Source: UNIVERSITY OF MAINE submitted to NRP
WOOD PRESERVATION AND DEGRADATION RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MAINE
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
MCINTIRE-STENNIS
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0165732
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 1999
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2004
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF MAINE
(N/A)
ORONO,ME 04469
Performing Department
FOREST MANAGEMENT
Non Technical Summary
Wood degradation is an important in problem both nationally and worldwide causing billions of dollars of damage each year in the US alone. This proposal combines basic chemical studies to understanding how decay fungi breakdown wood, with more applied studies on how to protect wood and wood composite materials in an effort to reduce the losses that we suffer from decayed wood and to find better ways to protect wood from deterioration.
Animal Health Component
100%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
(N/A)
Applied
100%
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
51106501102100%
Knowledge Area
511 - New and Improved Non-Food Products and Processes;

Subject Of Investigation
0650 - Wood and wood products;

Field Of Science
1102 - Mycology;
Goals / Objectives
1) Develop appropriate preservative treatment methods for the protection of wood/fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials to allow the wood to be protected from wood deterioration agents while maintaining the integrity of the FRP. 2) Continue research on brown rot wood deterioration mechanisms, focusing on elucidation of a redox cycling mechanism mediated by low molecular weight chelators produced by the fungus, and also exploring an alternative hypothesis for non-enzymatic degradation of wood.
Project Methods
In part I will conduct a comprehensive test of the compatibility of several waterborne and oilborne wood preservatives with both FRP materials as well as Wood/FRP composites. In preliminary data, we have observed strength losses in CCA-treated FRP composite panels which have been used in experimental work for laminated beam composites. It is unknown why these strength losses are occurring at present. We have also recently observed that phenolic resin of FRP can react with copper napthanate to soften the outer veil layer of the FRP. When the surface veil layer softens it becomes relatively easy to pull off the chopped, random oriented fibers imbedded in the surface matrix when the FRP is clamped in a testing fixture. To date this has not resulted in a significant loss in shear strength of the FRP (in short beam shear tests which do not require gripping or the sample ends) but the softening and associated strength losses of the veil layer can prevent proper bonding of the FRP to wood. If these preliminary observations hold up, it could pose a serious concern to the use of FRP materials with wood in exterior environments. The bonding of wood to FRP, although a relatively new field is well described (Gardner 1994, Barbero et al 1994, Liao 1995). The laminating of preservative treated wood members has also been described in the literature, and demonstrated in practice for many years (Kilmer et al 1998, Shaffer 1991, Schaeffer 1966, Selbo 1957, Truax et al 1953). Although the effect of wood preservatives on the bonding of wood has been studied (Vick 1995, Vick et al 1990, Winandy and River 1986, Shaler et al 1988, Sellers and Miller 1997, Prasad et al. 1994), because the use of FRP with wood is a relatively new field there are no available reports on how the material will interact with wood preservatives. In part two of the proposal, I will further study the mechanism involved in the redox cycling of the chelators isolated from brown rot fungi. Although we have made significant headway in determining the mechanism of how the chelators interact with metals, and how the system mediates the production of free radicals to initiate cellulose depolymerization in the wood cell wall, much about the mechanism is still unknown. Specifically I propose to explore the chemistry of the redox cycling mechanism in further depth. I am also proposing to further explore the basis for CDH reduction of iron and determine whether such a system may be compatible with the chelator system that we have proposed in our previous work. Of all the alternative hypotheses for `non-enzymatic' degradation processes in brown rots, this one by Wood's group seems to be the most plausible and it is worth investigating as a counterpoint to our own hypothesis.

Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/04

Outputs
Under research objective one, it is very significant that no wood preservative system tested was found to be compatible with the FRP materials that were designed to be used as reinforcements for structural wood members. This was a surprise. Reviews of the literature had suggested that some hydrocarbons could affect some types of E-glass FRP, but discussions with composite engineers and polymer chemists, as well as the composites literature, had suggested that the effects of exposure to preservative chemicals would be limited. In addition, strong acids and bases are known to be able to affect E-glass; however, the pH of the waterborne chemicals used was not within the range generally considered to be severely corrosive to FRP materials fabricated with E-glass. The results of our testing, reviewed in several publications, showed that some FRP composites lose strength upon exposure to both conventional waterborne or oil borne preservatives. In addition, when FRP laminates were bonded to wood using a number of suitable adhesive systems, no bonding system was able to pass both shear strength or wood failure criteria in shear tests, or alternately to pass an ASTM 2559 cyclic delamination test protocol. This is very important because FRP reinforced glue laminated beams have already been installed in a several locations around the world. Our results indicate that these bridges and other exterior exposure wood structures that have been reinforced with FRP materials should be monitored carefully for signs of delamination of the FRP layer, or alternately weakening of the FRP. Research under Objective 2 on wood deterioration mechanisms continues to progress with a new mechanism for the cycling of iron in brown rot decay processes proposed. We have hypothesized that brown rot lignin may function in the reduction of iron, and this reduction may lead to the continual cycling of iron that we believe is involved in the production of free radicals in brown rot decay. In addition, we have examined the validity of other hypotheses that require the presence of enzymes to cycle benzoquinone derivatives as a means to cycle iron. Our research has shown that this type of mechanism cannot occur in wood degradation processes because the size of the enzymes involved precludes the possibility of their entering the intact wood cell wall. Since the mechanism in question must occur in early stages of degradation, deep within the wood cell wall, it is not possible for it to function in cell wall degradation processes. This alone is a significant finding, and it highlights the importance of continued work in the field with both enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems. In addition to the basic work on mechanisms we have also published on new methods for the autoxidation of lignin on the surface of fibers providing for -autobonding- of the fibers, a way of producing bonds without synthetic adhesives. This work was based on a spin-off from our basic mechanisms research. Also, as spin-off research from the basic mechanism work, we have conducted successful studies on methods for deinking of recycled pulp, and the decolorization of dyes and other pollutants in wastewater.

Impacts
This work should lead to a better understanding of ways to protect wood composites, particularly wood composites where fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) are being used to reinforce wood. Our results to date indicate that bridges and other exterior exposure wood structures that have been reinforced with FRP materials should be monitored carefully for signs of delamination of the FRP layer, or alternately weakening of the FRP because most preservative systems used to date will weaken these materials. The research on wood deterioration mechanisms points the way for future research in understand the complex pathways decay fungi employ in the breakdown of wood. The research indicates that the interaction of enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems is important in the decay process by brown rot fungi.

