.E.; Jost, H.; Billington, S.J.; Uzal, F.A. Lethal effects of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin are potentiated by alpha and perfringolysin-O toxins in a mouse model. Veterinary Microbiology, 127: 379-385. 2008
Fox, P.R.; Puschner, B.; Ebel, J.G. Assessment of acute injuries, exposure to environmental toxins, and five-year health surveillance of New York Police Department working dogs following the September 11, 2001, World Trade Center terrorist attack. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association, 233:48-59. 2008
Losada-Eaton, D.M.; Uzal, F.A.; Fernandez-Miyakawa, M.E. Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin is absorbed from different intestinal segments of mice. Toxicon, 51:1207-1213. 2008
Ludwick, T.P.; Poppenga, R.H.; Green, P.G.; Puschner, B.; Melton, L.A.; Hoar, B.R.; Nyberg, N.L.; Maas, J. The correlation of potassium content and moisture in bovine liver samples analyzed for trace mineral concentrations. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 20:314-320. 2008
Maas, J.; Hoar, B.R.; Myers, D.M.; Tindall, J.; Puschner, B. Vitamin E and selenium concentrations in month-old beef calves. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 20:86-89. 2008
Maher, O.; Nieto, J.; Stanley, S.; Dore, E.; Snyder, J. Evaluation of the effect of ranitidine on gastroduodenal contractile activity and gastric emptying in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 69:1153-1157. 2008
Mazaheri, A.; Charlton, B.R.; Bland, M.C.; Cooper, G.L.; Sommer, F.; Woolcock, P.; Bickford, A.A. An in-depth diagnostic investigation of poor performance on a broiler ranch. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 17:296-301. 2008
Miyakawa, M.E.; Saputo, J.; Leger, J.S.; Puschner, B.; Fisher, D.J.; McClane, B.A.; Uzal, F.A. Necrotizing enterocolitis and death in a goat kid associated with enterotoxin (CPE)-producing Clostridium perfringens type A. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 48:1266-1269. 2008
Murcia, P.R.; Delhon, G.; Gonzalez, M.J.; Vilas, M.; Ramos-Vara, J.A.; De Las Heras, M.; Nordhausen, R.W.; Uzal, F.A. Cluster of cases of malignant schwannoma in cattle. Veterinary Record, 163:331-335. 2008
Murphy, B.G.; Shivaprasad, H.L. Ganglioneuroma of the brachial plexus in two cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). Veterinary Pathology, 45:690-692. 2008
O'Toole, D.; Williams, E.S.; Woods, L.W.; Mills, K.; Boerger-Fields, A.; Montgomery, D.L.; Jaeger, P.; Edwards, W.H.; Christensen, D.; Marlatt, W. Tularemia in range sheep: an overlooked syndrome Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 20:508-513. 2008
Pesavento, P.A.; Barr, B.; Riggs, S.M.; Eigenheer, A.L.; Pamma, R.; Walker, R.L. Cutaneous pythiosis in a nestling white-faced ibis. Veterinary Pathology, 45:538-541. 2008
Poppenga, R.H. Diagnostic sampling and establishing a minimum database in exotic animal toxicology. Veterinary Clinics of North America Exotic Animal Practice, 11:195-210. 2008
Poulin Braim, A.; MacDonald, M.; Bruss, M.; Stanley, S.; Giri, J.; Giri, S. Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of pirfenidone administered intravenously in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 69:952-960. 2008
Puschner, B.; Hoff, B.; Tor, E.R. Diagnosis of anatoxin-a poisoning in dogs from North America. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 20:89-92. 2008
Higgins, J.K.; Puschner, B.; Kass, P.H.; Pusterla, N. Assessment of vitamin E concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of horses following oral administration of vitamin E. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 69:785-790. 2008
Filigenzi, M.S.; Puschner, B.; Aston, L.S.; Poppenga, R.H. Diagnostic determination of melamine and related compounds in kidney tissue by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56:7593-7599. 2008
Garner, M.M.; Atkinson, S.D.; Hallett, S.L.; Bartholomew, J.L.; Nordhausen, R.W.; Reed, H.; Adams, L.; Whitaker, B. Renal myxozoanosis in weedy sea dragons, Phyllopteryx taeniolatus (Lacepede), caused by Sinuolinea phyllopteryxa n. sp. Journal of Fish Diseases, 31:27-35. 2008
Hirschberg, H.; Uzal, F.A.; Chighvinadze, D.; Zhang, M.J.; Peng, Q.; Madsen, S.J. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier following ALA-mediated photodynamic therapy. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 40: 535-542. 2008
Honkavuori, K.S.; Shivaprasad, H.L.; Williams, B.L.; Quon, P.L.; Hornig, M.; Street, C.; Palacios, G.; Hutchison, S.K.; Franca, M.; Egholm, M.; Briese, T.; Lipkin, W.I. Novel borna virus in psittacine birds with proventricular dilatation disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14:1883-1886. 2008
Kenny, P.J.; Vernau, K.M.; Puschner, B.; Maggs, D.J. Retinopathy associated with ivermectin toxicosis in two dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association, 233:279-284. 2008
Last, R.D.; Shivaprasad, H.L. An outbreak of Toxoplasmosis in an aviary collection of Nicobar pigeons (Caloenas nicobaria). Journal of South African Veterinary Association, 79:149-152. 2008
Lenhoff, R.J.; Naraghi-Arani, P.; Thissen, J.B.; Olivas, J.; Carillo, A.C.; Chinn, C.; Rasmussen, M.; Messenger, S.M.; Suer, L.D.; Smith, S.M.; Tammero, L.F.; Vitalis, E.A.; Slezak, T.R.; Hullinger, P.J.; Hindson, B.J.; Hietala, S.K.; Crossley, B.M.; McBride, M.T. Multiplexed molecular assay for rapid exclusion of foot-and-mouth disease. Journal of Virological Methods, 153:61-69. 2008
Vitor, L.; Santos, S.L.; Williams, S.M.; Zavala, G.; Barbosa, T.; Zhang, J.; Cheng, S.; Shivaprasad, H.L.; Hafner, S.; Fadly, A.; Santos, R.L.; Brown, C.C. Detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in experimentally infected Japanese quail embryos and archived formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumours. Avian Pathology, 37:451-456. 2008
Uzal, F.A.; Puschner, B. Cervical leiomyoma in an aged goat leading to massive hemorrhage and death. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 49:177-179. 2008
Uzal, F.A.; Songer, J.G. Diagnosis of Clostridium perfringens intestinal infections in sheep and goats. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 20:253-265. 2008
Vidal, J.E.; McClane, B.A.; Saputo, J.; Parker, J.; Uzal, F.A. Effects of Clostridium perfringens beta-toxin on the rabbit small intestine and colon. Infection and Immunity, 76:4396-4404. 2008
Woc-Colburn, A.M.; Garner, M.M.; Bradway, D.; West, G.; D'Agostino, J.; Trupkiewicz, J.; Barr, B.; Anderson, S.E.; Rurangirwa, F.R.; Nordhausen, R.W. Fatal coxiellosis in Swainson's Blue Mountain Rainbow lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus). Veterinary Pathology, 45:247-254. 2008
Woods, L.W.; Lehmkuhl, H.D.; Hobbs, L.A.; Parker, J.; Manzer, M. Evaluation of the pathogenic potential of cervid adenovirus in calves. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 20:33-37. 2008
Woolcock, P.R. Avian influenza virus isolation and propagation in chicken eggs. Methods in Molecular Biology, 436:35-46. 2008
Woolcock, P.R.; Shivaprasad, H.L. Electron microscopic identification of viruses associated with poult enteritis in turkeys grown in California 1993-2003. Avian Diseases, 52:209-213. 2008
Xing, Z.; Cardona, C.; Dao, P.; Crossley, B.; Hietala, S.; Boyce, W. Inability of real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay to detect subtype H7 avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 46:1844-1846. 2008
Santos, V.L.; Williams, S.M.; Zavala, G.; Barbosa, T.; Zhang, J.; Cheng, S.; Shivaprasad, H.L.; Hafner, S.; Fadly, A.; Santos, R.L.; Brown, C.C. Detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in experimentally infected Japanese quail embryos and archived formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumours. Avian Pathology, 37:451-456. 2008
Pypendop, B.H.; Brosnan, R.J.; Siao, K.T.; Stanley, S.D. Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in conscious cats and cats anesthetized with isoflurane. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 69:531-536. 2008
Riggs, S.; Hawkins, M.; Craigmill, A.; Kass, P.; Stanley, S.; Taylor, I. Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis) and great horned owls (bubo virginianus). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 69:596-603. 2008
Ruzante, J.M.; Gardner, I.A.; Cullor, J.S.; Kirk, J.H.; Adaska, J.M. Isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from waste milk delivered to California calf ranches. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 5:681-686. 2008
Sayeed, S.; Uzal, F.A.; Fisher, D.J.; Saputo, J.; Vidal, J.E.; Fernandez-Miyakawa, M.E.; Chen, Y.; Gupta, P.; Rood, J.I.; McClane, B.A. Beta toxin is essential for the virulence of Clostridium perfringens type C isolate CN3685 in a rabbit ileal loop model. Molecular Microbiology, 67:15-30. 2008
Shivaprasad, H.L. Adenovirus group II-like infection in chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar). Avian Diseases, 52:353-356. 2008
Shivaprasad, H.L.; Cadenas, M.B.; Diab, S.S.; Nordhausen, R.; Bradway, D.; Crespo, R.; Breitschwerdt, E.B. Coxiella-like infection in psittacines and a toucan. Avian Diseases, 52:426-432. 2008
Shivaprasad, H. L., F. Uzal, R. Kokka, D. J. Fisher, B. McClane and G. J. Songer. Ulcerative enteritis-like disease associated with Clostridium perfringens type A in Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). Avian Diseases. 52:635-640. 2008
Smedley, J.G.; Saputo, J.; Parker, J.C.; Fernandez-Miyakawa, M.E.; Robertson, S.L.; McClane, B.A.; Uzal, F.A. Noncytotoxic Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) variants localize CPE intestinal binding and demonstrate a relationship between CPE-induced cytotoxicity and enterotoxicity. Infection and Immunity, 76:3793-3800. 2008
Syring, R.S., Costello, M.F., and Poppenga, R.H. (2008): Temporary transvenous pacing in a dog with diltiazem intoxication. Journal of Emergency and Critical Care 18(1): 75-80. 2008
Todd, D.; Fringuelli, E.; Scott, A.N.; Borghmans, B.J.; Duchatel, J.P.; Shivaprasad, H.L.; Raidal, S.R.; Abadie, J.X.; Franciosini, M.P.; Smyth, J.A. Sequence comparison of pigeon circoviruses. Research in Veterinary Science, 84:311-319. 2008
Uzal, F.A.; Fisher, D.J.; Saputo, J.; Sayeed, S.; McClane, B.A.; Songer, G.; Trinh, H.T.; Fernandez-Miyakawa, M.E.; Gard, S. Ulcerative enterocolitis in two goats associated with enterotoxin- and beta2 toxin-positive Clostridium perfringens type D. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 20:668-672. 2008

Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07

Outputs
During 2007 the CAHFS continued participation in national laboratory networks providing laboratory support to surveillance, food safety, and veterinary public health. Laboratory diagnostic services provided by CAHFS help protect animal and public health, including testing of both domestic and non-domestic milk and dairy products, identification of food associated-botulism and other intoxicants, and testing for infectious agents that may pose public health concerns. CAHFS was significantly involved in assay development, validation, and understanding of the pathogenesis of melamine and cyanuric acid in the well publicized pet food contamination event in 2007. Additional examples of CAHFS efforts to enhance laboratory detection, diagnosis, and interpretation of findings are demonstrated by publications from CAHFS in 2007.

Impacts
The California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS) is an active partner in state and federal animal health, food safety, and disease surveillance activities.

