Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Termination report filed in 2007. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Termination report filed in 2007.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Evaluation of an acidifying diet (gypsum) combined with zeolite and slightly reduced crude protein (R) vs. a control diet (C) was studied on nutrient retention in laying hens and compared 3 approaches to estimating nutrient excretion from hens: 1) mass balance calculation (feed nutrients - egg nutrient), 2) use of an indigestible marker with analyzed feed and excreta nutrient content, and 3) an environmental chamber that allowed for capturing all excreted and volatilized nutrients. No diet effects on apparent retention of N were observed. Apparent retention of S, P, and Ca decreased in hens fed R diet compared with hens fed the C diet. Total N excretion from hens fed the C and R diet was not different (1.16 g/hen/ d); however, mass of chamber N remaining in excreta following the 3-wk period was less from hens fed the C diet (1.27 kg) than from hens fed the R diet (1.43 kg). Gaseous emissions of NH3 over the 3-wk period from hens fed the C diet (0.74 kg per chamber) were
greater than emissions from hens fed the R diet (0.45 kg). The 3- wk S excretion mass (estimated using the calculation, indigestible marker, and environmental chamber methods, respectively) was greater from hens fed the R diet (1.85, 1.54, and 1.27 kg, respectively) compared with hens fed the C diet (0.24, 0.20, and 0.14 kg, respectively). Results demonstrate that feeding the acidified diet resulted in decreased N emissions, but because of the acidulant fed, greatly increased S excretion and emissions. Apparent and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD), total amino acid (TAA), and N digestibility of 5 feed ingredients was determined in 5- and 21-d old broiler chicks and turkey poults. Two methods of endogenous standardization were used, a nitrogen-free diet (NFD) and a completely digestible protein (CDP, 10% casein). Ingredients included 2 samples of corn distillers' dried grains with solubles (light, L and dark, D DDGS), canola meal, corn, and soybean meal. Age had a
significant effect on apparent ileal amino acid and N digestibility in broilers. Both standardization methods in chicks resulted in higher values relative to the apparent digestibility values. These results show that correcting for ileal endogenous amino acid resulted in higher digestibility values and both methods of standardization produced similar results in poults at d 5 and d 21 whereas SIAAD in broiler chicks was higher on d 21 (3.8% TAA) using a CDP method.
PARTICIPANTS: Individuals Y. Pang, S.A. Adedokun, D. Karcher - Graduate students Partner Organizations Michigan State University, University of Maryland, College Park, University of Illinois, Urbana/Champagne, The Ohio State University
TARGET AUDIENCES: Presentation at the American Society of Animal Science/Poultry Science Association Annual meeting symposium entitled "Lessons and Logistics of Application of Digestible Amino Acids in Diet Formulation"
Impacts
Development and implementation of a standardized ileal amino acid digestibility bio-assay in chicks and poults will allow diet formulation closer to the actual amino acid needs of the bird while minimizing excesses in nitrogen excretion. Emergency Planning and Community Rigyht-to-Know Act (EPCRA) and Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) reporting requirement allow daily emissions of 100 pounds per day of NH3 and H2S from livestock and poultry operations. The current study demonstrates the potential of a 40% reduction in NH3 emissions, which likely will be the reporting requirement for laying hen operations.
Publications
- Augspurger, N.R., S.D. Frankenbach, T.J. Applegate, J. Moritz, F. Ruch, and D.M. Webel. 2007. Coating for pellet stability does not adversely affect the phosphorus-releasing efficacy of an E. coli-derived phytase in young chickens. Poult. Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):756.
- Adedokun, S.A., C. Parsons, M. Lilburn, O.Adeola, and T. J. Applegate. 2007. Standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of plant source ingredients in broiler chicks and turkey poults using a nitrogen-free or casein diet. Poult. Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):731.
- Applegate, T.J., P. Jaynes, W. Powers, and R. Angel. 2007. Effect of amino acid formulation and synthetic amino acid supplementation on turkey tom performance. Poult. Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):153.
- Adedokun, S.A., O. Adeola, C. M. Parsons, M. S. Lilburn, and T. J. Applegate. 2007. Methodology for endogenous flow estimates for standardization of digestible amino acids. Poult. Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):395.
- Adedokun, S.A., D. Karcher, and T.J. Applegate. 2007. Effects of dietary protein concentration and age on gut morphology, crude mucin, and sialic acid contents of ileal digesta of turkey poults. Poult. Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):151.
- Adedokun, S.A., C. Parsons, M. Lilburn, O. Adeola, T. J. Applegate. 2007 Comparison of endogenous ileal amino acid and nitrogen flow in broiler chicks and turkey poults. Poult. Sci. 86:1682-1689.
- Adedokun, S.A., C. Parsons, M. Lilburn, O. Adeola, T. J. Applegate. 2007. Effect of age, method, and location on ileal endogenous amino acid and total amino acid flows in turkey poults. Poult. Sci. 86:1948-1954.
- Angel, R., W. Powers, S. Bastyr, T. Applegate, and D. Hoehler. 2007. Impact of feeding reduced protein diets on performance, breast yields and nitrogen emissions in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):766.
- Wu, W., W. Powers, S. Bastyr, T.J. Applegate, C. Hale, III, and R. Angel. 2007. Effect of an acidifying diet combined with zeolite and slight crude protein reduction on air emissions from laying hens of different ages. Poult. Sci. 86:175-181.
- Walsh, M.C., K. L. Saddoris, D. M. Sholly, R. B. Hinson, A. L. Sutton, T. J. Applegate, B. T. Richert, J. S. Radcliffe. 2007. A comparison of administration routes of direct fed microbials to nursery pigs, and the effects on growth performance and gut health. Livestock Sci. 108:254-257.
- Wu, W., W. Powers, S. Bastyr, T.J. Applegate, C. Hale, III, and R. Angel. 2007. Nutrient retention and mass balance in laying hens fed a commercial or acidifying diet. Poult. Sci. 86: 684-690.