Publications

  • Merrick, P. Goodell, B. and Morrell, J. J. 2002. Treated Parallel Strand Lumber in Marine Tests. Proceedings: Enhancing the Durability of Lumber and engineered Wood Products: Bringing Technologies to Market. February. Kissimmee, Florida. 2pp.
  • Tascioglu, C., Goodell, B., and Lopez-Anido, R., 2002. Effects of Wood Preservatives and Rot on FRP. Summary. Plastics in Building Construction (monthly newsletter), Ed. James P. Harrington, SAGE Publications, ISSN0147-2429. 2002. 1p.
  • Tascioglu, C., Goodell, B., Lopez-Anido, R., Peterson, M., Halteman, W. and Jellison, J. 2003. Monitoring Fungal Degradation of E-Glass / Phenolic Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites used in Wood Reinforcement. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation. Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 157-165, 2003.
  • 2003. Herzog, B., Goodell, B., and Lopez-Anido, R. The Effect of Oil-Borne Preservative Treatments on the Shear Strength of FRP/Wood Composite Adhesive Bonds, The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, 34th Annual Meeting, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, May 18-23, 2003. (Published in IRG documents, but I was unable to attend to present a talk).
  • Tascioglu, C., Goodell, B., and Lopez-Anido, R. 2002. Effects of Wood Preservative Treatments on Mechanical Properties of E-glass / Phenolic Pultruded Composite Reinforcement for Wood. Forest Products Journal. 52(11/12).
  • Qian, Y., Goodell, B. and Genco, J. M. 2002. The effect of a chelator-mediated Fenton system on the fiber and Paper properties of hardwood Kraft pulp. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology. 22 (4) 267 - 284.
  • Lopez-Anido, R., Muszynski, L., Gardner, D., Goodell, B., Hong, Y., Eisenheld, L. and Herzog, B. 2002. Performance-Based Material Evaluation of FRP Composite Reinforcement Bonded to Glulam Members. Proceedings of 10th US- Japan Conference on Composite Materials, Ed. Fu-Kuo Chang, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, September 16 18. Destech Publications, Lancaster, PA pp. 462-471, ISBN 1 932078 13 4.
  • Tascioglu, C., Lopez-Anido, R. and Goodell, B. 2002. Characterization of Wood Preservative Treatments on E-glass/Phenolic Pultruded Composite for Wood Reinforcement. 34th International SAMPE Technical Conference. November 4-7, 2002, Baltimore, MD. 15pp. (Referred paper, nominated for a conference award by Infrastructure Session I.).
  • Lopez-Anido, R., Gardner, D., Muszynski, L., Goodell, B. Dagher H., Hong, Y. and Eisenheld, L. 2002. Material Screening and Qualification of FRP Composite Reinforcement Bonded to Glulam Members, Research Report Number AEWC 02-17, Advanced Engineered Wood Composites Center, University of Maine, Orono, ME. pp 13.
  • Qian, Y., Goodell, B. and Felix, C. C. 2002. The effect of low molecular weight chelators on iron chelation and free radical generation as studied by ESR measurement. Chemosphere 48 (2002) 21-28 . This paper can also be viewed at: www.elsevier.com/locate/chemosphere.
  • Tascioglu, C., Goodell, B. and Lopez-Anido, R. 2002. Cyclic delamination analysis of preservative-treated wood/FRP interfaces. International Research Group on Wood Preservation. IRG/WP 02-40244. Proceedings, 33rd Annual Meeting, May 12-17th, 2002. Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom. IRG/WP 02-40244, 9 pp.
  • Jellison, J., Kelley, S., Goodell, B., Hui, D. and Ostrofsky, A. 2002. Differences in pH, electrical resistance, cation composition and NIR spectra of red spruce wood during early stages of brown rot degradation. International Research Group on Wood Preservation. IRG/WP 02-10449. 11 pp.
  • Kelley, S., Jellison, J. and Goodell, B. 2002. Use of NIR and MBMS coupled with multivariate analysis for detecting the chemical changes associated with brown rot biodegradation of spruce wood. FEMS (Federation of European Microbiology Society) Microbiology Letters 209:107-111.
  • Goodell, B., Qian, Y., Jellison, J., Richard, M. and W. Qi. 2002. Lignocellulose oxidation by low molecular weight metal-binding compounds isolated from wood degrading fungi: A comparison of brown rot and white rot systems and the potential application of chelator-mediated Fenton reactions. p.37-48. (Eds.) L. Viikari and R. Lantto. Progress in Biotechnology Vol 21. Biotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry. Elsevier Press. 334 pp.
  • Filley, T. R., Cody, G. D., Goodell, B., Jellison, J., Noser C. and Ostrofsky, A. 2002. Microbial production of phenolic-rich lignin residues in coarse woody debris: A laboratory degradation of red spruce wood by two common brown rot fungi. Organic Geochemistry. Vol. 33(2). pp. 111-124.
  • Lopez-Anido, R., Gardner, D., Muszynski, L., Goodell, B. Dagher H., Hong, Y. and Eisenheld, L. (2002), Performance-Based Material Evaluation of FRP Composite Reinforcement Bonded to Glulam Members, Proceedings of Second International Conference on Durability of Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Construction (CDCC 2002). Ed. B. Benmokrane, Montreal, (Quebec) Canada. May 29-31.
  • Davis, E., S. M. Shaler, and Goodell, B. 2003. The incorporation of paper deinking sludge into fiberboard. Forest Products Journal. 11/12.
  • Tascioglu, C., Goodell, B. and R. Lopez-Anido, R. 2003. Bond durability characterization of preservative treated wood and e-glass/phenolic composite interfaces. Composites Science and Technology. Vol 16. No. 4 pp. 257-274.
  • Jagels, R., Visscher, G., Lucas J., and Goodell, B. 2003. Paleo-adaptive properties of the xylem of Metasequoia mechanical/hydraulic compromises. Annals of Botany. 92(79-88).
  • Lopez-Anido, R., Michael, A.P., Sandford, T.C., and Goodell, B. 2003. Repair of Wood Piles with Prefabricated FRP Composite Shells, In Press, Paper No. CF-22068, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, ASCE.


Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03

Outputs
Under research objective one, it is very significant that no wood preservative system tested was found to be compatible with the FRP materials that were designed to be used as reinforcements for structural wood members. This was a surprise. Reviews of the literature had suggested that some hydrocarbons could affect some types of E-glass FRP, but discussions with composite engineers and polymer chemists, as well as the composites literature, had suggested that the effects of exposure to preservative chemicals would be limited. In addition, strong acids and bases are known to be able to affect E-glass; however, the pH of the waterborne chemicals used was not within the range generally considered to be severely corrosive to FRP materials fabricated with E-glass. The results of our testing, reviewed in several publications, showed that some FRP composites lose strength upon exposure to both conventional waterborne or oil borne preservatives. In addition, when FRP laminates were bonded to wood using a number of suitable adhesive systems, no bonding system was able to pass both shear strength or wood failure criteria in shear tests, or alternately to pass an ASTM 2559 cyclic delamination test protocol. This is very important because FRP reinforced glue laminated beams have already been installed in a several locations around the world. Our results indicate that these bridges and other exterior exposure wood structures that have been reinforced with FRP materials should be monitored carefully for signs of delamination of the FRP layer, or alternately weakening of the FRP. Research under Objective 2 on wood deterioration mechanisms continues to progress with a new mechanism for the cycling of iron in brown rot decay processes proposed. We have hypothesized that brown rot lignin may function in the reduction of iron, and this reduction may lead to the continual cycling of iron that we believe is involved in the production of free radicals in brown rot decay. In addition, we have examined the validity of other hypotheses that require the presence of enzymes to cycle benzoquinone derivatives as a means to cycle iron. Our research has shown that this type of mechanism cannot occur in wood degradation processes because the size of the enzymes involved precludes the possibility of their entering the intact wood cell wall. Since the mechanism in question must occur in early stages of degradation, deep within the wood cell wall, it is not possible for it to function in cell wall degradation processes. This alone is a significant finding, and it highlights the importance of continued work in the field with both enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems. In addition to the basic work on mechanisms we have also published on new methods for the autoxidation of lignin on the surface of fibers providing for autobonding of the fibers, a way of producing bonds without synthetic adhesives. This work was based on a spin-off from our basic mechanisms research. Also, as spin-off research from the basic mechanism work, we have conducted successful studies on methods for deinking of recycled pulp, and the decolorization of dyes and other pollutants in wastewater.

