Progress 10/01/99 to 10/01/04
Outputs
Efforts to continue the development of e-nose technology suitable for use in monitoring livestock odors, and food product quality and safety took place. In the animal waste area, work concentrated on modifying an e-nose to make it suitable for determining basic relationships between these odors. Food product quality efforts involved the development of methods to discriminate between related products. Analyses conducted indicated that e-nose technology holds the potential for these types of determinations. However, standardization on the type of sensor technology used must be accomplished before e-nose systems can be employed to their full potential.
Impacts
Development of this technology will lead to the development of improved systems for controlling animal odors, as well as freshness detection methods for foods.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02
Outputs
Efforts to continue the development of e-nose technology suitable for use in monitoring livestock odors, and food product quality and safety took place. In the animal waste area, work concentrated on modifying an e-nose to make it suitable for determining basic relationships between these odors and relative humidity. This was accomplished by modifying the system's sampling sequence and adding a relative humidity sensor. Food product quality efforts involved the development of methods to discriminate between related fish varieties. The development of techniques for determining food freshness was also explored. Analyses conducted indicated that e-nose technology holds the potential for these types of determinations. However, standardization on the type of sensor technology used must be accomplished before e-nose systems can be employed to their full potential.
Impacts
Development of this technology will lead to the development of improved systems for controlling animal odors, as well as freshness detection methods for foods.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/00 to 09/30/01
Outputs
No progress.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/00
Outputs
The NC State Electronic Nose (ENoseII) located in the Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering is currently being used to build odor libraries so that it can be trained to recognize freshness in and safety of a variety of food products. Two main studies have been made to accomplish this goal - one focusing on seafood products (such as tilapia, tuna, and catfish), the other on ground coffee (Ethiopian, Sumatra, Colombia, and Kenya). A third study involving cooking temperature is underway on skipjack tuna. In this study, cooked samples of tuna (55 deg-C and 85 deg-C) were compared to raw samples to determine the effect of cooking on tuna aroma. Early results indicate that Discriminate Analysis was able to sort the data into the three different cooking categories. The analysis algorithms will be modified and tested on unknown samples to determine their overall robustness. The building of odor libraries is a time consuming but essential process to correctly
train the ENoseII. Similar studies will be performed to expand the odor libraries. In addition, permission has been acquired to import artificial hog dust, which will be used to build an odor library for livestock operations.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Dodd TH, Hale SA, and Blanchard SM. An aroma based method for determining the storage time of fishery products. Paper 00307313. Presented at 2000 ASAE Annual International Meeting, Milwaukee, July 2000.
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Progress 10/01/98 to 09/30/99
Outputs
NEW PROJECT - NO REPORT
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
The avian veterinarian who performed the surgery to implant the transmitters in the preliminary study involving six 2-week-old Arbor Acres x Arbor Acres male broilers that was described in the last progress report was unable to assist with any follow-up studies. In spite of repeated attempts, another veterinarian could not be found who was willing to work on the study. Thus, no additional studies involving more birds were possible. In addition, the student who was most familiar with the data analysis system graduated and took a job out of state before a new student could be trained. He has recently returned to NC to attend graduate school and is willing to work on the data again. A manuscript based on the preliminary study will be submitted to an appropriate peer-reviewed journal during 1999.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
Data Science International transmitters capable of acquiring electrocardiograms (ECGs), temperature (T), and blood pressure (BP) were implanted subcutaneously in the coelomic cavities of six 2-week-old Arbor Acres X Arbor Acres male broilers (409+/-11 gm, mean +/- SD). The birds were too small to allow introduction of the BP transducers into their vessels so BP data were not recorded. The birds were kept in individual cages and subjected to 23 hours of light and one hour of darkness. One-min ECGs and T were recorded every 15 min and analyzed in birds 17-23 days old (920+/-28 gm at 21 days). Heart rate (HR, measured in ms intervals) and heart rate variability (HRV, the square root of one over the number of terms times the sum of the difference between each R-R interval and the average R-R interval for the period) were measured for three 10-beat periods during each ECG. Low frequency (LF, breathing) and high frequency (HF, heart rate) power spectra were determined for
each 1-min ECG. No significant difference (Wilcoxon Rank Sum test) was found between light (L) and dark (D) periods for LF ECG (L: 0.42+/-0.31 Hz, N=75; D: 0.41+/-0.32, N=79), HF ECG (L: 6.55+/-0.66 Hs, N=46; D: 6.45+/-0.70, N=53), HR (L: 152.7+/-1.6 ms, N=79; D: 156.3+/-1.5, N=83), HRV (L: 3.8+/-2.2 ms, N=79; 3.4+/-2.7, N=83), or T (L: 40.5+/-1.6 deg C, N=84; D: 40.7+/-1.7, N=84). Thus, male broilers do not appear to rest during the one hour of darkness provided in typical poultry house regimens.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- EKWUEME-OKOLI, T.C., BLANCHARD, S.M., DEGERNES, L.A. and GARLICH, J.D. 1997. The effect of light and dark periods on heart rate and HRV in male broilers. Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society,
- BLANCHARD, S.M., DEWOLF, D.K., EKWUEME-OKOLI, T.C., DEGERNES, L.A. and GARLICH, J.D. 1997. Heart rate and heart rate variability in male broilers at risk for sudden death syndrome. Annals of Biomedical
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
Two Arbor Acres X Arbor Acres broilers have been used in a pilot study to investigate the effects of temperature and diet on susceptibility to Sudden Death Syndrome and Ascites. Transmitters were implanted at 3 weeks (female) and 4 weeks of age (male) when the birds weighed 600 gm and 900 gm, respectively. A blood pressure transducer, which contains a thermistor, was placed in the jugular vein, and electrodes were placed under the skin in the right pectoral and left femoral areas in both animals. Up until the birds were 7 weeks old, one- minute electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded every 4 hours by a telemetry system (Dataquest IV Data Acquisition System) while heart rate, activity level, and internal temperature were measured at 15-min intervals. Room temperature was measured daily, and the birds were weighted weekly throughout the study. At 7 weeks of age, the birds were switched from a Broiler Starter Diet to one which included 220 gm/ton monensin sodium, and one-
minute ECGs were recorded every hour. At 8 weeks of age, they were switched back to the Broiler Starter Diet. At 9 weeks of age, they received a new diet which included 120 gm salinomycin/ton in the starter feed. At 10 weeks of age, they were returned to the Broiler Starter Diet until the experiment was terminated when the birds were 11 weeks old. The data are being examined for arrhythmias, and heart rate variability parameters are being calculated.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- NO PUBLICATIONS REPORTED THIS PERIOD.
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