- Pang, Y., and T.J. Applegate. 2007. Effects of dietary copper supplementation and copper source on digesta pH, calcium, zinc and copper complex size in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 86: 531-537.
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of feeding a reduced emission diet (R) containing 6.9% of a gypsum-zeolite mixture and slightly reduced crude protein to laying hens on emissions of NH3, H2S, NO, NO2, SO2, CO2, CH4 and non-methane total hydrocarbon as compared to feeding a commercial diet (C). There were diet (P<0.01) and age (P<0.01) effects on NH3 emissions. In trials 1, 2, and 3, daily NH3 emissions from hens fed the R diets (185.5, 312.2, and 333.5 mg bird-1) were less than those of hens fed the C diet (255.0, 560.5, and 616.3 mg bird-1). Daily emissions of H2S across trials from hens fed the R diet were 4.08 mg bird-1 compared to 1.320 mg bird-1 from hens fed the C diet (P<0.01). Diet (P<0.05) and age (P<0.05) affected emissions of CO2 and CH4. There was an effect (P<0.01) of diet on NO emissions and of age on SO2 emissions. No diet or age effects (P>0.05) were observed for NO2 and non-methane total hydrocarbons. Results demonstrate that diet
and laying age influence air emissions.
Impacts
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) and Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) reporting requirement allow daily emissions 100 pounds per day of both NH3 and H2S from poultry farms. The current study illustrated that feeding a reduced emission diet could reduce NH3 emissions by 40%. Even though gypsum addition increases H2S emissions considerably, these concentrations did not surpass reporting limits even for larger laying hen complexes. Reporting requirements for laying hens operations for CERCLA/EPCRA, therefore, will be driven by NH3.
Publications
- Powers, W., R. Angel, S. Zamzow, and T. Applegate. 2006. Reducing broiler air emissions through diet. Poult. Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):81.
- Wu, W., W. Powers, S. Bastyr, T.J. Applegate, and R. Angel, 2006. Effect of diet on air emissions from laying hens of different ages. Poultry Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):156.
- Angel, R., W. Powers, S. Bastyr, W. Wu, and T Applegate. 2006. Dietary modifications to reduce air emissions from broiler chickens. Workshop on Agricultural Air Quality: State of Science. Pp. 460-463.
- Powers, W., S. Bastyr, R. Angel, T. Applegate, and B. Kerr. 2005. Effects of reduced crude protein diets on gaseous emissions and swine performance. Workshop on Agricultural Air Quality: State of Science. Pp. 15-17.
- Wu, W., W. Powers, R. Angel, C. E. Hale III, and T. Applegate. 2006. Effect of diet on air emissions from laying hens of different ages. Workshop on Agricultural Air Quality: State of Science. Pp. 1247-1249.
- Adedokun, S.A., C. Parsons, M. Lilburn, O.Adeola, and T. J. Applegate. 2006. Standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of meat and bone meal in broiler chicks using a nitrogen-free or casein diet. Poult. Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):86.
- Adedokun, S.A., C. Parsons, M. Lilburn, O.Adeola, and T. J. Applegate. 2006. Comparison of endogenous ileal amino acid and total nitrogen flow in turkey poults and broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):85.
- Angel, R., W. Powers, S. Zamzow, and T. Applegate. 2006. Dietary modifications to reduce nitrogen consumption and excretion in broilers. Poult. Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):25.
- Karcher, D.M., C.L. Wyatt, and T.J. Applegate. 2006. Effect of dietary non-phytate phosphorus concentration and phytase source on production traits of Hy-line W98 laying hens. Poultry Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):154.
- Persia, M.E., E. Onyango, P. Jaynes, T. Parr and T.J. Applegate. 2006. Dietary phytate and phytase effects on laying hen performance, nutrient digestibility, mucin and VFA concentration. Poult. Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):89.
- Pang, Y. and T.J. Applegate. 2006. Effects of copper source and concentration on in vitro phytate phosphorus hydrolysis by phytase. J. Ag. Food. Chem. 54:1792-1796.
- Leytem, A.B., D.R. Smith, T.J. Applegate, and P.A. Thacker. 2006. The influence of manure phytic acid on phosphorus solubility in calcareous soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 70:1629-1638.
- Adedokun, S.A., W. Powers, R. Angel, A. Mitchell and T.J. Applegate. 2006. Determination of nutrient mass balance in turkeys. Poultry Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):155-156.
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
The effect of dietary non-phytin phosphorus (NPP) and phytase (PHY) concentration on total phosphorus (TP) and water-soluble phosphorus (WSP) excretion was determined. Diets tested in broiler experiments were: National Research Council nutrient requirements for non-phytin phosphorus (NRC), NRC+PHY, reduced non-phytin phosphorus (RED), and RED+PHY. Turkey and swine experimental diets included NRC, RED, and RED+PHY. For all experiments, except broiler Experiment 1, excreta were: (i) boiled, antibiotic added, then frozen; (ii) boiled, antibiotic added, incubated (37C for 72 h), then frozen; and (iii) incubated, boiled, antibiotic added, then frozen. In Experiment 1, excreta were collected and frozen or incubated for 24 or 48 h. In broiler Experiment 1, WSP was not affected by phytase but increased with post-excretion incubation. In a broiler Experiment 2, reducing NPP resulted in reduced excreta TP and WSP (11.3 to 8.3 and 5.3 to 2.7 g /kg). Feeding RED+PHY diets
resulted in less TP and WSP (7.6 and 0.6 g /kg) as compared with NRC+PHY (11.2 and 3.9 g/ kg, Experiment 3). Incubation resulted in increased WSP, irrespective of phytase addition, such that WSP as a percent of TP was similar among treatments. Addition of antibiotics before incubation prevented the increase in WSP. Similar results were observed with turkey and swine.
Impacts
Therefore, when phytase is used properly (i.e., with a simultaneous reduction of NPP), WSP or WSP as a percent of TP are not affected. The increase in WSP as a percent of TP post-excretion is a function of excreta microbial activity and not dietary phytase addition.