Impacts
This work should lead to a better understanding of ways to protect wood composites, particularly wood composites where fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) are being used to reinforce wood. Our results to dayte indicate that bridges and other exterior exposure wood structures that have been reinforced with FRP materials should be monitored carefully for signs of delamination of the FRP layer, or alternately weakening of the FRP because most preservative systems used to date will weaken these materials. The research on wood deterioration mechanisms points the way for future research in understand the complex pathways decay fungi employ in the breakdown of wood. The research indicates that the interaction of enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems is important in the decay process by brown rot fungi.

Publications

  • Tascioglu, Goodell, Anido-Lopez, Abdel-Magid. 1999. Effects of Wood Preservative Treatments on FRP Reinforcement of Wood. First International Conference on Advanced Engineered Wood Composites. Bar Harbor, Maine. July 5-8, 1999.
  • Tascioglu, C., B. Goodell, R. Lopez, and B. Magid. 1999. FRP Reinforcement of Pressure Treated Wood: Preservative Compatibility and Durability. Forest Products Society, 1999 Annual Meeting, June 27-30, Boise, Idaho.
  • Tascioglu , Goodell, Lopez-Anido, and A. Magid . 1999. Surface Characterization of Preservative Treated FRP and Wood. Forest Products Society, Annual Meeting. Boise Idaho.
  • Tascioglu, C., B. Goodell, R. Lopez, and B. Magid. 1999. Effects of Preservative Treatment on FRP Reinforcement for Wood. The Proceedings of First International Conference on Advanced Engineered Wood Composites, Bar Harbor, Maine July 5-8, 1999.
  • Goodell, B. and J. Jellison. 1999. Brown rot biodegradation of wood. International Society of Biodegradation and Biodeterioration. Washington, D.C. Aug 8-12.
  • Yelle, Y. and B. Goodell. 1999. Bonding of wood fibers by lignin activation using free radical generating systems. CONFOR, Bar Harbor, Maine, 5-6 February 1999. (Abstract).
  • Goodell, B., J. Jellison, and Y. Qian. 1999. Understanding how structural timbers decay: Mechanisms involved in the brown rot decay process. First International Conference on Advanced Engineered Wood Composites. Bar Harbor, Maine. July 5-8, 1999. 1999. Goodell, B., J. Jellison, Y. Qian, J. Connolly and A. Paszczynski. 1999. Chelating phenolates and the generation of oxygen radicals in brown rot wood decay. FPS 1999 Annual Meeting held June 27-30, 1999, at the Grove Hotel & Boise Centre, Boise, Idaho.
  • Goodell, Qian, Y., Jellison, J., Richard, M. 2003. Decolorization and degradation of dyes with mediated Fenton reaction. Accepted for publication, Water Environment Research.
  • Goodell, B., Lopez-Anido, R., and Herzog, B. (Inventors). 2003.U.S. Patent Application (Provisional) 017625-000500US. 2003. Composites Pressure Resin Infusion System (ComPRIS) to produce Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Laminates and other Hybrid Composite Products. Dec. 30.
  • *Herzog, B., Goodell, Lopez-Anido, R., Muszynski, L., Gardner, D., Halteman, W., and Qian,Y. 2003. The Effect of Creosote and Copper Naphthanate Preservative Systems on the Adhesive Bondlines of FRP/Glulam Composite Beams. In-Press, Paper No: 9662, Forest Products Journal,
  • *Herzog, B., Goodell, Lopez-Anido, R., Muszynski, L., Gardner, D., and Tascioglu, C. 2003. Effect of Creosote and Copper Naphthenate Preservative Treatments on Properties of FRP Composite Materials Used for Wood Reinforcement, In-Press, Journal of Advanced Materials, SAMPE.
  • *Davis, E., S. M. Shaler, and Goodell. 2003. The incorporation of paper deinking sludge into fiberboard. Forest Products Journal. Accepted in Press.
  • * Tascioglu,C., Goodell, and R. Lopez-Anido. 2003. Bond durability characterization of preservative treated wood and e-glass/phenolic composite interfaces. Composites Science and Technology. Vol 16. No. 4 pp. 257-274. 1
  • * Jagels, R., G. Visscher, J. Lucas and Goodell. 2003. Paleo-adaptive properties of the xylem of Metasequoia mechanical/hydraulic compromises. Annals of Botany. Accepted.
  • *Goodell, D. Nicholas, and T. Schultz. 2003. Wood Deterioration, and Preservation- Advances in Our Changing World.. American Chemical Society Series. Oxford University Press. Textbook. 465p.
  • Lopez-Anido, R., Gardner, D., Muszynski, L., Goodell, B. Dagher H., Hong, Y. and Eisenheld, L. 2002. Material Screening and Qualification of FRP Composite Reinforcement Bonded to Glulam Members, Research Report Number AEWC 02-17, Advanced Engineered Wood Composites Center, University of Maine, Orono, ME. pp 13.
  • *Lopez-Anido, R., Michael, A.P., Goodell, and Sandford, T.C. 2003. Assessment of Wood Pile Deterioration due to Marine Organisms, In Press, Paper No. WW-22342, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, ASCE.
  • *Lopez-Anido, R., Michael, A.P., Sandford, T.C., and Goodell, B. 2003. Repair of Wood Piles with Prefabricated FRP Composite Shells, In Press, Paper No. CF-22068, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, ASCE.
  • *Tascioglu, C., Goodell, B., Lopez-Anido, R., and Gardner, D. 2003. Surface Energy Characterization of Preservative Treated Wood and E-glass/Phenolic Composite, Accepted for publication, Forest Products Journal, 2003.
  • *Lopez-Anido, R., Muszynski, L., Gardner, D., Goodell, B., Hong, Y., Eisenheld, L., and Herzog, B. 2002. Performance-Based Material Evaluation of FRP Composite Reinforcement Bonded to Glulam Members. Proceedings of 10th US- Japan Conference on Composite Materials, Ed. Fu-Kuo Chang, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, September 16 18. Destech Publications, Lancaster, PA pp. 462-471, ISBN 1 932078 13 4.
  • *Filley, T. R., G. D. Cody , B. Goodell, J. Jellison, C. Noser and A. Ostrofsky. 2002. Microbial production of phenolic-rich lignin residues in coarse woody debris: A laboratory degradation of red spruce wood by two common brown rot fungi. Organic Geochemistry. Vol. 33 (2). pp. 111-124.
  • * Tascioglu, C., B. Goodell, R. Lopez-Anido ,M. Peterson, W. Halteman, and J. Jellison. 2002. Monitoring Fungal Degradation of E-Glass / Phenolic Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites used in Wood Reinforcement. International Biodeterioration and BiodegradationVol. 51, No. 3, pp. 157-165, 2003.
  • *Lopez-Anido, R., Gardner, D., Muszynski, L., Goodell, B. Dagher H., Hong, Y.and Eisenheld, L. (2002), Performance-Based Material Evaluation of FRP Composite Reinforcement Bonded to Glulam Members, Proceedings of Second International Conference on Durability of Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Construction (CDCC 2002). Ed. B. Benmokrane, Montreal, (Quebec) Canada. May 29-31.
  • Tascioglu, C., Goodell, B., and Lopez-Anido, R., 2002. Effects of Wood Preservatives and Rot on FRP. Summary. Plastics in Building Construction (monthly newsletter), Ed. James P. Harrington, SAGE Publications, ISSN 0147-2429. 2002. 1p.
  • Lopez-Anido, R., Gardner, D.S. Muszynski, L., Goodell, B., Dagher, H., O'Neill, S., Hong, Y., and Eisenheld, L. (2001), Material Qualification of FRP Reinforcement Bonded to Glulam Members, In Proceedings of Second International Conference on Advanced Engineered Wood Composites, Bethel, Maine, August 14-16, 2001, 13 pp.
  • *Goodell, B. 2001. Wood products: Deterioration by insects and marine organisms. (Ed.) F. Beal. Encyclopedia entry for Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology. Elsevier Science Ltd.. 6 pp.
  • Gardner, D., B. Goodell, R. Lopez-Anido, and K. Eckelbarger. 2001. Creosote for coastal timbers? Bangor Daily News. Opinion. Bangor, Maine, USA. February 16, 2001.
  • *Xu, G. and B. Goodell. 2001. Mechanisms of wood degradation by brown-rot fungi: Chelator-mediated cellulose degradation and binding of iron by cellulose. Journal of Biotechnology. 87:43-57.
