Progress 07/01/05 to 06/30/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A column study of the mobility of fertilizer K and P was conducted using peat soils obtained from fields of two wild rice growers. The sample sites were chosen to represent areas where there has been good crop production with maintenance of adequate soil test values for P and K and areas where crop production has been poor. The soils are somewhat acid with pH values with pH values of 5.5 to 6.6 and are highly organic with loss on ignition of 51 to 88%. These types soils have a high potential for the leaching of potassium (K) ions and we hypothesized some of these soils may have a quite high potential for the leaching of phosphate (P) ions. PARTICIPANTS: PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: Project leader: Paul R. Bloom, University of Minnesota, St. Paul MN; Participating Scientists: Carl Rosen, University of Minnesota, St. Paul MN. TARGET AUDIENCES: 1. Wild rice growers in Minnesota. 2. Scientist studying the dynamics of nutrients in organic soils. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Results of grid sampling on one of the farms suggested poor retention of both soil P and K that was associated with poor crop production and low soil mineral content. Column leaching was conducted in 7.5 cm diameter columns with 30 cm of soil packed to a bulk density of 0.25. Both KCl and KH2PO4 were added in the top 10 cm. When completed the data will be include leachate concentrations of P and K for 6 pore volumes. Leaching data for only the first 2 pore volumes are available. These data show that for potassium 25 to 79% of the added K leached from the columns, with the least leaching from the soil with the greatest mineral content. This shows the expected low retention of K and illustrates the need to manage K differently in very high organic matter soils. The P data showed a wider range of outcomes with fractions of 0.2% to 58% of the added P collected in the leachate. Again, the greatest retention was in the soil with the highest mineral content. This demonstrates the need to consider P retention potential in the management of P in some very high organic matter peat soils.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A field evaluation of the performance of Environmentally Sensitive Nitrogen (ESN), a polymer coated urea, were continued on a wild a rice farm in northeastern Minnesota on peat soils. Also a column study of the mobility of fertilizer K and P was initiated using soils obtained from fields of two wild rice growers. The sample sites were chosen to represent area where there has been good crop production with maintenance of adequate soil test values for P and K and areas where crop production has been poor. PARTICIPANTS: Project leader: Paul R. Bloom, University of Minnesota, St. Paul MN; Participating Scientists: Carl Rosen and James Bell, University of Minnesota, St. Paul MN. TARGET AUDIENCES: 1. Wild rice growers in Minnesota. 2. Scientist studying the dynamics of N, P and K in wetland soils. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Previous ESN data obtained from buried mesh bags indicated that ESN N fertilizer should be a good product for wild rice growers to use as a source of fall applied N when flooding cannot be done in the fall. However, our field crop production data indicate that ESN is not as good a product as buried the bag data suggest. Recent data we have obtained in collaboration with Minnesota potato growers indicates that the polymer coating of ESN can be damaged by handling and spreading and it is possible for more for > 40% of the coated prills to have enough damage for the rapid release of the urea N. Air spreaders are worse than drop spreaders with spinners. Monitoring of crop yields on peat soils with less than 30% mineral content shows these soils have consistently poor production for wild rice and rotational crops like soybeans and wheat. Results of grid sampling on one of the farms in our P and K mobility study associated poor retention of soil P and K and poor crop production with lower soil mineral content. Apparently P and K are leaching from the surface soil after the normal fall application.
