Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Comprehensive United States county distribution maps of Fomes fasciatus and F. fomentarius were developed based on peer-reviewed publications, records from mycological herbaria and collections made for this study. Geographic distribution was expanded for both species to include six counties in four states not included in previous publications and records. North Carolina and Tennessee were the only states where both species occurred, but their distributions did not overlap when resolved to the county level.tree hosts. In this study, 11 and 17 new hosts species were identified for F. fasciatus and F. fomentarius, respectively. The extension of host distributions beyond the previously known range for each fungal species suggests that other factors may contribute to distribution of F. fasciatus and F. fomentarius. Spores of F. fasciatus were smaller than those of F. fomentarius and grew best at 32C and F. fomentarius at 28C. Genetic relatedness of the two species was examined using maximum parsimony analysis of the ITS of the rDNA and RPB2 gene. Based on 100 replications the two species represent distinct lineages that form distinct clades with 100 percent bootstrap support. Over 700 collections were added to the mycological herbarium that included 84 genera. Collections were chiefly of wood decay fungi and 24 collections of powdery mildew fungi. Thirty five profiles of poroid wood decay fungi were added to the herbarium website. PARTICIPANTS: One Master of Science graduate student worked on the distribution and genetic analyses of Fomes fasciatus and F. fomentarius. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences included mycologists, forest ecologists and plant pathologists. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
A more accurate distribution of Fomes fasciatus and F. fomentarius enables studies to be made that determine environmental and biological factors that may be responsible for distribution changes of fungi. The depth of the study used various data sources in addition to the researcher's field studies that may establish or protocol for determining the distribution of fungi that are poorly known. The importance of herbaria collections and ready access to them underscores the value of online availability of data of this nature.
Publications
- Grand, L.F. and C.S. Vernia. 2007. Biogeography and hosts of poroid wood decay fungi in North Carolina: Species of Abortiporus, Bondarzewia, Grifola, Heterobasidion, Laetiporus and Meripilus. Mycotaxon 99:99-102.
- Grand, L.F., C.S. Vernia and M.J. Munster. 2008. Biogeography and hosts of poroid wood decay fungi in North Carolina: species of Trametes and Trichaptum. Mycotaxon 106:243-246.
- Giles, R., I. Peszlen, P. Peralata, Hou-Min Chang, R. Farrell, L. Grand and B. Horvath. 2011.Fungal biodegradation of genecially modififed and lignin-altered quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). Holzforschung 65:1-6.
- Miller, G. L., Grand, L. F., and Tredway, L. P. 2011. Identification and distribution of fungi associated with fairy rings on golf putting greens. Plant Dis. 95 (9):1131-1138.
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Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Eighty collections of fungi, primarily from North Carolina, were identified and accessioned in the mycological herbarium at North Carolina State University. Fungi reported on host plants were added to the NC Plant Disease Index database. Reports on fungi recorded from specific state parks and natural areas were sent to appropriate state park officials and to the biota database for the entire state park system. Fungi recorded from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park were sent to the database of the ATBI Discover Life program. All collections in the mycological herbarium are available for use by personnel from the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences and interested public school, college, and university teachers and students. In continuing research on the biodiversity and biogeography of wood decay fungi, 64 species of fungi in 50 genera were collected in North Carolina. About three fourths of these were in the Aphyllophorales. There were 22 fungus-host combinations which were first time reports for the United States. Five additional combinations were new to North Carolina but not to the country. A website for the herbarium was established. Fungus profiles with macro and microscopic features were developed for 24 species of poroid wood decay fungi and are featured on the website. PARTICIPANTS: Caroline S. Vernia, Michael J. Munster and Bryan R. Cody were collaborators on this project, participating in the collection, identification, and accessioning of fungal specimens into the computer database and mycological herbarium. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The baseline data for wood decay fungi in the Aphyllophorales in North Carolina continues to be a significant contribution to our knowledge of the biodiversity, hosts and distribution of this important group of fungi. These studies will potentially aid future researchers studying plant diseases, nutrient cycling of woody residue, environmental impacts, climate change, and potential pharmacological products. The index "Fungi on Plants in North Carolina" will assist practitioners across the state in the rapid and accurate diagnosis of fungal plant diseases and decay. The mycological herbarium website allows access to the fungus profiles and will eventually contain a searchable list of all fungi in the herbarium.