EVALUATING, PLANNING, AND MANAGING FOR QUALITY NATURAL RESOURCE-BASED TOURISM AND RECREATION EXPERIENCES

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: MCINTIRE-STENNIS
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 0165727
• Project Start Date: Oct 1, 2007
• Project End Date: Sep 30, 2012
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
UNIV OF MINNESOTA
(N/A)
ST PAUL,MN 55108

Performing Department
Forest Resources

Non Technical Summary
Increased demand for natural resource-based recreation and tourism activity exists on and among finite resources. Diversifying publics and recreation activities mandates understanding of emerging markets, constraints to recreation and tourism opportunities, as well as conflict within these experiences. To optimize visitor experiences, community return-on-investment, and resource sustainability, greater understanding of recreation and tourism visitor conflicts and constraints to quality experiences is necessary. This project will obtain, analyze, and disseminate visitor information to technical and nontechnical audiences to better understand and manage visitor and community experiences.

Animal Health Component

(N/A)

Research Effort Categories

Basic

(N/A)

Applied

(N/A)

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
123	0510	3080	10%
123	0599	3080	20%
134	0599	3080	20%
134	0599	3100	30%
134	6050	3080	20%

Knowledge Area
134 - Outdoor Recreation; 123 - Management and Sustainability of Forest Resources;

Subject Of Investigation
0599 - Recreational resources, general/other; 6050 - Communities, areas, and regions; 0510 - Wilderness;

Field Of Science
3080 - Sociology; 3100 - Management;

Keywords

recreation,

resource based tourism,

sustainable tourism,

constraints,

visitors,

conflict,

experiences,

recreation management,

tourism management,;

Goals / Objectives
As the US urbanizes and diversifies, natural resource-based recreation and tourism remain important contributors to individual quality of life, community economic success, and resource sustainability. The challenge of providing quality experience opportunities and benefit realization is ongoing as natural resource-based recreation and tourism activities develop, diversify and grow. To optimize visitor experiences, community return-on-investment, and resource sustainability, greater understanding of recreation and tourism visitor conflicts and constraints to quality experiences is necessary. Managers have identified visitor conflict as a common problem for more than 30 years (Hammitt 1988; Jakes, Gregerson, Lundgren, and Bengston 1990). Visitor surveys indicate anywhere from 5% to 40% of visitors have something interfere with their experience (Schneider 2001). Similarly, recreation constraints significantly and differentially impact recreation benefit realization. The proposed research seeks to: (1) assess the utility of a stress-coping framework to explain constraints and coping within recreation and nature-based tourism settings, (2) identify conflicts within and constraints to quality recreation experiences and the variables that influence the interference, and (3) disseminate information and applications to planners, managers, and other interested audiences.

Project Methods
Objective 1: Assess the utility of a stress-coping framework to explain constraints and coping within recreation and nature-based tourism settings: A conceptual framework developed by the PI will be tested with data from a variety of recreation trail users. Survey data focused on stress and coping will be simultaneously collected among ten trail user types 2007-2008. The data from the project will be used to assess the explanatory capabilities of the proposed stress-coping model. Additional funding will be sought to replicate the data collection and analysis efforts with other user groups. Objective 2: Identify conflicts within and constraints to quality recreation experiences and the variables that influence the interference: A variety of projects are in process that employ quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods. A recreational ATV rider survey identified sources of conflict and focus groups are illuminating the depth of the conflict, coping responses to conflict interferences, and constraints to other recreational participation. Similarly, a survey with BWCAW visitors is identifying how visitors are coping with a variety of external forces (such as fire and blowdowns). Interviews are planned to further explore visitor coping with social, managerial and environmental forces. Finally, onsite survey data was undertaken to identify and compare constraints to leisure time physical activities. The data is under analysis and in the publication process. Objective 3: Disseminate information and applications to planners, managers, and other interested audiences: For each of the projects planned and those in process, typical dissemination mechanisms include: reports published for funding agency which are housed both online and in appropriate organizational offices; informal presentations to students, staff, academicians, and managers; formal presentations to managers, researchers, and students; and publication in professional magazines or in refereed journals. Recent innovations in online media provide increasing opportunity for dissemination. Podcasting, webinars and online seminars are but a few of the possibilities for online dissemination of and participation in the research project.

Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: The purpose of this project was threefold: 1) evaluate natural resource-based tourism experiences through a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches, 2) develop or refine management strategies, tactics, and actions to create or sustain recreation experience opportunities, and 3) disseminate information and applications to planners, managers, and other interested audiences. The cumulative research endeavors within this project qualitatively assessed wilderness experiences and constraints to those experiences within the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, quality of life among Minnesotans, the Latino outdoor recreation experience in St Paul, Minnesota, as well as quantitatively identified the economic impact of Minnesota trail users, scenic byway users, physical activity constraints to recreation on public lands across the U.S., the state of sustainable tourism in Minnesota and event profiles to several events in St. Paul. Results were disseminated via journal articles, technical reports, presentations and informal meetings with specific applications to planners, managers, and other interested parties. Specific recreation resource management and marketing recommendations have been immediately acted upon in terms of changing management approaches, considering partnership opportunities, and marketing events and increasing awareness of opportunities. Beyond the agencies and organizations requesting the work, local organizations have requested information to increase the return on investment for their marketing and planning efforts. The results provide information to advance conceptual understanding of recreation experiences, increase individual benefit attainment from recreation experience opportunities, and improve recreation management. PARTICIPANTS: Forest Resources (D. Anderson, A. Ek, D. Current, D. Becker, M. Kilgore, S. Carlson), Fisheries and Wildlife (J. Perry, J. Loegering), Landscape Architecture (D. Pitt), School of Kinesiology (S. Ross, K. Russell), Applied Economics (W. Gartner; S. Taft), Work and Human Resource Education (K. Bartlett); Center for Urban and Regional Affairs (W. Craig), Tourism Center (D. Erkkila, K. Gustafson, C. Messer), Center for Changing Landscapes (M. Vogel), Minnesota Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (H. Murray) Cooperating Agencies: Minnesota DNR, Division of Parks and Recreation (C. Nelson, J. Stedman), Division of Trails and Waterways (F. Boe), Office of Planning (T. Kelly), Non-game Wildlife (C. Henderson); Explore Minnesota Tourism (J. Edman, C. Tollefson, P. Simmons); USDOI National Park Service, Midwest and other Regions (J. Thompson); USDA (F. Hunt); USDA Forest Service (D. Bengston, P. Jakes, S. Snyder, D. Chavez, P. Winter, K. Cordell); Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute (A. Watson, D. Cole); US Army Corps of Engineers (F. Star, S. Jackson, K. Perales), TARGET AUDIENCES: Tourism industry professionals and community decision makers. Undergraduate and graduate students. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
This research provides evidence that outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism experiences factor into a high quality of life, increase physical activity and contribute to local economies. Results from these studies provide recreation managers, planners and promoters with specific actions to enhance personal and social benefits for visitors and adjacent community residents as well as retain and improve the natural environment. Improving the way managers incorporate visitor and community benefit opportunity production into recreation land management is a major concern of both land managing agencies and academics.

Publications

• Schneider, I.E. (2012). Quality of life: Assessment for transportation measures: Interim report for performance measures. University of Minnesota Tourism Center.
• Schneider, I.E., Guo, T., & Rains, K. (2012, abstract). The role of transportation in quality of life. Transportation Research Conference, St Paul, MN.
• Oftedal, A. & Schneider, I.E. (2012, abstract). Outdoor recreation and health: Results from county-level analysis in Minnesota. The International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. Austin, TX.
• Schneider, I.E., Tuck, B., & Liechty, R. (2012, abstract). Beyond the byway: Scenic byway contributions to economy and quality of life. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.

Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Three areas remained project foci in 2010: recreational trail user experiences, transportation and quality of life, and physical activity on public recreation lands. The recreational trail user project continued from previous years and significant data analysis and report generation occurred. Data continue to inform a related project for the state of Minnesota (parks and trails planning) to identify the demand for these types of recreational trail use and inform planning. This data is also partially informing the framework to guide MN parks and trails planning through 2025. Detailed analysis continues. The project on transportation and the quality of life continued and was extended for additional analysis. Focus group data from 2010 informed questionnaire development and delivery to a representative sample of Minnesotans. Data was collected from more than 3000 respondents and initial data analysis has been completed. Several presentations have been made. The work related to physical activity on public lands extends from the park and trail inventory conducted in 2009 and 2010. Additional data points are being obtained to assess the relationship of outdoor recreation opportunities and physical health indicators. Further, focus groups with Latinos in an urban setting included information on physical activity in public areas. PARTICIPANTS: Ingrid E. Schneider (Ph.D., PI) Coordinated project development for data collection, report writing and journal article composition as well as served as liaison among all partners and UMN staff. Lisa Filter assisted with data analysis and report writing for the parks and trails project. Andrew Oftedal assisted with data analysis for the parks and trails project. Tian Guo assisted with data analysis and report writing for the quality of life project. Brigid Tuck performed economic analysis for byways project and wrote economic impact report. Kent Gustafson co-authored focus group reports with Sierra Schroeder (former graduate student). Mary Vogel and Cindy Zerger co-authored publications on trails and co-presented materials. Kristina Martinson co-authored publication on equine trails and presented. Partner organizations include: Minnesota Department of Natural Resource, Minnesota Recreational Trail Users Association, MN Parks & Trails Council, Minnesota Department of Transportation, USDA Forest Service, Explore Minnesota Tourism; Collaborators: University of Minnesota Center for Changing Landscapes, Center for Transportation TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audience efforts Refereed presentations: Schneider, I.E. (2011). Transportation and livability: A mixed methods approach. Performance measures for livable communities. Austin, TX. Schneider, I.E., Tuck, B. & Liechty, R. (2011). Scenic byways and quality of life: Revealing relationships among MN residents. Performance measures for livable communities. Austin, TX. Tuck, B., Gustafson, K., Schneider, I.E., & Liechty, R. (2011). Scenic byways: awareness, economic impact and quality of life. National Scenic Byways Conference. St. Paul, MN. Gustafson, K., Schroeder, S. & Schneider, I.E. (2011). Transportation & quality of life: Assessing and comparing dimensions. Transportation Research Conference, St Paul, MN. Vogel, M. Davenport, M., Schneider, I.E., Zerger, C., Oftedal, A., & Scheurs, B. (2011). Planning with parks and trails in mind: Overview of & implications from the 2011 parks & trails planning framework. Transportation Research Conference, St Paul, MN. Schneider, I.E., Date, A., Venegas, E., & Martinson, K. (2011). Demographics and economic impact of recreational horse trail users in Minnesota. Equine Society Conference & Journal. (extended abstract published Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 31; pg 333-334.) Invited presentations: MNDOT. Transportation & quality of life: Implications and opportunities for state agencies. Dec. Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute. Wilderness visitor conflict experiences. April. Explore Minnesota Tourism. Byway research in Minnesota. January. Humphrey School of Public Affairs: Recreation, parks & physical activity. Graduate Capstone Course. March. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
As this line of trail research and dissemination continues, several outcomes emerge. First, there is an increased knowledge about the behaviors and economic contributions of various Minnesota recreational trail users. The economic impact data is unique in its inclusivity and timeliness and, as such, has been of great interest for planning and advocacy. Second, the expansion of the data analysis to consider ecological regions and health indicators significantly advances understanding of ecosystem services and their planning. Physical activity on public lands and health continue to be of great interest as health care costs rise. The macro-level analysis from the parks and trails inventory extends the understanding of outdoor recreation opportunities beyond the individual and local level to provide a regional context for broader planning perspectives. The Latino focus groups provide information for the park system to more effectively reach their audience and create messages and programs that will encourage and sustain physical activity opportunities on those public lands. Ultimately, improved opportunities for physical activity on public lands lead to a healthier constituency and reduced health care costs. The transportation and quality of life projects will inform planning and management of transportation systems such that they more comprehensively and directly contribute to quality of life for both visitors and residents. As such, residential quality of life will be enhanced. Significant interest surrounds this project among state agencies and national transportation entities. Detailed analysis will inform a review and possible adjustment of state transportation performance measures.