Publications
- Berryman, E.M., R.T. Venterea, J.M. Baker, P.R. Bloom, and B. Elf. 2009. Phosphorus and Greenhouse Gas Dynamics in a Drained Calcareous Wetland Soil in Minnesota. Journal of Environmental Quality 38:2147-2158.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A field evaluation of the performance of Environmentally Sensitive Nitrogen (ESN) , a polymer coated urea, was conducted on a wild rice farm in northeastern Minnesota on peat soils. A field study, in corn, of the performance of infrared CO2 sensors buried in soil as an alternative to periodic soil gas sampling with GC analysis was completed. T We continued data collection and interim data reporting of 9 soil hydrology monitoring sites across Minnesota. PARTICIPANTS: Participating Scientists: C. Edward Clapp. USDA-ARS St. Paul MN; Asher Bar-Tal The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan Israe TARGET AUDIENCES: 1. Wild rice growers in Minnesota. 2. Scientist studying the dynamics of C and N in soils. 3. Wetland soil delineators. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The ESN data suggest that this slow release N fertilizer could be a good product for wild rice growers to use as a source of fall applied N when flooding cannot be done in the fall. Mesh bags with 3.0g of ESN were buried in the plow layer in ESN and anhydrous N control fertilizer treatment strips in late October 2007 (soil temperature < 12 C) in fields that were not flooded until spring 2008. The bags were harvested once in the fall and 4 times after flooding in 2008. Mesh bags harvested in Dec. of 2007 showed only a 7% loss of N, a very acceptable value for fall loss of N. Release in of N from the ESN in determined in 2008 was 15 -20 % in mid April, 30 to 40% in mid June, 50 - 65% in early July, and 75 to 90% in late July. The release rates were in the range expected based on the previous laboratory study. Tissue N concentrations obtained in early July indicate that ESN release to plants was sufficient to supply high N at least up to the normal time for the first topdress application. Fall applied ESN, when added at high enough rate , might be useful as slow release source of N to reduce topdress applications during the growing season. Sensors that can rapidly respond to changes in CO2 can yield a useful understanding of the dynamics of CO2 concentrations at depth in soils. The results showed that the sensor data were generally comparable to the GC results; except for the very significant short-term peaks after rainfall events that were detected by the sensors. The CO2 peaks after rainfall events illustrates the importance of air filled porosity in the transport of CO2 out of the soil and the role of soil water in inhibiting gaseous diffusion in soils. When water fills soil pores after a rainfall event transport of soil gases out of the soils is greatly decreased and CO2 peaks are observed. Hydrologic monitoring will improve our understanding of water movement in deep loess soils and assist in understanding water quality issues related to land management on these soils.
Publications
- John Beck. 2008. Soil genesis and hydrology in a loess-derived soil landscape of southeastern Minnesota. Thesis (M.S.), University of Minnesota.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The release of urea from Environmentally Sensitive Nitrogen (ESN) a polymer coated urea, was evaluated in two peat soils from wild rice paddies, at 5, 12, 19, and 25 C, under field-moist and flooded conditions. The release rates are highly temperature dependent and in both soils, with and without flooding, the rates are similar at 5 and 12 C but at the higher two temperatures the rates were higher in field moist soil compared to the flooded soil. A three-yea field study of soil carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) under corn at the University of Minnesota U More Park research station was terminated. The study was conducted in a mollisol with soil gas concentrations determined at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 cm depths with and without exclusion of corn roots. Root exclusion was accomplished with trenching and the insertion of a geotechnical barrier. Concentrations of CO2 and N2O were determined by gas chromatography on weekly samples and CO2 was also determined using
Vaisala GMT220 infrared CO2 sensors at 15 min intervals. Comparison between CO2 sensor and GC data showed that the sensors measurements are realistic but that the sensors yielded important detail, especially the short term peaks in CO2 concentrations after rainfall events. The CO2 concentrations were generally lower with root exclusion. A companion three-year study under irrigated sweet corn was completed at the Volcani Institute in Israel where two organic wastes (corn residues and chicken manure compost) were used as soil amendments. Fluxes of CO2 and N2O were measured under two management practices, tillage and no tillage. Application of the organic wastes resulted in higher fluxes of CO2 and N2O within several days of application, lasting about two months. The N2O fluxes reached 4 kg N*ha-1day-1. The CO2 fluxes showed that nearly all the C in the applied residues was lost after two months by biological oxidation.
PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: Project leaders: Paul R. Bloom a Jean-Alex Molina, University of Minnesota Participating Scientists: C. Edward Clapp and Rodney Venterea, USDA-ARS, St. Paul, MN. Postdoctoral Fellow: Yi Zhang, University of Minnesota Graduates student: Daniel Lee, University of Minnesota Partner Organizations: 1. USDA ARS St. Paul MN 2. A.R.O. The Volcani Center Bet Dagan, Israel, 50250 Collaborators: 1. Asher Bar-Tal, Soil Scienist, The Volcani Center 2. Hadar Heller, Postdoctoral Fellow, The Volcani Center Training: University of Minnesota: 1 post doc and 1 graduates student. Israel, 1 post doc
TARGET AUDIENCES: 1. Wild rice growers in Minnesota. 2. Scientist studying the dynamics of C and N in soils.
