Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/04
Outputs
Effects of dietary lipid on milk composition and animal performance were studied. To evaluate the effect of rumen biohydrogenation on the fatty acid composition of milk triglyceride and phospholipid fractions, fish oil was included in the diet. Cows were fed either 400 or 800 g lipid daily and the lipid was either 100% safflower or 75% safflower and 25% fish oil. Higher oil feeding increased trans C18:1 in both the triglyceride and phospholipid fractions and fish oil increased concentration more. C18:2 cis 9 trans 11 was increased my fish oil in both lipid fractions. Type and level of lipid feeding did not affect milk yield and milk fat percentage. Milk fatty acid composition of transgenic goats was evaluated to study the effect of stearoyl-CoA desaturase. In a third study 12 lactating Holsteins cows were fed a basal diet with either yellow grease or a high palmitic acid lipid. Milk yield from one milking of each cow was collected and cream separated. Cream was made
into butter and the butter and buttermilk saved. Composition including protein and lipid of the milk fat membranes were evaluated. This study was conducted in conjunction with the Dairy Products Technology Center at CSUS Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo. Butter from the palmitic acid treatment was harder than grease treatment and crystallization was also affected. Milk protein composition of the globule membrane was also affected by lipid source. A rumen protection delivery system was further evaluated that protects polyunsaturated fatty acids from rumen biohydrogenation.
Impacts
If method and type of lipid supplementation can be manipulated to modify milk fatty acid composition, e.g. CLA and omega-3 fatty acids, practical management programs can be developed for use on dairy farms to enhance the nutritional value of milk fat. These management programs may modify milk fat composition similar to what is obtain with grazing dairy cows. If the fatty acid composition of the dietary lipid supplement can be used to improve health during the transition period and reproductive performance during the first 150 days in milk, the economic viability of dairy producers will be improved. Reproductive failure is one of the most important reasons why cows leave the milking herd. Likewise, metabolic diseases related to calving that occur during the transition period impact culling and cow performance. Improving reproductive performance and reducing metabolic diseases during the transition period improve productive performance of cows and economic viability of
dairy producers. Development of a rumen protection delivery system will allow dairy producers to easily modify the fatty acid composition of milk fat. The FDA has approved qualified health claims for omega-3 fatty acids. Increasing the omega-3 fatty acids in milk fat will allow processors to label milk with higher omega-3 fatty acids.
Publications
- Reh, W.A., E.A. Maga, N.M.B. Collette, A.Moyer, J.C. Brink, S.J. Taylor, E.J. DePeters, S. Oppenheim, J.D. Rowe, R.H. BonDurant, G.B. Anderson and J.D. Murray. 2004. Hot Topic: Using a stearoyl-CoA desaturase transgene to alter milk fatty acid composition. Journal of Dairy Science 87:3510-3514.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Effects of dietary lipid on milk composition and animal performance were studied. To evaluate the effect of method of lipid supplementation (meal fed versus total mixed ration) and forage particle length (chopped versus sliced) on milk fatty acid composition, lactating Holstein cows were used. Milk concentrations of C18:1 trans 11 and C18:2 cis 9 trans 11 (CLA) were higher for meal fed and chopped forage. Milk yield and fat percentage were not affected by method of lipid supplementation or forage length. Calcium salts differing in fatty acid profile during the transition period and breeding periods are being investigated on a commercial dairy. Calcium salts of palm oil (PFA) are being compared to calcium salts of linoleic and selected trans fatty acids during the transition period to evaluate the effect of fatty acids on uterine involution and incidence of subclinical ketosis. Beginning at day 42 postpartum cows will be fed either PFA or calcium salts of fish oil to
evaluate the effect of fatty acids on embryonic survival. A rumen protection delivery system was developed and has been submitted for patent approval. Initially the complex was used to protect polyunsaturated fatty acids from rumen biohydrogenation. The complex was successful in increasing the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of milk fat when fed as part of the total mixed ration.