Publications
- Maguire, R.O., J.T. Sims, W.W. Saylor, B.L. Turner, R. Angel, and T.J. Applegate. 2004. influence of phytase addition to poultry diets on phosphorus forms and solubility in litters and amended soils. J. Environ. Qual. 33:2306-2316.
- Angel, R., W.J. Powers, T.J. Applegate, N.M. Tamim, and M. Christman. 2005. Influence of phytase on water-soluble phosphorus in poultry and swine manure. J. Environ. Qual. 34:563-751
- Maguire, R.O., J.T. Sims, and T.J. Applegate. 2005. Phytase supplementation and reduced phosphorus turkey diets reduce phosphorus loss in runoff following litter application. J. Environ. Qual. 34:359-369.
- Thompson, K.L., Z. Kounev, J. Patterson, and T.J. Applegate. 2005. The effects of feeding oxy-halogenic and other antimicrobial compounds on performance and nutrient retention in broilers. Poultry. Sci. 84:238-247.
- Angel, R., W.W. Saylor, A.S. Dhandu, W. Powers, and T.J. Applegate. 2005. Effect of dietary phosphorus, phytase, and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on performance of broiler chickens grown in floor pens. Poultry Sci. 84:1031-1044
- Powers, W.J., C.R. Angel, and T.J. Applegate. 2005. Air emissions in poultry production: current challenges and future directions. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 14:613-621.
- Roberson, K.D., J.L. Kalbfleisch, W. Pan, T.J. Applegate, and D.S. Rosenstein. 2005. Comparison of wheat bran phytase and a commercially available phytase on turkey tom performance and litter phosphorus content. Intl. J. Poult. Sci. 4 (5): 244-249.
- Applegate, T.J. 2004. Turkeys: Nutrition Management. in: Encyclopedia of Animal Science, Edit. W.G. Pond and A.W. Bell., Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, NY. Pg 850-852
- Maguire, R.O., J.T. Sims, and T.J. Applegate. 2004. Supplementing phytase and decreasing phosphorus in turkey diets reduces phosphorus in litters and in runoff from amended soils. Agron. Abstr.
- Applegate, T.J.. 2005. The nutritional value of dehulled-degermed corn for broiler chickens and its impact on nutrient excretion. Poultry Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):115.
- Burkholder, K.M., T.J. Applegate, J.A. Patterson, 2005. Performance and intestinal characteristics of broilers fed salinomycin, fructooligosaccharides, probiotics and synbiotics. Poultry Sci. 84(Suppl. 1): 108.
- Applegate, T.J., W. Powers, P. Jaynes, A. Storm, and M. Jeffrey. 2005. Effect of dietary phosphorus concentration on nutrient mass balance of laying hens. Poultry Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):80.
- Rush, J.K., R. Angel, K.M. Banks, K.L. Thompson, and T.J. Applegate. 2005. Effect of dietary calcium and vitamin D3 on calcium and phosphorus retention in Pekin ducklings. Poultry. Sci. 84:561-570.
- Applegate, T.J. 2005. The nutritional value of dehulled-degermed corn for broiler chickens and its impact on nutrient excretion. Poultry Sci. 84:742-747.
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/29/04
Outputs
An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of supplemental phytase on the sparing effect of phosphorus (P) in Pekin ducks. When apparent P retention was determined from excreta collected from 13 to 15 d of age, 500 U/kg of phytase B and E coli-derived phtyase improved P retention by 0.048 and 0.092 percentage units, respectively. An experiment with five Cu sources (Cu sulfate (Cu Sul), Cu chloride (Cu CL), tri-basic copper chloride (TBCC), Cu lysinate (Cu Lys) and Cu citrate (Cu CIT) ) were studied in vitro at pH 2.5, 5.5 and 6.5 to determine how Cu from each of these sources affects PP hydrolysis by phytase. The pH has dramatically influences Cu affects on phytin-P hydrolysis. Copper inhibits P hydrolysis much more at pH5.5 and pH6.5 than at pH2.5. Among five Cu sources, TBCC and Cu Lys and Cu CIT inhibit phytin-P hydrolysis much less than Cu Sul and Cu CL. An experiment was conducted to determine phosphorus retention when broiler breeder chickens are fed
different phosphorus concentrations and supplemented with fungal phytase. Phosphorus retention in broiler breeder hens was improved when phytase was supplemented to a diet without any inorganic P and was similar to P retention when 0.1% inorganic P was added to the diet. When 0.1% or more inorganic P was added to the diet, phytase supplementation did not improve apparent P retention. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feeding a reduced crude protein and phosphorus diet on grow-finish pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, manure concentration, and building aerial ammonia. A low nutrient excretion (LNE) diet, formulated with reduced crude protein plus synthetic amino acids, low phytic acid corn, and phytase pigs produced a numerically larger volume of manure per day, but excreted less ammonium-N, nitrogen, and phosphorus per pig per day & reduced average aerial ammonia concentrations by 36.5%. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of basal
diet formulation and wheat bran inclusion on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. Inclusions of wheat bran (WB) up to 5% of the diet improved pig average daily gain and feed efficiency, however, including 15% WB in finisher diets decreased growth performance.
Impacts
Phytase efficacy from an E. coli-derived phytase-yeast propagation is substantially greater than current fungal phytases on the market for Pekin ducks. The pH dramatically influences Cu affects on phytin-P hydrolysis. Copper inhibits P hydrolysis much more at pH5.5 and pH6.5 than at pH2.5. Among five Cu sources, tribasic copper chloride and copper lysinate and copper citrate inhibit phytin-P hydrolysis much less than copper sulfate and copper chloride. Phosphorus retention in broiler breeder hens was improved when phytase was supplemented to a diet without any inorganic P and was similar to P retention when 0.1% inorganic P was added to the diet. When 0.1% or more inorganic P was added to the diet, phytase supplementation did not improve apparent P retention. A low nutrient excretion (LNE) diet, formulated with reduced crude protein plus synthetic amino acids, low phytic acid corn, and phytase pigs produced a numerically larger volume of manure per day, but excreted
less ammonium-N, nitrogen, and phosphorus per pig per day & reduced average aerial ammonia concentrations by 36.5%. Inclusions of wheat bran (WB) up to 5% of the diet improved pig average daily gain and feed efficiency, however, including 15% WB in finisher diets decreased growth performance.