Publications

Sanz, M.G.; Venturini, L.; Assis, R.A.; Uzal, F.A.; Risso, M.A.; Idiart, J.R. 2007. Fibrinonecrotic enteritis of piglets in a commercial farm: a postmortem study of the prevalence and the role of lesions associated agents Isospora suis and Clostridium perfringens. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira, 27:297-300.
Shivaprasad, H.L.; Kokka, R.; Walker, R.L. 2007. Listeriosis in a cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus). Avian Diseases, 51:800-804.
Smedley, J.G.; Uzal, F.A.; McClane, B.A. 2007. Identification of a prepore large-complex stage in the mechanism of action of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. Infection and Immunity, 75:2381-2390.
Thomasy, S.M.; Mama, K.R.; Whitley, K.; Steffey, E.P.; Stanley, S.D. 2007. The influence of general anaesthesia on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous fentanyl and its primary metabolite in horses. Equine Veterinary Journal, 39:54-58.
Thomasy, S.M.; Maggs, D.J.; Moulin, N.K.; Stanley, S.D. 2007. Pharmacokinetics and safety of penciclovir following oral administration of famciclovir to cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 68:1252-1558.
Thomasy, S.M.; Moeller, B.C., Stanley, S.D. 2007. Comparison of opioid receptor binding in horse, guinea pig, and rat cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 34:351-358.
Todd, D.; Scott A.N.J.; Fringuelli, E.; Shivaprasad, H.L.; Gavier-Widen, D.; Smyth, J.A. 2007. Molecular characterization of novel circoviruses from finch and gull. Avian Pathology, 36:75-81.
Uzal, F.A.; Houston, R.S.; Riley, S.P.; Poppenga, R.; Odani, J.; Boyce, W. 2007. Notoedric mange in two free-ranging mountain lions (Puma concolor). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 43:274-278.
Uzal, F.A.; Paulson, D.; Eigenheer, A.L.; Walker, R.L. 2007. Malassezia slooffiae-associated dermatitis in a goat. Veterinary Dermatology, 18:348-352.
Wainwright, K.E.; Miller, M.A.; Barr, B.C.; Gardner, I.A.; Melli, A.C.; Essert, T.; Packham, A.E.; Truong, T.; Lagunas-Solar, M.; Conrad, P.A. 2007. Chemical inactivation of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in water. Journal of Parasitology, 93:925-931.
Wainwright, K.E.; Lagunas-Solar, M.; Miller, M.A.; Barr, B.C.; Gardner, I.A.; Pina, C.; Melli, A.C.; Packham, A.E.; Zeng, N.; Truong, T.; Conrad, P.A. 2007. Physical inactivation of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in water. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 73:5663-5666.
Mouser, P.; Filigenzi, M.S.; Puschner, B.; Johnson, V.; Miller, M.A.; Hooser, S.B. 2007. Fatal ricin toxicosis in a puppy confirmed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 19:216-220.
Ortega, J.; Daft, B.; Assis, R.A.; Kinde, H.; Anthenill, L.; Odani, J.; Uzal, F.A. 2007. Infection of internal umbilical remnant in foals by Clostridium sordellii. Veterinary Pathology, 44:269-275.
Padgett, K.A.; Reisen, W.K.; Kahl-Purcell, N.; Fang, Y.; Cahoon-Young, B.; Carney, R.; Anderson, N.; Zucca, L.; Woods, L.W.; Husted, S.; Kramer, V.L. 2007. West Nile virus infection in tree squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae) in California, 2004-2005. American Journal of Tropical Medicine Hygiene, 76:810-813.
Puschner, B.; Poppenga, R.H.; Lowenstine, L.J.; Filigenzi, M.S.; Pesavento, P.A. 2007. Assessment of melamine and cyanuric acid toxicity in cats. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 19:616-624.
Puschner, B.; Rose, H.H.; Filigenzi, M.S. 2007. Diagnosis of Amanita toxicosis in a dog with acute hepatic necrosis. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 19:312-317.
Riley, S.P.D.; Bromley, C.; Poppenga, R.; Uzal, F.A.; Whited, L.; Sauvajot, R. 2007. Anticoagulant exposure and notoedric mange in bobcats and mountain lions in urban Southern California. Journal of Wildlife Management, 71:1874-1884.
Willis, M.S.; Snyder, J.A.; Poppenga, R.H.; Grenache, D.G. 2007. Bovine cardiac troponin T is not accurately quantified with a common human clinical immunoassay. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 19:106-108.
Woods, L.W.; George, L.W.; Anderson, M.L.; Woods, D.M.; Filigenzi, M.S.; Puschner, B. 2007. Evaluation of the toxicity of Adonis aestivalis in calves. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 19:581-585.
Brown, C.A.; Jeong, K.S.; Poppenga, R.H.; Puschner, B.; Miller, D.M.; Ellis, A.E.; Kang, K.I.; Sum, S.; Cistola, A.M; Brown, S.A. 2007. Outbreaks of renal failure associated with melamine and cyanuric acid in dogs and cats in 2004 and 2007. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 19:525-531.
Cornish, J.; Angelos, J.; Puschner, B.; Miller, G.; George, L.W. 2007. Copper toxicosis in a dairy goat herd. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 231:586-589.
Costa, J.L.; Oliveiram, M.M.; Lobato, F.C.; Souza Junior, M.F.; Martins, N.E.; Carvalho, A.V., Filho EJ, Abreu VL, Assis RA, Uzal FA. 2007. Outbreak of malignant oedema in sheep caused by Clostridium sordellii, predisposed by routine vaccination. Veterinary Record, 160:594-595.
Crespo, R.; Fisher, D.J.; Shivaprasad, H.L.; Fernandez-Miyakawa, M.E.; Uzal, F.A. 2007. Toxinotypes of Clostridium perfringens isolated from sick and healthy avian species. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 19:329-33.
Crespo, R.; Woolcock, P.R.; Chin, R.P.; Shivaprasad, H.L.; Garcia, M. 2007. Comparison of diagnostics techniques in an outbreak of infectious laryngotracheitis from meat type chickens. Avian Diseases, 51:858-862.
Deem, S.L.; Dierenfeld, E.S.; Sounguet, G.P.; Alleman, A.R.; Cray, C.; Poppenga, R.H.; Norton, T.M.; Karesh, W.B. 2007. Blood values in free-ranging nesting leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) on the coast of the Republic of Gabon. Journal of Zoology and Wildlife Medicine, 37:464-71.
Anderson, M.L. 2007. Infectious causes of bovine abortion during mid- to late-gestation. Theriogenology, 68:474-486.
Arthur, R.M.; Cohen, N.D.; Stanley, S.D.; Wang, N. 2007. Performance and other factors associated with pre-race serum total CO2 concentrations in Thoroughbreds. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians, 16:292-293.
Bojesen, A.M.; Shivaprasad, H.L. 2007. Genetic diversity of Gallibacterium isolates from California turkeys. Avian Pathology, 36:227-230.
Brown, D.L.; Anderson, M.; Cullen, J.M. 2007. Mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver in a late-term equine fetus. Veterinary Patholology, 44:100-102.
Harris NB, Payeur J, Bravo D, Osorio R, Stuber T, Farrell D, Paulson D, Treviso S, Mikolon A, Rodriguez-Lainz A, Cernek-Hoskins S, Rast R, Ginsberg M, Kinde H. 2007. Recovery of Mycobacterium bovis from soft fresh cheese originating in Mexico. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 73:1025-1028.
Hoar, B.R.; McQuarry, A.C.; Hietala, S.K. 2007. Prevalence of Neospora caninum and persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in dairy-breed steers in a feedlot. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 230:1038-1043.
Hughes, M.L.; Poon, R.; Adams, V.; Sayeed, S.; Saputo, J.; Uzal, F.A.; McClane, B.A.; Rood, J.I. 2007. Epsilon-toxin plasmids of Clostridium perfringens type D are conjugative. Journal of Bacteriology, 189:7531-7538.
Innis, C.J.; Garner, M.M.; Johnson, A.J.; Wellehan, J.F.; Tabaka, C.; Marschang, R.E.; Nordhausen, R.W.; Jacobson, E.R. 2007. Antemortem diagnosis and characterization of nasal intranuclear coccidiosis in Sulawesi tortoises (Indotestudo forsteni). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 119:660-667.
Jackwood. M,W,; Hilt, D.A.; Williams, S.M.; Woolcock, P.; Cardona, C.; O'Connor, R. 2007. Molecular and serologic characterization, pathogenicity, and protection studies with infectious bronchitis virus field isolates from California. Avian Diseases, 51:527-533. Jones, J.H.; Ohmura, H.; Stanley, S.D.; Hiraga, A. 2007. Energetic cost of locomotion on different equine treadmills. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement, 36:365-369.
Kinde, H.; Mikolon, A.; Rodriguez-Lainz, A.; Adams, C.; Walker, R.L.; Cernek-Hoskins, S.; Treviso, S.; Ginsberg, M.; Rast, R.; Harris, B.; Payeur, J.B.; Waterman, S.; Ardans, A. 2007. Recovery of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacterium bovis from cheese entering the United States through a non-commercial land port of entry. Journal of Food Protection, 70:47-52.
Kinde, H.; Read, D.H.; Daft, B.M.; Manzer, M.; Nordhausen, R.W.; Kelly, D.J.; Fuerst, P.A.; Booton, G.; Visvesvara, G.S. 2007. Infections caused by pathogenic free-living amebas (Balamuthia mandrillaris and Acanthamoeba sp.) in horses. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 19:317-322.
Lacasse, C.; Gamble, K.C.; Poppenga, R.H.; Farina, L.L.; Landolfi, J.; Terio, K. 2007. Taxus sp. intoxication in three Francois' langurs (Trachypithecus francoisi). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 19:221-224.
Lloyd-Smith, J.O.; Greig, D.J.; Hietala, S.; Ghneim, G.S.; Palmer, L.; St Leger, J.; Grenfell, B.T.; Gulland, F.M. 2007. Cyclical changes in seroprevalence of leptospirosis in California sea lions: endemic and epidemic disease in one host species? BMC Infectious Diseases, 7:125.
Dufernez, F.; Walker, R.L.; Noel, C.; Caby, S.; Mantini, C.; Delgado-Viscogliosi, P.; Ohkuma, M.; Kudo, T.; Capron, M.; Pierce, R.J.; Villanueva, M.R.; Viscogliosi, E. 2007. Morphological and molecular identification of non-Tritrichomonas foetus trichomonad protozoa from the bovine preputial cavity. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 54:161-168.
Delco, M.L.; Nieto, J.E.; Craigmill, A.L.; Stanley, S.D.; Snyder, J.R. 2007. Pharmacokinetics and in vitro effects of tegaserod, a serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 (5-HT4) receptor agonist with prokinetic activity in horses. Veterinary Therapy, 8:77-87.
Fernandez-Miyakawa, M.E.; Marcellino, R.; Uzal, F.A. 2007. Clostridium perfringens type A toxin production in 3 commonly used culture media. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 19:184-186.
Fernandez-Miyakawa, M.E.; Sayeed, S.; Fisher, D.J.; Poon, R.; Adams, V.; Rood, J.I.; McClane, B.A.; Saputo, J.; Uzal, F.A. 2007. Development and application of a mouse oral challenge model for studying Clostridium perfringens type D infection. Infection and Immunity, 75:4282-4288.
Fernandez-Miyakawa, M.E.; Fisher, D.J.; Poon, R.; Sayeed, S.; Adams, V.; Rood, J.I.; McClane, B.A.; Uzal, F.A. 2007. Both epsilon-toxin and beta-toxin are important for the lethal properties of Clostridium perfringens type B isolates in the mouse intravenous injection model. Infection and Immunity, 75:1443-1452.
Fernandez-Miyakawa, M.E.; Saputto, J.; St. Leger, J.A.; Puschner, B.; Fisher, D.J.; McClane, B.A.; Uzal, F.A. 2007. Sudden death in a goat kid associated with enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens type A. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 48:1266-1269.
Filigenzi, M.S.; Tor, E.R.; Poppenga, R.H.; Aston, L.A.; Puschner, B. 2007. The determination of melamine in muscle tissue by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 21:4027-4032.
Filigenzi, M.S.; Poppenga, R.H.; Tiwary, A.K.; Puschner, B. 2007. Determination of alpha-amanitin in serum and liver by multistage linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 55:2784-2790.
Garner, M.M.; Raymond, J.T.; O'Brien, T.D.; Nordhausen, R.W.; Russell, W.C. 2007. Amyloidosis in the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 38:32-41.
Garner, M.M.; Ramsell, K.; Schoemaker, N.J.; Sidor, I.F.; Nordhausen, R.W.; Bolin, S.; Evermann, J.F.; Kiupel, M. 2007. Myofasciitis in the domestic ferret, Veterinary Pathology, 44:25-38
Goebel, S.J.; Taylor, J.; Barr, B.C.; Kiehn, T.E.; Castro-Malaspina, H.R.; Hedvat, C.V.; Rush-Wilson, K.A.; Kelly, C.D.; Davis, S.W.; Samsonoff, W.A.; Hurst, K.R.; Behr, M.J.; Masters, P.S. 2007. Isolation of avian paramyxovirus 1 from a patient with a lethal case of pneumonia. Journal of Virology, 81:12709-12714.
Gozalo, A.S.; Montali, R.J.; St. Claire, M.; Barr, B.; Rejmanek, D.; Ward, J.M. 2007. Chronic polymyositis associated with disseminated sarcocystosis in a captive-born Rhesus Macaque. Veterinary Pathology, 44:695-699.
Harper, E.R.; St. Leger, J.A.; Westberg, J.A.; Mazzaro, L.; Schmitt, T.; Reidarson, T.H.; Tucker, M.; Cross, D.H.; Puschner, B. 2007. Tissue heavy metal concentrations of stranded California sea lions (Zalophus califonianus) in Southern California. Environmental Pollution, 147:677-682.
Moeller, R.B.; Puschner, B. 2007. Botulism in cattle. The Bovine Practitioner, 41:54-58.
Manning, E.J.; Cushing, H.F.; Hietala, S.; Wolf, C.B. 2007. Impact of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection on serologic surveillance for Johne's disease in goats. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 19:187-190.
Martin, M.P.; Wakenell, P.S.; Woolcock, P.; O'Connor, B. 2007. Evaluation of the effectiveness of two infectious bronchitis virus vaccine programs for preventing disease caused by a California IBV field isolate. Avian Diseases, 51:584-589.

Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06

Outputs
During 2006 the CAHFS added laboratory support for national Classical Swine Fever surveillance and Avian Influenza virus surveillance in wild and migratory bird populations. Previously implemented laboratory services continued for California's Avian Health and Mitigation program which is designed to rapidly detect avian influenza and exotic Newcastle disease, for national Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) surveillance, Johne's disease surveillance, and California's West Nile virus detection and diagnosis program. Full-service laboratory diagnostic services are provided to help protect animal and public health, including testing of both domestic and non-domestic milk and dairy products, identification of food associated-botulism and other intoxicants, and testing for infectious agents that may pose public health concerns. Molecular diagnostic approaches have been enhanced to provide more rapid and accurate detection and identification of challenging pathogens. New technologies and test services include molecular assays such as realtime PCR for neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus, equine herpesvirus-1, and avian Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and enhanced toxin detection such as LC-MS/MS screening for penitrem and roquefortine, and amanitin detection. Efforts to improve laboratory detection, diagnosis, and interpretation of findings continue as demonstrated by publications from CAHFS in 2006.

Impacts
The California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS) is an active partner in state and federal animal health, food safety, and disease surveillance activities.

