Progress 08/06/99 to 08/05/04
Outputs
Animals often encounter many stressors and pathogens associated with current production systems which could compromise the antioxidant and immune defense systems. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of pretransit dietary Se (6.1 mg/kg diet provided by high Se wheat grain) and daily alpha tocopherol acetate bolus (3.8 IU/kg BW) on pre- and post transit serum free retinol, alpha tocopherol, gamma tocopherol, Se concentrations, and partial antioxidant capacity of wether lambs. Also Se concentrations of specific tissues were determined. Twenty nine lambs (initial BW=27 kg) of similar type and origin were weaned, stratified by BW and assigned randomly to and fed one of the following treatments: Adequate Se (<0.3 mg/kg) and no tocopherol acetate bolus CON; n=9); high SE, no tocopherol bolus (HSE; n=9); adequate Se, tocopherol bolus (HVE; n=5); high Se, tocopherol bolus (SEVE; n=6). Diets for all treatments were of similar nutrient composition, isonitrogenous
and isocaloric. Lambs were fed the diets for 20 days pretransit and fed a common diet for an additional 21 days post transit. Blood samples were taken on day 0, 7, 14 and 20 and the serum harvested was used for Se, vitamin A, alpha tocopherol, gamma tocopherol and partial antioxidant capacity. On day 21 lambs were transported 864 km by truck and a trailer for 12 hours after 24 hours of fasting. Sampling and analysis procedures were repeated every 7 days for 21 days post transit. Four wethers from the CON and HSE were withheld from the transit stress, euthanized on day 21 and blood, skeletal muscle and liver were collected. Likewise, at the end of the receiving period (day 42), all other wethers were euthanized and tissues collected. The data were analyzed by the mixed models procedures of SAS. Weaning stress (7 day post weaning) depressed (P<0.05) serum alpha tocopherol concentrations and partial antioxidant capacity of all treatment groups, except those fed SEVE. Lambs fed HVE and
SEVE had 1.6 and 2.0 times greater (P < 0.01) serum alpha tocopherol concentrations than those fed Con or HSE pretransit, respectively but decreased (P < 0.05) postransit. Serum Se increased linearly pretransit and subsequently decreased postransit in HSE and SEVE fed groups. Pretransit dietary Se resulted in HSE having 66%, 80% and 42% higher (P < 0.001) Se concentration in muscle, liver and serum, respectively, during the receiving period. When fed alone, tocopherol had no effect (P > 0.05) on tissue Se concentration; however, in combination with high Se, tocopherol decreased (P < 0.03) Se concentrations in liver, but increased (P< 0.04) Se in the skeletal muscle. Both HSE and SEVE fed lambs had higher (P < 0.0001) concentrations of Se in liver, skeletal muscle, and serum than HVE and CON treated lambs. Weaning and transit stress altered serum antioxidant concentrations of lambs. Feeding high Se wheat resulted in higher Se tissue concentrations both pretransit and post-receiving.
Alpha tocopherol acetate seemed to affect level of Se incorporated and (or) retained in liver and muscle tissue.
Impacts
These data show the need for pretreatment with antioxidants to prevent stressors from shipping. Improving the antioxidant capacity of livestock before shipping will improve the antioxidant capacity post shipment and potentially improve health.
Publications
- Chirase, N. K., J. B. Taylor, T. Thelen and L. W. Greene. 2003. Effect of dietary organically bound selenium and alpha-tocopherol acetate bolus on serum antioxidants staus of transit stressed wether lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 81 (Suppl. 1):14.
- Chirase, N. K., L. W. Greene, N. A. Cole, and D. Putnam. 2003. Influcence of dietary encapsulated ascorbate and alpha-tocopherol on performance, serum antioxidant concentrations and white blood cell changes of transit stressed wether lambs. Proc. Amer. Soc. Anim. Sci. Midwestern Branch Annual meeting. p. 70.