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Collections of fungi, primarily from North Carolina, were identified and placed in the mycological herbarium at North Carolina State University. Fungi reported on host plants were added to the NC Plant Disease Index database. Reports on fungi recorded from specific state parks and natural areas were sent to appropriate state park officials and to the biota database for the entire state park system. Fungi recorded from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park were sent to the database of the ATBI Discover Life program. All collections in the mycological herbarium are available for use by personnel from the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences and interested public school, college, and university teachers and students. In continuing research on the biodiversity and biogeography of wood decay fungi, 77 taxa (usually identified to species) were collected or observed, mostly in North Carolina. About half of these belonged to the Aphyllophorales. There were eleven fungus-host combinations during this period which were first time reports for the United States. Five additional combinations were new to North Carolina but not to the country. PARTICIPANTS: Caroline S. Vernia and Michael J. Munster were collaborators on this project, participating in the collection, identification, and accessioning of fungal specimens into the computer database and mycological herbarium. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The baseline data for wood decay fungi in the Aphyllophorales in North Carolina is a significant contribution to our knowledge of the biodiversity, hosts and distribution of this important group of fungi. These studies will potentially aid future researchers studying plant diseases, nutrient cycling of woody residue, environmental impacts, climate change, and potential pharmacological products. The index "Fungi on Plants in North Carolina" will assist practitioners across the state in the rapid and accurate diagnosis of fungal plant diseases and decay.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Collections of fungi, primarily from North Carolina, were identified and placed in the mycological herbarium at North Carolina State University. Fungi reported on host plants were added to the NC Plant Disease Index database and made available to faculty including extension agents and undergraduate and graduate students. Fungi recorded from specific state parks and natural areas were sent to appropriate state park officials and to the biota database for the entire state park system. Fungi recorded from the Great Smoky Mountains National park were sent to the database of the ATBI Discover Life program. All collections in the mycological herbarium are available for use by personnel from the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences and interested public school, college, and university teachers and students. In continuing research on the biodiversity and biogeography of wood decay fungi, 44 species, primarily in the Aphyllophorales, were recorded North Carolina. County
distribution maps were developed for species in Abortiporus, Bondarzewia, Cryptoporus, Grifola, Heterobasidion, Laetiporus, Meripilus, Porodisculus, Trametes, and Trichaptum. There were 42 new fungus-host combinations records of which 18 were new for NC and 24 were new combinations for the US. Two new species of powdery mildew fungi were reported in North Carolina, and Podosphaera (cfr. clandestina) was recorded for the first time on Prunus serotina. An unusual Phyllactina with a Streptopodium anamorph was collected from Robinia pseudoacacia. A portion of the 28S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the ribosomal DNA of cultures of the wood decay fungi Fomes fomentarius, F. fasciatus, Piptoporus betulinus, Schizopora paradoxa, S. flavipora, and S. apacheriensis were amplified with PCR and sequenced. Analysis of sequence data confirmed the identity of F. fomentarius, P. betulinus, S. paradoxa, and S. flavipora. The sequence obtained from a pure culture of S. apacheriensis
was 98% similar with species of Schizopora and represents the first rDNA sequence of this organism. The identity of F. fasciatus was not confirmed. DNA was successfully isolated from basidiocarps of F. fomentarius and F. fasciatus from herbarium collections. Further analysis is pending. Presented a two-day portion of a two-week training course entitled "Diseases and Other Pests of Forest Trees in the Southern Appalachian Mountins" on Phytophthora root rot and wood decay and wood decay fungi. A 35-page notebook on these topics was prepared and distributed to the students in the course.
PARTICIPANTS: Caroline S. Vernia and Michael J. Munster were collaborators on this project, participating in the collection, identification, and accessioning of fungal specimens into the computer database and mycological herbarium. Vernia also participated in preparing course materials and as an instructor in the training course "Diseases and Other Pests of Forest Trees in the Southern Appalacian Mountains".
