Source: UNIV OF MINNESOTA submitted to
CROPPING SYSTEMS RESEARCH IN MINNESOTA
Sponsoring Institution
State Agricultural Experiment Station
Project Status
TERMINATED
Funding Source
STATE
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0169782
Grant No.
(N/A)
Project No.
MIN-13-055
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Program Code
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Jul 1, 2011
Project End Date
Jun 30, 2016
Grant Year
(N/A)
Project Director
Porter, P.
Recipient Organization
UNIV OF MINNESOTA
(N/A)
ST PAUL,MN 55108
Performing Department
Agronomy & Plant Genetics
Non Technical Summary
Many farmers in the state of Minnesota and worldwide are willing to make fundamental changes in their cropping practices if they can be convinced that it is in their best interest both financially and environmentally. Conventional crop agriculture as practiced by many producers in the state and elsewhere is of questionable economic and environmental stability and sustainability. In this era of global climate change and peak oil there is a need to conduct research beyond the current conventional agriculture paradigm, and to increase our understanding of the social, economic, and environmental impact of current production systems with the long-term goal of increasing the viability and sustainability of the production systems. In addition to agronomic research on alternative crops and cropping systems for this region and elsewhere, this project will focus on a number of divergent strategies and contribute to the training of graduate and undergraduate students on the importance of viable and sustainable agricultural production systems. Because of its growth characteristics, rye is one of the best cover crops available to Minnesota producers. Continued research on rye production management, and the risks inherent with its use in the cropping systems should facilitate its acceptance by producers.
Animal Health Component
(N/A)
Research Effort Categories
Basic
(N/A)
Applied
(N/A)
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
1021570310030%
1021848310010%
2052499310020%
1111570310020%
7042410304020%
Knowledge Area
102 - Soil, Plant, Water, Nutrient Relationships; 111 - Conservation and Efficient Use of Water; 205 - Plant Management Systems; 704 - Nutrition and Hunger in the Population;

Subject Of Investigation
1570 - Rye; 1848 - Canola; 2410 - Cross-commodity research--multiple crops; 2499 - Plant research, general;

Field Of Science
3040 - History; 3100 - Management;
Goals / Objectives
1. Evaluate rye for use as a cover crop in Minnesota. - Monitor the influence of a fall-planted rye cover crop following corn, soybeans and small grains, and provide organic and conventional producers techniques and methodologies to use rye as a cover crop prior to soybean and in grazing situations. 2. Expand knowledge concerning canola production options in Minnesota. - Conduct trials for canola varietial recommendations. - Conduct industry/grower-requested field-scale trials on the Canola Production Centre. - Evaluate winter hardiness of fall-seeded winter-type canola varieties. 3. Evaluate promising alternative crops and alternative cropping systems. - Evaluate the effects of increased grass-fed beef production in Southeast Minnesota on regional water quality and on individual and regional income. 4. Contribute to the training of graduate and undergraduate students in cropping systems research and other agronomic issues. - Advise graduate students on agronomic issues related to cropping systems. - Teach formal graduate and undergraduate agronomy courses. - Design and deliver an upper-level course on important agroecosystems of the world. - Expand efforts to foster experiential learning and an international experience in our degree programs.
Project Methods
I will be working with three graduate students evaluating the use of rye as a cover crop. We will work closely with Minnesota Department of Agriculture colleagues and a network of farmers who have experience and desire to use rye as a cover crop in both organic and conventional systems. Research will continue on evaluating canola varieties (both fall-seeded winter types and spring-seeded spring types) in Minnesota, including canola agronomic practices conducted on the Canola Production Centre. Another graduate student will work on a project that focuses on the confluence of local food and grass-fed beef production in Southeastern Minnesota to better understand whether such a system could lead to improved water quality within the region and if such a system can support the livelihoods of participating farmers. I plan to strengthen my involvement in international cropping systems research and develop a experimentally-based course on agroecosystems of the world.

Progress 07/01/11 to 06/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience includes farmers in Minnesota as well as the population as a whole. This research develops applied and basic information that contributes to sustainable cropping systems in areas of Minnesota. It also includes cropping systems in Somalia, given that Minnesota is home to the largest Somali population in the United States. In addition it explores pedagogical methods of informing students and other stakeholders on important issues related to agroecology and agroecosystem analysis. Our research results offer producers a non-bias comparison of agronomic practices both in conventional and organic production systems. In addition, our research on agroecology pedagogy provides innovative new roles for instructors and students. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This past year Ryan Gavin (a MS in Applied Plant Sciences) and Allison Harvey (an undergraduate UROP student) began efforts to further analyze the data generated from the Somali project. I advise one student (Abdiwahab Ali) who is in the Master of Development Practice program. I serve on the advisory committee of four Ph.D. candidates (Samadangla Ao, Benjamin Davies, Peyton Ginakes, and Zane Walker) and advise approximately 13 undergraduate students. In addition, I: Hosted Benadir University's President Abdi Dalmar to the University of Minnesota in Nov. and another delegation from Benadir in April. Invited reviewer for USDA-NIFA Predoctoral and Postdoctoral Fellowships Program in Washington DC from 2-5 June. Presenter research at the AASHE annual conference, Minneapolis MN in Oct. Presented research at the ASA, CSSA & SSSA annual meetings in Minneapolis MN in Nov. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?This past year I gave several presentations associated with my research and outreach program: Invited participated at an UNHCR event on the Addis Ababa Commitment toward Somali Refugees. Invited speaker at a Sierra Club event ""Climate: Changing and the Impact on the Horn of Africa". Speaker at the CFANS International Collaborative Research Forum: Insights and Resources. Visited Leech Lake Indian Reservation as part of the African Studies Initiative (ASI) Invited participant at Wisconsin agroecology summit, Madison WI -15-18 Jun. Presenter research at the AASHE annual conference, Minneapolis MN - Oct 26-27. Presented research at the ASA, CSSA & SSSA annual meetings in Minneapolis MN - 15-18 Nov. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? This past year I was co-author on five refereed publications, one non-referred research report, five abstracts, and numerous articles in the popular press. My contributions were highlighted in numerous popular-press and web-based articles. One publication evaluated the effectiveness of using a rye cover crop in the control of soybean aphids. Two publications focused on the pedagogy related to further synthesis of Systems Action Education (SAE) and Adventure Learning (AL) activities, and student perceptions and instructor reflections of agroecology education while crossing two continents by bicycle. Two publications were pedalogical in nature, one discussing the in-class use of personal biographies and the other the methodology of effective student team final reports. I presented research results at local, statewide, national, and international events. In addition to working with several graduate students in the Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetic on issues related to cropping systems in Minnesota I have continued with efforts to implement conservation agriclutural practices in the Horn of Africa, and in particular, in Somalia. I was an invited speaker at the USAID-PEG (Partnership in Economic Growth) end-of-project workshop in Mogadishu, Somalia, in August. There I presented data on three seasons of agronomic irrigated corn trials conducted by SATG (www.satg.org) at the Agri-Business Incubation Center (ABIC) facility as well as on-farm. In November 2014 and April 2015 I hosted the President of Benadir University and a delegation from that university. These visits resulted in a Memorandum of Understanding being drafted between the University of Minnesota and Benadir University.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Porter, P.M., B.C. Runck, M.P. Brakke, and M. Wagner. 2015. Agroecology education by bicycle on two continents: student perceptions and instructor reflections. Nat. Sci. Educ. 44:69-78. doi:10.4195/nse2014.05.0011
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Runck, B., M. Brakke, and P. Porter. 2015. The extended classroom framework for teaching systems analysis of food systems. Nat. Sci. Educ. 44:101-111. doi:10.4195/nse2015.04.0004
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Koch, R., Z. Sezen, P. Porter, D. Ragsdale, K. Wyckhuys and G. Heimpel. 2015. On-farm evaluation of a fall-seeded rye cover crop for suppression of soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on soybean. Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 17(3):239-246. doi: 10.1111/afe.12099
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Wiedenhoeft, M., C. Francis, R. DeHaan, and P. Porter. 2015. Personal biographies used to build a learning community. NACTA J. 53(2) June: 171-173. http://www.nactateachers.org/teaching-tipsnotes.html
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: DeHaan, R., P. Porter M. Wiedenhoeft, and C. Francis. 2015. Designing quality student reports in an agroecosystems analysis course. NACTA J. 59(3) September. http://www.nactateachers.org/teaching-tipsnotes.html
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Under Review Year Published: 2016 Citation: Francis, C.A., and P.M. Porter. (in review) 24. Production Systems and Agronomy: Multicropping. In Multicropping Encyclopedia of Ap. Plt Sci. edited by Thomas, Murray & Murphy.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Under Review Year Published: 2016 Citation: Porter, P.M., and C.A. Francis, C.A. (in review) 00239. Agroecology: Farming Systems with Nature as Guide. In Multicropping Encyclopedia Pl Sci edited by Thomas, Murray & Murphy.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Agroecology Education by Bicycle on Two Continents. October 2015. CSA News. doi:10.2134/csa2015-60-10-15


Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience includes farmers in Minnesota as well as the population as a whole. This research develops applied and basic information that contributes to sustainable cropping systems in areas of Minnesota. It also includes cropping systems in Somalia, given that Minnesota is home to the largest Somali population in the United States. In addition it explores pedagogical methods of informing students and other stakeholders on important issues related to agroecology and agroecosystem analysis. Our research results offer producers a non-bias comparison of agronomic practices both in conventional and organic production systems. In addition, our research on agroecology pedagogy provides innovative new roles for instructors and students. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This past year Ryan Gavin (a MS in Applied Plant Sciences) and Allison Harvey (an undergraduate UROP student) began efforts to further analyze the data generated from the Somali project. I advise one student (Abdiwahab Ali) who is in the Master of Development Practice program. I serve on the advisory committee of four Ph.D. candidates (Samadangla Ao, Benjamin Davies, Peyton Ginakes, and Zane Walker) and advise approximately 13 undergraduate students. In addition, I: Hosted Benadir University's President Abdi Dalmar to the University of Minnesota in Nov. and another delegation from Benadir in April. Invited reviewer for USDA-NIFA Predoctoral and Postdoctoral Fellowships Program in Washington DC from 2-5 June. Presenter research at the AASHE annual conference, Minneapolis MN in Oct. Presented research at the ASA, CSSA & SSSA annual meetings in Minneapolis MN in Nov. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?This past year I gave several presentations associated with my research and outreach program: Invited participated at an UNHCR event on the Addis Ababa Commitment toward Somali Refugees. Invited speaker at a Sierra Club event ""Climate: Changing and the Impact on the Horn of Africa". Speaker at the CFANS International Collaborative Research Forum: Insights and Resources. Visited Leech Lake Indian Reservation as part of the African Studies Initiative (ASI) Invited participant at Wisconsin agroecology summit, Madison WI -15-18 Jun. Presenter research at the AASHE annual conference, Minneapolis MN - Oct 26-27. Presented research at the ASA, CSSA & SSSA annual meetings in Minneapolis MN - 15-18 Nov. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? This past year I was co-author on five refereed publications, one non-referred research report, five abstracts, and numerous articles in the popular press. My contributions were highlighted in numerous popular-press and web-based articles. One publication evaluated the effectiveness of using a rye cover crop in the control of soybean aphids. Two publications focused on the pedagogy related to further synthesis of Systems Action Education (SAE) and Adventure Learning (AL) activities, and student perceptions and instructor reflections of agroecology education while crossing two continents by bicycle. Two publications were pedalogical in nature, one discussing the in-class use of personal biographies and the other the methodology of effective student team final reports. I presented research results at local, statewide, national, and international events. In addition to working with several graduate students in the Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetic on issues related to cropping systems in Minnesota I have continued with efforts to implement conservation agriclutural practices in the Horn of Africa, and in particular, in Somalia. I was an invited speaker at the USAID-PEG (Partnership in Economic Growth) end-of-project workshop in Mogadishu, Somalia, in August. There I presented data on three seasons of agronomic irrigated corn trials conducted by SATG (www.satg.org) at the Agri-Business Incubation Center (ABIC) facility as well as on-farm. In November 2014 and April 2015 I hosted the President of Benadir University and a delegation from that university. These visits resulted in a Memorandum of Understanding being drafted between the University of Minnesota and Benadir University.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Porter, P.M., B.C. Runck, M.P. Brakke, and M. Wagner. 2015. Agroecology education by bicycle on two continents: student perceptions and instructor reflections. Nat. Sci. Educ. 44:69-78. doi:10.4195/nse2014.05.0011
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Runck, B., M. Brakke, and P. Porter. 2015. The extended classroom framework for teaching systems analysis of food systems. Nat. Sci. Educ. 44:101-111. doi:10.4195/nse2015.04.0004
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Koch, R., Z. Sezen, P. Porter, D. Ragsdale, K. Wyckhuys and G. Heimpel. 2015. On-farm evaluation of a fall-seeded rye cover crop for suppression of soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on soybean. Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 17(3):239-246. doi: 10.1111/afe.12099
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Wiedenhoeft, M., C. Francis, R. DeHaan, and P. Porter. 2015. Personal biographies used to build a learning community. NACTA J. 53(2) June: 171-173. http://www.nactateachers.org/teaching-tipsnotes.html
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: DeHaan, R., P. Porter M. Wiedenhoeft, and C. Francis. 2015. Designing quality student reports in an agroecosystems analysis course. NACTA J. 59(3) September. http://www.nactateachers.org/teaching-tipsnotes.html
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Under Review Year Published: 2016 Citation: Francis, C.A., and P.M. Porter. (in review) 24. Production Systems and Agronomy: Multicropping. In Multicropping Encyclopedia of Ap. Plt Sci. edited by Thomas, Murray & Murphy.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Agroecology Education by Bicycle on Two Continents. October 2015. CSA News. doi:10.2134/csa2015-60-10-15
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Under Review Year Published: 2016 Citation: Porter, P.M., and C.A. Francis, C.A. (in review) 00239. Agroecology: Farming Systems with Nature as Guide. In Multicropping Encyclopedia Pl Sci edited by Thomas, Murray & Murphy.


Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: The target audience includes farmers in Minnesota as well as the population as a whole. This research develops applied and basic information that contributes to sustainable cropping systems in areas of Minnesota. It also includes cropping systems in Somalia, given that Minnesota is home to the largest Somali population in the United States. In addition it explores pedagogical methods of informing students and other stakeholders on important issues related to agroecology and agroecosystem analysis. Our research results offer producers a non-bias comparison of agronomic practices both in conventional and organic production systems. In addition, our research on agroecology pedagogy provides innovative new roles for instructors and students. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? I was the major advisor for one Master’s student (Bryan Runck) and on the graduate committees of two Ph.D. students (Matt Yost and Caroline Hadle), who successfully completed their degrees. Bryan Runck's thesis research focused on the pedagogy related further synthesis of systems action education (SAE) and adventure learning (AL) activities, student perceptions and instructor reflections of agroecology education by bicycle on two continents as well as a follow-up course involving on-line collaborators on three continents. Mr. Runck was also lead author on two other publications on which I was co-author. These papers articulated the need for diversification of the temperate summer-annual cropping systems as a strategy for sustainable intensification, potentially increasing both crop productions and resource conservation. I co-authored a manuscript published in to the Journal of Soil and Water Conservation [69(4):330-342] by senior-author and former graduate student Grace Wilson. In addition, I co-authored a manuscript published in Crop Management [13:1-9] by senior-author and former graduate student Michael Kantar. Both of these publications dealt with Minnesota cropping systems. in addition, I co-authored two proceedings related to the pedogogy surrounding the agroecosystems analysis courses I co-teach. I was the UROP advisor for one undergraduate student (Brittney Johnson) whose area of study was cereal production and food aid in Somalia. I currently advise one Masters of Development Practice student (Abdiwahab Mohamed Ali) and serve on the advisory committee of three Ph.D. candidates (Samadangla Ao, Benjamin Davies, and Peyton Ginakes). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? This past year I gave several presentations associated with my research and outreach program: - Invited speaker at forum “From East Africa to Minnesota: Connecting hunger, poverty and climate change." - Minneapolis, Minnesota - Hosted Dr. H. Haji, Executive Director of SATG on the UofMN campus. - Invited speaker at the Minnesota Valley Unitarian Universalist Fellowship - Bloomington., Minnesota. - Participated in the ARAHA sponsored event” Fighting Poverty in the Horn of Africa” - Brooklyn Center. - Invited participant in the Somali Ministry of Agriculture “Strategic Planning Workshop” - Nairobi, Kenya. - Traveled to Mogadishu and Afgoi to visit SATG’s Agri-Business Incubation Center (ABIC) and Benadir University. - Invited participant to meetings with Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamoud in Minneapolis, Minnesota. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? I have planted approximately 2000 accessions of rye in an effort to screen the rye germplasm for earliness to anthesis. These accessions will be evaluated in spring of 2015. I will continue to work to expand the partnership between Somalia, the University of Minnesota and the Somali diaspora living in Minnesota to rehabilitate the agricultural research and outreach sector in Somalia to help alleviate the negative lingering effects of civil unrest and famine. I will continue to contribute to the training of graduate and undergraduate students in cropping systems research and other agronomic issues by: 1) Advising graduate students on agronomic issues related to cropping systems; 2) Teaching formal graduate and undergraduate agronomy courses; 3) Delivering upper-level courses on important agroecosystems of the world and managment systems; and 4) Expanding efforts to foster working across differences, experiential learning and an international experience in our degree programs.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? This past year I was co-author on three refereed publications, three published proceedings, one non-referred research report, four abstracts, and two new teaching publications/course syllabi. My contributions were highlighted in numerous popular-press and web-based articles. In addition to working with several graduate students in the Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetic on issues related to cropping systems in Minnesota I have continued with efforts to implement conservation agriclutural practices in the Horn of Africa, and in particular, in Somalia. In June 2014 I traveled to Kenya and Somalia, where I was an invited participant in the Somali Ministry of Agriculture “Strategic Planning Workshop” held in Nairobi, Kenya and as an invited participant in the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation'sponsored “Africa Research Connections” workshop where I had the opportunity to visit FAO/Somalia, J. Kenyatta Agricultural University and BecA-ILRI. I traveled to Mogadishu and Afgoi, Somalia, to visit Somalia Agricultural Technical Group (SATG)’s Agri-Business Incubation Center (ABIC) and Benadir University as part of my association with the SATG, of which I am a board member. I also traveled to Turkana County, Kenya as faculty advisor to three University of Minnesota Masters of Development Practices (MDP) students conducting their international field experience research. These efforts helped pave the way for future expanded efforts.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Wilson, G.L., B.J. Dalzell, D.J. Mulla, T. Dogwiler and P.M. Porter. 2014. Estimating water quality effects of conservation practices and grazing land-use scenarios. J. Soil Water Conserv. 69(4):330-342. doi:10.2489/jswc.69.4.330
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Kantar, M. and P. Porter. 2014. Relationship between planting date, growing degree days and the winter rye (Secale cereale L.) variety Rymin in Minnesota. Crop Management. 13:. doi:10.2134/CM-2013-0096-R https://www.agronomy.org/publications/cm/abstracts/13/1/CM-2013-0096-RS
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Runck, B., M. Kantar, N. Jordan, J. Anderson, D. Wyse, J.,Eckberg,, R. Barnes, C. Lehman, L. DeHaan, R. Stupar, C. Sheaffer, and P. Porter. 2014. The reflective plant breeding paradigm: A robust system of germplasm development to support strategic diversification of agroecosystems. Crop Science 54:1939-1948. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2014.03.0195 https://www.crops.org/publications/cs/abstracts/54/5/1939
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Koch, R., Z. Sezen, P. Porter, D. Ragsdale, K. Wyckhuys and G. Heimpel. 2015 (in press). On-farm evaluation of a fall-seeded rye cover crop for suppression of soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on soybean. Agricultural and Forest Entomology.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2015 Citation: Porter, P.M., B.C. Runck, M.P. Brakke, and M. Wagner. (accepted pending edits) Agroecology education by bicycle on two continents: student perceptions and instructor reflections. Natural Sciences Education.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Runck, B., M. Kantar, J.,Eckberg,, R. Barnes, K. Betts, C. Lehman, L. DeHaan, R. Stupar, N. Jordan, C. Sheaffer, P. Porter, and D. Wyse. 2014. Development of continuous living cover breeding programs to enhance agriculture's contribution to ecosystem services. In: Perennial Crops for Food Security, Proceedings of the FAO Expert Workshop, C. Batello, L. Wade, S.Cox, N. Pogna, A. Bozzini, and J. Choptiany [Eds.], Rome, Italy, 28-30 August 2013. P229-251. ISBN 978-92-5-107998-0 print, E-IS BN 978-92-5-107999-7 PDF
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Wiedenhoeft, M., P. Porter, R. DeHaan, and C. Francis. 2014. Creating student confidence for communication with farmer stakeholders. In: Building Sustainable Rural Futures, Proc. International Farming Systems Association [IFSA], T. Aenis, A. Knierim, M-C. Riecher, R. Ridder, H. Schobert and H. Fischer [Eds.], Berlin, Germany, 1-4 April. p. 461-469. http://ifsa.boku.ac.at/cms/index.php?id=134#c402
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Wiedenhoeft, M., P. Porter, R. DeHaan and C. Francis.2014. Combining farmer experience and academic knowledge: summer agroecosystems analysis course. Rahman, G. and U. Aksoy (Eds.) Proceedings of the 4th ISOFAR Conference Building Organic Bridges, at the Organic World Congress, 2014, 13-15 Oct., Istanbul, Turkey. p.895-898. http://orgprints.org/23912/
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Creating a cohesive set of courses in food systems at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities. By Madeline Giefer. 2014. Sustainability. 7(2):92-99. DOI: 10.1089/sus.2014.9806
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Bryan Runck, 2014. MS in Applied Plant Sciences, University of Minnesota. Future learning landscapes: International agroecology education and outreach through online social networks and geographic information systems


Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: The target audience includes farmers in Minnesota as well as the population as a whole. This research develops applied and basic information that contributes to sustainable cropping systems in areas of Minnesota. It also includes cropping systems in Somalia, given that Minnesota is home to the largest Somali population in the United States. In addition it explores pedagogical methods of informing students and other stakeholders on important issues related to agroecology and agroecosystem analysis. Our research results offer producers a non-bias comparison of agronomic practices both in conventional and organic production systems. In addition, our research on agroecology pedagogy provides innovative new roles for instructors and students. Changes/Problems: As reported in an earlier CRIS report I am no longer directly involved with canola research in Minnesota. This change was precipitated by the decade-long decline in canola acreage in the state. I have become more involved with the Minnesota Somali community and their efforts to influence agricultrual production in Somalia. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? In 2013 I served as advisor for one student (Adam Herges) who completed his Masters degree and on the graduate committee for one Ph.D. candidate (Omar Tesdell) who successfully completed his program. In addition, I was the UROP advisor for one undergraduate student (Laura Dorle). I continue to advise one Master’s student (Bryan Runck) and serve on the advisory committee of two Ph.D. candidates (Matt Yost and Samadangla Ao). Adam Herges defended his Master’s in Applied Plant Sciences on February 27. His research focused on the use of a winter rye cover crop to improve water quality in corn-based cropping systems. He was co-advised by Dr. John Baker, USDA-ARS. Omar Tesdell defended his Ph.D. in Geography on May 29, 2013. He studied the relationship between Palestinians and Jews with respect to agricultural land and production in occupied areas of Palestine. His dissertation was entitled “Shadow spaces: Sovereignty, territory, and the question of Palestinian cultivation.” How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? This past year I gave several presentations associated with my research and outreach program: - Invited to lecture at Washington State University on my research activities, Pulman, Washington. - Participant in the CFANS Deans’ Welcome Reception for Admitted High School Students, St. Paul. - Presented at Café Scientifique for the Bell Museum on my research and outreach activities. - Participated in CFANS workshop “An Innovative Model of Study Abroad as Part of Internationalization”. - Participated in Dr. Jason Hill’s MOOC entitled “Sustainability of Food Systems: A Global Life Cycle Perspective”. - Featured in a video promoting the Sustainability Studies minor where I highlighted my research and outreach activities. - Invited to speak at IonE’s “Frontiers in the Environment” series about my research activities. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? I will continue to work to expand the partnership between Somalia, the University of Minnesota and the Somali diaspora living in Minnesota to rehabilitate the agricultural research and outreach sector in Somalia to help alleviate the negative lingering effects of civil unrest and famine. I will continue to contribute to the training of graduate and undergraduate students in cropping systems research and other agronomic issues by: 1) Advising graduate students on agronomic issues related to cropping systems; 2) Teaching formal graduate and undergraduate agronomy courses; 3) Designing and delivering an upper-level courses on important agroecosystems of the world and managment systems; and 4) Expanding efforts to foster experiential learning and an international experience in our degree programs.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? In addition to working with several graduate students in the Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetic on issues related to cropping systems in Minnesota I have become more involved with efforts to implement conservation agriclutural practices in Somalia. In January 2013 I traveled to northern Somalia (Somaliland) with Dr. Hussein Haji on behalf of the Somalia Agricultural Technical Group (SATG), of which I am a board member. We advised CONCERN on implementing conservation agricultural practices to better the lives of the inhabitants of the Gabiley region in northern Somalia (Haji and Porter, 2013). As an offshoot of that effort we are working with Drs. Lewis Gilbert (IonE) and Ruth Dill-Macky (Plant Path) on a UMN Global One Health Fund project entitled “Quality and Purpose of Food-Aid Maize in Somalia: Creating an Inter-Disciplinary Partnership to Seek Solutions for Sustainable Agriculture in Somalia.” One objective is to build a coalition of experts to explore food-aid maize quality and safety in Somalia, and to assess whether improvements could be made in production, handling, treatment and storage. Fifty maize and sorghum samples from various locations in Somalia have been analyzed at the UMN for the presence of various fungi and associated mycotoxins. A workshop was held in mid-December 2013 on the University of Minnesota (UMN) campus to present results from the grain sample analyses. In August 2013 Development Alternatives International (DAI) requested that SATG, under the USAID-funded Partnership for Economic Growth Program, carry out a rapid assessment and technical analysis to explore short- and medium-term interventions to support economic growth in south-central Somalia. Dr. Haji and I teamed up to execute this survey and report. One key finding was that there is a severe shortage of agriculture and livestock inputs, markets for cereal production and technical support services. An outcome of these efforts is that DAI is currently negotiating with SATG on the scope of work on a two-year, million dollar grant to SATG/UMN.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2014 Citation: Wilson, G., P. Porter, B. Dalzell, and D. Mulla (in review) Estimating water quality effects of conservation practices and grazing land-use scenarios. J. Soil Water Conserv.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2014 Citation: Kantar, M. and P. Porter. (submitted to Crop Management, 2013). Relationship between planting date, growing degree days and rye (Secale cereale L.) in Minnesota.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Francis, C., G. Lieblein, T.A. Breland, L. Salomonsson, M. Wiedenhoeft, P. Porter, and R. Dehaan. 2013. Experiential learning research in agroecology. Northeast Nebraska Educators Symposium, Agronomy & Horticulture Department, UNL. April 9, 2013. p. 7.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Haji, H. and P. Porter. 2013. Study on the current agricultural practices in the Gabiley Region: Production constraints and the way forward for better agricultural practices. Somali Agricultural Technical Group (SATG, www.satg.org) report to CONCERN Worldwide.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Porter, P. and H. Haji. 2013. A new coalition between University of Minnesota and SATG to facilitate agricultural sustainability and food security in Somalia. Satg-Newsletter. Issue #9. August 2013. (see www.satg.org)
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Haji, H., P. Porter, A. Scek, and M. Younan. 2013. Economic growth assessment of South Central Somalia. Prepared by SATG for DAI under the USAID Partnership for Economic Growth Program. September 2013.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Adam Herges, MS in Applied Plant Sciences, University of Minnesota. Winter rye cover crop to improve water quality in corn-based cropping systems (Co-advised with John Baker)
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Erik Krueger, Ph.D. in Land and Atmospheric Science, University of Minnesota. Effects of winter rye after corn silage on soil nutrient status, water quality, and biomass production (John Baker, advisor)


Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Co-author on two peer-reviewed journal articles and one book chapter: 1. 'Rye-corn silage double-cropping reduces corn yield but improves environmental impacts' in Agronomy Journal (104:888-896) Our objectives were to compare environmental impacts and forage production of monocrop corn silage and rye-corn silage double-crop systems with multiple corn planting dates and high rate manure application. The primary environmental concerns identified for monocrop corn silage were soil NO3-N buildup and inadequate ground cover. Doublecropping addressed each concern but often decreased forage production. 2. 'Response of soybean insects to an autumn-seeded rye cover was published in Environmental Entomology. We evaluated the hypothesis that the use of a fall-seeded winter rye cover crop in soybean could lead to decreased insect pest pressure in the soybean. We compared insect pest and natural enemy populations in an organic soybean production system with soybeans planted into a rye cover crop. The finding that insect pest suppression in organically-managed soybeans can be achieved using a cover-cropping strategy should be encouraging to organic farmers, as their options for controlling pests such as the soybean aphid are more limited than those of conventional farmers. 3. The book chapter entitled 'Future visions for experiential education in the agroecology learning landscape' was published in Integrating Agriculture, Conservation and Ecotourism: Societal Influences, Issues in Agroecology -- Present Status and Future Prospectus. This chapter discusses the how experiential learning is gaining momentum as a favored education strategy in agroecology education, with a goal of preparing agroecologists for responsible dedication to the goals of stakeholders in farming and in rural communities. Strategies in systems action education have been developed to move important structured learning activities out of the ivory towers of academia and into the context of real world challenges. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
This research develops applied and basic information that contributes to sustainable cropping systems in areas of Minnesota. The research program examines the potential for increasing biological diversity within these systems by including rye as a cover crop. In addition it explores pedagogical methods of informing students and other stakeholders on important issues related to agroecology and agroecosystem analysis. Our research results offer producers a non-bias comparison of agronomic practices both in conventional and organic production systems. In addition, our research on agroecology pedagogy provides innovative new roles for instructors and students.

Publications

  • Krueger, E., Ochsner, T., Baker, J., Porter, P., and Reicosky, D. 2012. Rye-corn silage double-cropping reduces corn yield but improves environmental impacts. Agron. J. 104:888-896. https://www.agronomy.org/publications/aj/pdfs/104/4/888
  • Koch, R.L., Porter, P.M., Harbur, M.M., Abrahamson, M.D., Wyckhuys, K.A.G., Ragsdale, D.W., Buckman, K., Sezen, Z., and Heimpel, G.E. Response of soybean insects to an autumn-seeded rye cover crop. Environmental Entomology, 41:750-760. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EN11168 Francis, C., Moncure, S., Jordan, N., Breland, T.A., Lieblein, G., Salomonsson, L., Wiedenhoeft, M., Morse, S., Porter, P., King, J., Perillo, C.A., and Moulton, M. 2012. Future visions for experiential education in the agroecology learning landscape. In: W.B. Campbell and S.L. Ortiz, editors. Integrating Agriculture, Conservation and Ecotourism: Societal Influences, Issues in Agroecology -- Present Status and Future Prospectus 2. Springer Science + Business Media, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. p. 1-105. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-4485-1_1#page-2
  • Francis, C., Liblein, G., Arvid Breland, T., Wiedenhoeft, M., Porter, P., and De Haan, R. 2011. Experiential learning using open-ended cases in agroecology. Agron. Absts. (71-6) 17 Oct. 2011, San Antonio, TX.
  • Brakke, M., Cardwell, V., and Porter, P. 2011. Just-in-time adventure learning about food and agriculture in South America. Agron. Absts. (71-7) 17 Oct. 2011, San Antonio, TX.
  • Porter, P., Brakke, M., and Runck, B. 2012. A hybrid approach to studying food and agriculture in South America. Internationalizing the Curriculum and Campus Conference, 23 March 2012, Minneapolis. p.17.


Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Co-authored 6 articles: 1. 'Growth stage influences forage yield and quality of winter rye' was published online in Forage and Grazinglands. Our objective was to determine the forage yield and quality of three winter rye cultivars at six different maturities in four environments. Producers can maximize yield by harvesting at dough or forage quality by harvesting at tillering. Rye provides good yield and high quality forage at many environments and maturities. 2. 'Agronomic performance of cropping systems with contrasting crops rotations and external inputs' was published in Agronomy Journal. A 17-yr field experiment was conducted in southwestern Minnesota to evaluate the effects of zero-external-input, low-external-input, high-external-input, and organic-input cropping systems on crop yield, yield variability, and yield stability. Our results demonstrate the importance of extended crop rotations with forage legumes for corn and soybean production in reduced-input systems, and that long-term productivity of oat, alfalfa, and corn can be maintained with organic management. 3. 'Net energy balance of small-scale on-farm biofuel production from canola and soybean' was published by Biomass and Bioenergy. This manuscript, coupled with an earlier published article on the economics of small-scale on-farm use of canola and soybean for biofuel production, evaluated the energetics and economics of small-scale on-farm biofuel production and usage. Our findings suggest that unless the price of petroleum diesel increases substantially the economics of small-scale on-farm canola and soybean biofuels production is not cost competitive. In addition, from a life-cycle analysis and energetics perspective, the use of a legume, such as soybean, as a biofuel crop is considerably more efficient on account of the nitrogen-fixing capacity of the legume. 4. 'Winter rye cover crop management influences on soil water, soil nitrate, and corn development' was published in Agronomy Journal. We conducted an experiment to determine the impacts of winter rye on soil moisture, soil nitrogen, and subsequent corn growth, and to see whether those impacts might differ if the rye were harvested rather than killed and left in the field. We conclude that winter rye can be used as a double crop without impacting corn yield if it is killed early, but later termination to allow forage harvest will likely result in reduced corn production. 5. 'Ecology in sustainable agriculture practices and systems' was published in Critical Reviews in Plant Science. This article argues that the evaluation of systems based on productivity, sustained economic return, viable environmental indicators, and equitable social consequences of agricultural production are central to future sustainable farming and food systems. 6. 'Innovative education in agroecology: experiential learning for a sustainable agriculture' was published in Critical Reviews in Plant Science. In this article, new roles of agroecology instructors and students are described as they pursue a co-learning strategy to develop and apply technology to assure the productivity and security of future food systems. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
This research develops applied and basic information that contributes to sustainable cropping systems in areas of Minnesota. The research program examines the potential for increasing biological diversity within these systems by including rye as a cover crop, canola and other suitable regional crops that increase options for farmers. Our research results offer producers a non-bias comparison of crop cultivars and a number of associated inputs, both in conventional and organic production systems. In addition, our research on agroecology pedagogy provides innovative new roles for instructors and students.

Publications

  • Kantar, M., C. Sheaffer, P. Porter, E. Krueger, and T. Ochsner. 2011. Growth stage influences forage yield and quality of winter rye. Online. Forage and Grazinglands doi:10.1094/FG-2011-0126-01-RS. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/sub/fg/research/2011/stage/
  • Coulter, J.A., C.C. Sheaffer, D. L. Wyse M.J. Haar, P.M. Porter, S.R. Quiring, and L.D. Klossner. 2011. Agronomic performance of cropping systems with contrasting crops rotations and external inputs. Agronomy Journal. 103:182-192.
  • Fore, S.R., P. Porter, and W. Lazarus. 2011. Net energy balance of small-scale on-farm biofuel production from canola and soybean. Biomass and Bioenergy. 35:2234-2244.
  • Krueger, E.S., T.E. Ochsner, P.M. Porter, and J.M. Baker. 2011. Winter rye cover crop management influences on soil water, soil nitrate, and corn development. Agronomy Journal 103:316-323.
  • Francis, C.A., and P. Porter. 2011. Ecology in sustainable agriculture practices and systems. In 'Towards a More Sustainable Agriculture-Ecological Agriculture.' Paoletti, M.G., T. Gomiero, and D. Pimentel, editors. Critical Reviews in Plant Science, 30:64-73. DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2011.554353
  • Francis, C. A., N. Jordan, P. Porter, T. A. Breland, G. Lieblein, L. Salomonsson, N. Sriskandarajah, M. Wiedenhoeft, R. DeHaan, I. Braden, and V. Langer. 2011. Innovative education in agroecology: experiential learning for a sustainable agriculture. In 'Towards a More Sustainable Agriculture-Ecological Agriculture.' Paoletti, M.G., T. Gomiero, and D. Pimentel, editors. CRC PRESS Critical Reviews in Plant Science, 30:226-237. DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2011.554497


Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Co-authored 3 articles: * 'Open-Ended Cases in Agroecology: Farming and Food Systems in the Nordic Region and the US Midwest,' in the Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension. To describe open-ended case studies for learning real-life problem solving skills, and relate this approach to conventional, closed-ended decision case studies. Practical results reveal students well prepared for an uncertain, complex, multi-dimensional and dynamic future, had capacity to develop alternative future scenarios, and had practiced methods to evaluate options based on production, economic, environmental and social criteria and impacts. This innovative strategy offered as complement or alternative to conventional decision case studies and evaluated as approach to experiential learning, important and effective method for adult learners. * 'Growth stage at harvest of a winter rye cover crop influences soil moisture and nitrogen,' in Crop Management. To determine the effect of rye growth stage in the spring on the soil moisture and soil N under a fall-sown cereal rye cover crop. Soil moisture and nitrate-N were monitored for eight rye harvest dates in spring and summer of 2008 at two MN locations. Soil moisture in late April and early May was similar for rye and fallow treatments. At boot stage, rye depleted soil moisture by 10% and soil nitrate-N by 83% when averaged across locations. Rye reduced soil nitrate-N compared with the fallow at all growth stages. Harvest timing may be an important management tool used by farmers to conserve soil moisture for the primary crop. Spring N fertilization is likely necessary when a non-legume such as corn follows rye. * 'Economics of small-scale on-farm use of canola and soybean for biodiesel and straight vegetable oil biofuels,' in Biomass and Bioenergy. Cost competitiveness of vegetable oil-based biofuels (VOBB) impeded extensive commercialization on large-scale, economic viability, small-scale on-farm production of VOBB unclear. Study assessed cost competitiveness of small-scale on-farm production of canola-and soybean-based biodiesel and straight vegetable oil (SVO) biofuels in upper Midwest 2007 price levels. Valuing feedstock at cost of production, soybean biofuels were cost competitive whereas canola biofuels not. Valuing feedstock at market price, canola biofuels more cost competitive than soybean-based biofuels. Neither cost competitive with petroleum diesel. Feedstock type proved important in terms of meal coproduct credit, which decreased cost of biodiesel. SVO less costly to produce than biodiesel due to reduced input costs. At small scale, capital expenditures have substantial impact on biofuel cost. Unless price of petroleum diesel increases substantially, economics of small-scale on-farm canola and soybean biofuels production not cost competitive. We successfully conducted conventional and Round-up Ready canola variety trials, the Canola Production Centre at on-farm site near Roseau, and results were presented at field days and extension materials. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
This research develops applied and basic information that contributes to sustainable cropping systems in areas of Minnesota that are currently focused on small grain production. The research program examines the potential for increasing biological diversity within these systems by including rye as a cover crop, canola and other suitable regional crops that increase options for farmers. Our research results offer producers a non-bias comparison of crop cultivars and a number of associated inputs, both in conventional and organic production systems.