  • *Jellison, J., B. Goodell, J. Connolly, and A. Ostrofsky. 2000. Wood decay. in The Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology John Wiley and Sons, N.Y. Eds. O. C. Maloy and T.D. Murray. Invited submission. pp.1201 -1204.
  • *US Patent No. 6,046,375 to Goodell, Jellison, Liu, and Krishnamurthy. Degradation and protection of organic compounds mediated by low molecular weight chelators. Issued 4/4/2000.
  • Licking, E. 2000. Polluter: Cleanup Ahead? Business Week Magazine. Nov. 6, 2000. P. 165. (Article written by Business Week Magazine editor based on our research.)
  • Goodell, B. S. J. Jellison and Y. Qian. 1999. A bio-chelator modified Fenton system for the improvement of paper properties and for remediation of industrial effluents and wastes. UMaine confidential report and executive summary submitted through UMaine DIC to Clariant Corporation. Sept. 1999. 72pp.
  • Goodell, B. and D. Parent. 1999. Proceedings: First International Conference on Advanced Engineered Wood Composites. 126 pp.*= Refereed Publication. Presentations: (several of the publications listed above also were given as talks but are not double listed below as presentations):
  • Tascioglu, C., Goodell, B., and Lopez-Anido, R. 2001. The Effects of Preservative Treatment and Exposure to Wood Degrading Fungi on Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Materials Used for Structural Wood Reinforcement. The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, 32nd Annual Meeting, 9 pp., Nara, Japan, May 20-25, 2001.
  • Goodell, B., Lopez-Anido, R., and Herzog, B. 2003. The Composites Pressure Resin Infusion System (ComPRIS), Forest Products Society 57th Annual Meeting, Bellevue, WA, Jun. 22-25, 2003.
  • Herzog, B., Goodell, B., Lopez-Anido, R., Muszynski, L., Gardner, D.J., Halteman, W., and Qian, Y. 2003. The Effect of Creosote and Copper Naphthanate Preservative Systems on the Adhesive Bondlines of FRP/Glulam Composite Beams, Forest Products Society 57th Annual Meeting, Bellevue, WA, Jun. 22-25, 2003.
  • Tascioglu, C., Goodell, B., and Lopez-Anido, R. 2002. Cyclic Delamination Analysis of Preservative Treated Wood/FRP Interfaces, The International Research Group on Wood Preservation. 33rd Annual Meeting, Cardiff, Wales, May 12-17, 2002.
  • Lopez-Anido, R., Muszynski, L., Gardner, D., and Goodell, B. 2001. Performance-Based Material Evaluation Methodology for FRP-Glulam Beams,-Poster. 55th Annual Meeting of the Forest Products Society, Baltimore, MD, Jun. 24-27, 2001.
  • Herzog, B., Goodell, B., and Lopez-Anido, R. 2003. The Effect of Oil-Borne Preservative Treatments on the Shear Strength of FRP/Wood Composite Adhesive Bonds, The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, 34th Annual Meeting, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, May 18-23, 2003. (Presented as paper by moderator, unable to attend).
  • Herzog, B.J., Goodell, B.S., Lopez-Anido, R., Gardner, D. J., and Muszynski, L. 2003. Evaluation of Preservative Treatments on Mechanical Properties of Wood-FRP Composite Materials, Session11: Durability Issues: Challenges and Opportunities, Forest Products Society, 57th Annual Meeting, Bellevue, WA, Jun. 22 - 25, 2003.
  • Tascioglu, C., Goodell, B., Lopez-Anido, R., and Peterson, M. 2001. Biodegradation and Fungal Growth on Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites,. 55th Annual Meeting of the Forest Products Society, Baltimore, MD, Jun. 24-27, 2001.
  • Lopez-Anido, R., Gardner, D.S., Muszynski, L., Goodell, B., Dagher, H., O-Neil S., Hong, Y., and Eisenheld, L. 2001. Material Qualification of FRP Reinforcement Bonded to Glulam Members, In Proceedings of Second International Conference on Advanced Engineered Wood Composites, Bethel, Maine, Aug. 14-16, 13 pp., 2001.
  • Tascioglu, C., Goodell, B., Lopez-Anido, R., Peterson, M. 2001. Degradation of E-Glass / Phenolic Pultruded Composite by Wood Decay Fungi, In Proceedings of Second International Conference on Advanced Engineered Wood Composites, Bethel, Maine, Aug. 14-16, 10 pp., 2001.
  • Goodell, B.2001. Overview of brown rots and non-enzymatic mechanisms. American Chemical Society National Meeting San Diego, CA April 1-5, 2001. Abstr. Invited symposium paper.
  • Jellison, J, B. Goodell, J. Connolly, W. Shortle, C. Fuller, A. Ostrofsky. A. Amirbahman, T. Filley and S. Kelley. 2001. Fungal biodegradation of wood in soil contact. American Chemical Society National Meeting San Diego, CA April 1-5, 2001. Abstr. Invited symposium paper.
  • Tascioglu, C., B. Goodell, and R. Lopez-Anido. 2001. Monitoring Fungal Decay in Fiber Glass Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Composites for Wood Reinforcement. Invited presentation. Forest Products Society.
  • Kelley, S., J. Jellison, B. Goodell. 2001. Use of NIR and MBMS for detecting the chemical changes associated with brown-rot biodegradation of spruce wood. American Chemical Society National Meeting San Diego, CA April 1-5, 2001. Abstr.
  • Cody, G. D., B. Goodell, J. Jellison and T. Filley. 2001. Molecular spectroscopic investigations into microbial degradation of plants. American Chemical Society National Meeting San Diego, CA April 1-5, 2001. Abstr. Invited symposium paper.
  • Lopez-Anido, R., L. Muszynski, D. Gardner, B. Goodell. 2001. Performance-Based Material Evaluation Methodology for FRP-Glulam Beams. Presentation: Forest Products Society. Baltimore.
  • Filley, T., G. Cody, B. Goodell. 2001. Degradation of lignin in gymnosperm woods by wood-rot fungi as observed by 13C-labelled TMAH thermochemolysis. ACS National Meetings. Geochemistry Division April 1-5. San Diego.
  • Goodell, B., Y. Qian, J. Jellison, M. Richard and W. Qi. 2001. Proposed mechanism of oxidation by low molecular weight binding compounds isolated from wood degrading fungi and potential application. International Conference on Biotechnology for the Pulp and Paper Industry. Finland, June 4-8, 2001. Abstr.
  • 2001. Interview March Issue. Water Environment Federation. Industrial Wastewater Magazine. Alexandria, Va.,
  • 2000. Oct. Interview. Maine Public Radio. Research on a new method related to our patent on effluent treatment in waste water.
  • 2000. November. Interview. Maine Perspective. Campus Newsletter. Research on a new method related to our patent on effluent treatment in waste water.
  • Yelle, D., Barry Goodell, Douglas Gardner, and Jody Jellison. 2000. Bonding of wood fibers by lignin activation using free radical generating systems. University of Maine. For visiting Maine legislature, Nutting Hall, March, 2000 (Poster)
  • Yelle, D., B. Goodell, D. Gardner, and J. Jellison. 2000. Lignin activation using chelator-mediated mechanisms. University of Maine, AEWC Center Grand Opening, June 3-5, 2000 (Poster)
  • Tascioglu, C., B. Goodell, R. Lopez, and B. Magid. 2000. Effects of Preservative Treatments on FRP Reinforcement for Wood. Forest Products Society and Society of Wood Science and Technology, 2000 Annual Meetings, June 17-21, South Lake Tahoe, Nevada.
  • Tascioglu, C. B. Goodell, R. Lopez. 2000. The Treatment of Fiber Reinforced Wood with Preservative Chemicals. Advanced Engineered Wood Composite Center (AEWC) Grand Opening Ceremony and Guided Public Tours, June 1-3, 2000, Orono, Maine. \
  • Tascioglu, C. B. Goodell, R. Lopez. 2000. FRP Reinforcement of Pressure Treated Wood. College of Natural Sciences, Forestry, and Agriculture Student Poster Competition and Exhibition to the State Maine Legislative. April 2000, Orono and Augusta, Maine. (Awarded with 3rd. place in the competition)
  • Tascioglu, C. B. Goodell, R. Lopez. 2000. FRP Reinforcement of Pressure Treated Wood. 31st. Annual Meeting of International Research Group on Wood Preservation, May 14-19, Kona, Hawaii.
  • Qian, Y., and B. Goodell. 1999. The Effect of Low Molecular Weight Chelators on Iron Chelation and Free Radical Generation as Studied by ESR Measurement. International Research Group on Wood Preservation. 31st Annual meeting held May 14-19, 2000, at Kona Surf, Hawaii, USA


Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02

Outputs
In the first part of the research for this project concerning wood protection, we have conducted further work with four different wood/Fiber Reinforced Composite (FRP) combinations and adhesives. Both E-glass and carbon fabric materials were examined. Two oil borne or oil derivative preservatives (creosote and copper naphthanate in mineral spirits) were tested on these composite laminate products. Mineral spirit and diesel fuel controls were also tested. Shear test and Cyclic Delamination (ASTM 2559 standard) results are still being evaluated, however, preliminary results suggest that both preservative systems have adverse affects on the long-term durability of bond lines of the FRP systems. This was noted in the cyclic delamination tests, but analysis of the shear samples is still pending. It is unknown why the long-term durability (cyclic delamination) results exceed acceptable levels in the samples, but it could be related to the presence of a chopped-strand mat on the surface of some FRP materials, or because of adverse reactions with the adhesives used. Some VARTM (vacuum assisted resin transfer) fabricated FRP materials where the FRP is laminated directly to the wood during fabrication of the FRP through resin infusion, performed better than continuous laminate or pultruded FRP materials that were bonded to the wood after FRP fabrication. In the second part of the work which focuses on wood deterioration mechanisms we have been evaluating the properties of several low molecular weight chelators isolated from wood degrading fungi, using cyclic voltammetry. Work has proceeded slowly in this area due to the time consuming nature of each individual analysis. Work also continues with the use of the chelator system to degrade organic pollutants with some success had in degrading acrolein in wastewater samples from industrial mills. Acrolein is one of the most difficult to degrade pollutants in wastewater treatment.

Impacts
Designers of exterior wood products should know that if they are using FRP/wood laminates or other composite products, that effective solutions to protecting these material have not yet been found. Although the components will be adequately protected from decay, delamination of the products because of interaction of some wood preservatives and the adhesive or components of the FRP may occur as accelerated ASTM standard tests have indicated this could be a potential problem. Research on wood decay mechanisms will help us better understand wood degradation processes both from the standpoint of finding better ways to protect wood, but also understanding how wood degradation occurs in the forest ecosystems.

Publications

  • *Cihat Tascioglu, Roberto Lopez-Anido and Barry Goodell. 2002. Characterization of Wood Preservative Treatments on E-glass/Phenolic Pultruded Composite for Wood Reinforcement. 34th International SAMPE Technical Conference. November 4-7, 2002, Baltimore, MD. 15pp. (Referred paper, nominated for a conference award by Infrastructure Session I.).
  • *Tascioglu, C., B. Goodell and R Lopez-Anido. 2002. Bond durability characterization of preservative treated wood and E-glass / phenolic composite interfaces. Composite Science and Technology. (Accepted, in press).
  • *Cihat Tascioglu, Barry Goodell, Roberto Lopez-Anido Michael Peterson, William Halteman, and Jody Jellison. 2002. Monitoring Fungal Degradation of E-Glass / Phenolic Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites used in Wood Reinforcement. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation. Accepted, in press.
  • *Lopez-Anido, R., Gardner, D., Muszynski, L., Goodell, B. Dagher H., Hong, Y.and Eisenheld, L. (2002), Performance-Based Material Evaluation of FRP Composite Reinforcement Bonded to Glulam Members, Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Durability of Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Construction (CDCC 2002). Ed. B. Benmokrane, (Peer-reviewed).Montreal, (Quebec) Canada. May 29-31.
  • Merrick, P. Goodell, B. Morrell, J. J. 2002. Treated Parallel Strand Lumber in Marine Tests. Proceedings: Enhancing the Durability of Lumber and engineered Wood Products: Bringing Technologies to Market. February. Kissimmee, Florida. 2pp.
  • MaineSci. 2001.Science and Engineering News from the University of Maine. July. New Composites Technology Being Developed to Protect Wood Piers from Shipworm Damage. (Report on the research of Lopez-Anido, Sanford, Goodell, Gardner.)
  • Anon. March 2001. Chemical Treatments: Free Radical Process Applies to Wide Range. Waste Treatment Technology News. 2 pp.
  • Lopez-Anido, R., Gardner, D., Muszynski, L., Goodell, B. Dagher H., Hong, Y. and Eisenheld, L. (2002), Material Screening and Qualification of FRP Composite Reinforcement Bonded to Glulam Members, Research Report Number AEWC 02-17, Advanced Engineered Wood Composites Center, University of Maine, Orono, ME. pp 13.
  • * Yuhui Qian, Barry Goodell, and Christopher C. Felix. 2002. The effect of low molecular weight chelators on iron chelation and free radical generation as studied by ESR measurement. Chemosphere 48 (2002) 21-28 (This paper can also be viewed at: www.elsevier.com/locate/chemosphere.)
  • Tascioglu, C., B Goodell, R Lopez-Anido. 2002. Cyclic delamination analysis of preservative-treated wood/FRP interfaces. International Research Group on Wood Preservation. IRG/WP 02-40244. Proceedings, 33rd Annual Meeting, May 12-17th, 2002. Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom. IRG/WP 02-40244, 9 pp.
  • Jellison, J, S. Kelley, B. Goodell, D. Hui and A. Ostrofsky. 2002. Differences in pH, electrical resistance, cation composition and NIR spectra of red spruce wood during early stages of brown rot degradation. International Research Group on Wood Preservation. IRG/WP 02-10449. 11 pp.
  • *Kelley, S., J. Jellison and B. Goodell. 2002. Use of NIR and MBMS coupled with multivariate analysis for detecting the chemical changes associated with brown rot biodegradation of spruce wood. FEMS (Federation of European Microbiology Society) Microbiology Letters 209:107-111.
  • *Goodell, B., Y. Qian, J. Jellison, M. Richard and W. Qi. 2002. Lignocellulose oxidation by low molecular weight metal-binding compounds isolated from wood degrading fungi: A comparison of brown rot and white rot systems and the potential application of chelator-mediated Fenton reactions. p.37-48. (Eds.) L. Viikari and R. Lantto. Progress in Biotechnology Vol 21. Biotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry. Elsevier Press. 334 pp.
  • Lopez-Anido, R., Gardner, D.S. Muszynski, L., Goodell, B., Dagher, H., O'Neill, S., Hong, Y., and Eisenheld, L. (2001), Material Qualification of FRP Reinforcement Bonded to Glulam Members, In Proceedings of Second International Conference on Advanced Engineered Wood Composites, Bethel, Maine, August 14-16, 2001, 13 pp.
  • *Roberto Lopez-Anido, Lech Muszynski, Douglas Gardner and Barry Goodell. 2001. FRP-Glulam Structures: From Material and Processing Issues to a Performance-Based Evaluation Methodology. Workshop Composites in Construction: A Reality - Capri, Italy - July 20-21, 2001 (Peer-reviewed), Special Publication, ASCE Press, Reston, VA.
  • *Lopez-Anido, R., Muszynski, L., Gardner, D., Goodell, B. 2001. FRP-Glulam Structures: From material and processing issues to a performance-based evaluation methodology. (ed.) Cosenza, E., Manfredi, G., Nanni, A. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). Composites in Construction: A Reality (Proceedings) p. 149-159.
  • Anon. 2001. Techtalk: Researchers Develop Radical Dye-removal Method. Industrial Wastewater (WEF) Journal March/April. 1 pp. (Article on our Patented research).
  • *Cihat Tascioglu, Barry Goodell and Roberto Lopez-Anido. 2002. Effects of Wood Preservative Treatments on Mechanical Properties of E-glass / Phenolic Pultruded Composite Reinforcement for Wood. Forest Products Journal. 52(11/12).
  • *Yuhui Qian, Barry Goodell and Joseph M. Genco. 2002. The effect of a chelator mediated Fenton system on the fiber and Paper properties of hardwood Kraft pulp. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology. 22 (4) 267-284.
  • Lopez-Anido, R., Muszynski, L., Gardner, D., Goodell, B., Hong, Y., Eisenheld, L., and Herzog, B. 2002, Performance-Based Material Evaluation of FRP Composite Reinforcement Bonded to Glulam Members, Proceedings of 10th US- Japan Conference on Composite Materials, Ed. Fu-Kuo Chang, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, September 16-18. DEStech Publications, Lancaster, PA, pp. 462-471, ISBN 1-932078-13-4.