Impacts
Conservatively 2-5% loss to root decay annually of the Fraser fir grown for Christmas trees in the past 30 years was avoided when prevention guidelines were followed. The baseline data for wood decay fungi in the Aphyllophorales in North Carolina is a significant contribution to our knowledge of the biodiversity, hosts and distribution of this important group of fungi. These studies will potentially aid future researchers studying plant diseases, nutrient cycling of woody residue, environmental impacts, climate change, and potential pharmacological products. The index "Fungi on Plants in North Carolina" will assist practitioners across the state in the rapid and accurate diagnosis of fungal plant diseases and decay.
Publications
- Grand, L.F. and C.S. Vernia. 2007. Biogeography and hosts of poroid wood decay fungi in North Carolina: species of Abortiporus, Bondarzewia, Grifola, Heterobasidion, Laetiporus and Meripilus. Mycotaxon 99:99-102.
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
In continuing research on the biodiversity and biogeography of wood decay fungi, 56 fungal species in 37 genera, primarily in the Aphyllophorales, were recorded in four counties in western NC. New fungus-host records for NC and the United State were noted in 30 collections. Two species were recorded for the first time in NC. Piptoporus betulinus was recorded in four of the 19 sites visited, and Fomes fomentarius was recorded in three sites. One or both of the most common hosts (Betula allegheniensis and B. lenta) for both these wood decay species were present on all 19 sites. The southernmost occurrence of P. betulinus was at 35 degrees, 01.671 minutes North latitude. The southernmost occurrence of F. fomentarius was determined to be 35 degrees, 01.769 minutes North latitude. This "Highlands" project in the mountains is part of an overall effort which registered 123 collections and six observations of fungi during the year, representing 107 distinct fungal taxa.
Viewed another way, 126 fungus-host combinations were observed or collected during this period, of which 49 were new US reports and 16 were new for NC, though not for the country. Of the 65 new combinations for NC, five were powdery mildews, 14 were polypores, and 11 were nonpolypore Aphyllophorales. The reported range of Cryptoporus volvatus - a wood decay fungus vectored by bark beetles - was substantially increased after collections were made on longleaf pine in Scotland Co. and on loblolly pine in Moore Co., NC. Both sites were approximately 193 km SE of the nearest previous report in the state. Prior to these two reports, C. volvatus was unknown in the southern pine forests of the US. This may be an indication that the fungus might now be found throughout the Piedmont on pines infested with bark beetles. The known range of Phylloporia frutica, an unusual poroid wood decay species on Asimina triloba, was extended approximately 381 km (Chatham Co., NC) and 426 km (Wake Co., NC)
beyond its previous most northerly location in Georgia. Fomes fasciatus was collected for the first time in NC, in a total of three counties in the Coastal Plain and southern Piedmont. This represents a substantial increase in the reported northern range of this species in the US, as it is typically found in the Gulf Coast states. It appears that F. fasciatus reaches its northern limit in southern NC and that the related F. fomentarius, a typically northern species, reaches its southern limit in southwestern NC.
Impacts
Conservatively 2-5% loss to root decay annually of the Fraser fir grown for Christmas trees in the past 30 years was avoided when prevention guidelines were followed. Nectria balsamea appears to be an opportunistic fungus affecting stressed trees and at this time is not considered a potential threat to Fraser fir. The baseline data for wood decay fungi in the Aphyllophorales in North Carolina is a significant contribution to our knowledge of the biodiversity, hosts and distribution of this important group of fungi. These studies will potentially aid future researchers studying plant diseases, nutrient cycling of woody residue, environmental impacts, climate change, and potential pharmacological products.
Publications
- Grand, L.F. and C.S. Vernia. 2005. Biogeography and hosts of poroid wood decay fungi in North Carolina: species of Fomes, Fomitopsis, Fomitella and Ganoderma. Mycotaxon 94:231-234.