Publications
- Tamim, N.M., R. Angel, T.J. Applegate, W.J. Powers, and M. Christman. 2004. Effect of non-phytin phosphorus and phytase on total and water soluble phosphorus in broiler, turkey, and swine excreta. Poultry Sci. 83(Suppl. 1): S44.
- Applegate, T.J., D.M. Webel, and X.G. Lei. 2003. Efficacy of E. coli Phytase expressed in yeast on phosphorus utilization and bone mineralization in turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 82:1726-1732.
- Banks, K.M., K.L. Thompson, P. Jaynes, and T.J. Applegate. 2004. The effects of copper on the efficacy of phytase, growth, and phosphorus retention in broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 83:1335-1341.
- Banks, K.M., K.L. Thompson, J.K. Rush, and T.J. Applegate. 2004. The effects of copper source on phosphorus retention in broiler chicks and laying hens. Poultry Sci. 83:990-996.
- Angel, R., W. Powers, and T.J. Applegate 2004. Air emissions in poultry production: current challenges and future directions. Poultry Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):123.
- Applegate, T.J., and R. Angel. 2004. Use of mass balance techniques for nutrient excretion modeling. Poultry. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):402-403 - invited symposium paper.
- Lilburn, M.S. and T.J. Applegate. 2004. Digestible phosphorus nutrition in broiler breeder pullets and hens. Poultry Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):S30.
- Pang, Y. and T.J. Applegate. 2004. Effects of copper source and concentration on phytate phosphorus hydrolysis by phytase in vitro. Poultry Sci. 83 (Suppl. 1):107.
- Rush, J.K., K.M. Banks, K.L. Thompson, and T. J. Applegate. 2004. The effect of supplemental phytase sources on the sparing effect of phosphorus in Pekin ducks. Poultry Sci. 83 (Suppl. 1):399.
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of copper source on performance and phosphorus retention in broiler chicks. Supplementation with 250 ppm Cu from either Cu CIT or Cu SUL resulted in decreased apparent P retention. Supplementation with either 250 ppm Cu CL or Cu LYS, however, demonstrated improved apparent P retentions such that they were not different than the 0 ppm supplemental Cu diet. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary calcium on intestinal phytase activity and phytate-phosphorus utilization in Pekin ducklings. Maximal duckling growth and toe ash percentage was realized when birds were fed 1.0 and 0.8 % Ca, respectively, which is significantly greater than the current 0.6 % Ca for ducks as reported by the National Research Council (1994). Contrary to previous work in broilers, intestinal phytase was not significantly affected by dietary Ca concentration in ducklings. An experiment was conducted to determine the
effects of reduced crude protein and fiber supplementation on nitrogen and phosphorus utilization for swine. Notably, this study indicates that reductions in total N and Ammonia N concentrations are possible with the addition of 10% wheat bran in formulated diets. This study also presents and supports the idea that reducing dietary crude protein and phosphorus levels in the diet causes a decrease in the amount of manure DM produced (lb/d), and a reduction in TN, ammonium N, and TP excreted in the manure. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feeding a reduced crude protein and reduced phosphorus diet on growth performance and carcass characteristics in grow-finish swine. Diets formulated with reduced crude protein, crystalline amino-acid supplementation, high available phosphorus corn, and phytase (LNE), were able to meet the nutrient requirements of the pigs and maintain sufficient growth performance. Carcass quality was slightly negatively impacted with the LNE diet
for reasons that are not fully understood at this time. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of low phytic acid (LPA) corn, low phytic acid soybean meal and phytase on nutrient excretion and nutrient digestibility in pigs. Feeding of any combination of LPA corn, LPA soybean meal, and phytase can significantly improve P digestibility while dramatically decreasing P excretion, and thus reduce the potential negative impacts of swine production on the environment.
Impacts
Feeding poultry pharmacological doses of copper from copper sulfate can greatly reduce phosphorus utilization. Additionally, low nutrient excretion diets (containing low phytic acid grains, phytase, and reduced protein with amino acid supplementation) for swine can meet the nutritional needs of the animal while greatly reducing the potential negative impacts of swine production on the environment. Additionally, dietary fiber addition to swine diets does add additional manure volumes, but can reduce nitrogen content of the manure.
Publications
- Angel, R., T.J. Applegate, and S. Bastyr. 2003. Biological mass balance versus model based on mass balance approach. Intl. Symp. Animal, Ag. Food Proc. Wastes 9:303-309.
- Applegate, T.J., L.P.V. Potturi, and R. Angel. 2003. Model for estimating poultry manure nutrient excretion: a mass balance approach. Intl. Symp. Animal, Ag. Food Proc. Wastes 9:296-302.
- Applegate, T.J., R. Angel, and H.L. Classen, 2003. Effect of dietary calcium, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, and bird strain on small intestinal phytase activity in broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 82:1140-1148.
- Applegate, T.J., B.C. Joern, D. L. Nussbaum-Wagler, and R. Angel, 2003. Water soluble phosphorus in fresh broiler litter is dependent upon phosphorus concentration fed but not on fungal phytase supplementation. Poultry Sci. 82:1024-1029.
- Banks, K.M., K.L. Thompson, J.K. Rush, and T.J. Applegate. 2003. The effects of copper source on performance and phosphorus retention in broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 82(Suppl. 1): 148.
- Baxter, C.A., T.J. Applegate, and B.C. Joern. 2003. Simultaneous analysis of inositol phosphates, adenosine triphosphate and orthophosphate in environmental samples by ion chromatography. Intl. Organic Phosphorus Workshop.
- Roberson, K.D., T.J. Applegate, J. Kalbfleisch, and W. Pan. 2003. Comparison of wheat bran phytase and a commercially available phytase on turkey tom performance and litter phosphorus content. Poultry Sci. 82(Suppl. 1):40.
