Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/05
Outputs
The NE-183 plantings established in 1995 and 1999 represented one of the first coordinated research trials of apple varieties across the US and Canada. The use of these trials for evaluation of horticultural performance or disease and pest studies provided important information on the effects of site, cultivar, evaluator and the interactions of these factors. Even within the horticultural plantings, information on disease susceptibility was evident, as was the effect of year on susceptibility to physiological or nutritional disorders. Pre-harvest fruit drop, tendency towards bitter pit or moldy core and uniformity of ripening were evaluated and differed among sites. Growth, yield and quality also showed the effect of site as might be expected. Despite the differences in sites there was consensus on the commercial potential of many of the clones being tested. Unfortunately, problems with disclosure of information on numbered breeding selections effectively halted
further NE 183 plantings. Publications from this project document what was learned. Varieties with potential for different markets were identified and growers now have additional information with which to gauge a variety's suitability for their site and markets.
Impacts
These trails provided important information on the regional adaptation and commercial potential of these new cultivars and advanced breeding lines. The results obtained help growers determine if a particular cultivar would have a place in his operation. Information on poorly adapted cultivars prevents the expense of investing to establish new plantings and finding a cultivar's performance is not suitable. The quality assessments also identify new cultivars suited to particular uses or to certain consumer types. Sensory testing is adding to our understanding of the perception of fruit quality. As evidenced by the group publications from this project, the effect of cultivar and site can be significant. Effect of site and cultivar were noted on fruit quality, growth and yield. Varietal susceptibility to disease and insects was documented when pathologists and entomologist used plantings to assess susceptibility under low-spray or no spray conditions. This information is
useful to growers and to breeders who may select as a parent a cultivar with good quality and good tolerance to common diseases or pests.
Publications
- Miller, S., R. McNew, R. Belding, L. Berkett, S. Brown, J. Clements, J. Cline, W. Cowgill, R. Crassweller, E. Garcia, D. Greene and G. Greene, C. Hampson, I. Merwin, R. Moran, T. Roper, J. Schupp and E. Stover. 2004. Performance of apple cultivars in the 1995 NE-183 regional project planting: II. Fruit quality characteristics. J. Amer. Pom. Soc. 58:65-77.
- Crassweller, R., R. McNew, A. Azarenko, B. Barritt, R. Belding, L. Berkett, S. Brown, J. Clements, J. Cline, W. Cowgill, D. Ferree, E. Garcia, D. Greene, G. Greene, C. Hampson, I. Merwin, D. Miller, S. Miller, R. Moran, J. Obermiller, D. Rosenberger, C. Rom, T. Roper, J. Schupp and E. Stover. 2005. Performance of apple cultivars in the 1995 NE-183 regional project planting: I. Growth and yield characteristics. J. Amer. Pomol. Soc. 59: 18-27.
- Miller, S., C. Hampson, R. McNew, L. Berkett, S. Brown, J. Clements, R. Crassweller, E. Garcia, D. Greene and G. Greene. 2005. Performance of apple cultivars in the 1995 NE-183 Regional project planting: 111. Fruit sensory characteristics. J. Amer. Pomol. Soc. 59: 28-43.
- Miller, S.S., R.W. McNew, B.H. Barritt, L. Berkett, S.K. Brown, J.A. Cline, J.M. Clements, W.P. Cowgill, R.M. Crassweller, M.E. Garcia, D.W. Greene, G.M. Greene, C.R. Hampson, I. Merwin, D.D. Miller, R.E. Moran, C.R. Rom, T.R. Roper, J.R. Schupp and E. Stover. 2005. Effect of cultivar and site on fruit quality as demonstrated by the NE-183 regional project on apple cultivars. HortTechnology 15:886-895.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
After six seasons the PRI apple selection CQR12T50 had the smallest average trunk cross sectional area (TCSA), while NJ109 and Autumn Gold had the largest and second largest average TCSA, respectively. CQR10T17 had the largest average tree spread after six growing seasons and Autumn Gold had the second greatest average tree spread. In 2004, Zestar had the earliest harvest (August 30) and Chinook and BC8S-26-50 had the latest harvest (October 25). Silken had the highest average number of fruit per tree (714). CQR10T17 had the highest average yield per tree (87.4 kg) and Silken had the second highest average yield per tree (72.9 kg). Certain cultivars had biennial production, with certain trees in their off year. Co-op 29, now named Sundance had some trees with no fruits and others with a very light crop load. Chinook and Hampshire also had one tree with no fruit. Runkel had the largest average fruit size (254 g) followed by Hampshire (250 g), but the size of Hampshire
may reflect its low crop load. CQR10T17 had the firmest fruit at harvest with an average fruit pressure of 23.3 pounds. At harvest Golden Gibson had the highest average fruit Brix (17.5), with Delblush second highest (17.0 Brix). Sundance and Delblush were among the most acid at harvest. Several cultivars were prone to a high incidence of watercore at harvest, including Jubilee Fuji, CQR10T17, Hampshire, Runkel and Sundance. NJ 109 became very greasy at the optimum harvest time and Zestar softened quickly. BC8S26-50 had a very low seed count and stem and fruit cracks were prevalent at harvest. Ambrosia and Corail (Sonata) have consistently had high quality in the Geneva trials. Despite their public release these two cultivars became club cultivars in 2004, with exclusive rights to grow and market the fruit given to certain grower/packers. Corail is now trademarked as Pinata (combining the Pin from its original release name, Pinova, and the ata from Sonata, its latest trade name). US
growers can no longer purchase trees of either cultivar.