Publications

• Budruk, M., Wilhelm Stanis, S., Schneider, I.E., & Anderson, D. 2011. Differentiating place attachment dimensions among proximate and distant visitors to two water-based recreation areas. Society & Natural Resources 21(6):1-17.
• Davenport, M., Schneider, I., & Oftedal, A. 2011. Recreation opportunity analysis in Minnesota's network of parks and trails: Framework, 59-65. Minneapolis, MN: Center for Changing Landscapes.
• Davenport, M., Schneider, I., Oftedal, A., & Zerger, C. 2011. Recreation experience inventory in Minnesota's network of parks and trails: Summary inventory, 87-93. Minneapolis, MN: Center for Changing Landscapes.
• Davenport, M., Schneider, I., Oftedal, A., & Zerger, C. 2011. Statewide socio-demographic characteristics in Minnesota's network of parks and trails: Summary inventory, 7-9. Minneapolis, MN: Center for Changing Landscapes.
• Ofetdal, A., Davenport, M., Schneider, I.E., Zerger, C., Scheurers, B., Vogel, M. 2011. An ecosystem approach to recreation location quotients. Forests 2(4):993-1012; doi:10.3390/f2040993.
• Schneider, I.E., & Guo, T. 2011. Quality of life: Assessment for transportation measures: Questionnaire report. University of Minnesota Tourism Center.
• Schroeder, S., Gustafson, K., & Schneider, I.E. 2011. Quality of life: Assessment for transportation measures: Focus group report. University of Minnesota Tourism Center.
• Schneider, I.E., Schroeder, S., & Schwaller, A. 2011. Structural constraints to wilderness: impacts on visitation and experience. International Journal of Wilderness 17(1):14-21.
• Schneider, I.E., Silverberg, K.S. & Chavez, D. 2011. Geocachers: Benefits sought and environmental attitudes. LARnet 4(1):1-11.
• Davenport, M. & Schneider, I.E. 2011. Statewide and regional opportunities in Minnesota's network of parks and trails: Framework, 11-17. Minneapolis, MN: Center for Changing Landscapes.

Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Three areas were the project foci in 2010: recreational trail user experiences, transportation and quality of life, and physical activity on public recreation lands. The recreational trail user project continued from previous years and significant data analysis and report generation occurred. Several presentations have already occurred at state forums and national presentations are under review. Data was used to inform a related project for the state of Minnesota (parks and trails planning) to identify the demand for these types of recreational trail use. Regional profiles for MN have been created and are out for public review. This data is also partially informing the framework to guide MN parks and trails planning through 2025. A detailed analysis is underway. A new project emerged focused on transportation and the quality of life. Twenty-five focus groups were conducted across MN to understand if and how transportation contributes to quality of life. The focus group participants represented the breadth of the state geographically and were segmented by age groups. Data analysis is underway and will inform development of a questionnaire. Similarly, an effort to understand the impact of scenic byways on quality of life was undertaken. Onsite questionnaires collected data from byway visitors and is under analysis. The work related to physical activity on public lands was primarily on publication and dissemination. Data from six sites across the U.S. related to perceptions of and constraints to physical activity on public recreation lands were analyzed, documented and sheparded through the publication process. Data analysis continues toward greater dissemination and understanding of this topic related to generational differences. PARTICIPANTS: (1) Ingrid E. Schneider (Ph.D., PI). Coordinated project development for data collection, report writing and journal article composition as well as served as liason between all partners and UMN staff. Kent Gustafson facilitated focus groups for the transportation project and assisted with data analysis and report drafting. Rachel Liechty assisted with data entry, analysis and report writing for the scenic byways project. Lisa Filter assisted with data analysis and report writing for the parks and trails project. Andrew Oftedal assisted with data analysis for the parks and trails project. Sierra Schroeder (graduate research assistant) collected and analyzed qualitative data, drafted reports and co-authored article for Wilderness project as well as the transportation project. Sonja Wilhelm Stanis (Ph.D., former graduate student) sheparded journal articles through publication phase. (2) Partner organizations include: Minnesota Department of Natural Resource, Minnesota Recreational Trail Users Association, Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development, Minnesota Department of Transportation, USDA Forest Service, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, Explore Minnesota Tourism; Collaborators: University of Minnesota Center for Changing Landscapes. TARGET AUDIENCES: Presentations: (1) Paul Bunyan Scenic Byway Annual meeting. Byway visitors and quality of life. November. (2) UMN Humphrey Regional Planning & Policy Discussion Series. Policy implications of constraints to physical activity on parks and trails. September. (3) UMN CFANS Classes without quizzes Opportunities & challenges for physical activity on parks & trails. April. (4) Explore Minnesota Tourism State tourism conference. Research you can use! January. (5) Minnesota Department of Transportation Non-Motorized Trails Research Opportunities & challenges for physical activity on parks and trails. February. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Similar to 2009, as a result of the recreational trail data collection and dissemination efforts, several outcomes emerge. First, there is an increased knowledge about the behaviors and economic contributions of various Minnesota recreational trail users. Second, within the trail planning and management profession, a greater awareness of conflict experiences, causes and responses will lead to more informed and effective management. Data from this project is assisting in the development of a recreation quotient for Minnesota regions in the related and ongoing Parks and Trails Planning project. Building on the information dissemination efforts of 2009, the physical activity on public lands focus continues to inform understanding of how perceptions and constraints to physical activity differ by racial and ethnic group, as well as along the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum. Several presentations have been made and are in consistent demand. Within the Twin Cities metro area, groups of recreation providers are coalescing to determine how they can better serve diverse urban populations. Ultimately, improved opportunities for physical activity on public lands lead to a healthier constituency. The transportation and quality of life projects will inform planning and management of transportation systems such that they more comprehensively and directly contribute to quality of life for both visitors and residents. As such, residential quality of life will be enhanced.

Publications

• Wilhelm, S. & Schneider, I.E. 2010. Park physical activity motivations, constraints and negotiation: Generational differences. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education and Leadership 2(2):74-92.
• Messer, C., Schneider, I.E., & Okaga, U. 2010. Facilitating sustainable tourism in Superior country: The Tourism Resource Team. Tourism in Marine Environments 6(2-3):139-143.
• Salk, R.S., Schneider, I.E. & McAvoy, L. 2010. Perspectives of sacred sites on Lake Superior: The case of Apostle Islands. Tourism in Marine Environments 6(2-3):89-99.
• Schroeder, S., & Schneider, I.E. 2010. Wildland fire and the wilderness visitor experience. International Journal of Wilderness 20-25.
• Wilhelm Stanis, S.A., Piera, M., & Schneider, I.E. 2010. Parks and health: Differences in constraints and negotiation strategies for park based leisure time physical activity by stage of change. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 7:273-284.

Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Three areas were the project foci in 2009: recreational trail user experiences, Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW) experiences, and physical activity on public recreation lands. The recreational trail user project continued from previous years and significant data analysis and report generation occurred. Recreational trail use, trail behavior and expenditures related to recreational trail use data were collected and descriptively analyzed for ten subsamples. The presentation of data by trail user type in full report and one page summaries ensured the data is accessible to a number of different audiences. Several presentations have already occurred at state forums and national presentations are under review. Data will be used to inform a related project for the state of Minnesota (parks and trails planning) to identify the demand for these types of recreational trail use. Seeking to understand recreation experiences in-depth, the BWCAW project used qualitative interviews with visitors along a relationship continuum. Twenty-five interviews were completed and analyzed using NVivo. An agency report informed management, along with informal discussions of the data and report with the BWCAW management team. In addition, several poster sessions within Minnesota have included information on the project as well as two international presentations and a journal article. The work related to physical activity on public lands was primarily on publication and dissemination. Data from six sites across the US related to perceptions of and constraints to physical activity on public recreation lands were analyzed, documented and sheparded through the publication process. Data analysis continues toward greater dissemination and understanding of this topic related to generational differences. PARTICIPANTS: Ingrid E. Schneider (Ph.D., PI) Coordinated project development for data collection, report writing and journal article composition as well as served as liason between all partners and UMN staff. Andrea Schuweiler Date (research fellow) and Theresa Bipes (graduate research assistant) coordinated data collection, analysis and report writing. Sierra Schroeder (graduate research assistant) collected and analyzed qualitative data, drafted reports and article. Sonja Wilhelm Stanis (Ph.D., former graduate student) sheparded journal articles through publication phase. Raintry Salk (Ph.D., former graduate student) sheparded journal article through publication phase. Participant organizations include: Minnesota Department of Natural Resource, Minnesota Recreational Trail Users Association, Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development, USDA Forest Service, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, Explore Minnesota Tourism, Green Gatherings, Collaborators: University of Minnesota Center for Changing Landscapes, TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
As a result of the recreational trail data collection and dissemination efforts, several outcomes emerge. First, there is an increased knowledge about the behaviors and economic contributions of various Minnesota recreational trail users. Second, within the trail planning and management profession, a greater awareness of conflict experiences, causes and responses will lead to more informed and effective management. Further, knowledge of the aging and racial homogenity within the user groups highlights the need for targeted and broader marketing. Third, for economic developers and trail advocates, the economic impact information provides substantial and comparative data that is being used for planning at local and state levels. Also, the economic data is targeting marketing efforts and effective marketing resource utilization. Data from this project will be used to develop a recreation quotient for Minnesota regions in the related and ongoing Parks and Trails Planning project. The physical activity on public lands focus provided new information on how perceptions and constraints to physical activity differ by racial and ethnic group, as well as along the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum. This information has and will continue to influence communication efforts across various recreationist groups, management approaches to physical activity promotion as well as cooperative efforts for connectivity related to physical activity promotion. Ultimately, improved opportunities for physical activity on public lands lead to a healthier constituency. Efforts exploring BWCAW visitor experiences through changes in the area and themselves have informed local, state and international wilderness managers regarding effective management post-wildland fire. As such, travel models and management will be changed to reflect shorter trips that include base camping and, subsequently, visitors will be able to experience more solitude experiences.

Publications

• Wilhelm Stanis, S.A., Schneider, I.E., & Anderson, D.H. (2009). State park visitor leisure time physical activity: constraints and negotiation strategies. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 27,3,21-41.
• Salk, R.J., & Schneider, I.E. (2009). Commitment to learning within a public land management agency: The influence of transformational leadership and organizational culture. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 27(1),70-84.
• Schneider, I.E., Schuweiler, A., & Bipes, T. (2009). Profile of Minnesota Trail Users. University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources.
• Wilhelm Stanis, S.A., Schneider, I.E., Shinew, K.J., Chavez, D.J., & Vogel, M. (2009). Physical activity and the recreation opportunity spectrum: Differences in important site attributes and perceived constraints. Journal of Park & Administration, 27,4,73-91.
• Wilhelm Stanis, S.A., Schneider, I.E., & Russell, K. (2009). Leisure time physical activity of park visitors: Retesting constraint models in adoption and maintenance stages. Leisure Sciences,31,3,287-304.
• Wilhelm Stanis, S. A., I. E. Schneider, D. Chavez, & K. Shinew. (2009). Visitor constraints to physical activity in park and recreation areas: Differences by race and ethnicity. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 27,3,78-95.

Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Project efforts continued on trails and park areas. Sustainable tourism data collection efforts focused on the Minnesota tourism industry. In March, data on the state of sustainable tourism in Minnesota were collected and analyzed to inform program & product development. This project sought to: 1) continue data collection on sustainable practices, 2) identify needs for education & information, 3) identify attitudes about sustainable tourism, & 4) continue dialogue on sustainable tourism. Representatives of lodging, CVBs, Festival & Events in Explore Minnesota Tourism's industry database responded to an online questionnaire including multiple items focused on perceived pros/cons of sustainable tourism, the extent participants had implemented sustainable practices, and respondent descriptives. Data on several sets of visitors were analyzed to inform planning and management. A significant effort was initiated to identify the economic impact and group interactions among users of Minnesota trails. Nearly 17,000 registered drivers in Minnesota (16,999) were mailed a questionnaire focused on participation in several different trail related activities and any conflict occurrences associated with these activities. Subsamples were selected from this data and sent follow up questionnaires about their participation in a key trail activity, expenditures for this activity & group interactions & conflict occurrences. Data collection ended in mid-December; data entry and analysis ensues. The Second MN Conference on Sustainable Tourism, Duluth, MN, hosted more than 100 parties interested in sustainable tourism to a 1-day conference. Conference sessions shared research on the state of sustainable tourism as well as included educational offerings related to sustainable design, energy efficiency, state green travel programs, sustainable management and effective marketing. Interest from the conference, as well as related legislation, generated the idea for a travel green website that the U will host. As a result of the sustainable tourism data collection process, sustainable tourism databases from 3 years can be compared and tracked for progress in sustainable tourism practice implementation. Beyond the databases, several products related to sustainable tourism were produced including audio casts and PowerPoint presentations of sustainable tourism information on web page (www.tourism.umn.edu) and a website that provides resource information on sustainable tourism within the state, region, nation and world (http://www.tourism.umn.edu/research/sustainabletourism/index.html). Interest from this conference led to the development of a MS project on sustainable energy options for MN resorts. Similarly, data collection from the trails project resulted in several databases. The sustainable energy solutions for MN resorts publication is available at the UofMN Tourism website, was presented at the MN Resort & Campground Association fall meeting, the Congress of MN Resorts fall meeting, and the International Ecotourism Association meeting (Vancouver, B.C., Sept). The trails data is in process of analysis, but several reports, presentations and publications are in process. PARTICIPANTS: Ingrid E. Schneider (Ph.D., PI) Developed and coordinated survey dissemination and data analysis for state of sustainable tourism. Collaborated with partners to create, disseminate, analyze, publish and present related data to various visitor projects. Created and presented various presentations as well as directed report development. Cynthia Messer (M.A.) Tourism conference coordinator. Andrea Schuweiler (Graduate student) Research assistant that worked on 2008 sustainable tourism conference and developed idea/report for energy solutions guide. Raintry Salk (Research Associate) Worked on sampling, data collection and data tracking for trail project. Sonja Wilhelm Stanis (Graduate student) Research assistant that worked on data compilation and report writing for water and trails based projects. Participant organizations: Explore Minnesota Tourism, Renewing the Countryside, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Minnesota Recreational Trail Users Association, USDA Forest Service, US Army Corps of Engineers. Training: Sustainable tourism conference 2008 hosted more than 100 people for a 1-day event on sustainable tourism. TARGET AUDIENCES: Tourism industry professionals and community decision makers. Undergraduate and graduate students. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
As a result of the sustainable tourism data collection and dissemination efforts, several outcomes are apparent. First, there is an increased knowledge of how sustainable tourism practices are perceived within the industry, what practices are in place and where significant opportunities lie to start or increase the use of sustainable tourism practices. Within the tourism profession, a heightened awareness of sustainable tourism and its advantages is evident from informal conversations with professionals as well as by the invitations to speak on sustainable tourism to various industry groups. Also, as page views on the sustainable tourism website increased from 2007-2008, the interest in knowledge on sustainable tourism is evident. Second, there is an increase in knowledge about industry interest in sustainable tourism and this information will guide a MN travel green web page development. On the student side, the graduate students associated with the sustainable tourism project had an increased knowledge about sustainable energy alternatives and opportunity to present their work at state and international venues.

Publications

• Budruk, M., Wilhelm, S., Schneider, I.E., & Heisey, J. 2008. Crowding and experience use history: A study of the moderating effect of place attachment among water-based recreationists. Environmental Management 41:528-537.
• Anderson, D. H., Schneider, I.E, Wilhelm, S., & Leahy, J. 2008. Proximate and distant visitors: Differences in importance ratings of beneficial experiences. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration 26(4):47-65.
• Cronon, M.K., Shinew, K.J., Schneider, I.E., Wilhelm Stanis, S.A., & Chavez, D. 2008. Physical activity patterns among Latinos in different types of public parks. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 5:1-16
• Schuweiler, A. 2008. Energy solutions guide for Minnesota Resorts. University of Minnesota.
• Snyder, S., Whitmore, J., Schneider, I.E., & Becker, D.R. 2008. Ecological criteria, participant preferences & location models: A GIS approach toward ATV trail planning. Applied Geography 28(10):248-258.

Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Three datasets on sustainable tourism practices, perceptions & interest were collected & serve as baseline information to inform education program development, local & state marketing efforts, business decisions, as well as a statewide travel green program. Efforts focused on both the Minnesota tourism industry & tourism consumers. Data on the state of sustainable tourism in Minnesota were collected & analyzed to inform program & product development to 1) identify a baseline of practices, 2) identify needs for education & information, 3) identify attitudes about sustainable tourism, & 4) continue dialogue on sustainable tourism. Representatives of lodging, CVBs, Festival & Events in Explore Minnesota Tourism's industry database (n=2547) responded to an online questionnaire on perceived pros/cons of sustainable tourism, extent participants had implemented sustainable practices & respondent descriptives. Data on industry & consumer interest in a green travel program were collected & analyzed to inform development of a statewide travel green program. 4,994 individuals who provided e-mail addresses when inquiring for travel information from Explore Minnesota Tourism (EMT) were invited to take the online Travel Green survey. After adjusting for 181 undeliverable e-mail addresses, the 274 completed surveys accounted for a relatively low 5.7% response rate. Data on several St. Paul festival attendee groups were collected & analyzed to inform event planning & management at the Winter Carnival, Flint Hills Children Festival, Rice Street Festival, & Irish Fair. Sample schedules incorporated both time & spatial considerations to ensure coverage across all festival activities. Events: The 2nd MN Conference on Sustainable Tourism hosted 100 parties interested in sustainable tourism in Chaska, MN. Sessions included research on the state of sustainable tourism as well as educational offerings related to sustainable design, energy efficiency, state green travel programs, sustainable management & effective marketing. Products: Three sustainable tourism databases exist: 1) sustainable tourism practices within the Minnesota tourism industry, 2) consumer interest in a travel green program for Minnesota, 3) industry interest in a travel green program for Minnesota. Other products related to sustainable tourism were produced including audio casts & PowerPoint presentations of sustainable tourism information on web page (www.tourism.umn.edu) & a website that provides resource information on sustainable tourism within the state, region, nation & world (http://www.tourism.umn.edu/research/sustainabletourism/index.html). Data collection from the festivals resulted in databases for analysis. Dissemination: Presentations of state of sustainable tourism in Minnesota data were shared at the state conference on sustainable tourism, Tourism works for the U poster event, The International Ecotourism Society, Congress of Minnesota Resorts Fall meeting, Meeting Planners International Meeting & online PowerPoint (www.tourism.umn.edu). Festival data has been presented to the St. Paul Festival Association Board & each festival manager. PARTICIPANTS: Ingrid E. Schneider (Ph.D.; PI) Developed and coordinated survey dissemination and data analysis for state of sustainable tourism, festivals and travel green projects. Created and presented various presentations as well as directed report development. Cynthia Messer (M.A.) Tourism conference coordinator. Nikki Hinds (M.S.) Graduate research assistant that assisted with sustainable tourism conference planning as well as did festival data analysis. Andrea Schuweiler (Graduate student) Research assistant that collected festival data, analyzed data and co-created reports; is also working on 2008 sustainable tourism conference. Hung Tuan Tran (M.S.) Graduate research assistant that assisted with data analysis and table creation. Partner organizations: Explore Minnesota Tourism, St. Paul Festival Association, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Renewing the Countryside, Iron Range Resources, Congress of MN Resorts, Department of Natural Resources. Collaborators: Sustainable Development Partnerships, Department of Forest Resources, Department of Applied Economics. Training: A two-day training on sustainable tourism for community vitality regional extension educators and select graduate students was conducted in Wabasha, MN. A jr/senior and graduate level course on nature/culture based tourism was refreshed and offered fall 2007. TARGET AUDIENCES: Tourism industry professionals and community decision makers. Undergraduate and graduate students.