- Taylor, J. B., N. K. Chirase, and T. Thelen. 2003. Effects of pretransit supranutrioinal levels of dietary seleinium and alpha tocopherol acetate on selenium content of specific tissues in wether lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 81 (Suppl. 1):250.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Feeder cattle often encounter many environmental stressors and pathogens associated with the marketing process and transportation to the feedyard. Exposure to stressors could compromise the antioxidant and immune defense systems, resulting in bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) and mortality of these calves. To date, there is limited information on blood risk factors (biomarkers) for predicting the health status or BRD susceptibility of beef calves purchased via auction barns. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of prophylactic antibiotic treatment and posttransit commingling of feeder calves obtained from two sources (New Mexico and Tennessee) on red blood cell (RBC) lysate concentrations of cellular glutathione peroxidase (cGPx), reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and used as biomarkers to assess the incidence of BRD during the finishing period. One hundred and twenty one (121) crossbred steers (average BW 190 kg) were
purchased in TN and eighty four (84) crossbred steers of similar size and age were obtained in NM, vaccinated, weighed, and blood obtained for RBC lysates. Steers were randomly allotted into 3 commingling treatment groups (3 replicates per group): 1) New Mexico (NM), 2) Tennessee (TN) and 3) Commingled (Mixed). One-half of the steers in each treatment group received pretransit prophylactic Nuflor (1 mL/15 kg of BW, s.c.). Upon arrival at the feedyard in Clayton, NM, all steers were managed using commercial feedyard management protocols. Steers were also scored daily for BRD and blood was obtained upon arrival (d 0) and on morbid steers on various days. All the oxidative stress biomarkers were standardized using HB content of the cell. Additional blood was obtained and the harvested serum was used to analyze serum free retinol, alpha tocopherol and gamma tocopherol concentrations. These antioxidants were also correlated to the incidence or episodes of BRD in the calves. The data were
subjected to the analysis of variance using the General Linear Models procedure of SAS. Pretransit HB (mg/dL), cGPx (mU) and GSSG (nmol) were lower (P<0.05) in TN steers than NM steers. However, the GSH concentrations of the NM steers were lower than the TN steers. Pretransit cGPx values for TN calves correlated (r=0.27; P<0.01) with episodes of BRD at the feedyard. As incidence of BRD increased from 0 to 4, cGPx concentrations decreased from 95.3 to 20.3 mU, respectively. Superoxide dismutase and GSH responses were inconsistent among all treatments. As serum alpha and gamma tocopherol concentrations decreased posttransit, the incidence of BRD increased. Antibiotic treatment had no effect on blood biomarker concentrations of steer calves but improved the average daily weight gained of steer calves.
Impacts
The results suggest that oxidative stress biomarkers could be used as risk factors of BRD in transit stressed and commingled calves. Additional research is required to understand the role of dietary antioxidant supplementation on the health of transit stressed beef calves.
Publications
- Purdy, Charles W., David C. Straus, N. K. Chirase, David B. Parker, J. R. Ayers and Mark Hoover. 2002. Effects of aerosolized feedyard dust that contains natural endotoxins on adult sheep. Am. J. Vet Res. 63(1):28-35.
- Purdy, Charles W., David C. Straus, Norbert K. Chirase, David B. Parker, J. R. Ayers and Mark D. Hoover. 2002. Effects of aerosolized endotoxin in feedyard dust on weanling goats. Small Ruminant Research 46:133-147.
- Chirase , N. K, C. W. Purdy, R. W. Loan, R. Briggs, G. Duff and J. Avampato. 2002. Effect of environmental stressors and prophylactic antibiotic on serum antioxidant concentrations and incidence of bovine respiratory disease of feeder cattle. J. Dairy Sci. (Suppl. 1): 85/J. Anim. Sci. (Suppl. 1): 80: 86 (abstr.).
- Chirase , N. K, C. W. Purdy, R. W. Loan, R. Briggs, G. Duff, J. Avampato and D. Murray. 2002. Influence of transportation stress and prophylactic antibiotic on oxidative stress biomarker status and incidence of bovine respiratory disease of feeder cattle. J. Dairy Sci. (Suppl. 1): 85/J. Anim. Sci. (Suppl. 1): 80: 86 (abstr.).
- Chirase , N. K, C. W. Purdy, R. W. Loan, R. Briggs, G. Duff, J. Avampato and D. Murray. 2002. Influence of transportation stress and prophylactic antibiotic on oxidative stress biomarker status and incidence of bovine respiratory disease of feeder cattle. J. Dairy Sci. (Suppl. 1): 85/J. Anim. Sci. (Suppl. 1): 80: 86 (abstr.).