Impacts
These trails provide important information on the regional adaptation and commercial potential of these new cultivars and advanced breeding lines. The results obtained help growers determine if a particular cultivar would have a place in his marketing plan. Information on poorly adapted cultivars prevents the expense of investing to establish new plantings and finding a cultivar's performance is not suitable.The quality assessments also identify new cultivars suited to particular uses or to certain consumer types. Sensory testing is adding to our understanding of the perception of fruit quality.
Publications
- Brown, S.K. and K. E. Maloney. 2004. Malus xdomestica. pp. 475-511. In: R. E. Litz (ed.). Biotechnology of Fruit and Nut Crops. CAB International, Cambridge, MA.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Bloom in out NE 183 planting was extremely late (May 14th to start) and of a very short duration. Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) and summer diseases were also prevalent. Ambrosia was the most susceptible of the cultivars in the NE183 to fruit scab infections. Despite the same heavy pressure from scab the other cultivars had very little fruit infection. The Brix measurements in 2003 averaged 3 to 5 degrees lower than those in 2002, ranging from 10 for Autumn Gold to 15.9 for Delblush. Autumn Gold and CQR10T17 were among the most vigorous cultivars. CQR10T17 was also very productive. CQ12T50 had very clean attractive fruits this year. BC8S-26-50 fruit were very russetted and cracked extensively. Co-op 29 was low vigor and has brittle spurs. Silken fruit had a unique starch iodine staining pattern and its seed count per fruit was low. Ambrosia, Corail/Sonata and Delblush had the best eating quality at harvest, but only Delblush maintained this quality after storage.
However, Delblush also maintained its high acidity. Russetting continued to be a problem with Co-op 29, Delblush and the Golden control. Chinook continues to be productive but with very small fruit. Jubilee Fuji (September Wonder) had very attractive color this year, but its soluble solids were low (9-11) and it was of poor quality.
Impacts
These trails provide important information on the regional adaptation and commercial potential of these new cultivars and advanced breeding lines. The results obtained help growers determine if a particular cultivar would have a place in his marketing plan. Information on poorly adapted cultivars prevents the expense of investing to establish new plantings and finding a cultivar's performance is not suitable.
Publications
- Kochar, S., C.B. Watkins, P.L. Conklin and S.K. Brown. 2003. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of antioxidant enzymes in relation to susceptibility of apples to superficial scald. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 128: 910-916.
- Brown, S.K. 2003. Pome fruit breeding: Progress and prospects. Acta Horticulturae 622: 19-34.
- Brown, S.K. and K.E. Maloney. 2003. The genetic improvement of apple. Compact Fruit Tree 36:48-52.
- Brown, S.K. and K. E. Maloney. 2003. Genetic Improvement of Apple: Breeding, Markers, Mapping and Biotechnology. pp. 31-59. In: D.C. Ferree and I.J. Warrington (eds.). Apples: Botany, Production and Uses. CAB International, Oxon, United Kingdom.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
In 2002 the PRI selections CQR10T17 and CQR12T50 were among the most productive genotypes in the 1999 planting. 'Autumn Gold' had no fruit, perhaps due to a heavy crop in 2001. BC 8S-26-50 also had no fruit, but was not biennial in bearing. Pre-harvest drop was a problem with CQR12T50, 'Hampshire', NJ 90 and Zestar!. Open calyx was prevalent on fruits of 'Ambrosia', 'Chinook', 'Co-op 29', 'Co-op 39' and 'Silken'. NJ 90 did not have an open core, yet still developed moldy core. Watercore was observed in fruits of 'Corail' (30 to 70 percent), 'Hampshire' and CQR10T17 (10 to 40 percent). Fruits and foliage of 'Corail' will be examined next year to determine if it is blister spot susceptible. Drought effects on fruit size were genotype dependent. 'Hampshire' was found to have brown core, CQR12T50 had scald following storage.