Impacts
The ESN data demonstrate that if ESN is used at in fall fertilization wild rice paddies when the soil temperature is less than 12 C the due to N oxidation to nitrate will be much less that 20%. The drawback of ESN may be the release rate is not fast enough during the rapid growth period in late June and early July. Field evaluations on a farm are ongoing to determine the effectiveness of ESN in grower paddies. The Minnesota soil gas data demonstrates the importance of rainfall events on the concentration of soil gases. Sensors that can rapidly respond to changes in CO2 can yield a useful understanding of the dynamics of CO2 concentrations at depth in soils. When water fills soil pores after a rainfall event transport of soil gases out of the soils is greatly decreases and CO2 peaks are observed. The Israel soil gas flux data demonstrate that the effects of organic residues is rather short-term and under the rather high temperature conditions in Israel C is rapidly lost
as CO2. The sequestration of C in soils is difficult under these conditions
Publications
- Heller, H., Tamir, G., Zhang, Y., Molina, J.A.E., Clapp, E.C., Venterea, R.T., Hadas, A. , Fine, P. and Bar-Tal, A. Organic residues and tillage effects on CO2 and N2O emissions. Proc. International Symposium on Organic Matter Dynamics in Agro-Ecosystems. July 16-19, 2007. Poitiers, France. p. 446-447.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
A competitive-ligand, equilibrium-dialysis technique with bromide as the competitive ligand was used to measure binding strengths of methyl-Hg+ (MeHg) with reduced S (Sred) sites in Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA). The the data suggest that MeHg is binding to a weak acid site with a pK of about 4, much lower than is usually expected for thiols. This results in pH independent binding at most environmental pH values. USDA-ARS and the University of Minnesota are conducting a long-term field experimental at the Rosemount research station to study the effects of nitrogen, residues and tillage management on CO2 and N2O . Fluxes of CO2 and N2O have been regularly measured through the 2006 growing seasons in the corn experimental plots using the dynamic chamber method. Gas samples were collected at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 cm depths, and concentrations of CO2 and N2O were determined by gas chromatography. Comparison between CO2 probe's data and GC's data with gas samples
enables us to gain further understanding about the behavior and dynamics of soil gases in the Root activity and root exclusion plots. A project was initiated in southeastern Minnesota to evaluate water movement in deep loess soils. Five nests of piezometers, wells, tensiometers, and thermocouples were installed within a sub watershed. Approximately 50 deep soil cores indicated evidence of water movement at base of the Bt horizon and above a layer of Pre-Wisconsinan till over the bedrock. We continued investigation into the mineralogy associated with active and relic soil redoximorphic features.
Impacts
The mercury study provides data that emphasizes the importance of NOM in the mobility and retention of methyl Hg in soils. The thermodynamic data will be of use to environmental modelers in modeling the behavior of Hg2+. The set of CO2 and N2O data gathered in 2006 will provide information to validate the model of gas dynamics in soil once it is included as a subroutine in the NCSWAP model. Hydrologic monitoring will improve our understanding of water movement in deep loess soils to assist with water quality issues related to land management on these soils. The investigation into the mineralogy associated with active and relic soil redoximorphic features will help provide accurate interpretations of soil wetness conditions from soil morphology and has applications for wetland delineation, septic site evaluation, and other land management activities.
Publications
- Bloom, P.R., and H.J. Schumer 2006. Soil test P in organic soils and response of wild rice to P fertilization Minnesota Wild Rice Research, 2005. Minnesota Agriculture Experiment Station. St Paul MN
- Bloom, PR, AR. Khwaja, PL. Brezonik and UL Skyllberg. 2006. pH independent binding of methyl-Hg+ by NOM thiol S at pH > 4. 8th Internat. Conf on Mrecury as a Global Pollutant, Aug. 6 -11 Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
- Dolliver, H.A.S. and J.C. Bell. 2006. Using scientific visualization to represent soil hydrology dynamics. Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education 35:5-11.
- Khwaja, A.R., P.R. Bloom, and P.L. Brezonik (2006) Binding Constants of Divalent Mercury (Hg2+) in Soil Humic Acids and Soil Organic Matter. Environ. Sci. and Tech. 40(3); 844-849. Lee, D.T. , Y. Zhang, C. E. Clapp, J.A.E Molina1, D. Chen3 and A.J. Palazzo 2006.