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) accounts for more than 80% of all feedyard deaths. Environmental stressors such as weaning, vaccination, marketing and translocation of feeder cattle have been identified as precipitating factors of BRD. To date, feedyard manure dust has not been identified as an etiologic factor of BRD. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of transit and dust stressors on performance, oxidative stress biomarkers and incidence of BRD of feeder steers. In Exp 1, steers (avg BW 185 kg) were purchased in Tennessee and one-half of the steers were treated with Micotil (1 ml/30 kg BW s.c.). Body weights and blood samples were measured in TN (d-3), at the feedlot in TX (d-0) and every 7 d for 28 d. Serum obtained from the blood was used for vitamin (Vit) A and E analyses. Steers were observed daily for morbidity and treated with prescribed antibiotics if sickness was detected. Micotil and dust treatments were arranged in a 2X2
factorial design. The simulated dust treatments were generated by having steers in an enclosed canvas tent. There were 4 dust application events each lasting 4 h. All data were subjected to the analysis of variance using the General Linear Models procedure of SAS. Transit stress reduced (P<0.001) serum Vit E concentrations from 7.10 to 1.95 ug/ml. Mean ADG (P<0.02) and serum Vit E levels (P<0.05) of calves exposed to dust were lower than the control on d 28 posttransit. Micotil treatment sustained serum Vit A and E levels. Also, as incidence of BRD increased, serum Vit A and E levels and ADG decreased accordingly. The results suggest that oxidative stress could be an important factor in the incidence of BRD. In Exp. 2, 36 nonstressed steers (avg BW 260 kg) were fed different levels of antioxidants for 28 d and challenged with dust exposure and performance was measured. The diets consisted of 1) Control (Vit A=20,000 IU/kg DM; Vit E=300 IU/kg DM) and 2) Antioxidants (Vit
A=60,700 IU/kg DM; Vit E=760 IU/kg DM). The diets and dust treatments were arranged in a 2X2 factorial design. The data were analyzed as in Exp 1. Steers fed the control diet and not exposed to dust tended to consume less (P<0.08) feed and gained less (P<0.05) BW than all other groups. The feed to gain ratios of those fed control and antioxidants were not different. These results suggest that feeding antioxidants to reduce oxidative stress of dust in healthy calves requires additional investigation.
Impacts
These results suggest that episodes of BRD in feeder cattle could be reduced by controlling feedyard dust because it precipitates oxidative stress resulting in an increase in the episodes of BRD. A reduction in the precipitating factors of BRD could generate an economic impact on the nearly $1 billion loss annually from BRD.
Publications
- Chirase , N. K, L. W. Greene, C. W. Purdy, R. W. Loan, R. E. Briggs, and L. R. McDowell. 2001. Effect of environmental stressors on ADG, serum retinol and a-tocopherol concentrations, and incidence of bovine respiratory disease of feeder steers. J. Dairy Sci. (Suppl. 1):84/J. Anim. Sci. (Suppl. 1)/Poultry Sci. (Suppl. 1):80/Proceedings of the 54th Annual Reciprocal Meat Conference. Vol II:188 (abstr.).
- Chirase , N. K, L. W. Greene, C. W. Purdy, R. W. Loan, D. R. George, and J. Avampato. 2001. Influence of dietary antioxidant vitamins on performance of feeder steers exposed to simulated feedyard manure dust. J. Dairy Sci. (Suppl. 1):84/J. Anim. Sci. (Suppl. 1)/Poultry Sci. (Suppl. 1):80/Proceedings of the 54th Annual Reciprocal Meat Conference. Vol II:188 (abstr.).
- McBride, K. W., L. W. Greene, N. K. Chirase, E. B. Kegley and N. A. Cole. 2001. The effects of ethoxyquin on performance and antioxidant status of feedlot steers. J. Dairy Sci. (Suppl. 1):84/J. Anim. Sci. (Suppl. 1)/Poultry Sci. (Suppl. 1):80/Proceedings of the 54th Annual Reciprocal Meat Conference. Vol II:285 (abstr.).
- Chirase, N. K, C. W. Purdy, L. W. Greene and J. Avampato. 2001. Effect of feedyard manure dust on performance and health of young Spanish goats. Written for presentation at the 2001 American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) Annual International Meetings sponsored by ASAE, Sacramento Convention Center, Sacramento, CA, USA, July 30 - August 1, 2001.