Publications

  • Krueger, E., T. Ochsner, M. Kantar, C. Sheaffer, and P. Porter. 2010. Growth stage at harvest of a winter rye cover crop influences soil moisture and nitrogen. Online. Crop Management. 14 October 2010. doi:10.1094/CM-2010-1014-01-RS
  • Fore, S.R., W. Lazarus, P. Porter, and N. Jordan. 2010. Economics of small-scale on-farm use of canola and soybean for biodiesel and straight vegetable oil biofuels. Biomass and Bioenergy. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.08.015
  • Porter, P. 2010. WebVista course site for 'Food and Agriculture from Cairo to Cape Town at 10mp' (CFAN3480/CFAN3000H/AGRO5999) in Spring, 2010. (access restricted to course participants)


Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: In 2009 I was co-author on one peer-reviewed journal article in Crop Management , two book chapters, two abstracts, one section in an extension bulletin, and one on-farm report. In addition I was featured in a Science article. The peer-reviewed article, entitled 'Spring wheat cultivar harrowing evaluation in Minnesota' (doi:10.1094/CM-2009-0612-RS) by Hans Kandel, myself and Pat Carr, evaluated the impact of post-emergence harrowing on organically managed spring wheat. The objectives of one research project were to determine initial plant density, plant density reduction, spike density, yield and the relationship between plant and spike density with different wheat cultivars after post-emergence harrowing. No cultivar was identified with consistent lower plant density reduction percentage after harrowing. Our suggestion for producers is to adjust the live seeding rate to locally recommended established plant density by considering anticipated plant loss before plant establishment (average 12%) and the plant density reduction from post-emergence harrowing (average of 29%. One of the book chapters was for the ASA-CSSA-SSSA Agronomy Monograph 54 'Organic Farming: the Ecological System' (C. Francis, editor). The title of the chapter was 'Crop rotation in organic production systems.' After a brief historical introduction on crop rotation, I focused the chapter on the importance of crop rotation in organic production systems. I concluded the chapter with a case study on crop rotations from three certified organic farms. A summary of that analysis is that organic producers utilize a complex crop rotation that is by necessity fluid in time and space. The other book chapter was part of Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) report on the 'Sustainability of U.S. soybean production: Conventional, transgenic, and organic production systems.' (by L. Heatherly et al., Special Pub. No 30.) My contribution was the section on organic soybean production systems. Research continued this year which evaluates the potential of on-farm crushing of canola for use of the oil and meal as renewable fuel source and high value feed. Case studies of several on-farm efforts as well as a demonstration pilot project were completed. Seth Fore, a graduate student in Applied Plant Science (APS), completed his Masters degree related to this subject. We successfully conducted conventional and Round-up Ready canola variety trials and the Canola Production Centre at an on-farm site near Roseau, and the results were presented to growers at local field days and in extension materials. PARTICIPANTS: Derek Crompton, Linda Kingery, Seth Fore, and Michael Kantar TARGET AUDIENCES: Farmers in Minnesota. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
This research develops applied and basic information that contributes to sustainable cropping systems in areas of Minnesota that are currently focused on small grain production. The research program examines the potential for increasing biological diversity within these systems by including rye as a cover crop, canola and other suitable regional crops that increase options for farmers. Our research results offer producers a non-bias comparison of crop cultivars and a number of associated inputs, both in conventional and organic production systems.

Publications

  • Featured in a Science article entitled 'Off Campus-Road Trip'. 2009. Science 323:317 (16 January)
  • Seth Fore. 2009. 'Small-scale on-farm production of biodiesel and straight vegetable oil biofuels from canola and soybean.' Masters Thesis, Applied Plant Sciences-University of Minnesota.
  • Kandel, H.J., P.M. Porter, and P.M. Carr. 2009. Spring wheat cultivar harrowing evaluation in Minnesota. Online. Crop Management. doi:10.1094/CM-2009-0612-RS.
  • Francis, C., J. King, G. Lieblein, T. Arvid Breland, L. Salomonsson, N. Sriskandarajah, P. Porter, and M. Wiedenhoeft. 2009. Open-Ended Cases in Agroecology: Farming and Food Systems in the Nordic Region and the US Midwest. Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension. 15:385-400.
  • Heatherly, L., A. Dorrance, R. Hoeft, D. Onstad, J. Orf, P. Porter, S. Spurlock, and B. Young. 2009. Sustainability of U.S. soybean production: Conventional, transgenic, and organic production systems. Special Pub. No 30. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST), Ames, IA.
  • Porter, P.M. 2009. Chapter 3. Crop Rotation in Organic Production Systems. In 'Organic Farming: The Ecological System.' C. Francis, editor. pp. 51-67. Agron. Monogr. 54. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
  • Porter, P.M. and D.S. Crompton. 2009. Canola. In Minnesota Variety Trials Results. Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Univ. of Minnesota. MP 115-2009/ http://www.maes.umn.edu/09varietaltrial/canola.pdf Porter, P.M. and D.S. Crompton. 2009. Canola cultivar evaluation. p. 22-23. www.nwroc.umn.edu/Cropping_issues/NW_Crop_trials/2008/2008_Crop_Trial s.htm
  • Francis, C.A., L.E. Drinkwater, M. Entz, A.E. Clark, K. Delate, J. Heckman, M. Liebman, H.H. Peterson, P. Allen, and N.G. Creamer and others. Ecology in organic farming: New book from American Society of Agronomy. Agron. Abst. 2009.52502. 2 Nov. 2009, Pittsburgh, PA.
  • Krueger, E., T. Ochsner, P. Porter, D. Reicosky, and J. Baker. 2009. Cover cropping winter rye after corn silage and effects on water quality, soil nutrient status, and forage yield. Agron. Absts. 2009.52714. 2 Nov. 2009, Pittsburgh, PA.
  • Mangan, M., and P. Porter. 2009. Adventure learning: Teaching food and agriculture from a bicycle in Africa. Agron. Absts. 2009.53061. 3 Nov. 2009, Pittsburgh, PA.
  • Porter, P. 2009. Crop rotations on three certified organic farms in Minnesota. Agron. Absts. 2009.53081. 4 Nov. 2009, Pittsburgh, PA.


Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: In 2008 I was co-authored two peer-reviewed articles (one in Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems [RAFS] and the other in Nematology). The objectives of one research project were to determine if a farmer-researcher developed scoring system could be used to rank wheat varieties for yield potential when grown on certified organic fields, identify views of organic producers about on-farm research, and identify the education impact of the participatory variety evaluation process. This work was published in an article entitled 'Producer participatory spring wheat variety evaluation for organic systems in Minnesota and North Dakota' by Hans Kandel, myself, Pat Carr and Steve Zwinger in RAFS (23:228-234). A model of participatory research was developed that can be used for a variety of field research projects and field days. A producer survey showed that grain yield, protein content, wheat scab resistance, leaf disease resistance, early seedling vigor, test weight and canopy closure were traits producers valued most in a variety. From an educational perspective, the participatory exercise was successful in that producers had to observe individual varieties carefully in order to come to a consensus producer ranking. Another research project involved the evaluation of soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) population dynamics when grown in rotation with non-host crops. This work was published in an article entitled 'Effect of rotation crops on hatch, viability and development of Heterodera glycines' by Senia Warnke, Senyu Chen, Don Wyse, Gregg Johnson, and myself in Nematology (10:869-882). Sunn hemp, Illinois bundleflower, oilseed rape, perennial ryegrass, red clover, corn and H. glycines-susceptible soybean were compared for their effects on hatch, viability and development in laboratory and glasshouse experiments. Results suggest sunn hemp and red clover were the most effective rotation crops for managing H. glycines, and that stimulating hatch of H. glycines second-stage juveniles was the main mechanism involved in reducing the H. glycines population density. These results enable producers to better understand and utilize crop rotation for management of a major pest problem in soybeans. Research continued this year which evaluates the potential of on-farm crushing of canola for use of the oil and meal as renewable fuel source and high value feed. Case studies of several on-farm efforts as well as a demonstration pilot project are on-going. We successfully conducted conventional and Round-up Ready canola variety trials and the Canola Production Centre at an on-farm site near Roseau, and the results were presented to growers at local field days and in extension materials. PARTICIPANTS: Derek Crompton, Linda Kingery, Seth Fore, and Michael Kantar TARGET AUDIENCES: Farmers in Minnesota PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
This research develops applied and basic information that contributes to sustainable cropping systems in areas of Minnesota that are currently focused on small grain production. The research program examines the potential for increasing biological diversity within these systems by including rye as a cover crop, canola and other suitable regional crops that increase options for farmers. Our research results offer producers a non-bias comparison of crop cultivars and a number of associated inputs, both in conventional and organic production systems.

Publications

  • Fore, S. and P. Porter. 2008. Use of an oilseed press to make edible meal for livestock. Research Summaries, Midwest Organic Research Symposium. 21-23 Feb. 2008, La Crosse WI. p. 20-21.
  • Fore, S. and P. Porter. 2008. On-farm production of organic livestock meal. Midwest Organic Research Symposium. 21-23 Feb. 2008, La Crosse WI.
  • Fore, S. and P. Porter. 2008. Life-cycle analysis of small-scale energy systems utilizing oilseeds grown in the Midwest. Short Rotation Crops International Conference. 18 Aug. 2008. Bloomington, MN.
  • Fore, S. and P. Porter. 2008. Small-scale on-farm energy and meal production: A life-cycle analysis. Biobased Industry Outlook Conference. 15 Oct. 2008. Ames, IA.
  • Kandel, H.J., P.M. Porter, P.M. Carr, and S.F. Zwinger. 2008. Producer participatory spring wheat variety evaluation for organic systems in Minnesota and North Dakota. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems (RAFS) 23:228-234. doi:10.1017/S1742170508002263
  • Kantar, M. and P. Porter. 2008 Rye as a cover crop for organic food production. Research Summaries, Midwest Organic Research Symposium. 21-23 Feb. 2008, La Crosse WI. p. 57.
  • Kantar, M., and P. Porter. 2008. Rye in a cellulosic corn system. Biofuels, Bioenergy and Bioproducts from Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Crops, 18 Aug. 2008. Bloomington, MN.
  • Porter, P.M. 2008. Zero till soybeans into rye. Proceedings of the 30th annual Manitoba-North Dakota Zero Tillage Farmers Association meeting "Beyond the Beginning". Minot, ND. 4-6 February 2008. p.28-30. www.mandakzerotill.org
  • Senia A. Warnke, Senyu Chen, Donald L. Wyse, Gregg A. Johnson and Paul M. Porter. 2008. Effect of rotation crops on hatch, viability and development on Heterodera glycines. Nematology 10:869-882.


Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07

Outputs
OUTPUTS: In 2007 I was co-author on three peer-reviewed journal articles, one book chapter, one peer-reviewed letter to the editor/technical comment, four published abstracts, one section in an extension bulletin, and two on-farm reports. I presented research results at numerous national, statewide, and local events. Some of our findings were written up in the popular press. The articles included: 1) a discussion on the history and origin of 'Cornercopia' - the University of Minnesota Student Organic Farm; 2) the development of 'Rye-Gro' - a cereal rye growth model, and 3) the hydrology and nitrogen components of the rye growth model. Economic comparisons of organic and conventional production systems were the subject of the book chapter. I was co-author on a Technical Comment in Science which reputed the results by Tilman et al. (8 December 2006, p. 1598), arguing that their contention that low-input high-diversity (LIHD) prairie can provide a substantial contribution to our nation's energy needs. We argued that their experimental results do not substantiate their conclusions and that the authors overstated the global importance of their results. We suggested that the results and conclusions presented by Tilman et al. be treated with appropriate caution until they have been subjected to more rigorous examination. Research was initiated this year which evaluates the potential of on-farm crushing of canola for use of the oil and meal as renewable fuel source and high value feed. Case studies of several on-farm efforts as well as a demonstration pilot project are on-going. We successfully conducted conventional and Round-up Ready canola variety trials and the Canola Production Centre at an on-farm site near Roseau, and the results were presented to growers at local field days and in extension materials. PARTICIPANTS: Derek Crompton and Hans Kandel TARGET AUDIENCES: Minnesota canola growers and organic producers

Impacts
This research develops applied and basic information that contributes to sustainable cropping systems in areas of Minnesota that are currently focused on small grain production. The research program examines the potential for increasing biological diversity within these systems by including rye as a cover crop, canola and other suitable regional crops that increase options for farmers. Our research results offer producers a non-bias comparison of crop cultivars and a number of associated inputs, both in conventional and organic production systems. Outcomes and impacts of this project included an increased awareness and visibility of the University of Minnesota Student Organic Farm, better understanding of the influence of a rye cover crop in our cropping systems, better understanding of agronomic issues related to canola production, and an increased caution on the part of researchers and policy makers on the notion that low-input high-diversity (LIHD) prairie can provide a substantial contribution to our nations energy needs.