Impacts
Susceptibility to drought stress, tendency towards open calyx and moldy core, occurrence of pre-harvest drop and fruit russetting and propensity towards storage disorders were evaluated in 2002. This information provides data to growers and researchers to decide if a cultivar's faults limit it's commercial potential.
Publications
- Brown, S.K. and K.E. Maloney. 2002. Apple cultivars: A Geneva perspective. New York Fruit Quarterly 10:3-8.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
The 2001 harvest season revealed difference among cultivars in suscptibility to fruit skin russetting, tendency to moldy core, and in the development of watercore. Selections and cultivars with too much russet for commercial acceptance included BC8S-26-50, Co-op 29, Co-op 39 and CQR10T17. 'Corail' ('Pinova'), 'Autumn Gold' and 'Delblush' had some russet, but not as extensive as was observed with these cultivars in 2000. CQR10T17 also was prone to water core, moldy core and senescent breakdown in storage. Other cultivars with moldy core included 'Chinook', 'Corail' ('Pinova') and 'Runkel'. NJ 109 had a high occurrence of fruit doubling, with fruits having another small developing fruit near the shoulder. 'Chinook' fruit size was very small. 'Hampshire' had fruit cracking and skin weather checking. 'Delblush' (17.2) and 'Zestar' (16.3) had the highest soluble solids, with 'Delblush' also having the highest acidity (0.78%). 'Zestar' was at 0.62% titratable acidity.
Several older trees of 'Scarlet O'Hara', in a block separate from the NE 183, were killed by fire blight (Erwinia amylovora).
Impacts
For the commercial market, apple cultivars must have a smooth finish. Many cultivars with 'Golden Delicious' parentage are very prone to fruit skin russetting. This cosmetic defect causes fruits to become unmarketable. The 2001 season produced skin russetting on several cultivars in the NE183 planting and thus indicated a potential problem with these cultivars in our region.
Publications
- Bessho, H., S.K. Brown, J.L. Norelli and H.S. Aldwinckle. 2001. Observations on the susceptibility of Japanese apple cultivars and rootstock selections to fire blight. J. Amer. Pomol. Soc. 55:120-124.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Biennial bearing continues to be a challenge for certain cultivars in this trial. There was no crop on 'Honeycrisp' and 'Fortune' and no crop or a very light crop on 'Cameo'. 'Cameo' also showed vascular breakdown in the storage samples. In the newest planting several varieties were precocious: 'Autumn Gold', 'Chinook', 'Delblush','Hampshire', 'Pinova/Corail', 'Runkel' and 'Silken'.'Autumn Gold' and 'Delblush' had extensive russet and 'Pinova/Corail' had what resembled necrotic leaf blotch. 'Hampshire' had bitter pit at harvest.
Impacts
Observations on the performance of cultivars in this trial allow us to make recommendations to growers as to the commercial potential of each cultivar or selection.
Publications
- Sakurai, K., S.K. Brown, and N.F. Weeden. 2000. Self-incompatibility alleles of apple cultivars and advanced selections. HortScience 35:116-119.
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Fruits from the 1998 harvest were stored at 32 F until mid- February 1999 and then were placed at room temperature for seven days and storage disorders were noted. Arlet had scald and senescent breakdown. Enterprise fruits were very greasy, but did not develop senescent breakdown as they did in 1998. Golden Supreme had senescent breakdown. Honeycrisp was susceptible to bitter pit, superficial scald and rots. NY75414-1 developed brown core similar to its paternal parent, Liberty. While Creston was not susceptible to storage disorders, fruits were very soft coming out of storage. Arlet, Gala Supreme, and Enterprise became very greasy. Cameo had many fruits with moldy core. In 1999, cultivars with a very light crop or no fruit on at least one replicate included: Cameo, Enterprise, Gala Supreme, Golden Delicious, Goldrush, Golden Supreme (all trees had no fruit),Pristine, Shizuka and Yataka Fuji. Arlet, Enterprise, Fortune, NY 75414-1 and Sunrise had pre-harvest drop.