- Benson, D.M., L.F. Grand, C.S. Vernia and T.R. Gottwald. 2006. Temporal and spatial epidemiology of Phytophthora root rot in Fraser fir plantations. Plant Dis. 90:1171-1180.
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
In a continuing study of fungal biodiversity in the state, 205 collections or observations were made, with 126 total taxa represented. Of these, 67 were new host records for North Carolina. Biodiversity and biogeography studies of wood decay fungi in the Aphyllophorales documented 109 taxa. In North Carolina state parks 20 taxa were identified. Fomes fomentarius was recorded at four of 17 sites visited, and Piptoporus betulinus was also recorded at four sites. The distribution of collection locations of F. fomentarius and P. betulinus supports our hypothesis that both species reach the southern limits of their ranges in the southern Appalachian mountians. Fomes fasciatus, a third target species, was not found at any location. Emphasis on the powdery mildew fungi in North Carolina has resulted in records of 42 taxa on 94 genera of plants. A key to the genera of powdery mildew fungi utilizing current taxonomy was developed. A key to powdery mildew fungi on oaks was
developed to facilitate identification of species. Erysiphe calocladophora, E. extensa var. extensa, E. extensa var. curta, and E. abbreviata have been verified on oaks. Pleochaeta polychaeta is reported for the first time in North Carolina.
Impacts
The baseline data of species in the fungal diversity studies will continue to provide a significant contribution to studies of plant diseases, nutrient cycling of woody residue, environmental impact studies, and pharmacological information. Plant disease diagnosticians and researchers will be able to correctly identifying powdery mildew species. Accurate identification of these fungi is paramount for plant breeding, research, and control recommendations.
Publications
- Grand, L.F. and C.S. Vernia. 2005. Biogeography and hosts of poroid wood decay fungi in North Carolina: Species of Coltricia, Coltriciella and Inonotus. Mycotaxon 91:35-38.
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
Three-year-old Fraser fir inoculated in the field with Nectria balsamia in June 2003 failed to produce cankers in October 2003 and June 2004. Inoculation of wounds on stems with mycelial plugs or conidial suspension failed to incite cankers similar to those found previously in plantations of Fraser fir in 10 counties in North Carolina. In a continuing study of fungal biodiversity in the state 204 collections or observations of fungi were made with 124 total taxa represented. Of these, 84 were new host records for North Carolina. Biodiversity and biogeography studies of wood decay fungi in the Aphyllophorales documented 75 taxa. In NC state parks 35 taxa were identified. In cooperation with US Forest Service personnel, Gymnosporangium ellisii on Atlantic white cedar was confirmed for the first time in Mississippi and for the second time in Alabama. Heretofore, only a single collection of this rust fungus was reported from Alabama. Location and evaluation of Atlantic
white cedar stands in Mississippi and Alabama is planned.
Impacts
Nectria balsamea appears to be an opportunistic pathogen affecting stressed plants and, at this time, is not considered a potential threat to Fraser fir. The baseline data of species in the fungal diversity studies will continue to provide a significant contribution to studies of plant diseases, nutrient cycling of woody residue, environmental impact studies and pharmacological information. Gymnosporangium rust may have a significant impact on the re-establishment and management of Atlantic white cedar in Mississippi and Alabama.
Publications
- Grand, L.F. 2004. Diversity and distribution of poroid wood decay fungi in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Inoculum Suppl. to Mycologia 55(4):14. Abstr.
- Grand, L.F. and C.S. Vernia. 2004. Biogeography and hosts of wood decay fungi in North Carolina: Species of Phellinus and Schizopora. Mycotaxon 89:181-184.
- Grand, L.F., C.S. Vernia and J. Perry. 2004. Noteworthy collections, North Carolina, Phylloporia frutica (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Ryvarden. Castanea 69:237-238.
- Grand, L.F. and C.S. Vernia. 2004. Biogeography and hosts of poroid wood decay fungi in North Carolina: Species of Ceriporia, Ceriporiopsis and Perenniporia. Mycotaxon 90(2):307-310.