- Measurement of carbon dioxide concentrations at various soil depths comparing sensor and gas chromatography data. Annual Meeting Abstracts (CD-ROM), Nov. 12- 16, 2006, Indianapolis, IN, Amer. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI.
- Zhang, Y., C.E. Clapp, J.A.E Molina and D.T. Lee. 2006. Isotopic N and C kinetics in soil and corn over 25 years with different managements. Y. Zhang1, C.E. Clapp2, J.A.E Molina1 and D.T. Lee1
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
In 2005 we completed our Hg2+ bonding studies in (NOM). At environmentally realistic Hg/C ratios, Hg2+ is bonded to two or more thiol S groups. Our Koc ([HA-Hg/[Hg2+]) values ranged from10(22) at pH 2 to 10(33) at pH 6 in IHSS Pahokee Peat humic acid (HA). The apparent formation constant, K, for RS-Hg-SR sites increased linearly with pH from 10(41) at pH 2 to 10(44) at pH 6. The slope of the plot of K vs. pH was 0.65, suggesting some participation of a third weak acid group on bonding, possibly another RSH group. Results for six soil HA samples from a forest in Northern Minnesota and an associated SOM sample were consistent with the Pahokee Peat results. Our greenhouse gas activities were focused on the continuation of the monitoring of soil CO2 and N2O in corn plots in a mollisol. Soil CO2 probes (Vaisala GMT220 transmitter with CARBOCAP sensor) were operated at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 cm depths. Soil-to-atmosphere gas fluxes were obtained using enclosed gas
flux-chamber methods in real time in the field.
Impacts
The mercury study provides data that emphasizes the importance of NOM in the mobility and retention of Hg2+ in soils. These thermodynamic data will be of use to environmental modelers in modeling the behavior of Hg2+. The set of CO2 and N2O data gathered in 2005 will provide information to validate the model of gas dynamics in soil once it is included as a subroutine in the NCSWAP model. The writing of the subroutine will start in spring 2006.
Publications
- Chen, D., J.A.E. Molina, C. E. Clapp, R. T. Venterea, and A. J. Palazzo. 2005. Corn Root Influence on Automated Measurement of Soil CO2 Concentration. Soil Science, 170:779-787.
- Khwaja,A.R., P.R. Bloom, and P.L. Brezonik. 2005. Binding Constants of Divalent Mercury (Hg2+) in Soil Humic Acids and Soil Organic Matter. Environ. Sci. and Tech. (Accepted 11-9-05).
- Shenker, M. and P.R. Bloom. 2005. Comments on Amounts, Forms, and Solubility of Phosphorus in Soils Receiving Manure. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 69: 1353-1354.
- Bloom, Paul, Kim Grosenheider, Michael Friend, Thomas Halbach, and Marilyn Johnson.2005. Environmental Assessment of Coal Fly Ash for Soil Stabilization. Annual Meeting Abstracts (CD-ROM), Nov. 6 - 10 2005, Salt Lake City UT, Amer. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI.
- Bloom PR, Khwaja AR, Brezonik PL 2005. Hg2+ bonding in soil humic acid and equilibrium partitioning in suspension. Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts 2005. 15th Annual Goldschmidt Conference: 20-25 May 2005. Moscow, Idaho. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69:A542-A542 Suppl. S, May 2005.
- Bloom, P.R., and H.J. Schumer. 2005. Soil and Drainage water P in Peatland Paddies Minnesota Wild Rice Research, 2004. Minnesota Agriculture Experiment Station. St Paul MN.
- Chen, D., C. Edward Clapp, Jean-Alex E. Molina, Rodney T. Venterea, Antonio J. Palazzo, and Yi Zhang. 2005. Contributions of Corn Root Activities and Bulk Soils to Total Soil CO2 Production. Annual Meeting Abstracts (CD-ROM), Nov. 6, 2005. Salt Lake City, UT. Amer. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
We identified and instrumented six long-term soil hydrology monitoring sites in problem soil areas of Minnesota including drumlin soils, red parent material soils, and potentially relict redox featured soils. We also monitored these and six other long-term sites across Minnesota. We initiated a project on seasonal wetlands in collaboration with the US Forest Service in Northern Minnesota where we instrumented seven seasonal wetlands to monitor water levels and temperature biweekly. We initiated a project to study the mineralogy and formation of redoximorphic features and try to distinguish active redoximorphic features from relict features of a previous soil hydrologic regime. We conducted research to verify the capability of the NCSWAP/NCSOIL model to simulate the dynamics of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) in corn. Corn roots released 24% of total N uptake but the recycling of rhizodeposition-N into corn plants mitigated much of this. We evaluated methods to calculate
the production of CO2 due to degradation of soil organic mater using an automated CO2 measurement system with CO2 sensors located at 10-, 20-, 40 and 60-cm depths. We initiated a study of the effects of management on phosphorus (P) in concentrations in floodwater and drainage water in wild rice paddies on peat soils.