- Chirase , N. K. and L. W. Greene, 2001. Influence of clostridial vaccines and injection sites on performance, feeding behavior and lesion size scores of beef steers. J. of Anim. Sci. 79:1409-1415.
- Chirase, N. K. and L. W. Greene. 2001. Dietary zinc and manganese sources administered from fetal stage onwards affect immune response of transit stressed and virus challenged steer calves. Anim. Feed Sci. Techno. 93:217-228.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Dust from confined animal feeding operations can become extensive during dry environmental conditions. Two experiments (Exp.) were conducted to determine the role of feedyard dust as an environmental stressor on the performance and health (oxidative stress status) of feeder steers. In Exp. 1, 105 feeder steers were purchased from Newport, TN and transported to Bushland, TX. Calves were allotted randomly into 3 groups: 1) Control (no dust), 2)Tent (exposed to tent only) and 3) Dust (exposed to dust suspension inside tent). Dust storm was produced by enclosing steers in canvas tent for 1 h on d 1, 2, 3 and 4 post-arrival. The design of Exp. 2 (n=120) was exactly as in Exp. 1, except that the dust exposure was 4 h. Performance and oxidative stress (serum total antioxidant capacity (TACA) and lipid perioxidation, MDA) were measured pre-shipping and on d 1(d after arrival in TX), 7, 14, 21 and 28. Dust exposure reduced feed intake by 18% but had no effect on ADG. Dust
exposure reduced TACA by 16% and increased lipid peroxidation by 95%, suggesting that dust exposure not only affect feed consumption of steers but also produced higher oxidative stress in these calves. Oxidative stress results when production of reactive metabolites of oxygen exceeds their safe disposal by antioxidant mechanisms, consequently, the results suggest that these calves could be more susceptible to diseases such as bovine respiratory disease complex.
Impacts
Approximately $800-900 million are lost annually from feeder steers that are exposed to nutritional and environmental factors resulting in disease, morbidity and mortality. Control or minimizing environmental stress could result in the reduction of disease in these cattle, thereby promoting their health and well-being, and their productive efficiency. Dust control in confined cattle feeding operations could reduce these enormous economic losses by reducing feedyard diseases, antibiotic use and improving productive efficiency of cattle.
Publications
- Chirase , N. K. and L. W. Greene, 2000. Influence of oral interferon-a on performance and rectal temperature of newly received beef steers. Western Section American Society of Animal Science Proceedings. Vol. 51:411-414.
- Chirase, N. K. and L. W. Greene, F. T. McCollum, B. W. Auvermann, and N. A. Cole. 2000. Effect of BOVIPRO on performance and serum metabolites concentrations of beef steers. Western Section American Society of Animal Science Proceedings. Vol. 51:415-418.
- Chirase , N. K. and L. W. Greene, 2000. An Animal Behavior Modifier (ABM) tail stimulation affects performance and serum metabolites concentrations of beef steers. Western Section American Society of Animal Science Proceedings. Vol. 51:556-561.
- Chirase , N. K., L. W. Greene, C. W. Purdy, B. W. Auvermann, R. W. Loan, D. B. Parker and M. D. Hoover. 2000. Influence of simulated feedyard dust on performance of market stressed steer calves protected with or without prophylactic antibiotic. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 78 (Suppl. 1)/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 83(Suppl. 1)/J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 78(Suppl. 1):223.
- Chirase , N. K., L. W. Greene, J. Avampato, C. W. Purdy, E. F. Walborg, Jr., J. E. Klaunig and Y Xu. 2000. Effect of simulated dust on serum antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation of market stressed steer calves protected with or without prophylactic antibiotic. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 78 (Suppl. 1)/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 83(Suppl. 1):45.
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
In the first experiment, market-stressed steer calves (antibiotic protected and no antibiotic) were exposed to concentrations of organic dust (2,463 pico grams of dust per minute per cubic meter)in a tent, and weight changes were measured and compared with control or calves exposed to dust machinery only. The antibiotic (Micotil) was given at the order buyer barn. The results indicated that on d 8, 15 and 22 of weighing, calves that received antibiotic and exposed to dust had higher (P<.05) weights than those receiving dust without antibiotic protection. All other treatments were similar (P>.05) to the dust with antibiotic protection group. The results suggest that dust events could retard weight gain of market-stressed calves. In the second study, calves (avg wt 260 kg) were fed the antioxidant, Agrado for 42 d and shipped to the feedyard where serum antioxidants were measured. Serum vitamin E concentration was lower (P<.05) but uric acid concentration was higher
(P<.05) on arrival in the treated calves than the controls. On d 28, serum vitamin A concentration was higher (P<.05) in the Agrado fed calves than the controls. The results suggest that dietary Agrado altered serum antioxidants concentrations of beef steers.