- Rush, J.K., R. Angel, K. Banks, K. Thompson, and T.J. Applegate. 2003. Effect of dietary calcium on intestinal phytase activity and phytate-phosphorus utilization in Pekin ducklings. Poultry Sci. 82(Suppl. 1):34.
- Sedlak, M., Z. Chen, Y. Pang, T. Applegate, and N.W.Y. Ho. 2003. Genetic engineering of glucose/xylose co-fermenting Saccharomyces yeast for co-production of ethanol and various industrial enzymes. 25th Symp. Biotech. Fuels Chem.
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Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02
Outputs
Supplemental dietary ionic compounds improve performance and nutrient retention in broilers The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two ionic mixtures (including chlorate, chlorite, chloride, borate, and other compounds) on broiler performance and nutrient retention. Male broilers were assigned to diets consisting of two nutrient densities (a normal diet and a low nutrient diet) and three ionic mixtures [no ion mixture (Control) or one of two formulations at 2 cc/pound of feed]. Birds fed a mixture of ionic salts were 67 grams heavier at 20 d of age. Additionally, birds fed the low nutrient diet retained 22.8% more phosphorus and 13.8% more nitrogen than birds fed the Control diet. Diet did not significantly affect intestinal morphology, but future studies will determine if these positive effects were due to changes in intestinal microflora. Pharmacological dietary levels of copper sulfate do not affect the efficacy of phytase but do substantially
reduce phosphorus retention in broiler chicks. Copper (Cu) is often added to broiler diets as an anti-microbial despite potential negative interactions with, and reduced utilization of phytate phosphorus (P). Therefore, male chicks were fed 0, 1/2, 1, 2, or 3 lbs/ton Cu-sulfate in combination with 0 or 600 U/kg phytase. Supplementation with at least 2 lbs/ton Cu-sulfate greatly reduced BW gain, bone mineralization, and reduced P retention from 52.67% to 37.55%. Supplementation with 2 lb/ton Cu-sulfate and 600 U/kg phytase improved P retention to 48.16%, but was still much less than when 600 U/kg of phytase was added without Cu-sulfate supplementation (59.26%). Therefore, supplementation of at least 2 lbs/ton Cu-sulfate alone has detrimental affects on performance and P retention. Although Cu-sulfate reduces the amount of phosphorus retained, addition of 600 U of phytase/kg recovers a portion of the reduction attributed to Cu-sulfate supplementation. Phosphorus reduction in turkey
litter by reducing dietary phosphorus and supplementing diets with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and phytase. An experiment was conducted to determine the feasibility of lowering phosphorus (P) levels when phytase and 25-OH D3 (HyD) are added alone and in combination in diets for turkeys. Male, Nicholas poults were fed one of nine diets consisting of an industry diet; an NRC diet; or a diet containing 83% of the NRC requirement. The Industry and NRC diets contained 0 or 600 FYT/kg phytase (P reduced 0.08%), 0 or 50 ug/kg 25-OH D3 (P reduced 0.03%), or a combination thereof. Birds fed the Industry and NRC diets (15 wk BW = 28.7 lb) were heavier from 0 to 15 weeks as compared with toms fed the Low P diet (15 wk BW = 26.2 lb). Reductions of dietary P when 600 FYT phytase/kg and/or 50 ug 25-OH D3/kg were added to the diet did not significantly affect tom performance at any point during the course of the experiment. When fed to P requirements and diets supplemented with phytase and 25-OH D3,
litter phosphorus concentrations were reduced 42 percent versus birds fed a typical industry diet.
Impacts
Feeding turkeys a) more closely to their requirements, b) fungal phytase, and c) 25-hydroxycholecalciferol reduces phosphorus in turkey litter by 42 percent, without negatively affecting the solubility of that phosphorus. For the 14 million turkeys reared in Indiana per year, this would reduce the amount of phosphorus excreted by over 1000 tons per year. Additional improvements may be garnered with manipulation of gastro-intestinal microflora with supplementation of ionic compounds.
Publications
- Thompson, K.L., T.J. Applegate, R. Angel, K. Ondracek, and P. Jaynes. 2002. Effect of phosphorus level, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (HyD), and phytase supplementation on performance of male turkeys from 0 to 18 weeks of age. Poultry Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):13.
- Thompson, K.L., T.J. Applegate, Z. Kounev, T.L. Lin, D.L. Schrader, and J. Patterson. 2002. Influence of supplemental dietary ionic compounds on performance and nutrient retention in broilers. Poultry Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):38.
- Applegate, T.J. and R. Angel. 2002. Vitamin D3 and D3 metabolites in poultry feeding programs. MD Nutrition Conf. Proc. 49:181-191.
- Applegate, T.J., and M.S. Lilburn, 2002. Growth of the femur and tibia of a commercial broiler line. Poultry Sci. 81:1289-1294.
- Applegate, T.J., and R. Angel. 2002. Dietary calcium concentration but not source, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol or broiler strain affects small intestinal phytase activity in broilers. Poultry Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):12.
- Applegate, T.J., and X.G. Lei. 2002. Efficacy of Phytex phytase on phosphorus utilization and bone mineralization in turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):13.
- Applegate, T.J., B.C. Joern, D.L. Nussbaum-Wagler, and R. Angel. 2002. Water soluble phosphorus in fresh broiler litter is dependent upon phosphorus concentration fed but not on supplemental phytase. Poultry Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):12.
- Ondracek, K.M., T.J. Applegate, Y.F. Pang, K.L. Thompson, and P. Jaynes. 2002. The effects of copper sulfate on the efficacy of phytase, growth, and phosphorus retention in broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 81(Suppl. 1): 11.