Impacts
The morphology studies provide scientific information to aid in site evaluation for individual sewage treatment systems and identification of jurisdictional wetlands. These activities are critical to prevent contamination of ground and surface waters, insure properly operating septic systems, and compliance with state regulations including the wetland conservation act. The C and N studies provide information to scientists that will guide management to maintain beneficial levels of organic carbon and nitrogen in the soil. The P studies will assist wild rice growers in reducing the cost of P fertilization while minimizing impacts of P on algal growth in paddies and on water quality in surface waters that receive drainage water.
Publications
- Molina, J.A.E., C.E. Clapp, R.R. Allmaras, and M.F. Layese. 2004. Simulation of nitrogen rhizodeposition and assimilation back into corn (Zea mays L.) roots. Soil Soil. Biochem. 36 (In press).
- Molina, J.A.E., Clapp C.E., Linden, D.R., Allmaras, R.R., Layese, M.F., Dowdy, R.H. Cheng, H.H. Incorporation of corn (Zea mays L.) carbon from roots and rhizodeposition into soil organic matter. Soil Biology Biochemistry. 2001. 33:83-92.
- Bloom, P.R., and H.J. Schumer 2004. Field evaluation of nitrogen fertilization practices of wild rice on peat soils. Minnesota Wild Rice Research, 2003. Minnesota Agriculture Experiment Station. St Paul MN.
- Bloom, P.R., J.R. Crum and M.E. Pohl. 2004 Characterization and classification of come coils in the lowlands of Northern Belize. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Florida Proc. Vol 63:59-72.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
We continued our efforts to monitor soil hydrology by establishing 5 additional monitoring sites, primarily in northern Minnesota. The purpose is to correlate long-term hydrology with soil morphological features for research and education in hydric soil identification and site evaluation for on-site sewage treatment systems. We developed visualization tools to show how soil water tables fluctuate through time for a landscape. The visualization tools to slice through a virtual landscape to observe water table movements through time along user-defined transects. We initiated a study in northern Minnesota focusing on the dynamics, chemical composition, and hydrology of forested seasonal wetlands. We completed a 2-yr. on-farm strip trial study of N topdressing. The results showed that at least one 110 kg/ha application of urea at early to mid flowering is needed to produce good yields. At one site an additional early application gave increased yields while at another site
a second application at late flowering was effective. We continued to use modeling to quantitatively describe the N dynamics in a long-term continuous corn experiment started in 1980 for which 15N data are available. When corn stover was removed, the simulated denitrification losses were less and NO3- leaching losses were greater than when crop residue was returned. Simulated losses by both means were greater at 200 compared to 20 kg N ha-1 fertilization. Total losses of N were no more than 25% of applied N, but were somewhat larger than estimates obtained from most field observations.
Impacts
The results will help with the interpretation of seasonally high water table depths from soil morphology. This information is being used by professionals involved with site evaluation for wetland (hydric soil) delineation and individual sewage treatment systems in Minnesota. The results are also used at the national level to improve our understanding of hydric soils for regulatory purposes and aquic soils for soil classification. Our results with wild rice suggest growers apply one or two topdresses of urea to maximize economic yields. The simulation of long-term N dynamics in corn produced a better quantitative understanding of the fertilizer N use efficiencies and N losses.
Publications
- Reuter, R. J. and J. C. Bell. 2003. Hillslope hydrology and soil morphology for a wetland basin in south-central Minnesota. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 67:365-372
- Swanson, H. A. 2003. Using quantitative landscape modeling and scientific visualization to characterize soil hydrologic dynamics. M. S. Thesis. University of Minnesota. St. Paul, MN.