Cameo, Fortune and NY 75414-1 had moldy core, with Cameo at 30 to 40 %. Honeycrisp, Sansa and Suncrisp had very variable maturity and Sansa and Suncrisp were prone to spur breakage during harvest. Shizuka was extremely uniform in its maturity, though fruit color ranged from green to yellow at the same iodine rating. A PCR based protocol was used to determine the S incompatibility alleles of some of the cultivars in the NE183, in addition to those characterized in 1998 (Sansa, Orin, Senshu and Shizuka). Cameo was determined to be S2Sd, Fuji (S9Sf), Ginger Gold (S3Sd), Golden Supreme (S3Sd), Goldrush (S2Sd), Honeycrisp (S2S24), NY 75414-1 (S5S*), and Suncrisp (S3S*), with S* representing an unknown S allele. For cultivars known to have originated as chance seedlings, the presence of S2, S3, or Sd suggests the possibility of Golden Delicious (S2S3) or Delicious (S9Sd), respectively, as parents.
Impacts
Observations on the performance of cultivars in this trial allow us to make recommendations to growers as to the commercial potential of each cultivar or selection.
Publications
- Bolar, J.P., S.K. Brown, J.N. Norelli, and H.S. Aldwinckle. 1999. Factors affecting the transformation of `Marshall McIntosh' apple by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 54: 31-38.
- Brown, S.K, M. Fargione. I. Merwin, and D. Rosenberger. 1999. What we have learned about new apple varieties. New York Fruit Quarterly 7:7-11.
- Conner, P.J., S.K. Brown, and N.F. Weeden. 1998. Molecular marker analysis of quantitative traits for growth and development in juvenile apple trees. Theor. Appl. Genet. 96:1027-1035.
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
Fruits from the 1997 harvest were stored at 32F until mid- February 1998 and then were placed at room temperature for seven days and storage disorders were noted. `Braeburn', `Fortune' and `Yataka' had no storage disorders. `Arlet' had scald and senescent breakdown. `Enterprise' fruits were very greasy and developed senescent breakdown. `Goldrush' had senescent breakdown. `Honeycrisp' fruits had soft scald, senescent breakdown and were fermented. `Suncrisp' fruits had soft scald and superficial scald. Chromosome counts of `Creston' indicated it is a triploid. `Cameo' is prone to alternate bearing. It had a heavy crop in 97 and only a few fruits in 1998. `Arlet' picked very hard and tore off spurs, as did `Goldrush' and `Suncrisp'. `Arlet' had too much russet for commercial use. `Creston' fruits had only about 50% coloration, and also had an open calyx. `Golden Supreme' had some pre-harvest drop but had stem pulls at harvest indicating variability in maturity. `Orin'
had blister spot on the fruits. `Pristine' cracked on the stem end. It bruised easily and oxidized rapidly. It was very acid (.79) and of poor quality. `Sunrise' had an open calyx, was too mild in flavor, and softened quickly. `Fortune' had some moldy core. Fruit cracking was observed on `Goldrush' about three weeks prior to harvest. Acidity (% malic acid) ranged from .34 (`Orin') to .95 (`Braeburn'). `Honeycrisp' had high acidity (.82) despite being perceived as relatively low acid. A PCR based protocol was used to determine the S incompatibility alleles of some of the cultivars in the NE183. Sansa was determined to be S5S7, Orin (S2S7), Senshu (S7S*), and Shizuka, a triploid (S2S3S*), with S* representing an unknown S allele.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Cheng, F.S., N.F.Weeden, S.K. Brown, H.S.Aldwinckle, S.E.Gardiner,and V.G. Bus. 1998. Development of a DNA marker for Vm, a gene conferring resistance to apple scab. Genome 41:208-214.
- Hemmat, M., N.F. Weeden, H.S. Aldwinckle and S.K. Brown. 1998. Molecular markers for the scab resistance (Vf) region in apple. J.Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 123:992-996.
- Ko, K., S.K. Brown, J.L. Norelli, and H.S. Aldwinckle. 1998. Alterations in nptII and gus expression following micropropagation of transgenic M.7 apple rootstock lines. J.Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 123:11-18.