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Progress 10/01/00 to 09/30/01
Outputs
Grow-finish pigs (n=330) were used in three experiments to evaluate diet manipulation to reduce aerial pollutants and alter manure composition. In Exp. 1, the pigs(BW=85.3 kg)were placed in two identical, environmentally controlled rooms (5 pigs/pen, 5 pens/room; 50 pigs/rep) with 3 replications and treatments rotating between rooms. Diets were split-sex fed and consisted of either a corn-soybean meal based control (C) or the C diet with the addition of 10% soybean hulls and 3.4% supplemental fat (SH)(all diets=3370 Kcal ME/kg; barrows 12.0% CP, 0.53% dLys; gilts 12.7% CP, 0.57% dLys). Pigs fed SH diets had greater overall ADG (905 vs 859 g/d; P<.03) and tended to have higher G:F (0.326 vs 0.310; P<.090)with no difference in ADFI. Pigs fed SH had greater adjusted backfat(113 kg BW)at wk 6(15.8 vs 14.7 mm; P<.001)than C pigs. At wk 6, there was a 20% reduction in AAC (P<.02), a 32% reduction in HS (P<.003)and an 11% reduction in DT when pigs were fed SH diets. There
was a decrease in wk 6 manure pH (7.12 vs 7.26; P<.03) and an increase in all individual manure VFA concentrations, with total manure VFA concentrations increasing by 32%(P<.001) when pigs were fed SH. At wk 6,the stored manure from pigs fed SH diets had 21% greater total N(22.5 vs 18.6 kg; P<.02)and an 8% increase in ammonium N (18.3 vs 16.9 kg; P<.05), with no difference in P. The addition of 10% SH to a commercial type diet can have a positive impact towards environmental stewardship, without hindering pig growth performance and carcass characteristics. In Exp. 2, pigs (BW=80.3 kg) were placed in two identical, environmentally controlled rooms (2 pigs/pen, and 10 pens/room; 40 pigs/rep) with 2 replications and treatments rotating between rooms. Diets consisted of either a control (C), corn-soybean diet (11.5% CP, .477% apparent ileal digestible lys; dLys) or a reduced CP diet with supplemental synthetic AA formulated with high-available P corn, 300 PU/kg of phytase, 5% soybean
hulls and a non-sulfate trace mineral premix (8.25% CP, .477% dLys; HRP). Exp. 3 consisted of two replications with 5 pigs/pen (50 pigs/rep; 82.5 kg). Barrows were fed the same diets as Exp. 2. Two additional diets were formulated for gilts; C(12.6%CP; .51% dLys) and HRP (9.35% CP; .51% dLys). All diets were formulated to be isocaloric. Pigs fed C diets in Exp. 2 had greater ADG (824 vs. 735 g/d; P< .004), higher G:F (0.29 vs. 0.26; P< .001), greater loin depth, and less backfat accretion by wk 6. In contrast, the pigs fed the C diets in Exp. 3 had similar growth performance and carcass characteristics compared to pigs fed HRP diets. By wk 6, there was a 48.7% reduction in AAC (P< .03) from room air and 49.8% reduction in the exhaust air AAC (P< .04) when pigs were fed HRP diets. HS levels were 43.3% lower (P< .01) and DT was 38.6% lower (P< .05) at wk 6 in rooms where HRP diets were fed. At wk 6, the stored manure from pigs fed HRP diets had 27.0% less total-N (P< .005), 29.5% lower
ammonium-N (P< .02), and 51.7% less excreted P (P< .02) on a DM basis. The HRP diet was effective at reducing AAC, HS, DT, manure N, P and if adequate AA levels are included in the diet, growth performance is comparable.
Impacts
Adding soybean hulls (10%) to a commercial swine diet significantly reduced ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide in confinement buildings. In addition, the inclusion of soybean hulls provided a greater retention of stable nitrogen and less volatile nitrogen losses in slurry manure. An eco-nutrition diet (reduced crude protein, synthetic amino acids, high-available phosphorus corn, phytase and non-sulfate mineral premix) reduced nitrogen and phosphorus excretion and odor emissions. Economical diet manipulation can provide valuable manure for fertilizer, less offensiveness of odors, and maintain healthy pig performance.
Publications
- Kendall, D. C., B. T. Richert, K. A. Bowers, S. A. DeCamp, C. T. Herr, T. E. Weber, D. Kelly, A. L. Sutton, D. W Bundy and W. J. Powers. 2001. Effects of dietary manipulation on pig performance, manure composition, aerial ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and odor levels in swine builldings. J. Anim. Sci. 79:59 (Abstract)
- Hankins, S. L., A. L. Sutton, J. A. Patterson, B. T. Richert, A. J. Heber, D. T. Kelly, K. B. Kephart, R. Mumma, E. Bogus and S. D. Carter. 2001. Reduction of odorous compounds in pig manure through dietary fiber manipulation. J. Anim. Sci. 79:60. (Abstract)
- DeCamp, S. A., B. E. Hill, S. L. Hankins, D. C, Kendall, B. T. Richert, A. L. Sutton, D. T. Kelly, M. L. Cobb, D. W. Bundy and W. J. Powers. 2001. Effect of soybean hulls in a commercial diet on pig performance, manure composition, and selected air quality parameters in swine facilities. J. Anim. Sci. 79:60. (Abstract)
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Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/00
Outputs
Three replicate 4X4 Latin square trials were conducted with cecally cannulated crossbred barrows (40 kg) to determine the effects of amino acid (AA) utilization and fiber additions to the diet on odorous compounds from cecal contents, fresh and stored manure. Diets included 1) Standard 15% CP corn-soy diet, 0.75% Lys; 2) 11% CP corn-soy diet, 0.30% Lys (.76% total Lys), 0.05% Meth (.25% total Meth), 0.05% Trp (.15% total Trp) and 0.11% Thr (.51% total Thr) (CP + AA); 3) Diet 2 + 10% soybean hulls (CP + SH); and 4) Diet 2 + 10% dried sugar beet pulp ( CP + SBP). Pigs were fed ad libitum and housed in metabolism stalls for cecal, fecal and urine collections. Cecal ammonia nitrogen (AMM) was reduced 25% and 19% with the addition of SH or SBP to CP + AA, respectively (P<.05). The addition of SH to CP + AA reduced cecal total nitrogen (TN) 24% (P<.05). Urinary TN was reduced 28% with the CP + AA and 36% when a fiber source was added (P<.05). AMM in fresh manure was
decreased 31%, 55% and 47% with CP + AA, CP + SH and CP + SBP diets, respectively, and was 35% less with CP + SH as compared to CP + AA (P<.01). TN in fresh manure was reduced 38%, 50%, and 42% when CP + AA, CP + SH, and CP + SBP were fed, respectively (P<.01). AMM and TN in stored manure were reduced 26% and 29%, 39% and 32%, and 64% and 46% respectively when CP + AA, CP + SH and CP + SBP diets were fed, respectively (P<.01). The addition of SH and SBP reduced benzene, dimethyl disulfide, 2,2-dimethyl hexane and hexane in stored manure. Fiber addition to a low CP swine diet can help reduce nuisance odorous compounds. A group feeding study was conducted with two 4-wk trials with 175 pigs each in two different nurseries to investigate the effects of adding fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and SBP to weanling pig diets on performance, intestinal VFA and microbial counts of the pig. One nursery was cleaned and the other one was not. Five diets were tested: 1) negative control (NEG), 2)