Impacts
These results suggest that antibiotics could protect feeder cattle from the health effects of feedyard dust. Also, the results suggest that the antioxidant status of feeder cattle could be altered by dietary antioxidant supplementation.
Publications
- Purdy, C. W., Straus, D. C., Loan, R. W., Chirase, N. K., Parker, D. B., Williams, P. B. and Hoover, M. D. 1999. Dust and endotoxin appear to significantly impede weight gain of market stressed feeder calves. High Plains Beef Conference. August 18-19. page 74.
- McBride, K., Chirase, N. K., Greene, L. W., and Kegley, E. K. 1999. Influence of dietary Agrado on performance and antioxidant capacity of feeder steers. High Plains Beef Conference. August 18-19. Page 26.
- Greene, L. W., Dhuyvetter, D. V., Chirase, N. K. 1999. Trace mineral solubility in a free-choice mineral supplement treated with petrolatum. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Supl. 1):254 (Abstract).
- Garcia-Estefan, A., Vahlenkamp, M. J., Greene, L. W. and Chirase, N. K. 1999. Effect of implant strategy during the stocker period on feedlot performance of commercial crossbred steers. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):75 (Abstract).
- Garcia-Estafan, A., Greene, L. W and Chirase, N. K. 1999. Mineral availability and ruminal fluid pH of crossbred steers fed BIOSAF. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):272. (Abstract)
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
Accumulating evidence indicates that exposure to biotic and abiotic stressors can cause changes in cellular antioxidant defenses; and, if the exposures are sufficiently severe, can overwhelm these defenses with consequent damage to critical cellular components and the initiation of disease processes. Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) is an economically devastating condition of the cattle industry, accounting for 75% of all morbidity and 64% of all mortality. The objective of this study was to identify the relationship of serum biomarkers of oxidative stress to bovine respiratory disease complex. Feeder cattle were purchased in Newport, Tennessee, bled and transported 2,500 km to Bushland, Texas. The steers were bled again upon arrival at the feedlot in Bushland. The data indicated that steer calves that exhibited higher rectal temperature (P<.05) prior to shipping, tended (P<.10) to have lower body weight after transportation stress. A significant decrease
(P<.002) in total antioxidant capacity (TACA), resulting from transportation stress was observed. Also, transportation stress caused a significant increase (P<.0004) in total body lipid peroxidation (LPO) rate. Calves that died upon arrival at the feedlot indicated numerically higher LPO values prior to shipping. These data indicated that there could be a relationship between serum biomarkers of oxidative stress of feeder steers and BRD.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Chirase, N. K., Hutcheson, D. P., Thompson, G. B. and Spears, J. W. 1994. Recovery rate and plasma zinc and copper concentrations of steer calves fed organic and inorganic zinc and manganese sources with or without injectable copper and challenged with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. J. Anim. Sci. 72:212-219.
- Greene, L. W. and Chirase, N. K. 1998. Influence of stocker program mineral nutrition on feedlot performance. The Compendium, Vol 20(12):1372-1379.
- Doyle, J. C, Chirase, N. K. and Huston, J. E. 1999. Mineral supplementation of beef cattle: rangeland and feedlot. In Current Veterinary Therapy 4: Food Animal Practice. Howard, J. L. and Smith, R. A. (Ed.). W. B. Saunders Company. pp. 176-192.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
Forty eight (48) steers (average weight=287 kg) were randomly allotted into four groups and used to determine the effect of dietary humic acid (humates) concentrations on the performance and serum metabolites concentrations of shipping-stressed feedlot steers. Feedlot receiving diets were formulated to contain four levels (0, .78, 1.56 and 3.2% of diet, as-fed basis) of humates (Bovipro). Steers were weighed on d 0, 28 and 56. Blood samples were taken on d 0 and 28. Results indicated that feed intake, ADG and feed to gain ratios were similar (P>.05) for all treatment groups. Serum Ca concentrations were significantly higher (P<.05) in steers fed 1.56% humates compared with the control steers. However, serum hemoglobin concentrations increased significantly (P<.05) with increasing humates levels (29.0, 32.8, 36.6 and 42.2 mg/dL, respectively). These data indicated that more research is needed to determine the significance of humates in newly received steer diets.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- D. P. Hutcheson, N. K. Chirase and J. W. Spears. 1991. Effects of organic and inorganic sources of zinc and injectable copper on feed intake, rectal temperature and live weights of steers calves stressed with Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus. J. Anim. Sci. 69 (Suppl. 1): 552.