Publications

Anderson, M.L., Kennedy, P.C., Blanchard, M.T., Barbano, L., Chiu, P., Walker, R.L., Manzer, M., Hall, M.R., King, D.P., Stott, J.L. Histochemical and immunohistochemical evidence of a bacterium associated with lesions of epizootic bovine abortion. J Vet Diagn Invest, 18(1): 76-80, 2006.
Fosgate, G.T., Adesiyun, A.A., Hird, D.W., Hietala, S.K. Likelihood ratio estimation without a gold standard: a case study evaluating a brucellosis c-ELISA in cattle and water buffalo of Trinidad. Prev Vet Med, 75(3-4): 189-205, 2006.
Berghaus, R.D., Farver, T.B., Anderson, R.J., Adaska, J.M., Gardner, I.A. Use of age and milk production data to improve the ability of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test results to predict Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis fecal culture status. J Vet Diagn Invest, 18(3): 233-42, 2006
Anthenill, L.A., Stover, S.M., Gardner, I.A., Hill, A.E., Lee, C.M., Anderson, M.L., Barr, B.C., Read, D.H., Johnson, B.J., Woods, L.W., Daft, B.M., Kinde, H., Moore, J.D., Farman, C.A., Odani, J.S., Pesavento, P.A., Uzal, F.A., Case, J.T., Ardans, A.A. Association between findings on palmarodorsal radiographic images and detection of a fracture in the proximal sesamoid bones of forelimbs obtained from cadavers of racing Thoroughbreds. Am J Vet Res, 67(5): 858-68, 2006.
Kalina, W.V., Anderson, M.L., Gershwin, L.J. Alternaria aerosol during a bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection alters the severity of subsequent re-infection and enhances IgE production. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 29(2-3): 138-56, 2006.
Munoz-Zanzi, C.A., Thurmond, M.C., Hietala, S.K., Johnson, W.O. 2006. Factors affecting sensitivity and specificity of pooled-sample testing for diagnosis of low prevalence infections. Prev Vet Med. 16;74(4):309-22.
McCluskey, B.J., Burgess, B., Glover, J., Kinde, H., Hietala, S.K. 2006. Use of sentinel chickens to evaluate the effectiveness of cleaning and disinfection procedures in noncommercial poultry operations infected with exotic Newcastle disease virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 18:296-299
Peregrine, A.S., Martin, S.W., Hopwood, D.A., Duffield, T.F., McEwen, B., Hobson, J.C., Hietala, S.K. Neospora caninum and Leptospira serovar serostatus in dairy cattle in Ontario. Can Vet J, 47(5): 467-70, 2006.
Hawkins, M.G., Crossley, B.M., Osofsky, A., Webby, R.J., Lee, C.W., Suarez, D.L., Hietala, S.K. Avian influenza A virus subtype H5N2 in a red-lored Amazon parrot. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 228(2): 236-41, 2006.
Hietala, S.K., Crossley, B.M. Armored RNA as virus surrogate in a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay proficiency panel. J Clin Microbiol, 44(1): 67-70, 2006.
Daft, B.M., Visvesvara, G.S., Read, D.H., Kinde, H., Uzal, F.A., Manzer, M.D. Seasonal meningoencephalitis in Holstein cattle caused by Naegleria fowleri. J Vet Diagn Invest, 17(6): 605-9, 2006.
Del Piero, F., Poppenga, R.H. Chlorophacinone exposure causing an epizootic of acute fatal hemorrhage in lambs. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 18(5): 483-485, 2006.
Tor, E.R., Puschner, B., Filigenzi, M.S., Tiwary, A.K., Poppenga, R.H. LC-MS/MS screen for penitrem A and roquefortine C in serum and urine samples. Anal Chem, 78(13): 4624-9, 2006.
Dhillon, A.S., Shivaprasad, H.L., Schaberg, D., Wier, F., Weber, S., Bandli, D. Campylobacter jejuni infection in broiler chickens. Avian Dis, 50(1): 55-8, 2006.
Shivaprasad, H.L., Cortes, P., Crespo, R. Otitis interna (labyrinthitis) associated with Salmonella enterica arizonae in turkey poults. Avian Dis, 50(1): 135-8, 2006
Meteyer, C.U., Rideout, B.A., Gilbert, M., Shivaprasad, H.L., Oaks, J.L. Pathology and proposed pathophysiology of diclofenac poisoning in free-living and experimentally exposed oriental white-backed vultures (Gyps bengalensis). J Wildl Dis, 41(4): 707-16, 2006.
Shivaprasad, H.L., Duhamel, G.E. Cecal spirochetosis caused by Brachyspira pilosicoli in commercial turkeys. Avian Dis, 49(4): 609-13, 2006.
Thomasy, S.M., Steffey, E.P., Mama, K.R., Solano, A., Stanley, S.D. The effects of i.v. fentanyl administration on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in horses. Br J Anaesth, 97(2): 232-7, 2006.
Fernandez-Miyakawa, M.E., Ibarra, C.A., Uzal, F.A. In vitro effects of Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin on water and ion transport in ovine and caprine intestine. Anaerobe, 9(3): 145-149, 2006.
Fisher, D.J., Fernandez-Miyakawa, M.E., Sayeed, S., Poon, R., Adams, V., Rood, J.I., Uzal, F.A., McClane, B.A. Dissecting the Contributions of Clostridium perfringens Type C Toxins to Lethality in the Mouse Intravenous Injection Model. Infect Immun, 74(9): 5200-10, 2006.
Layana, J.E., Fernandez-Miyakawa, M.E., Uzal, F.A. Evaluation of different fluids for detection of Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin in sheep with experimental enterotoxemia. Anaerobe, 5200-10, 2006.
Uzal, F.A. Diagnosis of Clostridium perfringens intestinal infections in sheep and goats. Anaerobe, 10(2): 135-43, 2006.
Songer, J.G., Uzal, F.A. Clostridial enteric infections in pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest, 17(6): 528-36, 2006.
Uzal, F.A., Puschner, B., Tahara, J.M., Nordhausen, R.W. Gossypol toxicosis in a dog consequent to ingestion of cottonseed bedding. J Vet Diagn Invest, 17(6): 626-9, 2006.
Gironda RJ, Clark ME, Massengale JP, Walker RL. Pain among veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Pain Med, 7(4): 339-43, 2006.
Pantin-Jackwood, M.J., Spackman, E., Woolcock, P.R. Phylogenetic analysis of Turkey astroviruses reveals evidence of recombination. Virus Genes, 32(2): 187-92, 2006
Woolcock, P.R., Cardona, C.J. Commercial immunoassay kits for the detection of influenza virus type A: evaluation of their use with poultry. Avian Dis, 49(4): 477-81, 2006.

Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05

Outputs
During 2005 the CAHFS added programs to provide laboratory support for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and for California's Avian Health and Mitigation program to rapidly detect avian influenza and exotic Newcastle disease. The laboratory also continues support of the state's West Nile virus and Johne's disease surveillance programs. Full-service laboratory diagnostic support is provided for animal and public health concerns such as surveillance of milk and dairy products both domestic and non-domestic, anthrax, and botulism intoxication. Molecular diagnostic approaches have been enhanced including routine sequencing of challenging pathogens. Assay development efforts include new tests for Oleandrin in milk and muscle tissue, Amanitins in tissues and GI contents, Monensin in serum and milk, Macrolide endectocides in tissues, Micotil (tilmicosin) in livers, Praziquantel in water, FERN poison screens by GC/MS and LC/MS, Penitrem A and Roquefortine C in urine, serum, GI contents, and Fumonisin B1 in feed.

Impacts
The California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS) continues to support the state's animal health, food safety, and disease surveillance needs.

Publications

Hietala S.K., Hullinger P.J., Crossley B.M., Kinde H., Ardans A.A. 2005. High-throughput real-time RT-PCR assay to detect the exotic Newcastle disease virus during the California 2002--2003 outbreak. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 17(2):124-32.
Hietala S.K., Hullinger P.J., Crossley B.M., Kinde H., Ardans A.A. 2005. Environmental air sampling to detect exotic Newcastle disease virus in two California commercial poultry flocks. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 17(2):198-200.
Hobson J.C., Duffield T.F., Kelton D, Lissemore K., Hietala S.K., Leslie K.E., McEwen B., Peregrine A.S. 2005. Risk factors associated with Neospora caninum abortion in Ontario Holstein dairy herds. Veterinary Parasitology , 127(3-4):177-88.
Ibarguenoitia N.R., Bird P.S., Uzal F.A., Cipolla A.L. 2005. The oral microbiota of Patagonian lizards of genus Diplolaemus (Polychridae): A preliminary study. Cuadernos de Herpetologia: 18:37-41.
Andrianarivo A.G., Anderson M.L., Rowe J.D., Gardner I.A., Reynolds J.P., Choromanski L., Conrad P.A. 2005. Immune responses during pregnancy in heifers naturally infected with Neospora caninum with and without immunization. Parasitology Research. 96(1):24-31.
Assis R.A., Lobato F.C.F., Fernandez Miyakawa M.E., Uzal F.A. 2005. Reacao em cadeia da polimerase para deteccao de Clostridium chauvoei em tecidos de cobaias (Cavia porcellus) fixados em formol e incluidos em parafina. (PCR detection of Clostridium chauvoei in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of guinea pigs). Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, 40:1247-1250.
Assis R.A., Lobato F.C.F., Serakides R., Santos R.L., Dias G.R.C., Nascimento R.A.P., Abreu V.L.V., Parreiras P.M., Uzal F.A. 2005. Immunohistochemical detection of Clostridia species in paraffin-embedded tissues of experimentally inoculated guinea pigs. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira, 25:4-8.
Berliocchi L., Fava E., Leist M., Horvat V., Dinsdale D., Read D., Nicotera P. 2005. Botulinum neurotoxin C initiates two different programs for neurite degeneration and neuronal apoptosis. Journal of Cellular Biology, 168(4):607-18.
Bos J., Smithee L., McClane B., Distefano R.F., Uzal F.A., Songer G., Mallonee S., Crutcher J.M. 2005. Fatal necrotizing colitis following a foodborne outbreak of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens type A infection. Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 40:78-83.
Campero C.M., Anderson M.L., Walker R.L., Blanchard P.C., Barbano L., Chiu P., Martinez A., Combessies G., Bardon J.C., Cordeviola J. 2005. Immunohistochemical identification of Campylobacter fetus in natural cases of bovine and ovine abortions. Journal of Veterinary Medicine B Infection Diseases Veterinary Public Health, 52(3):138-41
Case J.T. 2005. Are we really communicating? Standard terminology versus terminology standards in veterinary clinical pathology. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 34(1):5-6.
Charlton B.R., Tiwary A.K., Bickford A.A., Filigenzi M. 2005. Acute depigmentation of fertile brown eggs in a commercial layer operation. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 17(3):286-8.
Charlton B.R., Walker R.L., Kinde B.H., Bauer C.R., Channing-Santiago S.E., Farver T.B. 2005. Comparison of a Salmonella enteritidis-specific polymerase chain reaction assay to delayed secondary enrichment culture for the detection of Salmonella enteritidis in environmental drag swab samples. Avian Diseases, 49(3):418-22.
Corbeil L.B., Campero C.M., Rhyan J.C., Anderson M.L., Gershwin L.J., Agnew D.W., Munson L., Bondurant R.H. 2005. Uterine mast cells and immunoglobulin-E antibody responses during clearance of Tritrichomonas foetus. Veterinary Pathology, 42(3):282-90.
Cortes P.L., Shivaprasad H.L., Kiupel M., Senties-Cue G. 2005. Omphalitis associated with Aspergillus fumigatus in poults. Avian Diseases, 49(2):304-8.
Costa A.T., Lobato F.C., Abreu V.L., Assis R.A., Reis R., Uzal F.A. 2005. Stereotyping and evaluation of the virulence in mice of Streptococcus suis strains isolated from diseased pigs. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 113-5. Epub 2005 May 4
Crossley B.M., Hietala S.K., Shih L.M., Lee L., Skowronski E.W., Ardans A.A. 2005. High-throughput real-time RT-PCR assay to detect the exotic Newcastle disease virus during the California 2002--2003 outbreak. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation,17(2):124-32.
Crossley B.M., Zagmutt-Vergara F.J., Fyock T.L., Whitlock R.H., Gardner I.A. 2005. Fecal shedding of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by dairy cows. Veterinary Microbiology, 20;107(3-4):257-63.
Adamson R.H., Ly J.C., Fernandez-Miyakawa M., Ochi S., Sakurai J., Uzal F., Curry F.E. 2005. Clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin increases permeability of single perfused microvessels of rat mesentery. Infection Immunology, 73(8):4879-87.
Daft B.M., Visvesvara G.S., Read D.H., Kinde H., Uzal F.A., Manzer M.D. 2005. Seasonal meningoencephalitis in Holstein cattle caused by Naegleria fowleri. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 17:605-609.
Evers D.C., Burgess N.M., Champoux L., Hoskins B., Major A., Goodale W., Taylor R.J., Poppenga, R.H., Daigle T. 2005. Patterns and interpretation of mercury exposure in freshwater avian communities in northeastern North America. Ecotoxicology, 14(1-2):193-221.
Fernandez Miyakawa M.E., Uzal F.A. 2005. Morphologic and physiologic changes induced by Clostridium perfringens type A alpha toxin in the intestine of sheep. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 66(2):251-5.
Fernandez Miyakawa M.E., Pistone Creydt V., Uzal F.A., McClane B.A., Ibarra C. 2005. Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin damages the human intestine in vitro. Infection and Immunity, 73:8407-8410.
Gershwin L.J., Berghaus L.J., Arnold K., Anderson M.L., Corbeil L.B. 2005. Immune mechanisms of pathogenetic synergy in concurrent bovine pulmonary infection with Haemophilus somnus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Veterinary Immunology Immunopathology, 107(1-2):119-30.
Morris W.E., Uzal F.A., Cipolla A.L. 2005. Pyogranulomatous meningoencephalitis in a goat due to Corynebacterium ulcerans. Veterinary Record, 156(10):317-8.
Orsini J.A., Moate P.J., Boston R.C., Norman T., Engiles J., Benson C.E., Poppenga R.H. 2005. Pharmacokinetics of imipenem-cilastatin following intravenous administration in healthy adult horses. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 28(4): 355-361.
Poppenga R.H., Zeigler A., Habecker P., Walter M., Miller P. 2005. Zinc phosphide toxicosis in wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 41(1):218-223.
Kinde H., Hullinger P.J., Charlton B., McFarland M., Hietala S.K., Velez V., Case J.T., Garber L., Wainwright S.H., Mikolon A.B., Breitmeyer R.E., Ardans A.A. 2005. The isolation of exotic Newcastle disease (END) virus from non-poultry avian species associated with the epidemic of END in chickens in southern California: 2002-2003. Avian Diseases, 49(2):195-8.
Kinde H., Castellan D.M., Kerr D., Campbell J., Breitmeyer R., Ardans A.A. 2005. Longitudinal monitoring of two commercial layer flocks and their environments for Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and other Salmonellae. Avian Diseases, 49(2):189-94.
Meteyer, C.U, B.A Rideout, M.Gilbert, H.L. Shivaprasad, J.L Oaks. 2005. Pathology and proposed pathopsychology of diclofenac poisoning in free-living and experimentally-exposed Oriental White-Backed vultures (Gyps bengalensis). Accepted in J of Wildlife Diseases.
Miksa I.R., Cummings M.R., Poppenga, R.H. 2005. Multi-residue determination of anti-inflammatory analgesics in sera by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 29(2):95-104.
Morales C.A., Porwollik S., Frye J.G., Kinde H., McClelland M., Guard-Bouldin J. 2005. Correlation of phenotype with the genotype of egg-contaminating Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Application Environment Microbiology, 71(8):4388-99.
Rudik-Miksa I., Cummings M.R., Poppenga, R.H. 2005. Determination of acepromazine, ketamine, medetomidine and xylazine in serum: multi-residue screening by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 29(6):544-552.
Sayeed S., Fernandez-Miyakawa M.E., Fisher D.J., Adams V., Poon R., Rood J.I., Uzal F.A., McClane B.A. 2005. Epsilon-toxin is required for most Clostridium perfringens type D vegetative culture supernatants to cause lethality in the mouse intravenous injection model. Infection Immunology, 73(11):7413-21.
Senties-Cue G., Shivaprasad H.L., Chin R.P. 2005. Systemic Mycoplasma synoviae infection in broiler chickens. Avian Pathology, 34(2):137-42.
Shivaprasad, H.L., G.E. Duhamel. 2005. Cecal Spirochetosis Caused by Brachyspira pilosicoli in Commercial Turkeys. Avian Diseases. 49:609-613. 2005
Songer G., Uzal F.A. 2005. Clostridial enteric infections in pigs. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 17:528-536.
Steffey E.P., Woliner M.J., Puschner B., Galey F.D. 2005. Effects of desflurane and mode of ventilation on cardiovascular and respiratory functions and clinicopathologic variables in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 66(4):669-77.
Steffey E.P., Mama K.R., Galey F.D., Puschner B., Woliner M.J. 2005. Effects of sevoflurane dose and mode of ventilation on cardiopulmonary function and blood biochemical variables in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 66(4):606-14.
Visvesvara G.S., De Jonckheere J.F., Sriram R., Daft B. 2005. Isolation and molecular typing of Naegleria fowleri from the brain of a cow that died of primary amebic meningoencephalitis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43(8):4203-4.
Woolcock P.R., Cardona C.J. 2005. Commercial immunoassay kits for the detection of Influenza virus type A: Evaluation of their use with poultry. Avian Diseases, 49:477-481.
Tiwary A.K., Puschner B., Kinde H., Tor E.R. 2005. Diagnosis of Taxus (yew) poisoning in a horse. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 17(3):252-5.
Rosenthal K.L., Johnston M.S., Shofer F.S., Poppenga, R.H. 2005. Psittacine plasma concentrations of elements: daily fluctuations and clinical implications. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 17(3):239-244.
Rudik-Miksa I., Buckley C.L., Carpenter N., Poppenga R.H. 2005. Comparison of selenium detection in liver samples by atomic absorption spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 17(4):331-340.
Tell L.A., Craigmill A.L., Clemons K.V., Sun Y., Laizure S.C., Clifford A., Ina J.H., Nugent-Deal J.P., Woods L., Stevens D.A. 2005. Studies on itraconazole delivery and pharmacokinetics in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 28(3):267-74.
Thomasy S.M., Pypendop B.H., Ilkiw J.E., Stanley S.D. , 2005. Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and its active metabolite, monoethylglycinexylidide, after intravenous administration of lidocaine to awake and isoflurane-anesthetized cats. American Journal of Veterinary Reseach, 66(7):1162-6.
Tiwary A.K., Puschner B., Charlton B.R., Filigenzi M.S. 2005. Diagnosis of zinc phosphide poisoning in chickens using a new analytical approach. Avian Diseases, 49(2):288-91.
Tor E.R., Filigenzi M.S., Puschner B. 2005. Determination of oleandrin in tissues and biological fluids by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemical, 53(11):4322-5.
Torregrossa A-M., Puschner B., Tell L.A., Olsen J.H., Dierenfeld E.S. 2005. Circulating concentrations of vitamins A and E in captive psitticine birds. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 19(3):225-229.
Tripathi N.K., Latimer K.S., Gregory C.R., Ritchie B.W., Wooley R.E., Walker R.L. 2005. Development and evaluation of an experimental model of cutaneous columnaris disease in koi Cyprinus carpio. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation,17(1):45-54.
Troxel, M.T., Poppenga, R.H. 2005. Kentucky coffee tree intoxication in a dog with cerebellovestibular signs, bradycardia, hypotension and hypoglycemia. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 19(4): 599-601.
Uzal F.A., Puschner B., Tahara J.M., Nordhausen R.W. 2005. Gossypol toxicosis in a dog consequent to ingestion of cottonseed bedding. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 17:626-629.

Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04

Outputs
The California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS) continues to support the state's animal health, food safety, and disease surveillance needs. During 2004 the CAHFS added programs to provide laboratory support for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and for California's Avian Health and Mitigation program to rapidly detect avian influenza and exotic Newcastle disease. The laboratory also continues support of the state's West Nile virus and Johne's disease surveillance programs. Full-service laboratory diagnostic support continues to provide diagnosis for animal and public health concerns such as Coxiella (Q-fever), anthrax, and suspect botulism intoxication. Assay development efforts include new tests for perchlorate detection, beta lactam antibiotic contamination of dairy product, and oleander poisoning in live animals and humans.

Impacts
The California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS) has in recent years pursued emergency laboratory response preparedness and contingency planning for a possible foreign animal disease (FAD) incursion.

Publications

Uzal, F.A., Kelly, W.R., Morrie, W.E., Beremudez, J., Baison, M. 2004. The pathology of peracute experimental Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemia in sheep. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, 16(5): 403-11.
Woods, L.W., Filigenzi, M.S., Booth, M.C., Rodger, L.D., Arnold, J.S., Puschner, B. 2004. Summer pheasants eye (Adonis aestivalis) poisoning in three horses. Veterinary Pathology, 41(3): 215-20.
Woolums, A.R., Gunther, R.A., McArthur-Vaughn, K., Anderson, M.L., Omlor, A., Boyle, G.A., Friebertshauser, K.E., McInturff, P.S., Gershwin, L.J. 2004. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and cytokine expression in calves vaccinated with formalin-inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus prior to challenge. Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases, 27:57-74.
Tavornpanich, S., Gardner, I.A., Anderson, R.J., Shin, S., Whitlock, R.H., Fyock, T., Adaska, J.M., Walker, R.L., Hietala, S.K. 2004. Evaluation of microbial culture of pooled fecal samples for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in large dairy herds. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 65(8): 1061-70.
Uzal, F.A., Woods, L.W., Stillian, M., Nordhausen, R., Read, D., Van Kampen, H., Odani, J., Hietala, S., Hurley, E.J., Vickers, M., Gard, S. 2004. Abortion and ulcerative posthitis associated with caprine herpesvirus-1 infection in goats in California. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 16:478-484.
Uzal, F.A., Delhon, G., Murcia, P.R., de las Heras, M., Lujan, L., Fernandez Miyakawa, M.E., Morris, W.E., Gonzalez, M.J. 2004. Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis in Patagonia, Argentina. Veterinary Research Communications, 28(2): 159-70.
Cooper, G.L., Charlton, B.R., Bickford, A.A., Nordhausen, R. 2004. Hexamita meleagridis (Spironucleus meleagridis) infection in chukar partridges associated with high mortality and intracellular trophozoites. Avian Diseases, 48:706-710.
Cortes, P.L., Chin, R.P., Bland, M.C., Crespo, R., Shivaprasad, H.L. 2004. Histomoniasis in the bursa of fabricius of chickens. Avian Diseases, 48:711-715.
Crespo, R., Chin, R.P. 2004. Effect of feeding green onions (Allium ascalonicum) to White Chinese geese (Threskiornis spinicollis). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 16:321-325.
Crespo, R., Jeffrey, J.S., Chin, R.P., Senties-Cue, G., Shivaprasad, H.L. 2004. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Salmonella arizonae from an integrated turkey operation. Avian Diseases, 48(2): 344-50.
Duarte, P.C., Daft, B.M., Conrad, P.A., Packham, A.E., Saville, W.J., MacKay, R.J., Barr, B.C., Wilson, W.D., Ng, T., Reed, S.M., Gardner, I.A. 2004. Evaluation and comparison of an indirect fluorescent antibody test for detection of antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona, using serum and cerebrospinal fluid of naturally and experimentally infected, and vaccinated horses. Journal of Parasitology, 90(2): 379-86.
Filigenzi, M.S., Woods, L.W., Booth, M.C., Tor, E.R., Puschner, B. 2004. Determination of strophanthidin in ingesta and plant material by LC-MS/MS. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemicals, 52(8): 2174-8.
Giles, J.R., Shivaprasad, H.L., Johnson, P.A. 2004. Ovarian tumor expression of an oviductal protein in the hen: A model for human serous ovarian adenocarcinoma. Gynecologic Oncology, 95:530-533.
Huang, F.F., Sun, Z.F., Emerson, S.U., Purcell, R.H., Shivaprasad, H.L., Pierson, F.W., Toth, T.E., Meng, X.J. 2004. Determination and analysis of the complete genomic sequence of avian hepatitis E virus (avian HEV) and attempts to infect rhesus monkeys with avian HEV. Journal of General Virology, 85(Pt 6): 1609-18.
Allison, N., Moeller, R.B., Duncan, R. 2004. Placental teratocarcinoma in a mare with possible metastasis to the foal. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 16(2): 160-3.
Assis, R.A., Lobato, F.C., Martins, N.E., Souza Junior, M.F., Lima, A.C., Nascimento, R.A., Carvalho Filho, M.B., Uzal, F.A. 2004. Clostridial myonecrosis in sheep after caseous lymphadenitis vaccination. Veterinary Record, 154(12): 380.
Brooks, J.E., Rainer, A.C., Parr, R.L., Woolcock, P., Hoerr, F., Collisson, E.W. 2004. Comparisons of envelope through 5B sequences of infectious bronchitis coronaviruses indicates recombination occurs in the envelope and membrane genes. Virus Research, 100: 191-198.
Castellan, D., Kinde, H., Kass, P., Cutler, G., Breitmeyer, R., Bell, Ernst R., Kerr, D., Little, H., Willoughby, D., Riemann, H., Ardans, A., Snowden, J., Kuney, D. 2004. Descriptive study of California egg layer premises and analyses of risk factors for S. enteritidis using manure drag swab. Avian Diseases, 45:550-561.
Rudik-Miksa, I., Buckley, C.L., Poppenga, R.H. 2004. Detection of nonesterified (free) fatty acids in bovine serum: comparative evaluation of two methods. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 16:139-144.
Shivaprasad, H.L., Hill, D., Todd, D., Smyth, J.A. 2004. Circovirus infection in a Gouldian Finch (Chloebia goulidae). Avian Pathology, 33:525-529.
Shivaprasad, H.L., Crespo, R., Puschner, B. 2004. Coronary artery rupture in male commercial turkeys. Avian Pathology, 33 (2): 226-232.
Juan-Salles, C., Rico-Hernandez, G., Garner, M.M., Barr, B.C. 2004. Pulmonary besnoitiasis in captive maras (Dolichotis patagonum) associated with interstitial pneumonia. Veterinary Pathology, 41(4): 408-11.
Kinde, H., Castellan, D., Kass, P., Cutler, G., Breitmeyer, R., Bell, D., Ernst, R., Kerr, D., Little, H., Willoughby, D., Riemann, H., Ardans, A., Snowden, J., Kuney, D. 2004. The occurrence and distribution of Salmonella enteritidis and other serovars on California egg laying premises: A comparison of two sampling methods and 2 culturing techniques. Avian Diseases, 48:590-594.
Kinde, H., Utterback, W.W., Takishita, K. 2004. Survival of exotic Newcastle disease virus in commercial poultry environment following removal of infected chickens. Avian Diseases, 48:669-674.
Lamm, C.G., Munson, L., Thurmond, M.C., Barr, B.C., George, L.W. 2004. Mycoplasma otitis in California calves. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 16(5): 397-402.
Lee, C.W., Senne, D.A., Linares, J.A., Woolcock, P.R., Stallknecht, D.E., Spackman, E., Swayne, D.E., Suarez, D.L. 2004. Characterization of recent H5 subtype avian influenza viruses from US poultry. Avian Pathology, 33(3): 288-97.
Marsh, A.E., Barr, B.C., Sverlow, K., Ho, M., Dubey, J.P., Conrad, P.A. 2004. Sequence analysis and comparison of ribosomal DNA from bovine Neospora to similar coccidial parasites. Parasitology Today, 12(2): 49.
Munoz-Zanzi, C.A., Thurmond, M.C., Hietala, S.K. 2004. Effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on fertility of dairy heifers. Theriogenology, 61(6): 1085-99.
Murcia P., Uzal, F.A., Delhon, G., Vilas, M., Gonzalez, M., Miyakawa, M.F., Morris, W. 2004. Brote de Schwannoma maligno en bovinos de la provincia de Neuquen, Argentina. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria, Vol. 85 No 2, 47-49.
Oaks, J.L., Gilbert, M., Virani, M.Z., Watson, R.T., Meteyer, C.U., Rideout, B.A., Shivaprasad, H.L., Ahmed, S., Chaudhry, M.J., Arshad, M., Mahmood, S., Ali, A., Khan, A.A. 2004. Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan. Nature, 427(6975): 630-3.
Pan, Y., Peregrine, A., Hietala, S.K. 2004. Genetic susceptibility to Neospora caninum infection in Holstein cattle in Ontario. Journal of Dairy Science, Accepted 4/04. Manuscript Number: JDS-03-0322
Pedersen, J.C., Senne, D.A., Woolcock, P.R., Kinde, H., King, D.J., Wise, M.G., Panigrahy, B., Seal, B.S. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships among virulent Newcastle disease virus isolates from the 2002-2003 outbreak in California and other recent outbreaks in North America. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42(5): 2329-34.
Pelligrini-Masini, A., Poppenga, R.H., Sweeney, R.W. 2004. Disposition of a flunixin meglumine injectable preparation administered orally to healthy horses. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 27:183-186.
Peregrine, A.S., Duffield, T.F., Wideman, G., Kelton, D., Hobson, J., Cramer, G., Hietala, S.K. 2004. Udder health in dairy cattle infected with Neospora caninum. Preventative Veterinary Medicine, 64(2-4): 101-12.
Puschner, B., Thurmond, M.C., Choi, Y.K. 2004. Influence of age and production type on liver copper concentrations in calves. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, 16(5): 382-7.
Puschner, B., Choi, Y.K., Tegzes, J.H., Thurmond, M.C. 2004. Influence of age, sex, and production class on liver zinc concentration in calves. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, 16(4): 278-82.
Reisen, W., Lothrop, H., Chiles, R., Madon, M., Cossen, C., Woods, L.W., Husted, Roy P., Dhillon, A.S., Lauerman, L., Shivaprasad, H.L. 2004. Detection of avian polyomavirus infection by polymerase chain reaction using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Avian Diseases, 48(2): 400-4.
Skinner, W., McKemie, D., Stanley, S. 2004. Quantitative Determination of Carisoprodol and its Metabolites in Equine Urine and Serum by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia Supplement, 59: S61-S67.

Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03

Outputs
In the first days after recognizing Exotic Newcastle disease (END), CAHFS recognized that the response had to be aggressive, dynamic, and yet flexible in order to meet the unique needs in a culturally diverse setting. Contingency planning included technical resources and facility expansion to respond to anticipated increases in necropsy cases, virus isolation, and the development and validation of rapid diagnostics in the form of real-time RT-PCR (RRT-PCR). To accommodate separation of the ongoing routine diagnostic caseload from potential FAD samples, the CAHFS converted existing animal rooms into END necropsy facilities. An approximately 1,400 sq. ft. modular trailer unit with four HEPA filtered necropsy bays with anterooms was placed adjacent to the laboratory. The necropsy rooms were designed with viewing windows that permitted a single pathologist to work between the 4 areas, supervising four isolated necropsy technical staff. A nearly 1,100 sq. ft. trailer containing four laminar flow hoods, egg incubators, and other equipment needed for virus isolation was also placed on the laboratory property. Over 35,000 eggs were used for virus isolation during the first eight months of the END response. The development of RRT-PCR-based diagnostics incorporating both detection and characterization of APMV-1 was initiated in the first months of the outbreak. The molecular diagnostic approach included primers targeted at the fusion protein cleavage site, with separate probes to differentiate APMV-1 END from lentogenic and vaccine strains of APMV-1, and direct sequencing of PCR amplicons for sequence confirmation on high impact cases. During December, the third month of the outbreak, RRT-PCR workload was eight PCR tests/month and by May the assay had been scaled to accommodate the routine diagnostic and surveillance workload of 1,500 tests/day. CAHFS personnel from throughout the California lab system volunteered for assignment in the impacted pathology and virology services. Additional assistance was provided by diagnostic laboratory personnel from Washington, Oregon, Colorado, Texas, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Mississippi, Georgia, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan. The NVSL provided clerical, pathology, and virology support as well as overflow testing for virus isolation and PCR testing. Weekly training provided to task force members by CAHFS personnel included information on END clinical signs and pathology, sample submission, test interpretation, and related laboratory activities. Timely information sharing through real-time web-based access to laboratory results for members of the END Task Force contributed to the integrated efforts between laboratory and task force activities. It is important that lessons learned from this outbreak be documented and used to enhance existing emergency response guidelines in order to improve future competencies and capabilities. This effort well demonstrates the merit and potential to be gained from a national animal health laboratory network, and shows the importance of a local laboratory capability

Impacts
The California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS) has in recent years pursued emergency laboratory response preparedness and contingency planning for a possible foreign animal disease (FAD) incursion.

Publications

Kyles, A.E., Gregory, C.R., Craigmill, A.L., Griffey, S.M., Jackson, J., Stanley, S.D. 2003. Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus after multidose oral administration and efficacy in the prevention of allograft rejection in cats with renal transplant. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 64 (7):926-934.
Lapointe, J.M. Duignan, P.J., Barr, B.C., Petrich, A.K., MacPherson, D.W., Guilland, F.M., Dubey, J.P. 2003. Meningoencephalitis associated with an unidentified apicomplexan protozoan in a Pacific harbor seal. Journal of Parasitology, 89:859-862.
Louie, K., Nordhausen, R., Robinson, T.W., Barr, B.C., Conrad, P.A. 2003. Characterization of Neospora caninum protease, NcSUB1 (NC-P65), with rabbit anti-N54. Journal of Parasitology, 88:1113-1119.
Marsh, A.E., Hyun, C., Barr, B.C., Tindall, R., Lakritz, J. 2003. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies developed against Sarcocystis neurona. Parasitol Research, 88:501-506. Miller, M.A., Gardner, I.A., Packham, A., Mazet, J.K., Hanni, K.D., Jessup, D., Estes, J., Jameson, R., Dodd, E., Barr, B.C., Lownestine, L.J., Guilland, F.M., Conrad, P.A. 2003. Evaluation of an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for deomonstration of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in the sea otter (Enhydra lutrus). Journal of Parasitology, 88:594-599.
Moeller, R.B. Jr, Puschner, B., Walker, R., Rocke,T., Galey, F.D, Cullor, J., Ardans, A.A. 2003. Determination of the median toxic dose of type C botulism in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 15:523-526.
Munoz-Zanzi, C., Hietala, S.K., Thurmond, M.C. 2003. Quantitation, risk factors, and health impact of natural bovine viral diarrhea virus congenital infection in dairy calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 148(3):358-365.
Packham, A.E. Conrad, P.A., Wilson, W.D., Jeanes, L.V., Sverlow, K.W., Gardner, I.A., Daft, B.M., Marsh, A.E., Blagburn, B.L., Ferraro, G.L., Barr, B.C. 2003. Qualitative evaluation of selective tests for detection of Neospora hughesi antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of experimentally infected horses. Journal of Parasitology, 88: 1239-1246.
Parimal, R., Dhillon, A.S., Lauerman, L., Shivaprasad, H.L. 2003. Detection of pigeon circovirus by polymerase chain reaction. Avian Diseases, 47:218-222.
Webby, R.J., Woolcock, P.R., Krauss, S.L., Walker, D.B., Chin, P.S., Shortridge, K.F., Webster, R.G. 2003. Multiple genotypes of non-pathogenic H6N2 influenza viruses isolated from chickens in California. Avian Diseases, 47:905-910.
Woolcock, P.R., Suarez, D.L.,Kuney, D. 2003. Low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (H6N2) in chickens in California, 2000-2001. Avian Diseases, 47:872-881.
Schikora, B.M., Shih, L.M., Hietala, S.K. 2003. Genetic diversity of avian infectious bronchitis virus California variants isolated between 1988 and 2001 based on the spike glycoprotein. Archives of Virology, 148(1):115-136.
Senties-Cue, G., Crespo, R., Chin, R.P. 2003. Focal transmural necrotic tracheitis in commercial meat turkeys. Avian Diseases, 47:234-239.
Shivaprasad, H.L. and Korbel R. 2003. Blindness due to retinal dysplasia in broiler chicks. Avian Diseases, 47:769-773.
Shivaprasad, H. L. 2003. Hepatitis associated with Clostridium difficile in an ostrich chick. Avian Pathology, 32:57-62.
Sommer, F. and Cardona, C. 2003. Chicken anemia virus in broilers: Dynamics of the infection in two commercial broiler flocks. Avian Diseases, 47:1466-1473.
Tegzes, J.H., Puschner, B., Melton L.A. 2003. Cyanide toxicosis in goats after ingestion of Heteromeles arbutifolia. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 14:477-480.
Tell, L.A., Foley, J., Needham, M.L., Walker RL. 2003. Comparison of four rapid DNA extraction techniques for conventional polymerase chain reaction testing of three Mycobacterium spp. that affect birds. Avian Diseases, 47:1486-1490.
Tell, L.A., Needham, M.L., Woods, L., Foley, J., Walker RL. 2003. Diagnosis of mycobacteriosis: Comparison of culture, acid-fast stains, and polymerase chain reaction for the identification of Mycobacterium avium in experimentally inoculated Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Avian Diseases, 47:444-452.
Tell, L.A., Woods, L., Foley, J., Needham, M.L., Walker, R.L. 2003. A model of avian mycobacteriosis: Clinical and histopathological findings in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) intravenously inoculated with Mycobacterium avium. Avian Diseases, 47:433-443.
Tor, E.R., Puschner, B., Whitehead, W. 2003. Rapid determination of domoic acid in serum and urine by liquid chromatography - electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 51:1791-1796.
Trott, D.J., Moeller, M.R., Zuerner, R.L., Goff, J.P., Waters, W.R., Alt, D.P., Walker, R.L., Wannemuehler, M.J. 2003. Characterization of Treponema-phagendenis-like spirochetes isolated from papillomatous digital dermatitis lesions in dairy cattle. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 41:2522-2529.
Walker, R.L., Hayes, D.C., Sawyer, S.J., Nordhausen, R.W., Van Hoosear, K.A., BonDurant, R.H. 2003. Analysis of the 5.8S rRNA gene and flanking internal transcribed spacer regions of trichomonadid protozoa recovered from cattle. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 15:14-20.
Walker, R.L. and Runyan, C.A. 2003. Comparison of the SzP protein of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus in relation to clinical disease in the horse. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 64:976-981.
Adaska, J.M., and Anderson, R. 2003. Seroprevalence of Johnes disease infection in dairy cattle in California. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 60:255-261.
Arkush, K.D., Miller, M.A., Leutenegger, C.M., Gardner, I.A., Packham, A.E., Heckeroth, A.R., Tenter, A.M., Barr, B.C., Conrad, P.A. 2003. Molecular and bioassay-based detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocyst uptake by mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). International Journal for Parasitology, 33:1087-1097.
Bates,T.W., Thurmond, M.C., Hietala, S.K., Venkateswaran, K.S., Wilson, T.M., Colston, B.W. Jr., Trebes, J.E. ,Milanovich, F.P. 2003. Surviellance for detection of Foot and Mouth Disease. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 223(5):609-14.
BonDurant,R.H., Campero, C.M., Anderson, M.L. , Van Hoosear, K.A. 2003. Detection of Tritrichomonas foetus by polymerase chain reaction in cultured isolates, cervicovaginal mucus, and formalin-fixed tissues from infected heifers and fetuses. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 15:579-584.
Duarte, P.C., Daft, B., Conrad, P., Packham, A., Gardner, I. 2003. Comparison of a serum indirect fluorescent antibody test with two western blot tests for the diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 15:8-15.
Dubey, J.P., Barr, B.C., Barta, J.R., Bjerkas, I., Bjorkman, C., Blagburn, B.L., Bowman, D.D., Buxton, D., Ellis, J.T., Gottstein, B., Hemphill, A., Hill, D.E., Howe, D.K., Jenkins, M.C., Kobayashi, Y., Koudela, B., Marsh, A.E., Mattsson, J.G., McAllister, M.M., Modry, D., Omata, Y., Sibley, L.D., Speer, C.A., Trees, A.J., Uggla, A., Upton, S.J., Williams, D.J., Lindsay, D.S. 2003. Redescription of Neospora caninum and its differentiation from related coccidia. International Journal of Parasitology, 5:929-946.
Fosgate, G.T., Adesiyun, A.A., Hird, D.W., Johnson, W.O., Hietala, S.K., Schurig, G.G., Ryan, J., Diptee, M.D. 2003. Evaulation of brucellosis RB51 vaccine for domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Trinidad. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 58:211-225.
Fosgate G.T., Adesiyun, A.A., Hird, D.W., Johnson, W.O., Hietala, S.K., Schurig, G.G., Ryan, J. 2003. Estimation of receiver-operating characteristic curves to determine accuracy of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of Brucella infection in domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and cattle. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 64(1):57-64.
Gustafson, C.R., Cooper, G.L., Charlton, B.R., Bickford, A.A., Nordhausen, R. 2003. Postural and neurological deficits in broiler chicks after cervical vaccination with live vaccine. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 15:361-364.
Hayes, D.C., Anderson, R.R., Walker, R.L. 2003. Identification of trichomonadid protozoa from the bovine preputial cavity by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism typing. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 15:390-394.
Hietala, S.K. and Ardans, A.A. 2003. Molecular Weapons against the War on Terror. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Education, 20:155-156.
Kinde, H., Read, D.H., Daft, B.M., Hammarlund, M., Moore, J., Uzal, F., Mukai, J., Woolcock, P.R. 2003. The occurrence of avian influenza A subtype H6N2 in commercial layer flocks in Southern California: Clinicopathologic findings. Avian Diseases, 47:1214-1218.
Kollias-Baker, C., Maxwell, L., Stanley, S.D., Boone, T. 2003. Detection and quantification of cocaine metabolites in urine samples from horses administered cocaine. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology Therapy, 26:429-434.

Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02

Outputs
Avian influenza, H6N2, reoccurred in Southern California with many flocks experiencing significant mortality and egg production drops of considerable duration. In contrast to previous years, numerous flocks in central California also became infected. Chickens in active egg production were most severely affected with little disease in younger pullets. Severe reproductive tract disease presenting with necrotic salpingitis and yolk peritonitis were consistent observations. Laboratory support included postmortem examination, virus isolation, and serology for commercial flocks. USDA and CDFA approved the use of vaccine in commercial flocks for which laboratory monitoring was provided. A trial is underway to compare commercially available influenza antigen rapid detection kits with virus isolation. The CAHFS was federally approved to participate in bovine tuberculosis slaughter plant surveillance, which has resulted in an increased sample submission and improved surveillance. Through this program three bovine tuberculosis infected dairy herds were discovered resulting in extensive testing and postmortem examination of over 200 cattle. One dairy, 6,400 cows, has been depopulated and another two herds are being scheduled. An entire herd test (2,496 cows) using the gamma interferon test, was conducted and results are being compared with caudal fold and comparative cervical testing along with postmortem findings. In late September exotic Newcastle disease was diagnosed in Southern California game birds by the San Bernardino branch, CAHFS. The disease was found to be rapidly spreading. Widespread infection was found among game birds, which unfortunately spread to commercial egg producing facilities. Late on December 24 the disease was diagnosed on a commercial premise with over one million birds and to date over three million birds have been euthanized along with over 110,000 game birds. The massive laboratory support required in support of the eradication has suspended many of the ongoing creative investigative efforts. Significant effort has been dedicated to the development and validation of rapid molecular based assays and is being coordinated with efforts at Southeastern Poultry Research Laboratory and the National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL). Considerable personnel support has been provided by laboratories throughout the country, including NVSL who have provided pathologists, virology technicians, and clerical assistance. Milk is routinely screened for beta-lactam antibiotics using highly sensitive, rapid screening tests, which are known to have considerable false positive results, which result in the dumping of an entire tank truckload of milk. CAHFS developed a quantitative method using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for beta-lactam antibiotics, which has been used to screen potentially contaminated large amounts of cheese. The assay was also used in a highly visible antibiotic contamination that occurred in a large bay area milk processing plant, which resulted in the recall of over 800,000 gallons of milk and milk products.

Impacts
The resources of the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS) in concert with School of Veterinary Medicine researchers continue to demonstrate and investigate naturally occurring conditions of economic significance to California's production animal agriculture. During 2002 much of the system's resources has been dedicated to major animal health issues affecting California livestock and poultry.