antibiotic (AB) containing Virginiamycin at 0.05%, 3) fructooligosaccharide (FOS) containing FOS at 5%, 4) SBP containing SBP at 10%, and 5) combination (COM), containing FOS at 2.5% and SBP at 5%. Overall the AB, FOS and COM increased gains 16%, 9% and 6% compared to the NEG, respectively, in the clean nursery. In the dirty nursery, feed efficiency was improved 14% with FOS compared to NEG. FOS increased Bifidobacteria (BIF) in proximal colon samples of pigs in both nurseries (P<.05). E.coli was reduced in the proximal colon of pigs fed FOS and BP in the clean nursery (P<.05). FOS reduced the E. coli concentrations and increased BIF concentrations in the distal colon of the pigs, especially in the clean nursery (P<.05). BP fed pigs also had lower E. coli levels in the distal colon. There was a trend towards higher total VFA with pigs fed the BP and COM. Specific oligosaccharides in weanling pig diets may help the transition from milk diets to dry feed and during normal stresses of a
production environment to maintain a healthy pig without antibiotics by increasing the colonization of BIF and reduction in E. coli in the intestinal system.
Impacts
Reducing the crude protein, adding supplemental amino acids and adding fiber to the swine diet significantly reduced nitrogen excretion, ammonia and odors. Oligosaccharides have promise in sustaining weanling pig health and performance without antibiotics. Economical diet manipulation will reduce land requirements for manure, offensiveness of odors and maintain healthy pig performance allowing pork production to be environmentally sustainable and compatible with rural residents.
Publications
- Prince, T. J., A. L. Sutton, R. D. von Bernuth and M. W. A. Verstegen. 2000. Application of nutrition knowledge for developing eco-nutrition feeding programs on commercial swine farms. J. Anim. Sci. Available at: http://www.asas.org/jas/symposia/proceedings/0931.pdf
- Ni, J. Q., A. J. Heber, T. T. Lim, C. A. Diehl, R. K. Duggirala, B. L. Haymore and A. L. Sutton. 2000. Ammonia emission from a large mechanically-ventilated swine building during warm weather. J. Environ. Qual. 29:751-758.
- Hankins, S., A. Sutton, J. Patterson, O. Adeola, B. Richert, A. Heber, D. Kelly and K. Kephart. 2000. Diet modification to reduce odorous compounds in pig manure. J. Anim. Sci. 78 (Suppl. 1):187. (Abstract).
- DeCamp, S. A., D. C. Kendall, C.T. Herr, K. A. Bowers, T. E. Weber, M. L. Cobb, C. J. Kendall, B. T. Richert and A. L. Sutton. 2000. Effect of increasing available phosphorus levels on pig growth and carcass characteristics. J. Anim. Sci. 78 (Suppl 1): 172 (Abstract).
- Klein Gebbink, G. A. R. 1999. Effect of fructo-oligosaccharides and sugar beet pulp in weanling pig diets on performance, microflora and intestinal health. M.S. Thesis. Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL
- Kendall, D. C. 2000. Dietary manipulation of swine diets to reduce aerial ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, odor and nutrient excretion; and, evaluating the effects of pig genotype, sex, antibiotic use and health management practices on lean growth rate, carcass characteristics, pork quality, and immune system variables. M. S. Thesis. Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN.
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Progress 10/01/98 to 09/30/99
Outputs
Three replicate 4 X 4 factorial trials were conducted with growing-finishing crossbred gilts, fitted with cecal cannula, to determine the effects of different dietary nitrogen levels and selected carbohydrates on nitrogen excretion and volatile compounds in cecal contents, fresh manure and stored manure. Corn-soy diets compared were (1) 13% crude protein (standard diet); (2) 10% crude protein with 4 synthetic essential amino acids supplemented to meet the pigs nutrient requirements (supplemented protein diet); (3) the supplemented low protein diet with 5% cellulose and (4) the standard diet with 10 ppm anthraquinone. Dry matter content was increased and total and ammonium N were decreased (P<.05) in cecal contents from pigs fed the 5% cellulose diet compared to the 13% CP standard diet. Dry matter content was increased (P<.05) and pH decreased (P<.05) in fresh manure from pigs fed the cellulose diet compared to the standard diet and the anthraquinone diet, with the
10% CP diet intermediate. Total N in fresh manure (dry matter basis) was lowest (P<.05) from pigs fed the cellulose diet (48% reduction) with moderate levels in fresh manure from the supplemented protein diet (33% reduction) and anthraquinone diet (23% reduction). Ammonium N was reduced 33% in fresh manure from pigs fed the 5% cellulose diet compared to the 13% CP standard diet. Cellulose reduced pH of fresh and stored manure from a lower urine pH. Total short chain volatile fatty acids were higher (P<.05) in fresh manure from pigs fed the 5% cellulose diet, but was significantly reduced in the stored manure. Ammonium and total N was significanly reduced in stored manure from pigs fed the 5% cellulose and supplemented protein diets compared to the standard diet. One hundred sixty pigs, weighing 60 kg., were placed in two identical, environmentally controlled rooms in group pens. There were 4 replications of the experiments. A nine week trial consisted of all pigs consuming a standard
diet (13.1% CP) for the first three weeks to "load" the manure into the pits. At week 3, pigs in one room were fed a high crude protein diet (12.4%, HCP) and in another room pigs were fed a reduced protein diet (9.7%, RCPF)with supplemental lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan and 10% soybean hulls. Average daily gain and feed intake differed between sex with barrows gaining faster than gilts (P<.01) and consumed more feed (P<.001). Pigs fed the HCP gained faster than those fed the RCPF, however, two replicates did not show any performances differences. Backfat depth was reduced in pigs fed the RCPF diet (P<.01). A 40% reduction in ammonia, a 26% reduction in hydrogen sulfide but only a 30% reduction in odors based upon olfactometry were observed in the room air where pigs were fed the RCPF diet. A lower pH, ammonium and total N were observed in manure from pigs fed the RCPF diet. There were no difference in phosphorus or potassium concentrations.