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
In 2002 mortality of Fraser fir caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi in 24 plots over 3 years averaged 8.9% and ranged from 2.3-19.2%. Plot aspect but not slope, age or annual rainfall was correlated with mortality. North- and east-facing plots had the greatest mortality. Five of 22 plots had a significant increase in mortality (1.5%/yr) over 3 years. Drought conditions in the region for the past several years may have limited disease spread in many of the plots. Nectria (Thyronectria) balsamea has been found in native stands and plantations of Fraser fir in Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Haywood, Jackson, Macon, Mitchell, Transylvania and Watauga counties in NC. N. balsamea was found in plantations on branches and stems of young firs killed by Phytophthora root rot and on dead branches of older trees in natural stands. Nectria balsamea was associated with a canker on 10-year-old trees in a plantation in Avery Co. Isolates from these trees were used to inoculate
3-year-old firs in a plantation in June. Evaluation of inoculated trees in October was inconclusive. The site had ample rain during the summer and lacked any apparent stress that could have predisposed the seedlings to infection. Seedlings will be evaluated in spring of 2004. In a continuing study of fungal biodiversity in NC State parks 144 taxa were identified. Biodiversity and biogeography of wood decay Aphyllophorales in NC documented 199 taxa. As a part of the All Taxa Biological Inventory Program, 37 taxa were identified in the Great Smoky Mtns. National Park. Phylloporia frutica on Asimina triloba was reported for the first time in NC. This extends the range of the fungus north by 729 km from its previous report in Georgia.
Impacts
Conservatively 2-5% loss to root decay annually of the Fraser fir grown for th Christmas trees in the past 30 years was avoided when prevention guidelines were followed. Nectria balsamea may be an important pathogen of Fraser fir seedlings. The baseline data of species in the fungal biodiversity studies will provide a significant impact on such diverse areas as plant disease, nutrient cycling of woody residue, environmental impact studies and pharmacological information.
Publications
- Benson, D.M. and L.F. Grand. 2003. Progress of Phtophthora root rot in plantations of Fraser fir. Phytophathology (Suppl.) 93:58. Abstr.
- Grand, L.F. and C.S. Vernia. 2003. Noteworthy Collectons, North Carolina, Cryptoporus volvatus (Peck) Shear. Castanea. 68:88-89.
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Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02
Outputs
Disease spread studies were continued in seven (of an original 29) Phytophthora root rot of Fraser fir plots in three western NC counties in 2001-2002. Disease incidence increases were seen in five of the seven plots. Percent trees infected in plots ranged from 5.1 - 24.6. Thyronectria balsamea has now been found on dead branches of Fraser fir in native stands in 4 NC counties and at elevations up to 1890 m on Roan Mt. In a preliminary test, excised tips of branches of live 6- and 7-year-old Fraser fir trees in the greenhouse were inoculated with mycelial plugs of Thyronectria balsamea. Cankers developed (4-8 mm in length) approximately 30 days after inoculation. In a continuing study of the fungal biodiversity in NC state parks 78 taxa were identified. Biodiversity and biogeography of wood decay Aphyllophorales in NC documented 140 taxa. As part of the All Taxa Biological Inventory Program, 49 taxa were identified in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
Cryptoporus volvatus was found on longleaf pine in southern NC extending the range of this species approximately 150 miles from the nearest known location. It is the first time this species was recorded in the southern pine forests.
Impacts
Conservatively 2-5% loss to root decay annually of the Fraser fir grown for Christmas trees in the past 30 years was avoided when prevention guidelines were followed. Thyronectria balsamea may be an important pathogen of Fraser fir seedlings. The baseline data of species in the fungal biodiversity studies will provide a significant impact on such diverse areas as plant disease, nutrient cycling of woody residue, environmental impact studies and pharmacological information.
Publications
- Grand, L.F. and C.S. Vernia. 2003. Noteworthy Collections, North Carolina, Cryptoporus volvatus (Peck) Shear. Castanea. In press.