Impacts
As a result of the data collection and dissemination efforts, several outcomes are apparent: 1) an increased knowledge of how sustainable tourism practices are perceived within the industry, what practices are in place & where significant opportunities lie to start or increase the use of sustainable tourism practices. For example, low hanging fruit such as the use of LED lighting is an immediate opportunity. As such, educational efforts to publicize how to get LED lighting and why to use it have already been implemented via information on the sustainable tourism website. Similarly, the results are informing choices of speakers for the 3rd conference on sustainable tourism and guiding strategic partnerships. Within the tourism professional, a heightened awareness of sustainable tourism and its advantages is evident from informal conversations with professionals as well as by the invitations to speak on sustainable tourism to various industry groups. Also, as page views on the sustainable tourism website increased 15-fold from 2006-2007, the interest in knowledge on sustainable tourism is evident. 2)There is an increase in knowledge about consumer and industry interest in sustainable tourism and this information guided work of a legislative task force focused on developing a travel green program in Minnesota. Specifically, the task force will be recommending a travel green program that focuses on industry education and consumer-driven choices regarding sustainable tourism rather than a third-party certification program. With regards to the festival and event project element, increases in both knowledge and action are evident. The culmination of data from all St. Paul Festivals provides an opportunity to understand if and what is a common consumer market for festivals and, as such, focus marketing efforts and sponsorship opportunities for the organizations as a whole. Further, it provides an opportunity for discussion on where gaps exist for other festival development opportunities. Finally, it provides an understanding of if and how cultural festival attendees differ from noncultural festival attendees and therefore, informs marketing opportunities among the cultural/heritage tourism market.

Publications

• Schneider, I.E. 2007. The prevalence and significance of displacement for wilderness recreation management and research. International Journal of Wilderness 13(3):23-27.
• Schneider, I.E., Hinds, N., Stern, S. & Joannides, J. 2007. Interest in and awareness of Green Routes. University of Minnesota Tourism Center.
• Schneider, I.E., & Hinds, N. 2007. Consumer profile of Winter Carnival. University of Minnesota Tourism Center.
• Schneider, I.E. 2007. Outdoor recreation resource profile. In Statewide Conservation Plan Preliminary Report. Prepared for the LCCMR.
• Schuweiller, A., Schneider, I.E., & Salk, R. 2007. Consumer profile of St. Paul 2007 festivals. University of Minnesota Tourism Center. (Series of 3 reports)

Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06

Outputs
Sustainable tourism evaluation and planning were a key emphasis area. Primary research was conducted to better understand several forms of recreation that lend themselves toward sustainability and tourism attractions: cultural festivals and dining in restaurants that serve local foods. The cultural festivals research focused on market demarcation and information sources within a particular region: the City of St. Paul. The research informed planners and marketers to maximize return on investment by directing their marketing dollars to the most used media sources as well as enhance festivals based on visitor needs. The local foods project focused on identifying consumer awareness of and interest in restaurants that use local foods, particularly for travel. Results can direct promotional efforts of these venues to tourists as well as ideas for package promotions. Additional data analysis will seek to further segment these markets to better understand optimal marketing, planning, and client retention. Secondary analysis efforts included literature reviews and market research on sustainable tourism options for communities and tourism operators within North Dakota, Illinois, and Minnesota. Engagement efforts focused primarily on creation and implementation of the first Minnesota Conference on Sustainable Tourism. The conference hosted more than 120 attendees,generated academic and legislative interest, and will be offered again in 2007. In addition, a replication of the Tourism Resource Team, an initiative to provide ongoing support to communities interested in sustainable tourism, occurred in the Gunflint Trail area. This effort provided guidance to businesses as to how to market and manage an amenity-based area post natural disturbance.