Impacts
If method of lipid supplementation or forage particle size can be manipulated to modify milk fatty acid composition, e.g. CLA, practical management programs can be developed for use on dairy farms to enhance the nutritional value of milk fat. These management programs may modify milk fat composition similar to what is obtain with grazing dairy cows. If the fatty acid composition of the dietary lipid supplement can be used to improve health during the transition period and reproductive performance during the first 150 days in milk, the economic viability of dairy producers will be improved. Reproductive failure is one of the most important reasons why cows leave the milking herd. Likewise, metabolic diseases related to calving that occur during the transition period impact culling and cow performance. Improving reproductive performance and reducing metabolic diseases during the transition period improve productive performance of cows and economic viability of dairy
producers. Development of a rumen protection delivery system will allow dairy producers to easily modify the fatty acid composition of milk fat to improve the nutrition and health aspects of milk fat and dairy products and to improve cow health and reproduction. Modifying the fatty acid composition of milk fat will allow the development of value added dairy products.
Publications
- Brownfield, J.J., E.J. DePeters, J.W. Pareas, and S.J. Taylor. 2003. Effects of method of lipid supplementation and physical form of the forage on milk yield and fatty acid composition of milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. 86 (Suppl. 1): 222.
- Ballou, M.A., E.J. DePeters, H. Perez-Monti, S.J. Taylor, and J.W. Pareas. 2003. Effects of saturation ratio of supplemental dietary fat on production performance of lactating Holstein cows in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 86 (Suppl. 1): 271.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
To evaluate the effect of lipid on rumen metabolism, gas production from an in vitro rumen fermentation system was utilized. Yellow grease, tallow, and corn oil were evaluated. Hydrolysis rate of each triglyceride is now being measured for each of the fats. Research is in progress to examine the impact of nutritional intervention on stearoyl-CoA desaturase and fatty acid composition of milk fat. Mammary gland biopsies will be obtained for gene expression analysis this year. The effects of feeding calcium salts of a fish oil and palm oil on reproduction are being evaluated in dairy cows in a field study. A method to protect unsaturated fatty acids from biohydrogenation is being tested. The objective is to supply specific fatty acids postruminally for absorption either for incorporation into milk fat or for use by other tissues. A study is comparing method of fat feeding and forage particle length on milk fatty acid composition in particular conjugated linoleic acid
(C18:2 cis 9 trans 11) and other trans fatty acids.
Impacts
If an in vitro rumen fermentation system can be used to evaluate the effect of lipid source on microbial fermentation, it will be possible to evaluate fats/oils of differing saturated to unsaturated ratios. It may also be possible to measure hydrolysis rate of individual lipids and relate hydrolysis rate to the effect of fatty acids on microbial fermentation. Hydrolysis and subsequent biohydrogenation can influence the conjugated linoleic acid in milk fat. Conjugated linoleic acid may be influenced by the rate of hydrolysis and hydrogenation. It may be possible to utilize an in vitro system to determine the level of unsaturated lipid that can be fed to lactating dairy cows without negatively impacting rumen metabolism while enhancing conjugated linoleic acid or other fatty acid in milk fat. Development of a method to protect unsaturated fatty acids in the diet from biohydrogenation will allow delivery of unsaturated fatty acids to the intestine for absorption, which
may provide beneficial effects to reproduction of the dairy cow. Modification of milk fat at the preharvest level can also be used to change the nutritional value for humans and manufacturing properties for dairy products.
Publications
- Santos, J.E.P., Villasenor, M., DePeters, E.J., Robinson, P.H., and Baldwin, Jr., B.C. 2002. Type of cottonseed and level of gossypol in diets of lactating dairy cows: Effects on lactation performance and plasma gossypol. Journal of Dairy Science 85: 1491-1501.
- McCaughey, K, DePeters, E.J., Robinson, P.H., Santos, J., Pareas, J., and S. Taylor. 2002. Effect of iron sulfate supplementation of the diet on plasma gossypol concentration and productivity of lactating Holstein cows fed cracked Pima cottonseed. J. Dairy Sci. 85 (Suppl. 1): 233.