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Progress 10/01/00 to 09/30/01
Outputs
Phytophthora root rot plots were established in 29 Fraser fir plantations in 5 western NC counties in 1999. Total trees in all plots was 12,017. Comparison of data taken in June and October, 2001 indicated an increase in trees with root rot in 5 plots; 24 plots had no increase. Trees infected in plots ranged from 3.0-21.4%. Thyronectria balsamea, a potential canker-causing fungus, was found on dead branches and stems of Fraser fir in 14 of the 29 Phytophthora root rot plots in 5 NC counties and in 4 sites in native fir stands in 2 counties. Forty-five 3-year-old firs wounded to the cambium and inoculated with mycelium of T. balsamea formed cankers and died or developed terminal dieback in a greenhouse test. In a continuing study of the fungal biodiversity in NC state parks, 97 taxa were identified. Biodiversity and biogeography of wood decay Aphyllophorales documented 183 taxa including 73 taxa in the Great Smoky Mountains Nat. Park as a part of the All Taxa
Biological Inventory Program. Gymnosporangium ellisii causing witches brooms of Atlantic White Cedar was found frequently at the Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge in Dare County.
Impacts
Conservatively 2-5% loss to root decay annually of the Fraser fir grown for Christmas trees in the past 30 years was avoided when prevention guidelines were followed. Thyronectria balsamea may be an important pathogen of Fraser fir seedlings. Gymnosporangium ellisii poses a threat to the use of Atlantic White Cedar as Christmas trees and in regeneration of historic stands of the species. The baseline data of species in the fungal biodiversity studies will provide a significant impact on such diverse areas as plant disease, nutrient cycling of woody residue, environmental impact sudies and pharmacological information.
Publications
- Grand, L.F. and C.S. Vernia. 2001. New reports and biogeography of poroid wood-decay fungi in North Carolina. Phytopathology. 91 (6, suppl.): S111. Abstr.
- Grand, L.F. and C.S. Vernia. 2002. New taxa and hosts of poroid wood-decay fungi in North Carolina. Castanea. In press.
- Grand, L.F. and C.S. Vernia. 2002. A preliminary checklist of fungi in Nags Head Woods maritime forest in North Carolina. Castanea. In press.
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Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/00
Outputs
Phytophthora root rot plots were established in 29 Fraser fir plantations in 5 western NC counties in 1999. Total trees in all plots was 12, 017. Comparison of data taken in June and October, 2000 indicated an increase in trees with root rot in 11 plots; 18 plots had no increase. Trees infected in plots ranged from 3.0-21.6%. P. cryptogea isolated from a symptomatic Fraser fir in 1999, was pathogenic on 3-yr old fir seedlings in a greenhouse test and caused wilting of new growth, chlorosis and necrosis of needles and root decay. This is the first report of P. cryptogea pathogenic on Fraser fir. Thyronectria balsamea, a potential canker-causing fungus, was found on dead branches and stems of Fraser fir in 14 of the 29 Phytophthora root rot plots in 5 NC counties and in 4 sites in native fir stands in 2 counties. Intial inoculation of 3-yr old firs in the greenhouse failed. In a continuing study of fungal biodiversity in the Nags Head Woods Maritime Forest, to date, 107
species were identified: Hymenomycetes: 64; Pyrenomycetes: 20; Teliomycetes: 2; Loculoascomycetes: 2; Discomycetes: 1. In a statewide study of fungal biodiversity in NC state parks 328 taxa were recorded including 177 new reports of species in NC.
Impacts
Conservatively 2-5% loss to root decay annually of the Fraser fir grown for Christmas trees in the past 30 years was avoided when prevention guidelines were followed. The baseline data of species in the fungal biodiversity studies will provide a significant impact on such diverse areas as plant disease, nutrient cycling of woody residue, environmental impact studies and pharmacological information.
Publications
- Incidence of Phytophthora root rot of Fraser fir in NC and sensitivity of isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi to metalaxyl. D.M. Benson and L.F. Grand. 2000. Plant Dis. 84:661-664.
- Distribution of poroid wood-decay fungi in North Carolina. L.F. Grand and C.S. Vernia. 2000. Inoculum, Suppl. Mycologia: 51:32. Abstr.