Impacts
Reducing the crude protein content, adding supplemental amino acids and adding fiber to the swine diet significantly reduced nitrogen excretion, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions and odors. Economical diet manipulation will reduce land application requirements for manure, and offensiveness of odors providing a means for pork production to be compatible with rural residents.
Publications
- Canh, T. T., Sutton, A. L., Aarnink, A. J. A., Verstegen, M. W. A., Schrama, J. W. and Bakker, G. C. M. 1998. Dietary carbohydrates alter fecal composition and reduce pH and ammonia emission from slurry of growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 76:1887-1895.
- Canh, T. T., Aarnink, A. J. A., Schutte, J. B., Sutton, A. L., Langout, D. J. and Verstegen, M. W. A. 1998. Dietary protein affects nitrogen excretion and ammonia emission from slurry of growing-finishing pigs. Livestock Prod. Sci. 56:181-191.
- Sutton, A. L., Kephart, K. B., Verstegen, M. W. A., Canh, T. T. and Hobbs, P. J. 1999. Potential for reduction of odorous compounds in swine manure through diet modification. J. Anim. Sci. 77:430-439.
- Kendall, D. C., Richert, B. T., Sutton, A. L., Frank, J. W., DeCamp, S. A., Bowers, K. A., Kelly, D. and Cobb, M. 1999. Effects of fiber addition (10 pct soybean hulls) to a reduced crude protein diet supplemented with synthetic amino acids versus a standard commercial diet on pig performance, pit composition, odor and ammonia levels in swine buildings. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl.):176
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Progress 10/01/97 to 09/30/98
Outputs
Three hundred sixty pigs, weighing 27 kg., were placed in two identical, environmentally controlled rooms in group pens. A nine week trial included a three week period when all pigs were fed an 18% crude protein control diet to seed the manure pits and a six week experimental period comparing the effects of two diets on ammonia emissions, odors and performance of the pigs. Pigs in one room were fed a high crude protein diet (16.7% CP, HCP) and in another room pigs were fed a reduced crude protein diet (12.2% CP, RCP) with supplemental lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan. Average daily gain and feed efficiency were poorer (5% reduction) for the RCP pigs compared to the HCP (P<.01). Backfat was slightly increased in pigs fed the RCP diet. A 40 to 50% reduction in ammonia, a 34% reduction in hydrogen sulfide and a 30% reduction in odors based upon olfactometry were observed in the room air where pigs were fed the RCP diet (P<.05). A lower pH, ammonium nitrogen,
total nitrogen and potassium (on a dry matter basis) were observed in manure from the pigs fed the RCP diet (P<.05). Dry matter was higher in manure from the pigs fed the RCP diet compared to the HCP fed pigs. In 1000 head commercial swine buildings, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia concentrations and emmissions were measured. Average daily mean indoor H2S concentration was 173 ppb ranging from 38 to 536 ppb. Average daily mean NH3 in the building was 5.6 ppm ranging from 2.8 to 10.6 ppm. The H2S concentration was negatively correlated with ventilation rate and the NH3 concentration was inversely proportional to ventilation rate. The H2S emission rate was positively correlated with the ventilation rate, pig weight and indoor temperature. The NH3 emission rate was directly proportional to ventilation rate, pig weight and indoor temperature.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/96 to 09/30/97
Outputs
Digestibility trials were conducted with 36 barrows, initially averaging 13 kg., from a high lean genetic line to determine the phosphorus (P) excretion in manure and P absorption in the pigs. The high lean cross pigs with a high lean gain, low feed intake and above average percent lean were assigned to four diets: (1) a standard P and crude protein (CP) diet; (2) a standard CP, low P diet with phytase (Natuphos, BASF) at 1000 units; (3) a standard P, low CP diet with four synthetic amino acids (AA) and (4) a low CP plus AA, low P diet with 1000 units of phytase. All diets were corn-soybean meal based vitamin-mineral fortified with Tylosin (1 kg/ton), formulated and phase fed to meet nutritional requirements of pigs at specific weights. There was a 3% CP differential between the standard and low CP diets and P levels in the diet varied from 0.3% to 0.6%. When low CP diets were balanced with AA and low P diets were supplemented with phytase, average daily gains and
feed efficiencies in pigs were similar. Phosphorus digestibility was increased by 3.1 to 7.9 percentage units with phytase addition as compared to the control diet in the finishing phase. Phosphorus retention was increased with the use of phytase. Phosphorus excretion was reduced 14% with the addition of AA to the low CP alone, as compared to the control in the finishing phase. The combination of low CP with AA addition and low P with phytase addition to the diet and the standard CP, low P with phytase addition to the diet reduced P excretion from 33 to 41% as compared to the control.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Sutton, A., O. Adeola, A. Schinckel and D. Kelly. 1997. Phosphorus utilization in pigs with phytase. pp. 437-440. Proc. 7th Inter. Symp. Digestive Phys. in Pigs. St. Malo, FR.
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