Progress 10/01/00 to 09/30/01

Outputs
PROGRESS This project has two sub-tasks: 1) Analysis of preservative treatment methods for the protection of wood/fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. 2) Conduct further study on brown rot wood deterioration mechanisms. We now understand that some oil born wood preservative treatments may not cause strength loss of FRP. To date, only the waterborne treatments, as reported last time, seem to cause strength reduction. However, we have found that in FRP that has not been preservatively treated but that has been exposed in decay testing, in preliminary work the FRP has been shown to lose strength. This suggests that FRP materials used in exterior exposure should be protected from attack by wood degrading fungi. These fungi may attack whenever wood in the associated laminate wood product becomes infected. Work is also beginning on the study of other types of FRP composites other than E-glass. In our second area of research we are developing a hypothesis to explain the non-stochiometric or multiple iron reductions observed when catechols and phenolate compounds produced by wood degrading fungi are reacted with iron. This is important because it is an unknown aspect of the wood decay process by brown rot fungi, and brown rots cause billions of dollars of damage each year to structural wood products. Alternative hypotheses in wood degradation schemes have suggested that the catechols must be redox cycled by enzymes in order to generate the oxygen radicals that actually cause the oxidative damage observed in brown rotted wood. We have observed multiple iron reduction in the absence of enzyme systems though, and we have also recently observed carbon dioxide evolution from the catechol-iron reaction. This suggests that enzymes are not involved in at least some reactions though, and that catechols will oxidize and potentially mineralize in the presence of iron to produce the carbon dioxide. Through this process reduction of iron occurs. This system would help to explain how fungi degrade wood, deep within the wood cell wall where enzymes cannot penetrate. However, the results so far are preliminary and additional work must be continued in this area.

Impacts
IMPACT Engineers using FRP materials with wood should be aware of the strength reductions we have found when FRPs or wooden beams reinforced with FRPs are exposed to either wood preservatives, or the action of wood degrading fungi. These reductions should be incorporated in design data for exterior exposure FRP reinforced wooden beams. Our understanding of wood degradation mechanisms is changing as our research, and the research of other groups, uncovers more information about the action of low molecular weight metal binding agents in wood degradation schemes. Ultimately this will have impact in improving bioprocessing and biopulping systems and also will affect developments in wood preservation technology.

Publications

  • Gardner, D., B. Goodell, R. Lopez-Anido, and K. Eckelbarger. 2001. Creosote for coastal timbers? Bangor Daily News - Opinion. Bangor, Maine, USA. 2001.
  • *Filley, T. R., G. D. Cody , B. Goodell, J. Jellison, C. Noser and A. Ostrofsky. 2001. Microbial production of phenolic-rich lignin residues in coarse woody debris: A laboratory degradation of red spruce wood by two common brown rot fungi. Accepted. Organic Geochemistry.
  • *Xu, G. and B. Goodell. 2001. Mechanisms of wood degradation by brown-rot fungi: Chelator-mediated cellulose degradation and binding of iron by cellulose. Journal of Biotechnology. 87:43-57.
  • *Kelley, S., J. Jellison, and B. Goodell. 2001. NIR and MBMS multivariate analysis of the chemical changes associated with the brown rot biodegradation of spruce wood. Submitted Applied and Environ. Microbiol.
  • *Jellison, J., B. Goodell, J. Connolly, and A. Ostrofsky. 2000. Wood decay. in The Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology John Wiley and Sons, N.Y. Eds. O. C. Maloy and T.D. Murray. Invited submission. pp.1201 -1204.
  • *US Patent No. 6,046,375 to Goodell, Jellison, Liu, and Krishnamurthy. Issued 4/4/2000.
  • Licking, E. 2000. Polluter: Cleanup Ahead? Business Week Magazine. Nov. 6, 2000. P. 165. (Article written by Business Week Magazine editor based on our research.)
  • *Goodell, B. 2001. Wood products: Deterioration by insects and marine organisms. (Ed.) F. Beal. Encyclopedia entry for Pergamon Press. Materials Encyclopedia.
  • Qian, Y., and B. Goodell. 2000. The Effect of Low Molecular Weight Chelators on Iron Chelation and Free Radical Generation as Studied by ESR Measurement. International Research Group on Wood Preservation. IRG/WP 00-10367.