Publications

Adaska JM, Munoz-Zanzi CA, Hietala SK. 2002. Evaluation of result variability using a commercial Johne's disease ELISA kit and repeat testing of samples. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 14:423-426.
Chin RP. 2002. Isolation of an unidentified, nonfermentative, gram-negative bacterium from turkeys and chickens: 38 cases (1995-2001). Avian Diseases, 46:447-452.
Colagross-Schouten AM, Mazet JA, Gulland FM, Miller MA, Hietala SK. 2002. Diagnosis and seroprevalence of leptospirosis in California sea lions from coastal California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 38:7-17
Cramer G, Kelton D, Duffield TF, Hobson JC, Lissemore K, Hietala SK, Peregrine AS. 2002. Neospora caninum serostatus and culling of Holstein cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 221:1165-1168.
Crespo R, Ghazikhanian GY, Hall CI. 2002. Avulsion of the common retinaculum in meat turkeys. Avian Diseases, 46:245-248.
Crespo R, Stover SM, Shivaprasad HL, Chin RP. 2002. Microstructure and mineral content of femora in male turkeys with and without fractures. Poultry Science, 81:1184-1190.
Crespo R, Woolcock PR, Fadly AM, Hall C, Shivaprasad HL. 2002. Characterization of T-cell lymphomas associated with an outbreak of reticuloendotheliosis in turkeys. Avian Pathology, 31:355 -361.
Daft BM, Barr BC, Gardner IA, Read D, Bell W, Peyser KG, Ardans A, Kinde H, Morrow JK. 2002. Sensitivity and specificity of western blot testing of cerebrospinal fluid and serum for diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in horses with and without neurologic abnormalities. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 221:1007-1013.
Driessen B, Zarucco L, Steffey EP, McCullough C, Del Piero F, Melton L, Puschner B, Stover SM. 2002. Biochemical and histopathological changes associated with prolonged sevoflurane anaesthesia in horses. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, A 49:1-11.
Fosgate GT, Adesiyun AA, Hird DW, Hietala SK, Ryan J. 2002. Isolation of Brucella abortus biovar 1 from cattle and water buffalo on Trinidad. Veterinary Record, 151:272-273.
Fosgate GT, Adesiyun AA, Hird DW, Johnson WO, Hietala SK, Schurig GG, Ryan J. 2002. Comparison of serologic tests for detection of Brucella infections in cattle and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 63:1598-1605.
Fosgate GT, Hird DW, Read DH, Walker RL. 2002. Risk factors for foals developing Clostridium piliforme infection (Tyzzer's Disease) on a California Thoroughbred breeding farm. Journal of the Veterinary Medical Association, 220:785-790.
Gordus AG, Shivaprasad HL, Swift P. 2002. Salt toxicosis in ruddy ducks that winter on an agricultural evaporation basin in California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 38:124-131.
Haqshenas G, Huang FF, Fenaux M, Guenette DK, Pierson FW, Larsen CT, Shivaprasad HL, Toth TE and Meng XJ. 2002. The putative capsid protein of the newly identified avian hepatitis E virus shares antigenic epitopes with that of swine and human hepatitis E viruses and the chicken big liver and spleen disease virus. Journal of General Virology, 83:2201-2209.
Hobson JC, Duffield TF, Kelton D, Lissemore K, Hietala SK, Leslie KE, McEwan B, Cramer G, Peregrine AS. 2002. Neospora caninum serostatus and milk production of Holstein cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 221:1160-1164.
Holstege DM, Puschner B, Whitehead G, and Galey FD. 2002. Screening and mass spectral confirmation of beta-lactam antibiotic residues in milk using LC-MS/MS. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemicals, 50:406-411.
Huang FF, Haqshenas G, Shivaprasad HL, Guenette DK, Woolcock PR, Larsen CT, Pierson FW, Elvinger F, Toth TE and Meng XJ. 2002. Heterogeneity and Seroprevalence of the Newly Identified Avian Hepatitis E Virus from Chickens in the United States. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40:4197-4202.
Munoz-Zanzi CA, Thurmond MC, Johnson WO, Hietala SK. 2002. Predicted age of dairy calves when colostrum-derived BVDV antibodies would no longer offer protection against disease or interfere with vaccination. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 221:678-685.
Nieto JE, Spier S, Pipers FS, Stanley SD, Smith D, and Snyder JR. 2002. Comparison of paste suspension formulated omeprazole in the healing of gastric ulcers in racehorses in active training. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 221:1139-1143
Peroni DL, Stanley S, Kollias-Baker C, Robinson NE. 2002. Prednisone per os is likely to have limited efficacy in horses. Equine Veterinary Journal, 34:283-287.
Puschner B, Booth MC, Tor ER, Odermatt A. 2002. Diterpenoid alkaloid toxicosis in cattle in Switzerland. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 44:8-10.
Ridpath JF, Hietala SK, Sorden S, Neil JD. 2002. Evaluation of the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction/probe test of serum samples and immunohistochemistry of skin sections for detection of acute bovine viral diarrhea infections. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 14:303-307.
Riggs SM, Puschner B, Tell LA. 2002. Management of an ingested lead foreign body in an Amazon Parrot. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 44:345-348.
Shilton CM, Smith DA, Woods LW, Crawshaw GJ, Lehmkuhl HD. 2002. Adenoviral infection in captive moose (Alces alces) in Canada. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 33:73-79.
Shivaprasad HL, Crespo, R, Puschner B, Lynch S, Wright L. 2002. Myopathy in brown pelicans (Pelicanus occidentalis) associated with rancid feed. Veterinary Record, 150: 307-311.
Shivaprasad HL, Kim TJ, Woolcock PR, Tripathy DN. 2002. Genetic and antigenic characterizations of a poxvirus isolate from ostriches. Avian Diseases, 46:429-436.
Shivaprasad HL, Woolcock PR, McFarland MD, Curtis M, Karabatsos N. 2002. Turlock-like bunyavirus associated with encephalomyelitis and myocarditis in an ostrich chick. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 14:363-370.
Shivaprasad HL and Droual R. 2002. Pathology of an atypical strain of P. gallinarum in chickens. Avian Pathology, 31:399-406.
Stamm LV, Bergen HL, Walker RL. 2002. Molecular typing of papillomatous digital dermatitis associated Treponema isolates based on analysis of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer regions. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40:3463-3469. Stott JL, Blanchard MT, Anderson M, Mass J, Walker RL, Kennedy PC, Norman BB, BonDurant RH, Oliver MN, Hanks D, Hall MR. 2002. Experimental transmission of epizootic bovine abortion (foothill abortion). Veterinary Microbiology, 88:161-173.
Suarez DL, Woolcock PR, Bermudez AJ, Senne D. 2002. Isolation from turkey breeder hens of a reassortant H1N2 influenza with swine, human and avian lineage genes. Avian Diseases, 46:111-121.
Taduesz FM, and Stanley SD. 2002. Improved sythesis of 13C,2H3- and 2H3-salmeterol by Cs2CO3-mediated monoalkylation of a primary amine. Journal of Labeled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals, 45:755-762.
Tegzes J, Puschner B. 2002. Amanita mushroom poisoning - efficacy of aggressive treatment in 2 dogs. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 44:96-99.
Tegzes JH, Smarick SD, Puschner B. 2002. Coma and apnea in a dog with hydroxyzine toxicosis. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 44:24-26.
Thurmond MC, Wesley OJ, Munoz-Zanzi CA, Chun-Lung S, Hietala SK. 2002. A method of probability diagnostic assignment that applies Bayes theorum for use in serologic diagnostics, using an example of Neospora caninum infection in cattle. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 63:318-325.
Turay HO, Caldwell A, Barr BC, Branson KR, Cockrell MKR, Marsh AE. 2002. Sarcocystis neurona reacting antibodies in Missouri feral domestic cats (Felis domesticus) and their role as an intermediate host. Parasitology Research, 88:38-43.
Van Hoogmoed LM, Harmon FA, Stanley SD, White J, Snyder J. 2002. In vitro investigation of the interaction between nitric oxide and cyclo-oxygenase activity in the equine ventral colon smooth muscle. Equine Veterinary Journal, 34:510-515.
Walker RL, Read DH, Hayes DC, Nordhausen RW. 2002. Equine abortion associated with the Borrelia parkeri-B. turicatae tick-borne relapsing fever spirochete group. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40:1558-1562.
Webby RJ, Woolcock PR, Krauss SL, Webster RG. 2002. Reassortment and influenza transmission of North American H6N2 influenza viruses. Virology, 295:44-53.
Woolcock PR, McFarland MD, Lai S and Chin RP. 2002. Enhanced Recovery of Avian Influenza Virus Isolates using a Combination of Chicken Embryo Inoculation Methods. Avian Diseases, 45:1030-1035.
Zakhartchouk A, Bout A, Woods LW, Lehmkuhl HD, Havenga MJE. 2002. Odocoileus hemionus deer adenovirus is related to the members of Atadenovirus genus. Archives of Virology, 147:841-847.

Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01

Outputs
Genomic studies of the antigenically important infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) spike gycoprotein were undertaken to help understand the molecular epidemiology of avian IBV variants and vaccine escape mutants in California layer and breeder flocks. The study indicates that IBV in California is in a phase of slow evolution with different evolutionary patterns being strongly associated with the production type of chicken. Antigenicity studies of the spike glyoprotein in California IBV variants identified areas that might have biologic significance for future purposes such as genetically engineered vaccines, diagnostics, and typing reagents. Collaborative efforts using subtractive hybridization to identify sequences specific for Salmonella enteritidis (SE) resulted in development of effective primer sets specific for SE. Specific differences within phage type 4 were not identified, however, a region of the genome unique to all Salmonella enteritidis phage types was identified. Specific primers for this region were developed and assessed for specificity. Comparison of the VIDAS enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay with conventional culture methods for Salmonella detection in bulk tank milk demonstrated the VIDAS to be effective, which provides a more efficient method for laboratory screening acceptable to FDA. Enoble virus related to human hepatitis E virus was identified from chickens with hepatitis-splenomaglia syndrome, a syndrome that has perplexed investigators for years. The Hepatitis E virus isolated from the chickens might be used as a model to study hepatitis E virus infection in humans. A tetratrichomonas was recognized for the first time in naturally-occurring reproductive disease in ducks. Methods were developed for the determination of grayanotoxins in biological samples by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A similar method was developed for quantitation of beta-lactam antibiotic residues in milk as a back-up to the highly sensitive, but non-specific screening test commonly used. Diagnostic methods using stains, PCR, and genetic sequencing have been optimized for the enhancement of trichomonas obtained from virgin bulls determined not to be Tritrichomonas foetus. Variability in test results inherent in a commercially available Johne's disease ELISA kit was determined, and a new interpretation scheme was developed using statistical methods. An overall seroprevelance of there was a 4.56 percent seroprevalence for Johne's disease was found in California dairy cattle using 65 representative herds. Field studies identified highest BVDV transmission rates (30-70% of calves infected) after 100 days of age in California drylot dairies, and associated risk factors included animal stocking density, exposure to BVDV PI and congenitally infected calves, and management practices that included timing of calfhood vaccination. A seroprevalence study identified an increased occurrence of equine arteritis virus exposure for horses brought into California from outside of the U.S. (18.6%), as compared to resident California horses (1.9%).

Impacts
The resources of the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System in concert with School of Veterinary Medicine researchers continue to demonstrate and investigate naturally occurring conditions of economic significance to California's production animal agriculture.