- Bloom, P.R., and H.J. Schumer. 2003. Field evaluation of nitrogen fertilization practices of wild rice on peat soils. Minnesota Wild Rice Research, 2002. Minnesota Agriculture Experiment Station. St Paul MN.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
We installed water table monitoring equipment on two hillslopes at the Waseca Research and Outreach Center. This experiment is designed to examine the effects of tile drainage on seasonal water table fluctuations since one hillslope is drained and the other not drained. Data collection was initiated in November. We identified a second site for wet soil monitoring in red lacustrine sediments south of Lake Superior. This site is being established to study the development (or lack thereof) of redoximorphic features in red soils. We completed a 2-yr. study of the effect of micronutrients, lime, and S on the production of wild rice in paddies where production is typically low. The study included field strip trials and growth in pots in the greenhouse. Plant tissue data, harvest biomass, and grain yield show that addition of lime, Mn, Cu, Mg and a combination treatment of all 4 elements plus B, Mo, and Zn were not effective in increasing yield. Study of fertility response
in pots is difficult because of Fe deficiency occurs, even after preflooding for 2 weeks. An on-farm strip trial of N topdressing showed that the one 110 kg/ha application at early to mid flowering gave the most economic yield increase. Modeling of N dynamics using data from long-term N-15 plots in continuous corn and the NCSWAP/NCSOIL model was continued. The model accurately predicted N-15 in the soil organic matter at 0- to 15-cm depths for the two fertilizer rates and two residue management systems.
Impacts
The results help with the interpretation of seasonally high water table depths from soil morphology. This information is being used by professionals involved in site evaluation for wetland (hydric soil) delineation and individual sewage treatment systems in Minnesota. The results are also used at the national level to improve our understanding of hydric soils for regulatory purposes and aquic soils for soil classification. Our results with wild rice suggest micronutrient and S additions to wild rice may not improve yields. The NCSWAP/NCSOIL model can be used to simulate long-term N dynamics in row crops.
Publications
- Bloom, P.R., H.J. Schumer and T. Carson. 2002. Factors Limiting Yield of Wild Rice in Paddies and Natural Stands. Minnesota Wild Rice Research, 2001. Minnesota Agriculture Experiment Station. St Paul MN
- Layese, M.F., C.E. Clapp, R.R. Allmaras, D.R Linden, J.A.E.,Molina. and J.M. Baker. 2002. Corn response to long-term tillage, residue and nitrogen management. Annual Meeting Abstracts (CD-ROM), Nov. 10 - 14, 2003, Indianapolis, IN, Amer. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI.
- Layese, M.F., C.E. Clapp, R.R. Allmaras, D.R. Linden, S.M. Copeland, J.A.E. Molina and R.H. Dowdy. 2002. Current and relic carbon using natural abundance carbon-13. Soil Science 167:315-326.
- Lee, D.T., J.A.E. Molina, C.E. Clapp, R.S. Vial, M.F. Layese, M.A, Miller, M.H.B. Hayes, A.J. Palazzo, and J.M. Baker. 2002. Modeling nitrogen transformations during a long-term incubation. Annual Meeting Abstracts (CD-ROM), Nov. 10 - 14, 2003, Indianapolis, IN. Amer. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI.
- Reuter, R.J. and J. C. Bell. 2001. Soils and Hydrology of a Wet-Sandy Catena in East-Central Minnesota. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 65: 1559-1569.
- Strock, J.S., J.A.E. Molina, and D.R. Huggins. Nitrogen fertilization effects on yield and simulated nitrogen budgets. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting Abstracts (CD-ROM), Nov. 10 - 14, 2003, Indianapolis, IN. Amer. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
In the continuing study of hydromorphic soils, biweekly long-term monitoring of water table levels, soil temperature, and redox potential were measured at several hillslopes throughout Minnesota and data were collected and compiled for a publication on the wet soils of Minnesota. The extension publication, "Wetlands of Minnesota" is in the final stages of editing. Multiple workshops were presented throughout the state on the morphology of wet soils. As in 2000, field strip trials were conducted on two farms in two wildrice-growing areas to determine the effect of S and micronutrients additions on wildrice production. Five treatments: S, Mn, Cu, Mg and a combination treatment of all 4 elements plus B, Mo, and Zn were applied at the early aerial stage. Plant tissue data, harvest biomass, and grain yield show that the fertility treatments were not effective in increasing yield. Pot studies were also conducted using soils from the field sites. These data suggest that
addition of gypsum can increase yields. Data from long-term N-15 plots in continuous corn were used to evaluate the capability of the NCSWAP/NCSOIL model to simulate the N dynamics. The model accurately predicted N-15 in the soil organic matter at 0- to 15-cm depths for the two fertilizer rates and two residue management systems. The predicted cumulative N lost over 12-years indicates more NO3 leaching for treatments with residue removed than where residue was returned. Higher denitrification rates were predicted for the treatments with residue returned compared to treatments with residue removed.