Publications

  • Kandel, H., Porter, P., and Crompton, D. 2007. Winter canola variety trial, Pennington County. p. 42.
  • Porter, P., Hollingsworth, C., Crompton, D., and LeGare, D. 2007. Influence of a cover crop and crop rotation on Sclerotinia in canola. 2007 National Sclerotinia Initiative Annual Meeting. NDSU/USDA-ARS. Bloomington, MN. http://www.whitemoldresearch.com/files/012507.pdf
  • Porter, P. 2007. Designing Crop Rotations and Spatial Diversity on the Landscape. Agron. Abst. ASA, Madison, WI. Abstract ID#30618.
  • Fore, S. and Porter, P. 2007. On-Farm Biodiesel Production From Oilseed Crops in the Upper Midwest. Agron. Abst. ASA, Madison, WI. Abstract ID# 34166.
  • Krueger, E., Ochsner, T., Porter, P., Reicosky, D., and Baker, J. 2007. Effects of a winter rye double crop after corn silage on water quality, soil nutrient status, and biomass production. Agron. Abst. ASA, Madison, WI. Abstract ID No. 37191.
  • 'Little or Big'-biodiesel demonstration story. By Mikkel Pates, Agweek. 25 June, 2007.
  • Brewing fuel down on the farm. By Dan Gunderson, Minnesota Public Radio. 27 June, 2007.
  • Gulbrandson, Kelly 2007. A pair of University professors press biofuel issue. The Minnesota Daily. 18 July 2007.
  • Tschida, Courtney 2007. Cornercopia Student Organic Farm honored at the Minnesota State Horticultural Society. 5 Feb. 2007. http://sof.cfans.umn.edu/What_s_New_with_Cornercopia_in_2007.html
  • Cornercopia Student Farm Research taking off. 2007. MISA Sustainable Agriculture Newsletter. July/August 2007. http://www.misa.umn.edu/July_August_2007.html
  • New Source for Biodiesel Fuel. 2007. abc Channel 6 News, KAAL-TV. http://kaaltv.com/article/stories/S171140.shtml?cat=10219
  • Ashling, J., Tchida, C., Markhart, A., and Porter, P. (2006). Origin of Cornercopia, the University of Minnesota Student Organic Farm. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition. 1(2): 27-42. (doi:10.1300/J477v01n02_03)
  • Feyereisen, G.W., Sands, G.R., Strock, J.S., Wilson, B.N., and Porter, P.M. (2007). Hydrology and nitrogen components of a simple rye growth model. J. Irr. Drain. Eng. 133: 90-99.
  • Feyereisen, G.W., Sands, G.R., Wilson, B.N., Strock, J.S., and Porter, P.M. (2007). Development of a cereal rye growth model. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) 49(5): 1569-1578.
  • Russelle, M.P., Morey, R.V., Baker, J.M., Porter, P.M., and Jung, H-J.G. (2007). Comment on "Carbon-Negative Biofuels from Low-Input High-Diversity Grassland Biomass". Science (Technical Comment) 316: 1567b.
  • Mahoney, P.R., Olson, K.D., Porter, P.M., Huggins, D.R., Perillo, C.A., and Crookston, R.K. 2007. Profitability of organic cropping systems in southwestern Minnesota. Chapter 5 In Maurizio Canavari and Kent Olson (eds.), Organic Food: Consumers' Choices and Farmers' Opportunities. Springer Publishing Co., New York, p. 65-81.
  • Kandel, H., and Porter, P. 2007. Flax variety evaluation under an organic production system-Polk County. p. 41.


Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06

Outputs
Eight peer reviewed articles were published. The articles included: 1) a field study evaluating alternative crops and their influence on soybean cyst nematode populations; 2) a field study evaluating cover crops and their influence on soybean cyst nematode populations; 3) a greenhouse study evaluating the effect of rotation crops on soybean cyst nematode population density; 4) a greenhouse study evaluating rye response to soils with potential arbuscular mychorrizal fungi differences; 5) response of canola cultivars to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in controlled and field environments; 6) the efficacy of fungicides to control sclerotinia stem rot in canola: 7) a rye growth modeling assessment of the potential for rye to reduce field nitrate-nitrogen loss from subsurface-tiled fields; and 8) an evaluation of how wheat cultivars perform on certified organic fields. One book chapter was also published that dealt with a long-term crop rotation study evaluating four management strategies with two crop rotation lengths. Our effort to conduct both the conventional and Round-up Ready canola variety trials and the Canola Production Centre at an on-farm site near Wananska was unsuccessful due to a variable stand that resulted from sporatic and lite rainfall just after planting. Research results involving sclerotinia in canola were presented at the 2006 National Sclerotinia Initiative Annual Meeting. Flax varieties were evaluated under organic production practices.

Impacts
This research develops applied and basic information that contributes to sustainable cropping systems in areas of Minnesota that are currently focused on small grain production. The research program examines the potential for increasing biological diversity within these systems by including canola and other suitable regional crops that increase the options for farmers. Our research results offer producers a non-bias comparison of crop cultivars and a number of associated inputs, both in conventional and organic production systems.

Publications

  • Henson, B., P. Porter, and L. del Rio. 2006. Evaluation of canola cultivars for resistance to Sclerotinia. 2006 National Sclerotinia Initiative Annual Meeting. NDSU/USDA-ARS. Bloomington, MN. p.25.
  • Phillips, D.V., C. Bradley, and P. Porter. 2006. Progress in development and testing of doubled haploid canola lines with increased tolerance to oxalic acid. 2006 National Sclerotinia Initiative Annual Meeting. NDSU/USDA-ARS. Bloomington, MN. p.38.
  • Warnke, S.A., S. Chen, D.L. Wyse, P. M. Porter, and G.A. Johnson. 2006. Effect of rotation crops on Heterodera glycines hatch, viability, and development in laboratory and greenhouse studies. Society of Nematologists 2006 annual meeting.
  • Tchida, C. P. Porter, A. Markhart, and R. Joerger. 2006. Building a student organic farm at the University of Minnesota, St. Paul campus. Sustainability Conference at St. Johns, Collegeville MN. May 2006. (Poster Presentation)
  • Carr, P.M., H.J. Herman, P.M. Porter, R.D. Horsley, and S.F. Zwinger. 2006. Oat variety comparisons on fields managed organically in Minnesota and North Dakota. 2006 American Oat Workers' Conference. Fargo, ND. July, 2006.
  • De Bruin, J.L., N.R. Jordan, P.M. Porter, and S.C. Huerd. 2006. Effects of soil microbiota on rye growth: implications for integration of a rye cover crop into temperate cropping systems. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems (RAFS) 21:245-252.
  • Bradley, C.A., R.A. Henson, P.M. Porter, D.G. LeGare, L.E. del Rio, and S.D. Khot. 2006. Response of canola cultivars to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in controlled and field environments. Plant Dis. 90:215-219.
  • Bradley, C.A., H.A. Lamey, G.J. Endres, R.A. Henson, B.K. Hanson, K. McKay, M. Halvorson, D.G. LeGare, and P.M. Porter. 2006. Efficacy of fungicides for control of sclerotinia stem rot of canola. Plant Dis. 90:1129-1134.
  • Miller, D.R , S.Y. Chen, P.M. Porter, G.A Johnson, D.L. Wyse, S.R. Stetina, L.D. Klossner, and G.A. Nelson. 2006. Evaluation of rotation crops for management of the soybean cyst nematode in Minnesota. Agron. J. 98:569-578.
  • Chen, S., D.L. Wyse, G.A. Johnson, P.M. Porter, S.R. Stetina, D.R. Miller, K.J. Betts, L.D. Klossner, and M.J. Haar. 2006. Effect of cover crops alfalfa, red clover, and perennial ryegrass on soybean cyst nematode population and soybean and corn yields in Minnesota. Crop Sci. 46:1890-1897.
  • Warnke, S.A., S.Y. Chen, D.L. Wyse, G.A. Johnson, and P.M. Porter. 2006. Effect of rotation crops on Heterodera glycines population density in a green house screening study. J. of Nematology. 38:391-398.
  • Carr, P.M., H.J. Kandel, P.M. Porter, R.D. Horsley, and S.F. Zwinger. 2006. Wheat cultivar performance on certified organic fields in Minnesota and North Dakota. Crop Sci. 46:1963-1971. Feyereisen, G.W., G.R. Sands, B.N. Wilson, J.S. Strock, and P.M. Porter. 2006. A probabilistic assessment of the potential for winter cereal rye to reduce field nitrate-nitrogen loss in southwestern Minnesota. Agron. J. 98:1416-1426.
  • Porter, P., D. Allan, K. Crookston, M. Harbur, K. Olson, and D. Wyse. 2006. Overview of the University of Minnesota Variable Input Crop Management Systems VICMS) Trail. In: Long-term Field Experiments in Organic Farming, J. Raupp, C. Pekrun, M. Oltmanns, U. Kopke(Eds.). ISOFAR Scientific Series No 1. Verlag Dr. Koster, Berlin, Germany. p204. (ISBN 3-89574-590-1) http://www.isofar.org/Publications-ISOFRAScientificSeries-Longtermexp eriments.html
  • Gunsolus, J.L., and P.M. Porter. 2006. Weed control in field crops - canola. In Cultural & Chemical Weed Control in Field Crops 2006. Univ. of Minnesota. http://appliedweeds.coafes.umn.edu/ Porter, P.M., and D.G. LeGare. 2006. Oilseed crops - canola. In Minnesota Variety Trials Results. Univ. of Minnesota. http://www.maes.umn.edu/06VarietalTrials/canola.pdf
  • Porter, P. and D. LeGare. 2006. Crop rotation influences canola and wheat diseases and production. 2006 National Sclerotinia Initiative Annual Meeting. NDSU/USDA-ARS. Bloomington, MN. p.16.
  • Porter, P., and L. LeGare. 2006. Crop rotation impact on canola diseases. Minnesota Canola Council 2004/2005 Annual Report. St. Paul MN. pp.6-7.
  • LeGare, D., and P. Porter. 2006. 2005 Canola Research University of Minnesota (including the Canola Production Centre report). Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics. St. Paul, MN.
  • H.J. Kandel, P.M. Porter, P.M. Carr, and S.F. Zwinger. 2006. Producer participatory spring wheat variety evaluations for organic systems in Minnesota and North Dakota. SARE National Conference: A Midwest Homecoming, sharing a new tradition of sustainability. Oconomowoc, WI. August, 2006.
  • Kantar, M.B., P.M. Porter, and D. Allan. 2006. Breeding Rye as a Cover Crop in the Upper Midwest. Agron. Abst. ASA, Madison, WI.
  • Porter, P.M., D. LeGare, C. Hollingsworth., and D. Crompton. 2006. Rye as a Cover Crop in Rotation with Wheat and Canola. Agron. Abst. ASA, Madison, WI.
  • Henson, R., P. Porter, D. LeGare, and M. Swanson. 2006. Evaluation of Canola Cultivars for Resistance to Sclerotinia. Agron. Abst. ASA, Madison, WI.
  • Hanson, B., C. Chesrown, L. del Rio, P.M. Porter, D. LeGare, P. Raymer, and D. Phillips. 2006. Blackleg Disease of Canola: A Multi-State Research Project. Agron. Abst. ASA, Madison, WI.
  • Porter, P., and L. LeGare. 2006. 2005 canola research summary. Minnesota Canola Council 2004/2005 Annual Report. St. Paul MN. p.4.
  • Porter, P., and L. LeGare. 2006. 2005 Canola Production Centre highlights. Minnesota Canola Council 2004/2005. Annual Report. St. Paul MN. pp.4-5.


Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05

Outputs
Peer reviewed articles were published on 1) a survey for the presence of the sugarbeet cyst nematode in the Red River Basin, and 2) method and timing of removal of a rye cover crop for subsequent no-till soybean production. Articles accepted for publication included 1) arbuscular mychorrizal fungi evaluating with rye, 2) monitoring soybean cyst nematode population dynamics following a number of diverse rotational crops, and 3) evaluating canola cultivar differences in response to Sclerotinia pressure. Soils from over 100 locations in northwestern Minnesota and eastern North Dakota for the presence of sugarbeet cyst nematodes. The locations were selected by consultants associated with the sugarbeet industry as potential 'hot-spots.' Analysis of the soil samples detected no sugarbeet cyst nematodes present. Timing of rye removal influenced subsequent rye regrowth, weed growth and soybean yields. Regrowth after mowing prior to stem elongation was similar to growth of uncut rye, but decreased dramatically when rye was mowed at anthesis. Our research indicated soybean yields following a rye cover crop were often comparable to yields where no rye cover crop was grown, but economic returns were usually reduced. Results from a related greenhouse study evaluated rye response to soils with potential arbuscular mychorrizal fungi differences has been accepted for publication. Results from another article accepted for publication involved monitoring soybean cyst nematode populations at planting, midseason, and harvest from 16 crops rotated with soybean. The results suggest that a single year of rotation of soybean with any of these crops before planting a susceptible soybean may not be effective in managing the nematode. In another article accepted from publication canola cultivar differences in response to Sclerotinia pressure do exist, but that currently no cultivar tested has true resistance to Sclerotinia. We conducted both the conventional and Round-up Ready canola variety trials at two locations. The Canola Production Centre provided useful results on systems comparisons. Cropping systems studies continued involving canola following a rye cover crop in rotation with wheat and canola. Research trials at our misting facility went well, however, climatic conditions again limited the severity of sclerotinia disease in spite of our efforts to create conditions favorable for disease development. Wheat, oat and soybean varieties were evaluated under organic production practices.

Impacts
This research develops applied and basic information that contributes to sustainable cropping systems in areas of Minnesota that are currently focused on small grain production. The research program examines the potential for increasing biological diversity within these systems by including canola and other suitable regional crops that increase the options for farmers. Our research results offer producers a non-bias comparison of crop cultivars and a number of associated inputs, both in conventional and organic production systems.

Publications

  • Porter, P.M., and D.G. LeGare. 2005. Oilseed crops - canola. In Minnesota Variety Trials Results. Univ. of Minnesota. pp.50-54. MP 111-2005.
  • Porter, P., and D. LeGare. 2005. Crop rotation and Sclerotinia in canola - 2004 update. 2005 National Sclerotinia Initiative Annual Meeting. NDSU/USDA-ARS. Bloomington, MN. p.13.
  • Phillips, D.V., C. Bradley, and P. Porter. 2005. Progress in development of elite, Sclerotinia resistant canola cultivars. 2005 National Sclerotinia Initiative Annual Meeting. NDSU/USDA-ARS. Bloomington, MN. p.31.
  • Henson, B., P. Porter, C. Bradley, S. Khot, and L. del Rio. 2005. Response of canola cultivars to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in field and controlled environments. 2005 National Sclerotinia Initiative Annual Meeting. NDSU/USDA-ARS. Bloomington, MN. p.37.
  • Koch, R.L., G.E. Heimpel, P.M. Porter, M.M. Harbur, and D.W. Ragsdale. 2005. Evaluation of fall-seeded rye cover crops for insect pest management in organic soybeans. 2005 Entomological Society of America annual meeting. Fort Lauderdale, FL.
  • Carr, P.M., H. Kandel, P. Porter, R. Horsley, and S. Zwinger. 2005. Wheat varieties adapted to certified organic environments in Minnesota and North Dakota. Agron. Abst. ASA, Madison, WI.
  • Heimpel, G.E., P.M. Porter, D.W. Ragsdale, R. Koch, Z. Wu, and B. Potter. 2005. The potential role of insect suppression in increasing adoption of cover crops. Second International Symposium on Arthropod Biological Control. September 12-16, 2005. Davos, Switzerland.
  • Feyereisen, G.W., G.R. Sands, B.N. Wilson, J.S. Strock, and P.M. Porter. 2005. A simple model to estimate artificial subsurface drainage loss. ASAE annual international meeting. Paper No. 05-2024. July 17-20 2005. Tampa, FL.
  • Porter, P., G. Feyereisen, J. De Bruin, and G. Johnson. 2005. No-till organic soybean production following a fall-planted rye cover crop. Congress Handbook, 15th IFOAM Organic World Congress 'Shaping Sustainable Systems.' Adelaide, Australia. 20-23 September, 2005. p 75.
  • Porter, P., and D. LeGare. 2005. Soybean following canola, wheat and soybean with and without a rye cover crop. Minnesota Canola Council 2003/2004 Annual Report. St. Paul MN. pp.4. Porter, P., and D. LeGare. 2005. Crop rotation and sclerotinia in canola - 2004 update. Minnesota Canola Council 2003/2004 Annual Report. St. Paul MN. pp.5-6.
  • LeGare, D., and P. Porter. 2005. 2004 University of Minnesota Canola Research (including the Canola Production Centre report). Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics. St. Paul, MN.
  • Porter, P. 2005. Use of rye as a cover crop prior to soybean. In Greenbook 2005: Sustainable Energy from Agriculture. Minnesota Dept. of Agriculture, St. Paul MN. pp.73-76.
  • Kandel, H., and P. Porter. 2005. Field Pea Production in Minnesota. Univ. of Minnesota Extension Service. http://www.extension.umn.edu/cropenews/2005/05MNCN19.htm
  • Kandel, H., P. Porter, and D. LeGare. 2005. Niger variety evaluation. p.37.
  • De Bruin, J.L., P.M. Porter, and N.R. Jordan. 2005. Use of a rye cover crop following corn in rotation with soybean in the upper-Midwest. Agron. J. 97:587-598.
  • Porter, P.M., and S. Chen. 2005. Sugarbeet cyst nematode not detected in the Red River Valley of Minnesota and North Dakota. Journal of Sugar Beet Research. 42:79-85.
  • Porter. P., G. Feyereisen, J. De Bruin, and G. Johnson. 2005. No-till organic soybean production following a fall-planted rye cover crop. Proceedings of the First Scientific Conference of the International Society of Organic Agriculture Research (ISOFAR) 'Researching Sustainable Systems.' Adelaide, Australia. 20-23 September, 2005. p 26-30.
  • Gunsolus, J.L., and P.M. Porter. 2005. Weed control in field crops - canola. In Cultural & Chemical Weed Control in Field Crops 2005. Univ. of Minnesota. http://appliedweeds.coafes.umn.edu/
  • Kandel, H., and P. Porter. 2005. Foliar application of Calcium 25 on organically grown alfalfa, oat, wheat, and soybean - Comstock. p. 40.
  • Kandel, H., and P. Porter. 2005. Organic soybean, wheat, and oat variety evaluations - Fertile and Comstock. pp.41-45.


Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04

Outputs
Peer reviewed articles were published on 1) niger seed yield response to numerous seeding rates in northwestern Minnesota and North Dakota, 2) economic results in terms of profitability and risk from the variable input crop management system study involving organic and conventional production systems at the Southwest Research and Outreach Center (SW-ROC) near Lamberton, and 3) the ability of a fall-planted rye cover crop to scavenge excess soil moisture and nitrate-nitrogen from the soil profile in a cropping systems study also conducted at the SW-ROC. A MS student I co-advised completed his MS thesis based on a field study involving rye residue management strategies and a greenhouse study evaluating rye response to soils with potential arbuscular mychorrizal fungi differences. The 2004 growing season for canola growers was a difficult one. Excess rainfall and wet field conditions in the spring delayed planting and caused about half the planned canola acreage in the state to not be planted. We conducted both the conventional and Round-up Ready canola variety trials at three locations with valuable results obtained from four of the six trials. The Canola Production Centre provided respectable yields and results. Cropping systems studies involving canola following a rye cover crop in rotation with wheat and soybean continued to provide valuable data. Research trials at our misting facility went well, however, climatic conditions again limited the severity of sclerotinia disease in spite of our efforts create conditions favorable for disease development. Similarly, a canola site established near Crookston to evaluate blackleg failed to have any disease in spite of inoculating the land with blackleg-infected canola residue. Wheat, oat and soybean varieties were evaluated under organic production practices.

Impacts
Our research results offer producers a non-bias comparison of crop cultivars and a number of associated inputs, both in conventional and organic production systems. We have begun to document the influence of a rye cover crop on water flow and nitrate-nitrogen loss through sub-surface tile drainage. The environmental benefits from this practice can have important agricultural policy implications.

Publications

  • Kandel, H.J., P.M. Porter, B.L. Johnson, R.A. Henson, B.K. Hanson, and D.G. LeGare. 2004. Plant population influences niger seed yield in the northern Great Plains. Crop Science. 44:190-197.
  • Mahoney, P.R., K.D. Olson, P.M. Porter, D.R. Huggins, C.A. Perillo, and R.K. Crookston. 2004. Profitability of organic cropping systems in southwestern Minnesota. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 19:35-46. Strock, J.S., P.M. Porter, and M.P. Russelle. 2004. Cover cropping to reduce nitrate loss through subsurface drainage in the northern Corn Belt. J. Environ. Quality. 33:1010-1016.
  • Gunsolus, J.L., and P.M. Porter. 2004. Weed control in field crops-canola. In Cultural & Chemical Weed Control in Field Crops 2004. Univ. of Minnesota. BU-03157-S. http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/DC3157.html Porter, P.M., and D.G. LeGare. 2004. Oilseed crops-canola. In Minnesota Variety Trials Results. Univ. of Minnesota. MP 110-2004.
  • Bradley, C.A., G. Endres, B. Hanson, B. Henson, K. McKay, M. Halvorson, P. Porter, and D. LeGare. 2004. 2003 Evaluations of fungicides for control of sclerotinia stem rot of canola in North Dakota and Minnesota. NDSU Extension Service. PP-1263.
  • Porter, Paul, Dave Huggins, Cathy Perillo, Steve Quiring, and Kent Crookston. 2004. Long term effects of crop management: yield. Results from the VICMS study at the Southwest Research and Outreach Center, Lamberton. http://swroc.coafes.umn.edu/organic/research/completed/vicmsyield.pdf
  • Mahoney, Paul, Kent Olson, and Paul Porter. 2004. Long term effects of crop management: profitability. Results from the VICMS study at the Southwest Research and Outreach Center, Lamberton. http://swroc.coafes.umn.edu/organic/research/completed/vicmsecon.pdf
  • Kandel, H., and P. Porter. 2004. Organic oat variety evaluation-Fertile and Comstock. pp. 42-43. On-Farm Cropping Trials-Northwest and West Central Minnesota. Univ. of Minnesota Extension Service.
  • Kandel, H., and P. Porter. 2004. Organic soybean variety evaluation and management evaluation-Comstock. pp. 40-41. On-Farm Cropping Trials-Northwest and West Central Minnesota. Univ. of Minnesota Extension Service.
  • Kandel, H., and P. Porter. 2004. Organic wheat variety evaluation-Fertile and Comstock. pp. 44-45. On-Farm Cropping Trials-Northwest and West Central Minnesota. Univ. of Minnesota Extension Service.
  • Feyereisen, G.W., G.R. Sands, B.N. Wilson, P.M. Porter, J.S. Strock, W.A. Batchelor. 2004. Probabilistic Assessment of the Potential for Winter Cereal Rye to Reduce Field Nitrate-Nitrogen Loss in Southwestern Minnesota: Modeling Study Results. ASAE Paper No. 04-2236. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE.
  • Henson, B., P. Porter, C. Bradley, and L del Rio. 2004. Evaluation of canola cultivars for resistance to Sclerotinia-2004. National Sclerotinia Initiative. NDSU/USDA-ARS. Bloomington, MN. p.14.
  • Bradley, C., L. del Rio, R. Henson, and P.M. Porter. 2004. Evaluation of canola cultivars for resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum using petiole and detached leaf inoculation in controlled conditions. 2004 National Sclerotinia Initiative. NDSU/USDA-ARS. Bloomington, MN. p.15.
  • Porter, P.M., and D. LeGare. 2004. Influence of crop rotation and a cover crop on Sclerotinia in canola. 2004 National Sclerotinia Initiative. NDSU/USDA-ARS. Bloomington, MN. p.20.
  • Miller, D.R., S.Y. Chen, P.M. Porter, G.A. Johnson, and D.L. Wyse. 2004. Evaluation of crops common to Minnesota for management of the soybean cyst nematode. Annual Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society-North Central Division. June, 2004. St. Paul, MN.
  • Vetter, S.A., S. Chen, D.L. Wyse, G.A. Johnson, and P.M. Porter. 2004. Effect of rotation crops on Heterodera Glycines population density in a preliminary greenhouse study. Nematology Society, Estes Park, CO.
  • Hensen, B., K. Kandel, B. Hanson, B. Johnson, M. Halvorson, D. LeGare, and P. Porter. 2004. Niger thistle response to nitrogen fertilizer. In 2004 Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI.
  • Wiedenhoeft, M., R. DeHaan, P. Porter, S. Simmons, C. Francis, H. Karsten, C. Perillo, , G. Fick, and W. Bland. 2004. Innovative evaluation of experiential learning: measuring the immeasurable. In 2004 Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI.
  • Magidow, L.C., and P.M. Porter. 2004. Farmer perspectives on maize, globalization, and change in Chiapas, Mexico. In 2004 Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI.


Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03

Outputs
Research and outreach efforts continued on canola, niger, and rye as a cover crop in both conventional and alternative production systems. A manuscript entitled 'Organic and other management strategies with two- and four-year crop rotations in Minnesota' documented yield of organically produced soybean was reduced to a greater extent than yield of organically produced corn relative to conventional production practices. By comparing yields of the 2-yr and 4-yr rotations for four management strategies, this research showed soybean was more responsive than corn to the expanded rotation length and documented the beneficial yield effects of the expanded crop rotation, which were masked by external inputs in certain management strategies. Varietal evaluations, herbicide and fungicide trials, and a cropping sequence trial involving canola were conducted, and the results were published. Research on fall-planted rye as a winter cover crop preceding soybean, and on-farm evaluations of managing the rye residue continued. Niger varieties, seeding rates, and nitrogen rates were evaluated. Wheat, oat and soybean varieties were evaluated under organic production practices.

Impacts
Producers are searching for ways to reduce their production costs and are open to trying alternative crops and production practices in order to improve their bottom line. Canola variety selection by producers is closely tied to one's herbicide choice, and our research results offer producers non-bias comparisons of a number of products. Based on our research, producers have fine-tuned their production practices in managing rye as a cover crop and have more information involving niger production.

Publications

  • Kandel, H., Z. Fore, and P. Porter. 2003. Organic oat and wheat variety evaluations - Fertile and Comstock. p.11-12 and p.31-32. On-Farm Cropping Trials - Northwest and West Central Minnesota. Univ. of MN Ext. Ser.
  • Kandel, H., J. Stordahl, and P. Porter. 2003. Organic soybean variety and management evaluations - Comstock. p.25 and p.27. On-Farm Cropping Trials - Northwest and West Central Minnesota. Univ. of MN Ext. Ser.
  • Kandel, H., Z. Fore, and P. Porter. 2003. Mechanical weed control in organically grown wheat. p.29. On-Farm Cropping Trials - Northwest and West Central Minnesota. Univ. of MN Ext. Ser.
  • Feyeresen, G.W., A. Mendez, G.R. Sands, B.N. Wilson, P.M. Porter, and J.S. Strock. 2003. Probabilistic assessment of the potential for winter cereal rye to reduce field nitrate-nitrogen loss in southwestern Minnesota. ASAE Paper No. 032323, ASAE, St. Joseph, MI.
  • Henson, B., G. Endres, P. Porter, D. LeGare. 2003. Evaluation of canola cultivars for resistance to Sclerotinia. 2003 National Sclerotinia Initiative Annual Meeting. Minneapolis MN. Jan. 21-22, 2003.
  • Porter, P.M., D. LeGare, B. Nelson, and D. Hammond. 2003. The canola production centre in Minnesota. US Canola Research Conference. Washington DC. Feb. 23-25, 2003. US Canola Association. p.40.
  • LeGare, D, P. Porter, and D. Hammond. 2003. Seeding rate and date influence on canola using production scale plots. US Canola Research Conference. Washington DC. Feb. 23-25, 2003. US Canola Association. p.35.
  • Henson, R.A., D.G. LeGare, and P.M. Porter. 2003. Evaluation of canola cultivars for resistance to Sclerotinia. US Canola Research Conference. Washington DC. Feb. 23-25, 2003. US Canola Association. p.13.
  • DeBruin, J., P. Porter, and N. Jordan. 2003. Integrating a rye cover crop into no-till soybean production system. Agron. Abst.
  • Kandel, H. and P. Porter. 2003. Organic Production Research. University of Minnesota Regional Partnerships Project Report. Round-up of Ideas. March 2003. Minneapolis MN.
  • Hyk, Deborah. 2003. Weed FREE! An ode to rye. 2003. The NewFarm. Feature article in the September, 2003 issue. http://newfarm.org/features/0903/odetorye
  • Porter, P.M., D.R. Huggins, C.A. Perillo, S.R. Quiring, and R.K. Crookston. 2003. Organic and other management strategies with 2- and 4-year crop rotations in Minnesota. Agron. J. 95:233-244.
  • Kandel, H., P. Porter, and D. LeGare. 2003. Niger seeding rate and nitrogen evaluation. p.9. On-Farm Cropping Trials - Northwest and West Central Minnesota. Univ. of MN Ext. Ser.


Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02

Outputs
Soil samples analyzed from 101 sugarbeet and canola fields and potential `hot spots' in the Red River basin were analyzed for the presence of sugarbeet and soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii and Heterodera glycines, respectively). These nematode species were not identified in any of the soil samples, suggesting they are not currently a problem in the Red River basin. This was a concern, especially since canola is considered a good host for the sugarbeet cyst nematode and it can support elevated sugarbeet cyst nematode populations. Varietal evaluations, herbicide and fungicide trials, and a cropping sequence trial involving canola were conducted, and the results were published. Canola production and research, however, was severely hampered in northern Minnesota in 2002 because of flooding across much of the region. Approximately half the planted acreage in the state was not harvested in 2002 as a result. Research on fall-planted rye as a winter cover crop preceding soybean continued, and on-farm evaluations of rye varieties and seeding rates expanded. Initial results from seeding rate and swathing date research on niger, a potential new crop for the region, suggested improved methods for its production.

Impacts
The cyst nematode research provided information to those in the sugarbeet industry that the introduction of canola in the Red River basin has not resulted in the presence of the sugarbeet cyst nematode, alleviating fears that this pest was negatively influencing yields of sugarbeet or canola. Canola variety selection by producers is closely tied to one's herbicide choice, and our research results offer producers non-bias comparisons of a number of products. Based on our research results, more producers are growing an earlier-maturing rye as a cover crop at slightly higher seeding rates, and producers have adopted higher niger seeding rates.

Publications

  • Gunsolus, J.L., and P.M. Porter. 2002. Weed control in field crops - canola. In 2002 Cultural & Chemical Weed Control in Field Crops. Univ. of Minnesota. BU-03157-S.
  • Porter, P. 2002. University of Minnesota canola research. Proceedings of the 2002 Minnesota Canola Council Annual Conference. Jan. 8, 2002. Thief River Falls, MN.
  • Porter, P., and S. Chen. 2002. Sugarbeet cyst nematode survey in the Red River Basin. Minnesota Canola Council 2000/2001 Annual Report. St. Paul MN. pp. 7-9.
  • Porter, P., B. Jenks, D. LeGare, and K. Andol. 2002. Impact of crop rotation on canola diseases. Minnesota Canola Council 2000/2001 Annual Report. St. Paul MN. pp. 9-11.
  • Pogranichniy, S., M. Wiedenhoeft, C. Francis, S. Simmons, P. Porter, and R. DeHaan. 2002. Field course in agroecology: comparative analyses of Midwest farms. Agron. Abst.
  • Porter, P,M, H.J. Kandel, B.L. Johnson, R.A. Henson, B.K. Hanson, and D.G. LeGare. 2002. Niger research in the northern Great Plains. Agron. Abst.
  • Porter, P.M., and S. Chen. 2002. Sugarbeet cyst nematode survey in the Red River Basin, 2001. 2001 Sugarbeet Research and Extension Reports. Vol. 32. pp.326-329. NDSU Ext. Ser. Jan. 8, 2002. Fargo ND.
  • Porter, P.M., D.G. LeGare, and K.B. Andol. 2002. Oilseed crops - canola. In Minnesota Variety Trials Results. Univ. of Minnesota. MP 106-2002.


Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01

Outputs
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) populations can rebound quickly even after planting a nonhost species, such as corn, for as long as five consecutive years on SCN-infested land. In rotation with corn, resistant and susceptible SCN soybean varieties greatly influence SCN population dynamics, and choice of cultivar, along with crop rotation, are the major methods of reducing SCN-related yield depression. The use of a trap crop to effectively reduce the SCN population was documented to be not successful. Varietal evaluations, herbicide and fungicide trials, and a cropping sequence trial involving canola were conducted, and the results were published. Research on fall-planted rye as a winter cover crop preceding soybean was expanded to include a variety trial at five Minnesota locations with several early maturing forage-type rye varieties. One of these forage type-rye varieties appears to have more early-season biomass and N-uptake than the rye variety typically grown.

Impacts
The SCN research provided information utilized by Extension personnel and others on cropping sequences and varietal selection for effective SCN management. The research results document the difficulty in effectively managing SCN populations, short of not planting a susceptible cultivar. Canola variety selection is now closely tied to one's herbicide choice, and our results offer producers non-bias comparisons of a number of products. Several producers in the state are growing earlier-maturing rye as a cover crop based on our results.

Publications

  • Porter, P.M., LeGare, D.G., Andol, K.B. 2001. Oilseed crops - canola. In Minnesota Variety Trials Results. Univ. of Minnesota. MP 105-2001.
  • Porter, P. 2001. University of Minnesota canola research. Proceedings of the 2001 Minnesota Canola Council Annual Conference. January 4, 2001. Thief River Falls, MN.
  • Porter, P., Oelke, E. and Jenks, B. 2001. Determination of optimum application timing for Liberty, Roundup, and Raptor in canola. Minnesota Canola Council 1999/2000 Annual Report. St. Paul MN. pp. 7-8.
  • Porter, P., Oelke, E. and Jenks, B. 2001. Impact of crop rotation on canola diseases. Minnesota Canola Council 1999/2000 Annual Report. St. Paul MN. pp. 9.
  • Strock, J.S., Russelle, M.P. and Porter, P.M. 2001. Nitrate loss through subsurface drainage affected by climate and cover cropping. Agron. Abstr. s06-strock155330-O.
  • Strock, J.S., Russelle, M.P. and Porter, P.M. 2001. Environmental variability and cover crop capacity for reducing nitrate losses from tile drainage. In Second Int. Nitrogen Conf. Conf. of Ecological Soc. Am., Potomac, MD. Oct. 14-18, 2001.
  • Porter, P.M. 2001. Rye cultivar evaluation for use as a cover crop in Minnesota. Agron. Abstr. c03-porter125705-O.
  • Porter, P.M., Chen, S.Y., Reese, C.D. and Klossner, L.D. 2001. Population response of soybean cyst nematode to long-term corn-soybean cropping sequences in Minnesota. Agron. J. 93:619-626.
  • Chen, S.Y, Porter, P.M., Orf, J.H., Reese, C.D., Stienstra, W.C., Young, N.D., Walgenbach, D.D., Schaus, P.J., Arlt, T.J. and Breitenbach, F.R. 2001. Soybean cyst nematode population development and Associated soybean yields of resistant and susceptible cultivars in Minnesota. Plant Disease. 87:760-766.
  • Chen, S.Y, Porter, P.M., Reese, C.D. and Stienstra, W.C. 2001. Crop sequence effects on soybean cyst nematode and soybean and corn yields. Crop Sci. 41:1843-1849.
  • Chen, S.Y, Porter, P.M., Reese, C.D., Klossner, L.D. and Stienstra, W.C. 2001. Evaluation of trap crops for managing Heterodera glycines. Journal of Nematology. (In press).
  • Gunsolus, J.L., and Porter, P.M. 2001. Weed control in field crops - canola. In 2001 Cultural & Chemical Weed Control in Field Crops. Univ. of Minnesota. BU-3157-S.


Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00

Outputs
This project involves cropping systems research trials located in southern Minnesota. Research involving the use of cereal rye as a fall-planted cover crop following corn in annual rotation with soybean continues. The research documents the ability of rye to scavenge excess nitrogen and moisture from the soil profile, without reducing either the corn or soybean yield. A varietal trial involving five rye varieties was initiated at five locations, with the intent of determining if there are varietal differences in early-season biomass production. Research involving how cropping sequence influences soybean cyst nematode (SCN) population dynamics has been submitted for publication. The research documents SCN populations can rebound to yield reducing levels in soybean after several years of growing non-host species. Research evaluating how corn grain quality is influenced by landscape and fertility continues at one on-farm location. Preliminary data suggests variation in corn oil and protein content can be reduced through selected management practices

Impacts
Preliminary results show rye as a fall-planted cover crop following corn in annual rotation with soybean scavenges excess soil nitrogen and moisture, reducing pollution and runoff. Soybean cyst nematode populations will be difficult to manage if susceptible varieties are grown, regardless of crop rotation. Corn oil and protein are influenced by both landscape position and soil fertility.