- Stem canker on cotton caused by Phoma exigua in North Carolina and Virginia. S. R. Koenning, F.A. Alim, L.F. Grand and P.M. Phillips. 2000. Plant Dis. 84:1251.
- First report of the telial stage of Gymnosporangium exiguum on ashe juniper adjacent to hawthorns with rust in southwest Texas. 2000. Plant Dis. 84:489.
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Progress 10/01/98 to 09/30/99
Outputs
Reprsentative transplant beds(3 to 5 yr-old trees) and field plantings (7 to 13 yr-old trees) were surveyed for foliar symptoms of Phytophthora root rot. In transplant beds incidence of diseased trees was 0.2% statewide with a range of 0-11.9% per location. Recovery of Phytophthora spp. averaged 1.2% from root samples collected from 50 apparently healthy seedlings at each location. Statewide, incidence of Phytophthora root rot in planations was 6.3% with a range of 0 to 75% per field. Phytophthora spp. were recovered from 1.8% of apparently healthy trees sampled across the state; P. cinnamomi accounted for 97% of isolates recovered. No difference in disease incidence was found for fields in first, second or third crop rotation. None of 251 isolates of P. cinnamomi tested were insensitive to metalaxzl. Incidence of phytopthora root rot was similar to that recorded in 19976-77. In a continuing study of fungal biodiversity in the Nags Head Woods maritime forest, to date,
98 species have been identified: Hymenomycetes:56 spp.; Pyrenomycetes: 18 spp.; Teliomycetes: 2 spp.; Loculascomyctes: 2 spp.; Discomycetes: 1 sp.; Hemiasomycetes: 1 sp.
Impacts
Guidelines to avoid disease loss has conservatively saved 2-5% annually of the Fraser firs grown for Christmas trees in the past 30 years. An inventory of fungi in North Carolina will provide a significant baseline of fungal biodiversity data that has the potential to impact on such diverse areas as plant disease, nutrient recycling of woody residue, environmental impact studies and pharmacological information.
Publications
- Disease incidence of Phytophthora root rot of Fraser fir in North Carolina. D.M.Benson and L.F.Grand. 1999.N.C. State University, Raleigh, NC. Phytopathology 89.S6.
- Fungal Diversity in a Barrier Island Maritime Forest in North Carolina. L.F. Grand and C.S. Verina. 1999. XVI Inter. bot.Congress, St. Louis, MS. p.303.
- First Report of Thyronectria austroamericana Canker on Thornless Honey Locust in North Carolina. L.F. Grand, C.S. Verina, and C.S. Hodges. 1999. Plant Dis. 83:1177.
- Incidence of Phytophthora root rot of Fraser fir in North Carolina and sensitivity of isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi to metalaxyl. D.M. Benson and L.F. Grand. 2000. Plant dis. 84: Accepted with revision.
- Polypores of a North Carolina Piedmont Forest. C.S. Vernia and L.F. Grand. 2000 Mycotaxon 74(1):1532-159. In Press.
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
Phytophtora root rot of Fraser fir was assessed in Southwestern North Carolina in 1998. Disease incidence ranged from 0 to 60% with an average of 4.8% in 29 plantations and 0-11.9% with an average of 3% in 8 transplant beds. Isolation from roots of diseased and asymptomatic plants resulted in 51 isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi. Of 51 isolates tested, none were found to be insensitive to Metaxyl 2E at 1-1.5 and 10ppm a.i. For the two-year study (1997-1998) of phytophthora root rot in Western North Carolina 57 plantations and 16 transplant beds were sampled. Root rot incidence ranged from 0-75% with an average of 6.3% for plantations and 0-11.9% with an average of 0.2% for transplant beds. None of 102 isolates of P. cinnamomi were found to be insensitive to Metaxyl 2E at 1-1.5 and 10ppm a.i. In a continuing study of fungal biodiversity in the Nags Head Woods maritime forest 33 new species were added to the inventory and 14 species were collected for the first time on
new hosts. The greatest number of species continued to be in the Polyporales, Agaricales and Pyrenomycetes. This brings to 92 the total number of species collected in the third year of inventory.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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