- Juchem, S.O., Santos, J.E.P., Chebel, R., Cerri, R.L.A., DePeters, E.J., Galvao, K.M., and Taylor, S.J.. 2002. Effect of fat sources differing in fatty acid profile on lactational and reproductive performance of Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85 (Suppl. 1):315.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
To evaluate the effect of lipid on rumen metabolism, gas production from an in vitro rumen fermentation system was utilized. Yellow grease, tallow, corn oil and their potassium soaps were evaluated. Fatty acids in the form of triglycerides have no negative effects on fermentation although there were shifts in volatile fatty acid patterns. Addition of fatty acids in the form of K-soaps depressed gas production and digestibility of NDF. Hydrolysis rate of each triglyceride is now being measured. Processed Pima cottonseed was compared to whole Upland cottonseed in two studies. In the first study, the proportion of Pima to Upland cottonseed was varied from 100:0, 66:34, 34:66, to 0:100. The C18:2 content of milk fat increased linearly with increasing amount of Pima fed. Lipids in the milk fat globule membrane were higher in C18:2 and C18:3 (g/100 g fat) than the corresponding milk fat. Milk fat from cows differing in polymorphism for stearoyl CoA desaturase was evaluated.
There was not a clear relationship between specific polymorphism and the C18:1 content of milk fat. Research is in progress to examine the impact of nutritional intervention on stearoyl-CoA desaturase and fatty acid composition of milk fat. Mammary gland biopsies will be obtained for gene expression analysis.
Impacts
If an in vitro rumen fermentation system can be used to evaluate the effect of lipid source on microbial fermentation, it will be possible to evaluate fats/oils of differing saturated to unsaturated ratios. Unsaturated lipids in the diet increase the conjugated linoleic acid in milk fat. This source of conjugated linoleic acid may be influenced by the rate of hydrolysis and hydrogenation. It may be possible to utilize an in vitro system to determine the level of unsaturated lipid that can be fed to lactating dairy cows without negatively impacting rumen metabolism while enhancing conjugated linoleic acid or other fatty acid in milk fat. Modification of milk fat at the preharvest level can be used to change the nutritional value and manufacturing properties.
Publications
- Prieto, J.G., E.J. DePeters, P.H. Robinson, J.E.P. Santos, J.W. Pareas, and S.J. Taylor. 2002. Increasing dietary levels of processed Pima cottonseed increase plasma gossypol but do not influence productive performance of lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. (accepted).
- Mistry, D., E.J. DePeters and J.F. Medrano. 2002. Comparative composition of total and sn-2 fatty acids in bovine and ovine milk fat. Le Lait 82 (2) (In press).
- Getachew, G., E.J. DePeters, P.H. Robinson, and S.J. Taylor. 2001. In vitro rumen fermentation and gas production: influence of yellow grease, tallow, corn oil and their potassium soaps. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 93: 1-15.
- DePeters, E.J., J.B. German, S.J. Taylor, S.T. Essex, and H. Perez-Monti. 2001. Fatty acid and triglyceride composition of milk fat from lactating Holstein cows in response to supplemental canola oil. J. Dairy Sci. 84:929-936.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
To evaluate the effect of lipid on rumen metabolism, gas production from an in vitro rumen fermentation system was utilized. Unsaturated fatty acids are reported to be more harmful than saturated fatty acids to rumen microbes. A diet consisting of forage and concentrate ingredients was used as the substrate for in vitro fermentation. Lipid was added at levels ranging from 0% to 25%. Lipid source included tallow, grease, and corn oil, and K salts of each the three lipids. The triglyceride form of the lipids did not affect gas production, total VFA production, and NDF digestibility. Including the lipid in the form of K salts of fatty acids depressed gas production initially but gas production was similar after 24 hours. Total VFA production was not affected by K salts of fatty acids, but the acetate to propionate ratio was affected. Hydrolysis rate of the triglyceride was not measured. A study was initiated to compare processed Pima cottonseed to whole Upland cottonseed
using 8 lactating Holstein cows. The total amount of cottonseed in the diet remained unchanged. The proportion of Pima to Upland cottonseed was varied from 100:0, 66:34, 34:66, to 0:100. Pima cottonseed is devoid of linters and must be processed prior to feeding to enhance digestibility of the seed. The Pima cottonseed was coarsely rolled prior to feeding. The impact of Pima cottonseed on the fatty acid composition of milk fat is being evaluated. The cottonseed oil in processed Pima may be more rumen available so biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids may be affected. The trans fatty acid composition of milk fat will be determined. In a third study, feeding dietary fat to three breeds of lactating dairy cattle increased the average milk fat globule size when fat was included at 4.5% of the diet, but no effect was observed with 0, 1.5 or 3% dietary fat.