Progress 10/01/99 to 09/29/00

Outputs
This project has two sub-tasks: 1) Develop appropriate preservative treatment methods for the protection of wood/fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials to allow the wood to be protected from wood deterioration agents while maintaining the integrity of the FRP. 2) Continue research on brown rot wood deterioration mechanisms, focusing on elucidation of a redox cycling mechanism mediated by low molecular weight chelators produced by the fungus, and also exploring an alternative hypothesis for non-enzymatic degradation of wood. In the first area we are making significant progress in our understanding of how FRP materials will perform when bonded to preservative treated wood. CCA treatment of phenolic-glass FRP material causes significant deterioration of the glass. Pretreated CCA wood does not appear to bond well to FRP after ASTM D2559 cyclic delamination testing. In the second area of research we continue to make progress in understanding how catecholate chelators produced by wood degrading fungi generated oxygen radicals and how this system may be employed in biotechnological applications. This research is still at an early stage however.

Impacts
Test bridges using wood and FRP materials have been produced and are in place in the US and abroad. Our preliminary research on the lack of long-term durability of the wood FRP bond in CCA 'pre-treated' wood should be considered in designs of reinforced timber bridges. As research continues with other preservative systems we hope to develop recommendations that will be used by timber bridge designers. Our continued research on biotechnolgical applications and basic mechanisms involved in wood degradation has led to the granting of a US patent and work on dye and contaminant remediation is recieving attention from some engineering consultant firms interested in this area.

Publications

  • Tascioglu, C. B. Goodell, R. Lopez.2000 " FRP Reinforcement of Pressure Treated Wood." 31st. Annual Meeting of International Research Group on Wood Preservation, May 14-19, Kona, Hawaii.
  • Tascioglu, C. B. Goodell, R. Lopez.2000 " FRP Reinforcement of Pressure Treated Wood." College of Natural Sciences, Forestry, and Agriculture Student Poster Competition and Exhibition to the State Maine Legislative. April 2000, Orono and Augusta, Maine. (Awarded with 3rd. place in the competition)
  • Yelle, D., Barry Goodell, Douglas Gardner, and Jody Jellison. 2000. Bonding of wood fibers by lignin activation using free radical generating systems. University of Maine. For visiting Maine legislature, Nutting Hall, March, 2000 (Poster)
  • Yelle, D., Barry Goodell, Douglas Gardner, and Jody Jellison. 2000. Bonding of wood fibers by lignin activation using free radical generating systems. University of Maine, AEWC Center Grand Opening, June 3-5, 2000 (Poster)
  • Goodell, B. 1999. Wood deterioration by insects and marine borers. Ed: F. Beal. Elsevier Science: Encyclopedia of Materials. Elsevier Science Ltd. In press.
  • Goodell, B, and Parent, D. 1999. Editor: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Advanced Engineered Wood Composites. Bar Harbor, Maine. July 5-8.
  • US Patent No. 6,046,375 to Goodell et al. Issued 4/4/2000
  • Jellison, J., B. Goodell, J. Connolly, and A. Ostrofsky. 2000. Wood decay. in The Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology John Wiley and Sons, N.Y. Invited submission. In press.
  • Qian, T, and B. Goodell. 1999. The Effect of Low Molecular Weight Chelators on Iron Chelation and Free Radical Generation as Studied by ESR Measurement. IRG 31st Annual meeting held May 14-19, 2000, at Kona Surf, Hawaii, USA
  • Goodell, B. and J. Jellison. 1999. Brown rot biodegradation of wood. International Society of Biodegradation and Biodeterioration. Washington, D.C. Aug 8-12. Abstr.
  • Tascioglu, C., B. Goodell, R. Lopez, and B. Magid.2000 "Effects of Preservative Treatments on FRP Reinforcement for Wood" Forest Products Society and Society of Wood Science and Technology, 2000 Annual Meetings, June 17-21, South Lake Tahoe, Nevada.
  • Tascioglu, C. B. Goodell, R. Lopez.2000 " FRP Reinforcement of Pressure Treated Wood." Advanced Engineered Wood Composite Center (AEWC) Grand Opening Ceremony and Guided Public Tours, June 1-3, 2000, Orono, Maine.


Progress 10/01/98 to 09/30/99

Outputs
Project Objectives That Were Met: Objective 1: To develop methods of protecting engineered wood structures including solid and composite wood materials produced from impermeable northeastern timber species. Objective 2: To continue investigation on enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms involved in fungal degradation of wood with the specific goal of exploring the properties of low molecular weight chelators from brown-rot fungi. Both objectives were met, although there is always more work that can be done. Significant Findings: Research conducted under Objective 1 is still ongoing because it takes time for wood to decay even under accelerated experimental conditions. The wood preservation project outlined in my McIntire-Stennis proposal involves long-term decay testing in an environment controlled to promote wood degradation. One-meter long samples with metal connector plates, treated with several different primary or remedial wood preservatives were set up in a 5 x 8 meter chamber in the basement of Aubert Hall (UMaine) with controlled humidity temperature and artificial rainfall after inoculation with four wood degrading. The wood decay test was initiated in 1995 and is anticipated to be completed in the year 2000. At that time the beams will be evaluated for the amount of degradation present and will be tested to determine residual strength of the wood as well as the integrity of the metal connector plate joint. Research under Objective 2 on wood deterioration mechanisms continues to progress with structural elucidation of the low molecular weight components produced by brown rot fungi largely completed. Emerging information on the function of these metabolites continue to continues to be generated in our lab. We now understand how these metabolites reduce iron and how this can promote a free radical attack on lignocellulose in wood. A mechanism of redox cycling involving iron and the low molecular weight metabolites has been hypothesized but will require additional research to prove or disprove and fully understand. It is clear that oxygen is involved in the redox cycling process, at least in higher pH environments. We have also shown that superoxide is generated in the presence of the low molecular weight metabolites and that a phase transfer of iron from one fungally produced chelator to another occurs as the fungi orchestrate a pH shift in their environment. These findings have allowed us to explore practical applications of the system in fields ranging from metals remediation in soils to exploration of new methods to control decay in wood. Project Objectives Not Met: As discussed above, some work under Objective 1 is still ongoing because of the long-term nature of some decay tests involving full sized samples.

Impacts
This work will help to improve our understanding of how wood decays and how this decay can be controlled. The US wood products industry is moving towards greater use of wood composite materials and engineered wood structures and information on how these materials can best be protected is needed. A patent has been issued on methods for protection of wood from decay and for bioprocessing/bioremediation based on this research.

Publications

  • Goodell, B. 1999. Wood products: Deterioration by insects and marine organisms. (Ed.) F. Beal. Encyclopedia entry for Pergamon Press. Materials Encyclopedia. In Press.
  • *Paszczynski, A., R. Crawford, D. Funk, and B. Goodell. 1999. De Novo synthesis of 1,5-dimethoxy catechol by the brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum.. Applied and Environmental Microbiology.
  • *Goodell, B., and J. Jellison 1998. Role of biological metal chelators in wood biodeterioration. (Eds.) A. Bruce and J. Palfreyman. Forest Products Biotechnology. Taylor and Francis Publishers. London. Invited Book Chapter. pp. 235-250..