Publications

Daft, B., Read, D., Manzer, M., Bickford, A., Kinde, H. 2001 The influence of crumble and mash feed on oral lesions of white leghorn laying hens. Avian Diseases, 45:349-354.
Dhillon, A.S., Shivaprasad, H.L., Roy, P., Alisantosa, B., Schaberg, D., Bandli, D., Johnson, S. 2001 Pathogenicity of environmental origin sSalmonellas in specific pathogen-free chicks. Poultry Science, 1323-1328.
Dilmanian, F.A., Morris, G.M., LeDuc, G., Huang, X., Ren, B., Bacarian, T., Kalef-Ezra, J., Orion, I., Sandhu, T., Wu, X.Y., Zhong, Z., Shivaprasad, H.L. 2001 Response of avian embryonic brain to spatially segemented x-ray microbeams. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 47:485-494.
Dubey, J.P., Garner, M.M., Stetter, M.D., Marsh, A.E., Barr, B.C. 2001 Acute Sarcocystis falcatula-like infection in a carmine bee-eater (Merops nubicus) and immunohistochemical cross reactivity between Sarcocystis falcatula and Sarcocystis neurona. Journal of Parasitology, 87:824-832.
Haqshenas, G., Shivaprasad, H.L., Woolcock, P.R., Read, D.H. and Meng, X.J. 2001 Genetic identification and characterization of a novel virus related to human hepatitis E virus from chickens with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in the United States. Journal of General Virology, 2449-2462.
Agron, P.G., Walker, R.L., Kinde, H., Sawyer, S.J., Hayes, D.C., Wollard, J., Anderson, G. 2001 Identification by subtractive hybridization of sequences specific for Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67:4984-4991.
Anderson, R.J., House, J.K., Smith, B.P., Kinde, H., Walker, R.L., Vande Steeg, B.J., Breitmeyer, R.E. 2001 Epidemiologic and biological characteristics of salmonellosis in three dairy herds. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 219:310-322.
Valberg, S.J., Mickelson, J.R., Ward, T.L., Rush, B., Kinde, H., Hiraragi, H., Nahey, D., Fyfe, 2001 J. Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency in Quarter Horse foals. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 15:572-580.
Walker, R.L., Kinde, H., Anderson, R.J., Brown, A.E. 2001 Comparison of VIDAS enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay using Moore swab sampling and conventional culture method for Salmonella detection in bulk tank milk and in line milk filters in California dairies. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 67:123-129.
Duffield, T.F., Peregrine, A.S., McEwen, B.J., Hietala, S.K., Bagg, R., and Dick, P. 2001 Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in 25 Ontario dDairy hHerds and association with periparturient health and production. The Bovine Practioner, 35:8-12.
Moeller, R.B. . 2001 Causes of caprine abortion: diagnostic assessment of 211 cases (1991-1998). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 13:265-270.
Puschner, B., Holstege, D.M., Lamberski, N., Le, T. . 2001 Grayanotoxin poisoning in three goats. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 218:573-575.
Raymond, J.T., Garner, M.M., Nordhausen, R.W., Jacobson, E.R. . 2001 A disease resembling inclusion body disease of boid snakes in captive palm vipers (Bothriechis marchi). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 13:82-86.
Sato, K., Carpenter, T.E., Case, J.T., Walker, R.L. . 2001 Spatial and temporal clustering of Salmonella serotypes isolated from adult diarrheic dairy cattle in California. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 13:206-212.
Snowden, K., Daft, B., Nordhausen, R.W. . 2001 Morphological and molecular characterization of Encephalitozoon hellem in hummingbirds. Avian Pathology, 30:251-255.
Andrianarivo, A.G., Barr, B.C., Anderson, M.L., Rowe, J.D., Packham, A.E., Sverlow, K.W., Conrad, P.A. 2001 Immune responses in pregnant cattle and bovine fetuses following experimental infection with Neospora caninum. Parasitology Research, 87:817-825.
Chin, R.P., Goshgarian, M 2001 Infraorbital sinusitis associated with Pasteurella multocida in pen-raised ring-necked pheasants. Avian Diseases 45:540-543.
Crespo, R., Walker, R.L., Nordhausen, R., Sawyer, S.J., Manalac R.B. 2001 An outbreak of salpingitis in Pekin ducks associated with Tetratrichomonas sp. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 13:240-245.
Hullinger, P.J., Gardner, I.A., Hietala, S.K., Ferraro, G.L., MacLachlan, N.J. 2001 Seroprevalence of equine arteritis virus infection in horses residing in the United States and imported horses. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 219;7: 946-949.
Rush, D.M., Thurmond, M.C., Munoz-Zanzi, C.A., Hietala, S.K. 2001 Descriptive epidemiology of postnatal bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in intensively managed dairy heifers. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 219:10:1426-1431
Thurmond, M.C., Munoz-Zanzi, C.A., Hietala, S.K. 2001 Effect of calfhood vaccination on transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus under typical drylot dairy conditions. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 219. 968-975.
Crespo, R., Walker, R.L., Nordhausen, R., Sawye,r S.J. and Manalac, R.B. 2001 Salpingitis in Pekin ducks associated with concurrent infection with Tetratrichomonas sp. and Escherichia coli. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 13:250-245. This one is duplicated earlier in the list?
Shivaprasad, H.L., and Galey, F. 2001 Diphacinone and zinc phosphide toxicity in a flock of Peafowl. Avian Pathology. 30:599-603.
Shivaprasad, H.L., Woolcock, P.R. and McFarland, M.D. 2001 Group I Avian Adenovirus and Avian Adeno-associated virus in turkey poults with Inclusion Body Hepatitis. Avian Pathology. 30:661-666.
Roy, P., Dhillon, A.S., Shivaprasad, H.L., Schaberg, D.M., Bandli, D. and Johnson S. 2001 Pathogenicity of different sero-groups of avian sSalmonellas in specific pathogen- free chickens. Avian Diseases. 45:922-937.
Lehmkuhl, H.D., Hobbs, L.A., and Woods, L.W. 2001 Characterization of a new adenovirus isolated from black-tailed deer in California, Archives of Virology 146:1187-1196.
Rao, L., Puschner, B., Prolla, T.A. 2001 Gene expression profiling of low selenium status in the intestine of mice: evidence for oxidative stress, DNA damage, and alterations in cell cycle control. Journal of Nutrition 131(12):3175-3181.
Holstege, D.M., Puschner, B., Le, T. 2001 Determination of grayanotoxins in biological samples by LC-MS/MS. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49:1648-1651.
Miller, M.A., Sverlow, K., Crosbie, P.R., Barr, B.C., Lowenstine, L.J., Gulland, F.M., Packham, A., Conrad, P.A. . 2001 Isolation and characterization of two parasitic protozoa from a Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) with meningoencephalomyelitis. Journal of Parasitology, 87:816-822.
Miller, M.A., Crosbie, P.R., Sverlow, K., Hanni, K., Barr, B.C., Kock, N., Lowenstine, L.J., Conrad, P.A. . 2001 Isolation and characterization of Sarocystis from brain tissue of a free-living southern seaa otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) with meningoencephalitis. Parasitology Research, 87:252-257.

Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00

Outputs
The resources of the diagnostic system in concert with researchers in the school have demonstrated numerous naturally occurring conditions of economic significance to production animal agriculture. A collaborative effort with the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to investigate botulism in dairy cattle has demonstrated that the cow is 25-50 times more sensitive (per kg body weight) to the toxin than a mouse. Efforts will continue this year to determine if toxin is passed into the milk of affected cows. Another collaborative effort with LLNL, in which specific primers were developed for the detection of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) have demonstrated that SE phage type 4 is clonal as has been demonstrated by other molecular approaches. Blue-green algae was found in water samples submitted from the Sacramento River delta which were found to contain both microcystin-LA and microcystin-LR. In early 2000 eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (EEE) was isolated from the brain of a Southern California horse, which had died following an acute onset of neurologic signs. This was the first case of EEE in the western United States. Extensive surveillance of mosquitoes and sentinel chickens, wild birds and other neurologic horses did not demonstrate the presence of the EEE virus. A 3-year study was completed on equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) comparing the western blot (WB) test on cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) with postmortem pathological findings in 65 neurologic and 169 non-neurologic. The predictive value of a positive WB was found to be approximately 46 percent for an area with low disease prevalence. The test can be expected to approach 75 percent accuracy in areas of high disease prevalence; however, the ability to predict infection in normal horses was low (20 percent). The ability of a negative CSF western blot to accurately predict absence of infection was greater than 90 percent for both groups of horses. The ability of a negative serum WB test to predict absence of infection in non-neurologic horses approached 100 percent. A high number of oleander toxicosis was diagnosed in alpacas/llamas. Initial comparisons of California infectious bronchitis viruses (IBV) using cycle sequencing has allowed the grouping into six families, including one group that appears to be a recent IBV variant unique to California. Studies of femoral fractures in young male breeder turkeys demonstrated increased cortical thickness, bone stiffness and strength. However, compensation was seen to be incomplete relative to the magnitude of body weight increase. This work is expected to continue to determine micro-structural differences will be determined that occur in the femoral cortex from turkeys with and without femoral fractures. Also critical mineral and ash content will be determined from young adult male turkeys of different body weights since low mineral and ash content in bone has been associated with weak bones and poorly formed cortical bone.

Impacts
The California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System (CVDLS) provides a laboratory diagnostic program of the highest qualify for the control of disease in California livestock and poultry and protecting public health from zoonotic animal diseases. The Laboratory supports both government regulatory agencies in their efforts to control animal diseases or their spread to people and veterinary practitioners who provide primary care to food animals in the State.

Publications

Mainar-Jaime, R.C., Thurmond, M.C., Berzal-Herranz, B., Hietala, S.K. 1999. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and abortion in dairy cows in northern Spain. Veterinary Record, 145:72- 75.
Marsh, A.E., Howe, D.K., Wang, G., Barr, B.C., Cannon, N., Conrad, P.A. 1999. Differentiation of Neospora hughesi from Neospora caninum based on their immunodominant surface antigen, SAG1 and SRS2. International Journal of Parasitology, 29:1575-1582.
Puschner, B., St. Leger, J., Galey, F.D. 1999. Normal and toxic zinc concentrations in serum/plasma and liver of psittacines with respect to genus differences. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 11:522-527. Rodriguez-Lainz, A., Melendez-Retamal, P., Hird, D.W., Read, D.H., Walker R.L. 1999. Farm and host-level risk factors for papillomatous digital dermatitis in Chilean dairy cattle. Preventive Veterinary Medicine Journal, 42:87-97.
Rhyan, J.C., Wilson, K.L., Wagner, B., Anderson, M.L., BonDurant, R.H., Burgess, D.E., Mutwiri, G.K., Corbeil, L.B. 1999. Demonstration of Tritrichomonas foetus in the external genitalia and of specific antibodies in preputial secretions of naturally infected bulls. Veterinary Pathology, 36:406-411.
Singer, R.S., Jeffrey, J.S., Carpenter, T.E., Cooke, C.L., Chin, R.P., Atwill, E.R., Hirsh, D.C. 1999. Spatial heterogeneity of Escherichia coli isolated from avian cellulitis lesions in broilers. Avian Diseases, 43:756-762.
Thurmond, M.C., Hietala, S.K., Blanchard, P.C. 1999. Predictive values of fetal histopathology and immunoperoxidase staining in diagnosing bovine abortion caused by Neospora caninum in a dairy herd. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 11:90-94.
Woods, L.W., Wilson, D.W., Segall, H.J. 1999. Manipulation of injury and repair of the alveolar epithelium using two pneumotoxicants: 3-methylindole and monocrotaline. Experimental Lung Research, 25:165-81
Woods, L.W., Hanley, R.S., Chiu, P.H., Lehmkuhl, H.D., Nordhausen, R.W., Stillian, M.H., Swift, P.K. 1999. Lesions and transmission of experimental adenovirus hemorrhagic disease in black-tailed deer fawns. Veterinary Pathology, 36:100-110.
Woolums, A.R., Anderson, M.L., Gunther, R.A., Schelegle, E.S., LaRochelle, D.R., Singer, R.S., Boyle, G.A., Friebertshauser, K.E., Gershwin, L.J. 1999. Evaluation of severe disease induced by aerosol inoculation of calves with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 60:473-480.
Adaska, J.M. 1999. Peritoneal coccidioidomycosis in a mountain lion in California. Wildlife Diseases, 35:75-77. Allison, N., Moeller, R.B. Bilateral testicular leiomyosarcoma in a stallion. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 11: 179-182, 1999.
Baird, S.C., Carman, J., Dinsmore, R.P., Walker, R.L., Collins, J.K. 1999. Detection and identification of Mycoplasma from bovine mastitis infections using a nested polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 11:432-435.
BonDurant, R.H., Gajadhar, A., Campero, C.M., Johnson, E., Lun, Z.R., Nordhausen, R.W., Van Hoosear, K.A., Villanueva, M.R., Walker, R.L. 1999. Preliminary characterization of a Tritrichomonas foetus-like protozoan isolated from preputial smegma of virgin bulls. Bovine Practitioner, 124-127.
Charlton, B.R., Bickford, A.A., Walker, R.L., Yamamoto, R. 1999. Complementary randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis patterns and primer set to differentiate Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 11:158-161.
Charlton, B.R., Bickford, A.A., Chin, R.P., Walker, R.L. 1999. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates from turkeys from the Central Valley of California. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 11:408-415.
Cooper, G.L., Medina, H.A. 1999. Egg production drops in breeder turkeys associated with Western equine encephalitis virus infection. Avian Diseases, 43:136-141.
Crespo, R., Stover, S.M., Droual, R., Chin R.P., Shivaprasad, H.L. 1999. Femoral fractures in a flock of young turkeys. Avian Diseases, 43 (1): 150-154. 1999.
Crespo, R., Shivaprasad, H.L., Woolcock, P.R., Chin, R.P., Davidson-York, D., Tarbell, R. 1999. Exotic Newcastle disease in a game chicken flock. Avian Diseases, 43 (2): 349-355.
Davidson-York, D., Galey, F.D., Blanchard, P., Gardner, I.A. 1999. Selenium elimination in pigs after an outbreak of selenium toxicosis. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 11:352-357.
Davis, C.R., Barr, B.C., Pascoe, J.R., Olander, H.J., and Dubey, J.P. 1999. Hepatic sarcocystosis in a horse. Journal of Parasitology, 85:965-968.
Demirkan, I., Walker, R.L., Murray, R.D., Blowey, R.W., Carter, S.D. 1999. Serological evidence of spirochaetal infections associated with digital dermatitis in dairy cattle. The Veterinary Journal,157:69-77.
De Rosa, M., Shivaprasad, H.L. 1999. Capillariasis in a vulture guinea fowl. Avian Diseases, 43:131-135.
Dhillon, A.S., Alisantosa, B., Shivaprasad, H.L., Jack, O., Schaberg, D., Bandli, D. 1999. Pathogenicity of Salmonella enteritidis phage types 4, 8, and 23 in broiler chicks. Avian Diseases, 43:506-515.
Guitian Martinez, J., Thurmond, M.C., Hietala, S.K. 1999. Infertility and abortion among first- lactation dairy cows seropositive or seronegative for Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 215:515-518.
Hietala, S.K., Thurmond, M.C. 1999. Postnatal Neospora caninum transmission and transient serologic responses in two dairies. International Journal of Parasitology, 10:166-1676.
Jeffrey, J.S., Chin, R.P., Singer, R.S. 1999. Accessing cellulitis pathogenicity of Escherichia coli isolates in broiler chickens using an in vivo inoculation model. Avian Diseases, 43:491-496.
Lapointe, J.M., Hedges, J.F., Woods, L.W., Reubel, G.H., MacLachlan, N.J. 1999. The adenovirus that causes hemorrhagic disease of black-tailed deer is closely related to bovine adenovirus-3. Archives of Virology, 144:393-396.
Lapointe, J.M., Gulland, F.M., Haines, D.M., Barr, B.C., Duignan P.J. 1999. Placentitis due to Coxiella burnetii in a Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 11:541-543.
Lapointe, J.M., Duignan, P.J., Marsh, A.E., Gulland, F.M., Barr, B.C., Naydan, D.K., King, D.P., Farman, C.A., Huntingdon, K.A., Lowenstine, L.J. 1999. Meningoencephalitis due to a Sarcocystis neurona-like protozoan in Pacific harbor seals, Journal of Parasitology, 84:1184- 1189.
Li, S., Liu, C., Klimov, A., Subbarao, K., Perdue, M., Mo, D., Ji, Y., Woods, L., Hietala, S., Bryant, M. 1999. Recombinant influenza A virus vaccines for the pathogenic human A/Hong Kong/97 (H5N1) viruses. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 179:1132-1136.

Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99

Outputs
The resources of the diagnostic system in concert with researchers in the school have demonstrated numerous naturally occurring conditions of economic significance to production animal agriculture. Studies on papillomatous digital dermatitis (PPD) involving characterization of spirochetes isolated from lesions in California have demonstrated a similarity with those isolated in Germany and those associated with human periodontal disease. No association with PPD and foot conformation could be demonstrated, however, a strong association was observed between PPD and abnormalities in the interdigital space. An instrumental method using HPLC/MS/MS has been developed for screening of milk for the presence of b-lactams. An approach has been developed using PCR on pooled blood samples for efficient cost effective whole herd screening for detection of persistent BVDV infection. Bayesian approaches are being used to improve BVD serologic diagnostic effort and modeling is being conducted of BVD transmission within herds for improved biosecurity and development of effective vaccine programs. Cycle sequencing is being evaluated as a means of identifying variant strains of infectious bronchitis virus. Collaborative efforts are underway with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), using selective subtractive hybridization to develop specific primers for the detection of Salmonella enteritidis. Following another occurrence of botulism, which resulted in the death of 150 producing dairy cattle, a collaborative effort has been developed with LLNL to develop improved diagnostic approaches for clinically affected animals and to determine if toxin is present in the milk from affected cattle. A parvovirus was isolated and characterized from Muscovy ducks and characterization of a poultry Neisseria-like bacterium is underway. Meningoencephalitis in dairy cattle heifers due to Naegleria fowleri was recognized for a second year. The parasite was isolated and efforts were made to determine the pathogenesis. A routine postmortem program for racehorses dying or euthanized on California racetracks has been ongoing for 10 years. In addition to stress fractures in long bones and the pelvis, vertebral fractures have been documented. An increased risk for humeral fracture was demonstrated in horses coming back from a lay up and epidemiological studies continue on the effect of training intensity. CVDLS continued studies of Neospora caninum, however, attempts to corroborate previous work by producing oocysts in the dog have been unsuccessful. Repeat abortions are encountered in field conditions, however, attempts to experimentally create repeat infections have been unsuccessful. Studies are underway to develop and evaluate serologic assays for detection of Neospora hughesi in horses.

Impacts
The California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System (CVDLS) provides a laboratory diagnostic program of the highest qualify for the control of disease in California livestock and poultry and protecting public health from zoonotic animal diseases. The Laboratory supports both government regulatory agencies in their efforts to control animal diseases or their spread to people and veterinary practitioners who provide primary care to food animals in the State.

Publications

Adaska, J.M. 1999. Peritoneal coccidioidomycosis in a mountain lion in California. Wildlife Diseases, 35:75﷓77.
Allison, N., Moeller, R.B. 1999. Bilateral testicular leiomyosarcoma in a stallion. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 11: 179-182.
Baird, S.C., Carman, J., Dinsmore, R.P., Walker, R.L., Collins, J.K. 1999. Detection and identification of Mycoplasma from bovine mastitis infections using a nested polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 11:432-435.
BonDurant, R.H., Gajadhar, A., Campero, C.M., Johnson, E., Lun, Z.R., Nordhausen, R.W., Van Hoosear, K.A., Villanueva, M.R., Walker, R.L. 1999. Preliminary characterization of a Tritrichomonas foetus-like protozoan isolated from preputial smegma of virgin bulls. Bovine Practitioner, 124-127.
Charlton, B.R., Bickford, A.A., Walker, R.L., Yamamoto, R. 1999. Complementary randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis patterns and primer set to differentiate Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 11:158-161.
Charlton, B.R., Bickford, A.A., Chin, R.P., Walker, R.L. 1999. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates from turkeys from the Central Valley of California. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 11:408-415.
Cooper, G.L., Medina, H.A. 1999. Egg production drops in breeder turkeys associated with Western equine encephalitis virus infection. Avian Diseases, 43:136﷓141.
Crespo, R., Stover, S.M., Droual, R., Chin R.P., Shivaprasad, H.L. 1999. Femoral fractures in a flock of young turkeys. Avian Diseases, 43 (1): 150﷓154.
Crespo, R., Shivaprasad, H.L., Woolcock, P.R., Chin, R.P., Davidson York, D., Tarbell, R. 1999. Exotic Newcastle disease in a game chicken flock. Avian Diseases, 43 (2): 349-355.
Davidson-York, D., Galey, F.D., Blanchard, P., Gardner, I.A. 1999. Selenium elimination in pigs after an outbreak of selenium toxicosis. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 11:352-357.
Davis, C.R., Barr, B.C., Pascoe, J.R., Olander, H.J., and Dubey, J.P. 1999. Hepatic sarcocystosis in a horse. Journal of Parasitology, 85:965-968.
Demirkan, I., Walker, R.L., Murray, R.D., Blowey, R.W., Carter, S.D. 1999. Serological evidence of spirochaetal infections associated with digital dermatitis in dairy cattle. The Veterinary Journal, 157:69-77.
De Rosa, M., Shivaprasad, H.L. 1999. Capillariasis in a vulture guinea fowl. Avian Diseases, 43:131-135.
Dhillon, A.S., Alisantosa, B., Shivaprasad, H.L., Jack, O., Schaberg, D., Bandli, D. 1999. Pathogenicity of Salmonella enteritidis phage types 4, 8, and 23 in broiler chicks. Avian Diseases, 43:506-515.
Guitian Martinez, J., Thurmond, M.C., Hietala, S.K. 1999. Infertility and abortion among first- lactation dairy cows seropositive or seronegative for Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 215:515-518.
Hietala, S.K., Thurmond, M.C. 1999. Postnatal Neospora caninum transmission and transient serologic responses in two dairies. International Journal of Parasitology, 10:166-1676.
Jeffrey, J.S., Chin, R.P., Singer, R.S. 1999. Accessing cellulitis pathogenicity of Escherichia coli isolates in broiler chickens using an in vivo inoculation model. Avian Diseases, 43:491-496.
Lapointe, J.M., Hedges, J.F., Woods, L.W., Reubel, G.H., MacLachlan, N.J. 1999. The adenovirus that causes hemorrhagic disease of black-tailed deer is closely related to bovine adenovirus﷓3. Archives of Virology, 144:393-396.
Lapointe, J.M., Gulland, F.M., Haines, D.M., Barr, B.C., Duignan P.J. 1999. Placentitis due to Coxiella burnetii in a Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 11:541-543.
Lapointe, J.M., Duignan, P.J., Marsh, A.E., Gulland, F.M., Barr, B.C., Naydan, D.K., King, D.P., Farman, C.A., Huntingdon, K.A., Lowenstine, L.J. 1999. Meningoencephalitis due to a Sarcocystis neurona-like protozoan in Pacific harbor seals, Journal of Parasitology, 84:1184-1189.
Li, S., Liu, C., Klimov, A., Subbarao, K., Perdue, M., Mo, D., Ji, Y., Woods, L., Hietala, S., Bryant, M. 1999. Recombinant influenza A virus vaccines for the pathogenic human A/Hong Kong/97 (H5N1) viruses. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 179:1132-1136.
Mainar-Jaime, R.C., Thurmond, M.C., Berzal-Herranz, B., Hietala, S.K. 1999. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and abortion in dairy cows in northern Spain. Veterinary Record, 145:72-75.
Marsh, A.E., Howe, D.K., Wang, G., Barr, B.C., Cannon, N., Conrad, P.A. 1999. Differentiation of Neospora hughesi from Neospora caninum based on their immunodominant surface antigen, SAG1 and SRS2. International Journal of Parasitology, 29:1575-1582.
Puschner, B., St. Leger, J., Galey, F.D. 1999. Normal and toxic zinc concentrations in serum/plasma and liver of psittacines with respect to genus differences. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 11:522-527.
Rodriguez-Lainz, A., Melendez-Retamal, P., Hird, D.W., Read, D.H., Walker R.L. 1999. Farm and host-level risk factors for papillomatous digital dermatitis in Chilean dairy cattle. Preventive Veterinary Medicine Journal, 42:87-97.
Rhyan, J.C., Wilson, K.L., Wagner, B., Anderson, M.L., BonDurant, R.H., Burgess, D.E., Mutwiri, G.K., Corbeil, L.B. 1999. Demonstration of Tritrichomonas foetus in the external genitalia and of specific antibodies in preputial secretions of naturally infected bulls. Veterinary Pathology, 36:406-411.
Singer, R.S., Jeffrey, J.S., Carpenter, T.E., Cooke, C.L., Chin, R.P., Atwill, E.R., Hirsh, D.C. 1999. Spatial heterogeneity of Escherichia coli isolated from avian cellulitis lesions in broilers. Avian Diseases, 43:756-762.
Thurmond, M.C., Hietala, S.K., Blanchard, P.C. 1999. Predictive values of fetal histopathology and immunoperoxidase staining in diagnosing bovine abortion caused by Neospora caninum in a dairy herd. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 11:90-94.
Woods, L.W., Wilson, D.W., Segall, H.J. 1999. Manipulation of injury and repair of the alveolar epithelium using two pneumotoxicants: 3-methylindole and monocrotaline. Experimental Lung Research, 25:165-181
Woods, L.W., Hanley, R.S., Chiu, P.H., Lehmkuhl, H.D., Nordhausen, R.W., Stillian, M.H., Swift, P.K. 1999. Lesions and transmission of experimental adenovirus hemorrhagic disease in black﷓tailed deer fawns. Veterinary Pathology, 36:100-110.
Woolums, A.R., Anderson, M.L., Gunther, R.A., Schelegle, E.S., LaRochelle, D.R., Singer, R.S., Boyle, G.A., Friebertshauser, K.E., Gershwin, L.J. 1999. Evaluation of severe disease induced by aerosol inoculation of calves with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 60:473-480.

Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98

Outputs
The resources of the diagnostic system in concert with researchers in the school have demonstrated numerous naturally occurring conditions of economic significance to production animal agriculture. CVDLS has continued studies of Neospora caninum, that resulted in an ELISA test for serologic diagnosis of Neospora in cattle, a modified agglutination test for serologic diagnosis in other species, and preliminary development of a killed parasite vaccine. Epidemiologic studies have continued to define the role of the parasite in dairy herd economics, including increased abortion risk, decreased milk production, and early culling among infected cattle. Experimental inoculation studies have been ongoing to corroborate other studies on the definitive host for Neospora caninum. In 1993, an epizootic of hemorrhagic disease responsible for the death of 1,000's of deer in over 17 counties of central and northern California was attributed to a newly recognized adenovirus. This novel adenovirus was isolated, purified and used to reproduce the disease in black-tailed deer yearlings, black-tailed deer fawns and white-tailed deer. Preliminary characterization of the deer adenovirus suggests that this is a novel virus. Similarities between the deer virus and bovine adenovirus types 3, 5 and 7 have been found. An ELISA has been developed with results that correlate well with serum virus neutralization test results. CVDLS recently confirmed adenovirus infection by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy in an outbreak in farmed white-tailed deer in Iowa and in a Canadian moose. Studies on papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) have continued in the areas of pathogenesis, etiology and immunoprophylaxis. These studies have included investigation into lesion genesis using a experimental model we developed, genetic characterization of spirochetes associated with the disease and preliminary trials on immunoprophylaxis using organisms commonly recovered from PDD lesions. A routine post mortem program for race horses dying or euthanized on California racetracks has been ongoing for nine years. The role of previously undiagnosed stress fractures in subsequent catastrophic injuries continues to be expanded beyond the early focus on humeral, scapular and pelvic fractures. Evidence from detailed epidemiologic studies indicates that use of toe grabs and the height of the toe grabs are related to catastrophic limb injuries. Suspensory apparatus injuries were almost seven times more likely if the difference between toe and heel angle was 10 degrees or greater. Prompt recognition of exotic Newcastle disease in Fresno backyard chickens resulted in prompt contamination and eradication of the disease before spread to commercial poultry in the region. Several outbreaks of botulism were diagnosed with the most serious resulting in the death of 430 dairy cattle.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Allan, G.M., McNeilly, F., Kennedy, S., Daft, B.M., Clark, E.G., Ellis, J.A., Haines, D.M., Meeban, B.M., Adair, B.M. 1998. Isolation of porcine circovirus-like viruses from pigs with a wasting disease in the USA and Europe. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 10:3-10.
Corbeil, L.B., Anderson, M.L., Corbeil, R.R., Eddow, J.M., BonDurant, R.H. 1998. Female reproductive tract immunity in bovine trichomoniasis. American Journal of Reproduction Immunology, 39:189-198.
Gustafson, C.R., Cooper, G.L., Charlton, B.R., Bickford, A.A. 1998. Pasteurella multocidainfection involving cranial air spaces in White Leghorn chickens. Avian Diseases, 42: 413-417.
Kinde, H., Visvesvara, G.S., Barr, B.C., Nordhausen, R.W., Chiu, H.W. 1998. Amebic meningoencephalitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris (Leptomyxid ameba) in a horse. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 10:378-381.
Marsh, A.E., Barr, B.C., Packham, A.E., Conrad, P.A. 1998. Description of a new Neospora species (Protozoa: Apicomplexa Sarcocystidae). Journal of Parasitology, 84:987-991
Mikolon, A.B., Gardner, I.A., De Anda, J.H., Hietala, S.K. 1998. Risk factors for brucellosis seropositivity of goat herds in the Mexicali Valley of Baja California, Mexico. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 37:185-195.
Plumlee, K.H., Johnson, B., Galey, F.D. 1998. Comparison of disease in calves dosed orally with oak or commercial tannic acid. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 10:263-267.
Puschner, B., Galey, F.D., Holstege, D.M., Palazoglu, M. 1998. Sweet clover poisoning in dairy cattle in California. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 212:857-859.
Read, D.H. and Walker, R.L. 1998. Papillomatous digital dermatitis (footwarts) in California dairy cattle: clinical and gross pathologic findings. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 10:67-76.
Singer, R.S., Case, J.T., Carpenter, T.E., Walker, R.L., Hirsh, D.C. 1998. Assessment of spatial and temporal clustering of ampicillin-and tetracycline-resistant strains of Pasteurella multocida and P. haemolytica isolated from cattle in California. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 212:1001-1005.

Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97

Outputs
The Laboratory's blood typing services provide bases for studies of systems of red-cell, serum and DNA genetic markers which enhance techniques of parentage analysis of horses, cattle, sheep, goats, llamas, alpacas and dogs; studies of horse and cattle breed relationships through gene frequency analysis, study of the srole of chromosome abnormalities in infertility; study of the model of inheritance of suspected heriditary diseases; and research on llama and alpaca blood groups, use of DNA micro satellites to detect diseases of genetic origin; the development of bar-coding and image-scanning computer systems for biomedical data capture, analysis, and reporting; and development of automated methods for the accurate and rapid evaluation of antigen/antibody blood typing reactions using Fourier transforms and neural networks; DNA testing of genetic disease Hyperkalemic periodic analysis (HYPP) in horses.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

A complete listing of publications may be found at the CVDLS office, School of Veterinary Medicine, Univeristy of California Davis