Impacts
If an in vitro rumen fermentation system can be used to evaluate the effect of lipid source on microbial fermentation, it will be possible to evaluate fats/oils of differing saturated to unsaturated ratios. Unsaturated lipids are often less expensive than saturated lipids. Unsaturated lipids in the diet increase the conjugated linoleic acid in milk fat. It may be possible to utilize an in vitro system to determine the level of unsaturated lipid that can be fed to lactating dairy cows without negatively impacting rumen metabolism while enhancing conjugated linoleic acid content of milk fat. Increasing the milk fat globule size distribution in response to fat feeding reduces the time to produce butter. Larger fat globule size may also impact cheese quality. It is possible to modify the composition of milk to impact the quality of dairy products produced. In the future milk will be produced for specialized market uses.
Publications
- Avila, C.D., E.J. DePeters, H. Perez-Monti, S.J. Taylor, and R.A. Zinn. 2000. Influences of saturation ratio of supplemental dietary fat on digestion and milk yield in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83: 1505-1519.
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
To evaluate the effect of genotype and nutrition on milk fat composition, cows differing in genotype for the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) enzyme were fed diets containing 0, 1, and 2% added lipid (fat) in two studies. Polymorphism was found in the SCD gene within the Holstein cow population at UCD. Variants were identified as AA, AB, and BB. Nine primiparous Holstein cows were fed diets varying in the type and amount of added fat. Each study design were a 3x3 replicated Latin square. Square represented genotype for SCD. A saturated fat (Energy Booster 100r) was fed in study 1, and an unsaturated fat (soybean oil) was fed in study 2. Milk fat was analyzed for total fatty acid. Genotype for SCD had little effect on the fatty acid composition of milk fat in studies 1 and 2. The proportions of C18:0 and C18:1 in milk fat were not different for genotype. Changes in fatty acid composition of milk fat in response to dietary fat were as expected. Short and medium chain fatty
acids decreased and long chain fatty acids increased as the amount of fat in the diet increased. Feeding the unsaturated fat source (soybean oil) increased the C18:1 trans 11 and the C18:2 cis 9 trans 11 content of milk fat. Feeding the saturated fat source did not affect the C18:1 trans 11 and C18:2 cis 9 trans 11 content of milk fat.
Impacts
If changes in the fatty acid composition of milk fat can be related to polymorphism in the stearoyl CoA desaturase enzyme, it will be possible to use this information in marker assisted breeding programs. This would permit dairy producers to increase the monounsaturated fatty acid and the conjugated linoleic acid content of milk fat. These changes will improve the nutritional value of milk fat for humans. Changes in the ratio of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids may also impact the manufacturing properties of milk fat.
Publications
- Effects of continuous infusions of canola oil into either the rumen or the abomasum of lactating dairy cows on milk composition and nutrient digestion. 1999. S.E. Echelmeier, University of California, Davis, M.S. thesis.
- Genetic modification of the composition of milk fat: identification of polymorphisms within the bovine stearoyl-CoA-desaturase gene. 1999. J.F. Medrano, A. Johnson, E.J. DePeters, and A. Islas. J. Dairy Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1):71.
- Effect of breed of dairy cattle and dietary fat on milk yield and composition. 1999. V.A. Capps, E.J. DePeters, S.J. Taylor, H. Perez-Monti, J.A. Wyckoff, and M. Rosenberg. J. Dairy Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1): 45.
- Milk composition following hourly intravenous injection of cis and trans 18-C unsaturated fatty acids during one milking interval. 1999. J.P. Cant, D.R. Trout, and E.J. DePeters. J. Dairy Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1): 84.