Impacts
Our work has led to a more scientifically based approach to delineation of hydric soils and a better understanding of the distribution and behavior of wet soils in Minnesota. Our results suggest micronutrient additions to wildrice may not improve yields but gypsum is worthy of further study. The NCSWAP/NCSOIL model can be used to simulate long-term N dynamics in row crops.
Publications
- Bloom, P.R., and R.F. Nyvall 2001. Fertility and Interaction of Fertility with Tilt in Control of Brown Spot. Minnesota Wild Rice Research, 1999/2000. Minnesota Agriculture Experiment Station. St Paul MN.
- Bloom, P.R., and H.J. Schumer and T. Carson. 2001. Response of Wild Rice on Poor Soils to Sulfur and Micronutrients. Minnesota Wild Rice Research, 1999/2000. Minnesota Agriculture Experiment Station. St Paul MN.
- Gollany, H.T., J.A.E. Molina, C.E. Clapp, D.R. Linden, R.R. Allmaras, M.F. Layese, R.H. Dowdy, H.H. Cheng. 2001. Measured and Simulated C and N Dynamics in the Corn-Soil System. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meetings - October 21-25, 2001 - Charlotte, NC.
- Reuter, R. J. and J. C. Bell. 2001. Soils and Hydrology of a Wet-Sandy Catena in East-Central Minnesota. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 65: 1559-1569.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Biweekly long-term monitoring of water table levels, soil temperature, and redox potential was continued at several hillslopes throughout Minnesota. Initial installation was begun for a site in northern Minnesota to study redoximorphic feature formation in red tills and lacustrine soils. Work was initiated on a publication to compile all water table monitoring data from soil survey and research activities within the state. Multiple workshops were presented throughout the state on the morphology of wet soils. Field strip trials were conducted on two farms in two wildrice growing areas to determine the effect of S and micronutrient additions on wildrice production. Five treatments: S, Mn, Cu, Fe and a combination treatment of all 4 elements plus B, Mo, and Zn were applied at the early aerial stage. Plant tissue data at early boot and harvest biomass and grain yield show that the fertility treatments were not effective in increasing yield. The data did, however, suggest
that the yields might be reduced by Al or Fe toxicity at the site that has a poorly buffered pH 6.2 mineral soil.
Impacts
Hydric soil delineation is difficult in many areas. Our work has led to a more scientifically based approach to delineation. Our 2000 wildrice studies suggest the importance possibility of Fe or Al toxicity in wild rice.
Publications
- Peng, W., J. C. Bell, D. Wheeler, and M. Krusemark. 2000. Using remote sensing techniques to map soil drainage classes on bare soils. Abstracts: Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting. Nov. 5-9. Minneapolis, Minnesota.
- Molina, J.A.E., C.E. Clapp, D.R. Linden, R.R. Allmaras, M.F., Layese, R.H. Dowdy, and H.H. Cheng. 2001(in press). Modeling of the incorporation of corn (Zea Mays L.) carbon from roots and rhizodeposition into soil organic matter. Soil Biol. & Biochem
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
A research site was established in Southeastern Minnesota to evaluate the effect of tile drainage on soil hydrology. Paired instrumentation in the same drained and undrained landscape will allow us to monitor the effect of tile drainage on potential soil infiltration as well as the potential contribution to peak stream flows. Biweekly, long-term monitoring has continued at three other wet soil monitoring sites throughout the state. Results of our research have been used extensively for hydric soils training within the state. The role of fertility and fungicide spray in severity of fungal brown spot, bipolaris sorokiniana and bipolaris oryzae, and yield in wildrice, was investigated in a replicated small plot study on a grower paddy in peat near Aitkin MN. The results were confounded by severe mineral nutrition problems, likely the result of S or Mn deficiency. The result was greatly reduced yields. A systematic variation across the experimental site was observed that
correlated with less yield in areas with the shallowest peat. The infection by bipolaris oryzae was very severe. Spraying with propiconazole had a small, but significant, effect on increasing yield and decreasing the intensity of disease. The results of this experiment point to the need for the study of micronutrient problems in the Aitkin region.