Progress 10/01/97 to 09/30/98

Outputs
The research outlined in my McIntire-Stennis proposal encompasses two sub-projects in the field of wood preservation and wood deterioration. 1) Research continues on methods to control decay in engineered timbers. The wood preservation project outlined in my McIntire-Stennis proposal involves long-term decay testing in an environment controlled to promote wood degradation. One-meter long samples with metal connector plates, treated with several different primary or remedial wood preservatives have been set up in a 5 x 8 meter chamber with controlled humidity temperature and artificial rainfall. The samples are undergoing active decay. 2) The research on wood deterioration mechanisms continues to progress with structural elucidation of the low molecular weight components produced by brown rot fungi largely completed. Emerging information on the function of these metabolites continue to continues to be generated in our lab. We now understand how these metabolites reduce iron and how this can promote a free radical attack on lignocellulose in wood. A mechanism of redox cycling involving iron and the low molecular weight metabolites has been hypothesized but will require additional research to prove and fully understand. It is clear that oxygen is involved in the redox cycling process, at least in higher pH environments. We have also shown that superoxide is generated in the presence of the low molecular weight metabolites and that a phase transfer of iron from one fungally produced chelator to another occurs as the fungi orchestrate a pH shift in their environment. These findings have allowed us to explore practical applications of the system in fields ranging from metals remediation in soils to exploration of new methods to control decay in wood. 1 graduate student

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • Jellison J, Connolly J H, Goodell B, Doyle B, Illman B, Fekete F, Ostrofsky A (1997) The role of cations in the biodegradation of wood by the brown rot fungi. Int Biodegrad Biodet 39 165-79
  • Goodell, B., and J. Jellison 1998. Role of biological metal chelators in wood biodeterioration. (Eds.) A. Bruce and J. Palfreyman. Forest Products Biotechnology. Taylor and Francis Publishers. London. Invited Book Chapter. pp. 235-250.
  • Goodell, B. 1997. Wood decay - Stopping it, and making it work for us. Bangor Daily News article. Forest Products Supplement 10-19-97.
  • Goodell, B., K. Yamamoto, J. Jellison, M. Nakamura, T Fujii, K. Takabe, and N. Hayashi. 1998. Laccase immunolabelling and microanalytical analysis of wood degraded by Lentinus edodes. Holzforschung. 52 345-350.
  • Goodell, B., G. Daniel, J. Liu, L. Mott, and R. Frank. 1997. Decay resistance and microscopic analysis of wood-cement composites. Forest Products Journal. 47 (11-12) 75-80.
  • Goodell, B., J. Jellison, G. Daniel, and Q. Yuhui. 1997. Redox cycling chelators isolated from Gloeophyllum trabeum and their effect on wood fibers. TAPPI (Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industries). Proceedings. TAPPI Biological Sciences Symposium and Pulping Symposium. October, 1997 9 p. Goodell also chairs the session on -Lignin degradation by enzymes and mediators-.


Progress 10/01/96 to 09/30/97

Outputs
Graduate students = 6. Research continues in the field of wood preservation and wood deterioration. My work has expanded some in the field of wood preservation to go beyond the treatment of northeastern timber species and timber bridge decks. We are now concerned with the use of several different wood species and the interaction of wood preservatives with wood and fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composite materials, and the adhesives that bond the wood to the FRP. The materials have the potential to be used in wide variety of structural applications. We will be bringing in a graduate student to work in this area this winter. Research on wood deterioration has been fruitful with the filing of a patent application on the use of chelator systems for a variety of oxidation related processes and for the chelation of metals. This work has potential for application in the pulp and paper industry as well as in remediation of contaminants in soils and waters. Our basic research in this area, on understanding the basic mechanisms involved in decay processes, will also potentially lead to new methods for controlling wood deterioration. PATENT APPLICATION: 1996. Degradation and Protection of Organic Compounds Mediated by Low Molecular Weight Chelators. Goodell, Jellison, Liu, and Krishnamurthy. It is currently under review by the patent office.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • Goodell, B. and J. Jellison. 1977. Wood Degradation Mechanisms by the Brown Rot Fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum. International Research Group on Wood Preservation IRG Secretariat, Box 5607 S-114 86 Stockholm,
  • Goodell, B., et al. 1997. Low molecular weights and phenolic compounds isolated from wood decay fungi and their role in the fungal biodegradation of wood. J. Biotechnology 53(2,3):133-162.
  • Jellison J, et al. 1997. The role of cations in the biodegradation of wood by the brown rot fungi. Int Biodegrad Biodet.
  • Goodell, B, et al. 1996. Chelation activity and hydroxyl radical production mediated by low molecular weight compounds phenolate isolated from Gloeophyllum trabeum. Biotech. Pulp and Paper Industry. Facultas- Universitatsverlag, Austria.
  • Flynn K., and B. Goodell. 1996. Physical effects of the pulsation preservative treatment process on northeastern red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.). Forest Products Journal 46(1):56-62.


Progress 10/01/95 to 09/30/96

Outputs
Small beams were laminated together with central-most member joined with metal connector plate. Beams were built to simulate timber bridge designs at Univ. of Maine. Beams were either pressure treated, or treated with diffusible preservatives, or with both pressure and diffusible preservative, then covered with geomembrane system similar to that used on road and bridge surfaces. Membrane was ruptured to simulate conditions on roadways after approx. 15 yrs of use. Beams were inoculated with decay fungi and place in accelerated field simulator. Beams will be evaluated for extent of degradation and for residual strength. We have improved our understanding of redox cycling process mediated by low molecular weight chelators in wood and our understanding of how metals such as iron and metabolites such as oxalate and hydrogen peroxide are involved in wood degradation process. pH of fungal environment within degrading wood cell wall lumen appears to be an important factor in controlling generation of hydroxyl radicals in wood degradation process. At low pH's, iron is readily sequestered by oxalate which is in high concentration immediately around fungal hyphae. As pH of environment increases, a phase transfer of iron from oxalate to low molecular weight chelators produced by fungi occurs, which appears to regulate rate of iron reduction and subsequent hydroxyl radical production by fungus. We are focusing on hydroxyl radical production as key to degradation of wood cell wall by brown rot fungi.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • Goodell, B., et al. 1996. Chelation activity and hydroxyl radical production mediated by low molecular weight phenolate compounds isolated from Gloeophyllum trabeum. Biotechnology Pulp & Paper Industry, 591-594. Facultat-Universitatverlag.
  • Flynn, K.A., and B.S. Goodell. 1996. Physical effects of the pulsation preservative treatment process on northeastern red spruce. Forest Products J. 46(1):56-62.
  • Goodell, B., J. Liu, and J. Slahor. 1995. Evaluation of diffusible preservatives using an accelerated field simulator. Forest Products J. 45(6):1-4.


Progress 10/01/94 to 09/30/95

Outputs
In our search to isolate biological chelators from the brown rot wood decay fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum, HPLC methods have been refined, and preliminary NMR and GC-MS data obtained to allow putative structural determination of some of the phenolate chelators produced by the fungus. We have been stymied by the problem of collecting pure fractions because when pure peaks are collected, they tend to precipitate out of solution within hours. The steps we are taking to improve our techniques include working under nitrogen and use of direct HPLC-Mass Spectral analysis. Working with partially purified fractions of the chelator we have shown that, in combination with iron or other transition metal species and with hydrogen peroxide, oxygen radicals are produced. We showed in viscometry assays that a combination of these agents can depolymerize both cellulose as well as hemicellulose (xylan) components of wood. Current work shows that the chelators from G. trabeum not only chelate transition metals but reduce them as well. Under appropriate environmental conditions the chelators redox cycle, allowing them to continually return to chelate new metal, and reduce it in solution. This is important because, similarly to enzymatic functioning, it helps to explain how a small amount of chelator can be used by the fungus to produce the relatively large concentrations of free radicals needed to initiate the wood degradation process.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • NO PUBLICATIONS REPORTED THIS PERIOD.