- Rao, M.V., C.B. Watkins, S.K. Brown and N.F. Weeden. 1998. Active oxygen species metabolism in `White Angel' x `Rome Beauty' apple selections resistant and susceptible to superficial scald. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 123: 299-304.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
Weather during pollination was cold, windy, and rainy, and despite having bee colonies in the orchard, very few bees were observed. The cultivars Arlet, Creston, Braeburn, Enterprise, Gala Supreme, Fortune, NY 75414-1, Orin, Sansa, Shizuka, and Sunrise all set only one fruit per cluster. Cultivars setting one and two fruits per cluster included Ginger Gold, Gibson Golden on M.9 and Mark. Golden Supreme and Yataka on M.9 and Mark. Fuji and Pristine set from one to three fruits per cluster, Goldrush, Honeycrisp, and Suncrisp set from one to three fruits per cluster, and Cameo set two, three, and four fruits per cluster. These counts correspond to crop density of these cultivars in other locations, and also corresponds to biennial bearing tendency. For negative aspects, Arlet had too much russet and would not be accepted commercially. Gala Supreme had russetted lenticels. Cultivars noted to have an open or partially open calyx included Braeburn, Goldrush, Creston,
Sunrise, Enterprise, and Orin. However, moldy core was not noted in these cultivars. Some fruits of Honeycrisp tasted fermented when samples shortly after harvest. Soft scald, a physiological storage disorder distinct from superficial scald, was noted in November in stored fruits of Honeycrisp and Suncrisp. Storage samples of the other cultivars were sound in November. They will be removed from storage in mid-February and subjected to a seven day shelf life test and then evaluated for incidence of storage disorders. Firmness, Brix , and acid were measured before and will be measured after storage. Recordings of bird distress calls greatly reduced bird damage, except for fruit of Suncrisp which was eaten at the green fruit stage. DNA was extracted from samples taken from this trial to determine the self-incompatibility alleles of some of these cultivars using an allele specific PCR analysis.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Conner, P.J., S.K. Brown, and N.F. Weeden. 1997. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-based genetic linkage maps of three apple cultivars. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 122-350-359.
- Hemmat, M., N.F. Weeden, P.J. Conner, and S.K. Brown. 1997. A DNA marker for columnar habit in apple contains a simple sequence repeat. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 122:347-349.
- Sakurai, K., S.K. Brown, and N.F. Weeden. 1997. Determining the self-incompatibility alleles of Japanese apple cultivars. HortScience 32:1258-1259.
- Brown, S.K. 1997. Apple facts #1:'Jonagold'. New York Food and Life Sciences Bulletin #150, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University.
- Brown, S.K. 1997. The Cornell University apple breeding program: Past, present and future. Fruit Var. J. 51:199-204.
- Cheng, F.S., S.K. Brown, and N.F. Weeden. 1997. A DNA extraction protocol from various tissues in woody species. HortScience 32:921-922.
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
The NE-183 planting is comprised of five blocked replications of 24 cultivars/advanced selections propagated on M.9 or Mark rootstock. 1996 measurements included trunk circumference(mm), tree height(m), canopy spread (average of in row by across row growth in meters), blossom clusters and fruit set. All cultivars except Fortune flowered.The cultivars with the most flower clusters and fruit set were: Pristine(42 and 31), Goldrush(24 and 23), Sansa(15 and 4) and Suncrisp(6 and 17). Fruits were thinned to no more than 5 fruits per tree and fruits were used to verify the cultivars trueness to type. The fruits of Arlet and Shizuka were russeted. The genetic leaf chlorosis of Sansa was very prominent in 1996, with tree vigor weak and leaf area limited. In the next harvest season we will be assessing productivity, quality and other attributes necessary for commercial acceptance of these cultivars and advanced selections.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Brown, S.K., A.F. Iezzoni, and H.W. Fogle. 1996. Cherries. p.213-255. In: J. Janick and J.N. Moore (eds.) Fruit Breeding, Volume I: Tree and Tropical Fruits. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Janick, J., J.N. Cummins, S.K. Brown, and M. Hemmat. 1996. Apples. p.1-77. In: J. Janick and J.N. Moore (eds.) Fruit Breeding, Volume I: Tree and Tropical Fruits. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
This project is one of the 28 regional sites for field testing of promising apple cultivars and advanced breeding selections for the NE-183 project entitled #Multi-disciplinary evaluation of new apple cultivars#. The planting was established in April, 1995 at the Research South farm of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station on land never previously planted to apples. The planting is comprised of five blocked replications of 24 cultivars/advanced selections propagated on M.9 or Mark rootstock. All trees survived and had satisfactory growth. In the future we will be assessing productivity, quality and other attributes necessary for commercial acceptance of this material.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- NO PUBLICATIONS REPORTED THIS PERIOD.
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