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
To evaluate the effect of nutrition and breed of cattle on milk fat composition diets containing 0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5% added grease were fed to lactating, primiparous cows (Holstein, Jersey and Brown Swiss) in a replicated 4x4 Latin square. Breed was blocked by square. Diet and breed affected fatty acid composition of milk fat. Increasing dietary fat increased stearic and oleic acids and increased the conjugated linoleic acid content. Oleic acid was highest for Brown Swiss and lowest for Jersey cows. Stearyl coA desaturase activity estimated as the ratio of oleate to stearate was lowest for Jersey and highest for Brown Swiss. Data suggest that breed differences exist in mammary desaturase activity. Conjugated linoleic acid content was lower for Jersey compared to Holstein and Brown Swiss. Canola oil was infused continuously into either the rumen or the abomasum of 5 multiparous lactating Holstein cows at 200 or 400 g daily in a 5x5 Latin square. Ruminal and abomasal
infusion increased oleic acid in milk fat. Conjugated linoleic acid content was increased by ruminal infusion and was related to vaccenic acid suggesting that the desaturase system in the mammary gland may desaturate C18:1 trans 11 to C18:2 cis 9 trans 11. Holstein cows (24) were blocked into groups of 8 cows and fed either a no added fat, added canola oil, or added palm fatty acid diets. Milk fat was collected and butter produced. Rheological and thermal properties of the butter were affected.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Echelmeier, S.E., E.J. DePeters, H. Perez-Monti, and S.J. Taylor. 1998. Effects of continuous infusions of canola oil into either the rumen or the abomasum of lactating dairy cows on milk composition and nutrient digestion. J. Dairy Sci. 81 (Suppl. 1):301.
- Essex, S.T. 1998. Effect of both sites of canola oil infusion into the gastro-intestinal tract and applying oil directly to the diet on milk fatty acid composition and nutrient digestion of lactating dairy cows. M.S. Thesis. Univ. California, Davis.
- Burch, C.D. 1998. Influence of varying unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios of supplemental fat on yield and composition of milk, plasma parameters, and nutrient digestion in lactating Holstein cows. M.S. Thesis. Univ. California, Davis.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/01/97
Outputs
Twelve primiparous cows (4 Holstein, 4 Jersey and 4 Brown Swiss) were used in a 4x4 replicated Latin square. Cows were blocked by breed. Treatment variables were breed and dietary fat. Dietary fat was added at 0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5% of the diet. The C18:1 content of milk fat increased with increasing dietary fat. The increase was greatest for Swiss and least for Jerseys. The C18:1 to C18:0 ratio was greatest for swiss and lowest for Jersey, suggesting a difference in the delta-9 desaturase activity for breed. A higher desaturase activity increases the monounsaturated fatty acid content of milk fat which may improve the nutritional value and manufacturing properties of milk fat. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content increased with dietary fat for all breeds but the increase was smaller for Jerseys compared to Holstein and Swiss. CLA are reported to possess anticarcinogenic properties. Five multiparous Holstein cows with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 5x5
Latin square. All cows received a basal diet. Treatments to the basal diet included: 1) no added fat, 2) 200g canola oil (CO) infused ruminally (R), 3) 400g CO infused R, 4) 200g CO infused abomasally (A), and 5) 400g CO infused A. All CO infusions increased oleic acid content of milk fat compared to the basal control. Oleic acid was greatest with abomasal infusion. The delta-9 desaturase system may be responsible for the higher oleic acid with ruminal infusion of CO. Ruminal infusion of CO increased the CLA content of milk fat. In.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
Five multiparous Holstein cows with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a4x5 incomplete Latin square to study the effect of fat on the fatty acid composition of milk fat. Treatments included (1) basal diet (no added fat), (2) basal diet with canola oil added at 1.6%, (3) basal diet with 330 g canola oil infused into the rumen, and (4) basal diet with 330 g oil infused into the abomasum. Canola oil decreased palmitic acid and increased oleic acid content of milk fat compared to the basal diet. Oleic acid content was not different for canola oil treatments. Abomasal infustion of canola oil increased linoleic and linolenic acid content. Canola oil influencestriglyceride structure. Canola oil decreased triglycerides in carbon numbers 32, 34, and 36 and increased triglycerides in carbon numbers 50, 52, and 54 compared to milk fat when cows wre fed the basal diet. Four multiparous Holstein cows with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 4x4 Latin square to
study the effect of type of supplemntal fat (amount of fatty acid unsaturation) on nutrient digestion. Supplemental fat, tallow, grease, and a tallow/grease mix was fed at 2% of the diet and compared to a control diet. All four diets contained 2% fat from whole cottonseed. Type of supplemental fat did not influence nutrient digestion.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- DePeters, E.J., H. Perez-Monti, and R.A. Zinn. 1996. Influence of altering the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids of supplemental fat to lactating cows on production performance and nutrient digestion. J. Dairy Sci 79 (Suppl. 1):.
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