Impacts
Hydric soil delineation is difficult in many areas. Our work has led to a more scientifically based approach to delineation. Our 1999 wildrice studies point to the importance of micronutient deficiencies on peat soils near Aitkin MN.
Publications
- Wheeler, D.B., J.A. Thompson, and J.C. Bell. 1999. Laboratory comparison of soil redox conditions between red and brown soils in Minnesota, USA. Wetlands. Vol. 19, No.3. Sept. 1999, pp. 607-616.
- Reuter, R.J. and J.C. Bell. 1999. Modeling hydric soil distribution using terrain attributes. Abstracts: Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting. Nov. 1-4, Salt Lake City, Utah.
- Porter, R.A., P.R. Bloom, E.A. Oelke, B.J. MacGregor, and H.J. Schumer. 1999. Successfully growing American wildrice plants for research. Agron. Abst. 1998:31.
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
Two wet soil monitoring sites were discontinued this year due to removal of the sites from the Conservation Reserve Program leaving 3 sites at Waseca, Cedar Creek, and Thief River Falls where biweekly monitoring or hydrology, temperature, and redox potential continues. Monitoring data was used by the National Technical Committee on Hydric Soils to evaluate proposals for national technical standards on hydric soils. Research focused on redox dynamics of problem red soils, spodosol formation in wet sandy soils, and the development of temperature index to evaluate intensity of soil genetic processes in wet soil environments as part of a national technical standard. Approximately 120 students were trained in wet soil genesis and hydric soil identification through University teaching and off campus training sessions. The role of fertility and fungicide spray in severity of fungal brown spot and yield in wild rice, bipolaris sorokiniana and bipolaris oryzae, was
investigated in a replicated small plot study on a grower paddy in peat. The results showed that N topdress not only increased growth, but decreased fungal brown spot infection, and increased yield. Also, excessive preplant N, 73 kg ha-1, resulted in lodging. Potassium topdress had no effect on disease or yield, because sufficient K had been applied before planting. Spraying with propiconazole, in addition to topdress N, further increased yield and decreased incidence of disease.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Bleam W., P.A. Helmke, M.D. Szulczewski, P.R. Bloom, R. W. Taylor, F.J. Weesner and K. Xia. 1998. Recent advances in understanding the chemistry of Cr(VI), Pb(II) and Hg(II) in soils: Adsorption to mineral surfaces and complexation by humic substances. Soil Science Society of America Annual Meetings. Baltimore, MD. 18-22 Oct.
- Molina J.A., B. Nicolardot, and H.H. Cheng. 1998. Influence of clay content and time on soil organic matter turnover and stabilization. Presentation at the 16th World Congress. Montpellier, France. Aug. 20-26, 1998.
- Molina, J.A. and H.H. Cheng. C Sequestration. 1998. Soil Sustainability, and the Dynamics of C-N Interactions. Invited poster for the Symposium: Carbon Sequestration. Soil Science Society of America Annual Meetings. Baltimore, MD. 18-22 Oct.
- Reuter, R. and J. C. Bell. 1998. Evaluating the 200 mV Redox potential threshold for hydric soils in Minnesota. Soil Science Society of America Annual Meetings. Baltimore, MD 18-22 Oct.
- Thompson, J. A. and J. C. Bell. 1998. Hydric conditions and hydromorphic properties within a Mollisol catena in Southeastern Minnesota. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62:1116-1125.
- Thompson, J. A., J. C. Bell, and C. W. Zanner. 1998. Hydrology and hydric soil extent within a Mollisol catena in Southeastern Minnesota. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62:1126-1133.
- Xia, K., F. Wessner, W.F. Bleam, P. R. Bloom, U. L. Skyllberg, and P. A. Helmke. 1998. XANES studies of oxidation states of S in soil and aquatic humic substances. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62(5)
- Zanner, C. W., J. C. Bell, J. G. Jaschke. 1998. Developing a guide to the wetlands of Minnesota: A model for University, State, and Federal Agency Cooperation. Soil Science Society of America Annual Meetings. Baltimore, MD. 18-22 Oct.
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