- J. W. Spears, D. P. Hutcheson, N. K. Chirase and E. B. Kegley. 1991. Effects of zinc methionine and injectable copper pre-shipping on performance and health of stressed calves. J. Anim. Sci. 69 (Suppl. 1): 552.
- N. K. Chirase, D. P. Hutcheson, G. B. Thompson and J. W. Spears. 1993. Performance and rectal temperature of crossbred steer calves fed organic and inorganic zinc and manganese sources and challenged with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. J. Anim. Sci. 71 (Suppl. 1):28.
- L. D. Herd, L. W. Greene, D. B. Herd, D. P. Hutcheson and N. K. Chirase. 1994. Performance and rectal temperature of steers fed supplemental copper, molybdenum and sulfur sources, and challenged with bovine rhinotracheitis virus. J. Anim. Sci. 72 (Suppl. 1):35.
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
Influence of different Clostridial vaccines on feed consumption patterns and performance of feedlot steers. Ninety six crossbred steers (average wt 652 lb) were purchased via the normal commercial order buyer system. Steers were randomly allotted into groups of 16 on the basis of initial body weight. Each group was housed in a feedlot pen equipped with individual feed monitoring device (pinpointer). All steers were fed a growing diet. The following treatments were randomly assigned to each group: 1) Control (sterile water) 2) Alpha-7, prescapula (A7P) 3) Alpha CD, prescapula (ACDP) 4) Alpha CD, ear (ACDE) 5) Fortress-7, prescapula (FORT7P) and 6) Vision-7, prescapula (V7P). Steers were weighed on day 0 and every 28 days thereafter and performance data calculated. Steers vaccinated with all Alpha treatments on the ear and prescapula had similar (P>.05) total weight gain, ADG and feed to gain ratios as the control, FORT7 or V7P steers. The ACDP vaccinated steers were
numerically heavier than the ACDE and FORT7 steers. These steers would have had an economic return of $29/hd and $21/hd more than the ACDE and FORT7 steers, respectively if sold on live weight basis. Similarly, the feed intake of the ACDP treated group was greater (P<.05) than the control, ACDE and FORT7 steers. It was concluded that steers vaccinated with all Alpha treatments in the prescapula or ear had similar performance as control, FORT7 and V7P steers.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- N. K. Chirase and G. B. Thompson. 1993. Effect of Clostridial vaccines on feed intake patterns and performance of feedlot steers. Submitted to Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Inc.
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
Safety Testing Express 4/HS (Modified Live Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis, Bovine Virus Diarrhea, Parainfluenza Virus, Killed Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Haemophilus somnus bacterin) in cattle. Fifty (50) crossbred steers (avg wt 252 kg) were purchased via the normal commercial cattle order buyer system. All steers were weighed and randomly tagged in the ear with individual identification numbers. Steers were randomly allotted to groups of eight and fed a feedlot diet in pens containing bunk feeders. Steers were given a minimum of four days adaptation to environment and diets. Each steer was vacinated (intamuscularly) on the left side of the neck region with a 2 mL dose using aseptic technique. Steers were booster vaccinated (intramuscularly) on the right side of the neck region on day 21 using complete Express 4/HS vaccine. Ambient temperature and injection site palpations were recorded on day -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4. Additional palpations were done on day
6, 10 and 14 post-vaccination. All steers exhibited normal body temperature (< 104 F). Injection site swelling disappeared in 14 days post-vaccination 1 and 2 except in a few cases where injection site was mis-located on the spine of the neck region. It was concluded that all steers exhited normal, healthy behavior at the time of release.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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