Publications

  • Porter, P.M. 2000. The increased reliance on the corn-soybean rotation. MISA sponsored symposium on Enhanced Landscape, Food Systems, Human and Animal Health. April 28, 2000. St. Paul, MN.
  • Chen, S.Y., P.M. Porter, C.D. Reese, and W.C. Stienstra. 2000. Cropping sequence effects on soybean cyst nematode and soybean and corn yields. Phytopathology. 90:S14.
  • Chen, S.Y., P.M. Porter, C.D. Reese, and W.C. Stienstra. 2000. Use of trapping crops is not an effective method for managing the soybean cyst nematode. Journal of Nematology. 32:in press.
  • Elmore, R.W., D.R. Hicks, R.N. Klein, J.G. Lauer, L.A. Nelson, G.W. Roth, P.R. Tomison, T. Hoverstad, D. Jordan, M. Loux, and P. Porter. 2000. Corn roundup ready/sister line comparisons: a model for testing GMO's. Agron. Abst. p.38.
  • Mahoney, P.R., K.D. Olson, and P.M. Porter. 2000. Profitability and risk analysis of organic vs. conventional cropping systems in Minnesota. Agron. Abst. p.82.
  • Reese, C.D., S.Y. Chen, P.M. Porter, L.D. Klossner, and T.J. Arlt. 2000. Soybean yield influenced by soybean cyst nematode resistance and nematode populations. Agron. Abst. p.141.
  • Porter, P.M., G.L. Malzer, D.J. Mulla, and J.S. Strock. 2000. Corn oil and protein content across a southern Minnesota landscape. Agron. Abst. p.147.
  • Strock, J.S., P.M. Porter, and M.P. Russelle. 2000. Reduced nitrate leaching from tile drainage using a rye cover crop. Agron. Abst. p.323.
  • Porter, P., G. Malzer, D. Mulla, J. Strock, P. Robert, and M. Mamo. 2000. Corn oil, protein, and starch variability as affected by yield, fertility and field position. 5th International Conference on Proc. Ag. July 16-19, 2000. Bloomington, MN.
  • Strock, J.S., G.L. Malzer, and P.M. Porter. 2000. Spatial variability of corn yield affected by landscape position and mechanical impedance. 5th International Conference on Proc. Ag. July 16-19, 2000. Bloomington, MN.
  • Porter, P., M. Russelle, and R. Finley. 2000. Cropping systems, precipitation, and runoff trends in southwestern Minnesota: the case for cover crops. MinnesotaWater 2000 7th Biennial Conf. University of Minnesota Water Resources Center. April 26, 2000. p.24.


Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99

Outputs
This project involves cropping systems research trials located at the Southwest Research and Outreach Center Experiment Station and the Elwell Agroecology Farm. Management of a large portion of the 160 acre Farm with organic production practices continued. Most of the acreage was cropped to small grains underseeded with legumes this past season in an effort to more effectively control weeds and to initiate a wider crop rotation than the commonly practiced corn-soybean rotation. Again in August we held a field day which focused on organic crop production, and over 150 producers attended. A portion of the acreage was certified organic by an accredited certification agency, and certified organic soybean and flax were marketed. Several organic research trials involving weed control methodologies, underseeds in flax production, underseeding small grains with legumes, and enhanced P availability following buckwheat were initiated in 1999. Research involving using cereal rye as a fall-planted cover crop following corn in annual rotation was continued. The research documents the ability of rye to scavenge nitrogen and excess moisture from the soil profile. Research involving how cropping sequence influences soybean cyst nematode population dynamics continued at two on-farm sites. Research evaluating how corn grain quality is influenced by landscape and fertility was on-going at both on-farm and on-Center locations.

Impacts
Cropping systems research trials located in southwestern Minnesota involving methods of organic weed control, underseeds in flax and small grains, cereal rye as a fall-planted cover crop following corn in annual rotation, cropping sequence influences on soybean cyst nematode populations, and corn grain quality as influenced by landscape and fertility were conducted.

Publications

  • Porter, P.M. 1999. Minnesota's most popular crop rotation starting to fail, researcher says. University of Minnesota Extension Service. N-MF99-2832. Sustainable Agriculture. 7:3. March, 1999.
  • Porter, P.M. 1999. Cover crops, green-manure crops can help organic producers. University of Minnesota Extension Service. N-MF99-2832. Sustainable Agriculture. 7:3. March, 1999.
  • Porter, P.M. 1999. New findings: with price premiums, organic systems more profitable. University of Minnesota Extension Service. NAG99-2828. Sustainable Agriculture. 7:5. May, 1999.
  • Porter, P.M. 1998. Corn and soybean row spacing. Proc. Soils, Fertilizer and Agricultural Pesticides Short Course and Equipment Exposition. Minneapolis, MN. Nov. 23-24. pp.160-165.
  • Olson, K.D., Mahoney, P.R. and Porter, P.M. 1999. Long-term cropping studies at the University of Minnesota: the variable input cropping management system study. Proc. Economics of Organic Farming Systems: what can the long-term cropping systems studies tell us. USDA-ERS. Arlington, VA. April 21. pp.1-14.
  • Porter, P.M., Dyck, E., Krzmarzick, R. and Saeger, E. 1999. Organic conversion strategies for conventional corn-soybean growers. Agron. Abst. p.63.
  • Chen, S.Y., Porter, P.M., Reese, C.D. and Stienstra, W.C. 1999. Soybean cyst nematode population influenced by susceptible and resistant soybean in rotation with corn. Agron. Abst. p.112.
  • Chen, S.Y., Orf, J.H., Reese, C.D., Porter, P.M., Stienstra, W.C., Young, N.D., Walgenbach, D.D., Schaus, P.J., Arlt, T.J. and Breitenbach, F.R. 1999. Management of SCN through the use of resistant varieties in Minnesota. USB National Soybean Cyst Nematode Conference Proceedings 1999: 20.
  • Chen, S.Y., Porter, P.M., Reese, C.D. and Stienstra, W.C. 1999. Evaluation of trapping crop for managing the soybean cyst nematode. Journal of Nematology: in press (Joint Meeting of the American Society of Parasitologists and the Society of Nematologists, Monterey California, July 6-9, 1999).
  • Klossner, L.D. and Porter, P.M. 1999. Variable input crop management systems at the Southwest Experiment Station: 1998 management history and yields. In Field Research in the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. MN Ag. Expt. Stn. Misc. Pub. 103-1999. (Soils Series #145) p. 58-61.
  • Quiring, S.R. and Porter, P.M. 1999. Comparison of on-farm tillage operations in the fall of 1997 and 1998 in southwest Minnesota. In Field Research in the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. MN Ag. Expt. Stn. Misc. Pub. 103-1999. (Soils Series #145) p. 62-64.
  • Porter, P.M., Hicks, D.R., Klossner, L.D. and Hoverstad, T.R. 1999. High-oil hybrid trials at Lamberton and Waseca - 1998. In Field Research in the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. MN Ag. Expt. Stn. Misc. Pub. 103-1999. (Soils Series #145) p. 65-67.
  • Porter, P.M., Hicks, D.R., Klossner, L.D. and Hoverstad, T.R. 1999. Soybean row spacing and plant population research at Lamberton and Waseca - 1998. In Field Research in the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. MN Ag. Expt. Stn. Misc. Pub. 103-1999. (Soils Series #145) p. 68-70.
  • Porter, P.M. and Quiring, S.R. 1999. Planting date effects on corn and soybean development and yield at Lamberton - 1998. In Field Research in the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. MN Ag. Expt. Stn. Misc. Pub. 103-1999. (Soils Series #145) p. 71-74.


Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98

Outputs
This project involves cropping systems research located at the Southwest Experiment Station and the Elwell Agroecology Farm (EAF). In 1998 we began to manage most of the 160 acre EAF with organic production practices. The acreage had a history of essentially no synthetic fertilizer and pesticide applications, limited tile drainage, low yields and high weed pressure. Patterned tile drainage was installed and soil fertility levels were increased with liquid swine manure in the spring. Most of the acreage was cropped to small grains underseeded with legumes this past season to more effectively control weeds and to initiate a wider crop rotation than the commonly practiced corn-soybean rotation. This August we held the first ever field day at the station which focused on organic crop production. The event was attended by over 120 producers. A portion of the acreage was certified organic. Research trials involving organic weed control methodologies, organic flax production, and enhanced P availability following buckwheat were initiated. Research involving spatial and temporal yield variability over a ten-year period was published which documented a relatively high amount of inherent corn and soybean yield variability, suggesting producers should not consider changing management practices to try to influence yields in areas of a field yielding as much as 20% less than the field average, unless the yield differences are consistent over years. These results will impact yield map design and interpretation.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • PORTER, P.M., LAUER, J.G., HUGGINS, D.R., OPLINGER, E.S., and CROOKSTON, R.K. 1998. Assessing spatial and temporal variability of corn and soybean yields. J. Prod. Agric. 11:359-363.
  • DYCK, E., PORTER, P.M., EASH, N.S., and FERNHOLZ, C. 1998. New research in organic farming systems at the historically low-input Elwell Agroecology Farm. Agron. Abstr., p. 59.


Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97

Outputs
This project evaluated existing long-term cropping systems research trials located at the Southwest Experiment Station and the Elwell Agroecology Farm. In one trial, dicots were more effective than monocots in causing a positive corn yield response to crop rotation. When grown in a two-year rotation, sunflower gave the same yield advantage as alfalfa to the subsequent corn crop, whereas sorghum, sorghum-sudangrass hybrids, and fallow gave no yield advantage to the subsequent corn crop when compared to continuous corn. In another trial, environmental growing conditions influenced the magnitude of the corn-soybean rotation effect - the ability to obtain higher yields when corn and soybeans are grown in rotation compared with continuous production of either crop. In years with low yields, the magnitude of the rotation effect on both corn and soybean yield was larger than in years with high yields. Of the cropping sequences evaluated, corn yield was maximized by the annual rotation of corn and soybean, whereas soybean yield was not maximized. The results of this research illustrate the need to study and understand wider cropping sequences besides the commonly practiced corn-soybean rotation. We also demonstrated a yield advantage to 20-inch row spacing compared with 30-inch row spacing for several hybrids at three Minnesota locations. These results suggest producers may want to consider narrowing corn row widths from the conventional 30-inch spacing, while increasing the plant population above the current stand density of approximately 26,000 plants per acre. The project also developed a user-friendly cropping system database software package called "TIMNA" (Trends In Minnesota Agriculture) to aid in our understanding of changes in Minnesota crop production systems. Currently nine counties in southwestern Minnesota are included. Five graphs are presented for each county involving change from 1900 to the present in farm size, number of farmers, cropped acreage, production and yields. An interpretation of the trends is included. The information can be viewed on the world wide web by accessing the Southwest Experiment Station homepage at http://swes.agri.umn.edu.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • Porter, P.M., R.K. Crookston, J.H. Ford, D.R. Huggins, and W.E. Lueschen. 1997. Interrupting yield depression in monoculture corn: comparative effectiveness of grasses and dicots. Agron. J. 89:247-250.
  • Porter, P.M., D.R. Hicks, W.E. Lueschen, J.H. Ford, D.D. Warnes, and T.R. Hoverstad. 1997. Corn response to row width and plant population in the northern Corn Belt. J. Prod. Agroc. 10:293-300.
  • Porter, P.M., J.G. Lauer, W.E. Lueschen, J.H. Ford, T.R. Hoverstad, E.S. Oplinger, and R.K. Crookston. 1997. Environment affects the corn and sobyean rotation effect. Agron. J. 89:442-449.


Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96

Outputs
One objective of this project was to evaluate existing long-term cropping systems research trials located at the Southwest Experiment Station and the Elwell Agroecology Farm (formerly Koch Farm). Results from several trails involving crop rotation and cropping systems were presented at national and international meetings, and a number of abstracts, conference proceedings and manuscripts were either published or accepted for publication. A second objective of the project was to develop a user-friendly cropping systems database software package (TIMNA, Trends in Minnesota Agriculture) to aid in our understanding of changes in Minnesota crop production systems. Through recent advances in software technology and Internet capabilities, the delivery mechanism for these data to end-users has been worked out. Initial data entry has been nearly completed, and efforts are now focused on producing graphics accessible by a link to the Southwest Experiment Station WWW homepage.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • PORTER, P.M., CROOKSTON, R.K., FORD, J. H., HUGGINS, D.R. AND LUESCHEN, W.E. 1997. Interrupting the corn monoculture yield depression: comparative effectiveness of grasses and dicots. Agron J. (in press).
  • PORTER, P.M., LAUER, J.G., LUESCHEN, W.E., FORD, J.H., HOVERSTAD, T.R. AND CROOKSTON, R.K. 1997. Environment impacts the corn and soybean rotation effect. Agron J. (in press).
  • PORTER, P.M., HUGGINS, D.R., PERILLO, C.A. LAUER, J.G., OPLINGER, E.S. AND CROOKSTON, R.K. 1997. Long-term yields for individuals plots: implications for managing spatial variability. Proc. 3rd Int Conf on Prec Ag, Mpls, MN 6/26.
  • OLSON, K.D., HUGGINS, D.R., PORTER, P.M., PERILLO, C. A., AND CROOKSTON, R.K. 1996. Risks and returns in the transition from high to low chemical cropping systems. Proc. 5 Joint Conf on Ag, Food and Env. Padova, Italy, June 17-28.
  • PORTER, P.M., LAUER, J.G., HUGGINS, D.R., OPLINGER, E.S., PERILLO, C.A. AND CROOKSTON, R.K. 1996. Spatial and temporal yield variability in long-term corn and soybean trials. Agron. Abstr. p. 120.
  • CROOKSTON, R.K., PORTER, P.M., PERILLO, C. A., AND HUGGINS, D.R. 1996. Impact of rotation length and fertility on organic corn and soybean production. Agron. Abstr. p. 120.
  • PERILLO, C.A., PORTER, P.M., HUGGINS, D. R., AND OLSON, K.D. 1996. Variable inputcrop management systems: evaluation of productivity and profitability over eigh.