Impacts
The impact of the research has both immediate and long-term impacts. The impact of primary research has been seen immediately in the marketing and planning of festivals and events in St. Paul, Minnesota, as well as in the amenity-based communities in which we worked. In both instances we have already been invited back to either expand our work or disseminate the findings to new groups in their area. Research strives for an improved understanding of natural and cultural resources and their management and, subsequently, better informed consumer and management decisions. With regard to the sustainable tourism conference, legislative interest has prompted a Senate hearing on tourism and the environment as well as coordinated efforts to explore sustainable tourism certification or certificate programs in Minnesota.

Publications

• Schneider, I.E., & Hinds, N. 2006. Consumer awareness and interest in Green Routes. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota Tourism Center.
• Schneider, I.E., Wilhelm, S., & Heisey, J. 2006. Cumulative visitor report for Carlyle Lake & Lake Shelbyville: experiences, benefits, and values. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources.
• Salk, R., & Schneider, I.E. 2006. Consumer profile of the St. Paul Festivals. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota Tourism Center. (series of 5 reports)

Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05

Outputs
Maintaining and enhancing satisfactory and socially sustainable natural resource based tourism requires knowledge of visitor attitudes, behaviors, and preferences. Two opportunity areas emerged in 2005 to continue exploring market interests and conceptual frameworks. One area related to the interests and knowledge of diverse clients: specifically urban youth and mixed stakeholders. For urban youth, an opportunity to conduct interviews and use autophotography with diverse urban youth presented itself in 2004. A variety of youth were interviewed, invited to take pictures of "nature" and then re-interviewed to discuss their pictures. These efforts lead to an enhanced understanding of effective education and marketing material for diverse urban populations to nature-based attractions. For mixed stakeholders, research of diverse stakeholders perceptions of natural resource management and policy were analyzed with primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected and analyzed in the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore regarding meanings of "wilderness." The results can inform effective communication among natural resource agencies to improve management and support. Secondary data was analyzed with respect to natural resource policy related to snowmobiling. Results suggest a challenge for both researchers and managers in acquisition and implementation of research data. A second area of focus involved work with the NE Sustainable Development Partnership to develop and implement a tourism resource team for communities interested in sustainable tourism. Based on a review of US efforts, a resource team program was detailed in 2003, implemented in 2004 and replicated in 2005. In sum, the project creates an expert team for a community with a specific obstacle to sustainable tourism, brings the team to the community, and crafts a report with specific details on overcoming barriers to sustainable tourism. Related to the Partnership work, efforts to disseminate the work and enhance sustainable tourism in Minnesota are evolving and will lead to a sustainable tourism conference in Minnesota, 2006.

Impacts
The impact of the research has both immediate and long term impacts. The impact of the diverse stakeholder focus has been seen immediately in the design and implementation of exhibits related to natural resources that target urban youth and urban audiences in general. Similarly, the Apostle Islands took communication recommendations immediately into action by refocusing select internal and external educational campaigns. Therefore, efforts to enhance effective communication have resulted immediately. Long term results remain unknown but can strive for an improved understanding of natural resources and their management and subsequently better informed consumer and management decisions. The sustainable tourism project has had immediate impact in the communities where it was conducted by facilitating community coordination toward improvement management and marketing as well as providing compelling evidence to develop and/or redevelop select areas for sustainable tourism. Further, the other sustainable development partnerships in MN, and other national organizations, are considering adopting the tourism resource team model in their area therefore leading to a systematic approach to sustainable tourism in MN.

Publications

• Dustin, D.L., and I.E. Schneider. 2005. The politics of science/the science of politics: Examining the snowmobile controversy in Yellowstone National Park. Environmental Management 34(6):761-767.
• Salk, R., and I.E. Schneider. 2005. Meaning of wilderness among diverse stakeholder groups. In: Proceedings of the World Wilderness Conference, Anchorage, AL.
• Schneider, I.E., and O. Ukaga. 2005. Ecological and social sustainability in Tourism Resource Team Report for Two Harbors. University of Minnesota: NESDP.
• Schneider, I.E., O. Ukaga, and J. Heisey. 2005. Facilitating community-driven sustainable tourism: The case of the Tourism Resource Team Program. In: Proceedings of Ecotourism in the U.S. Bel Harbor, ME.
• Wilhelm, S., and I.E. Schneider. 2005. The meaning of nature to diverse urban youth. Applied Environmental Education 4:103-113.

Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04

Outputs
Maintaining and enhancing satisfactory and socially sustainable natural resource-based tourism requires knowledge of visitor attitudes, behaviors, and preferences. Although a body of work in recreation and resource-based tourism has developed, uncertainties remain regarding conceptual frameworks and emerging markets. Two areas of focus for 2004 included (1) disseminating information on an emerging market within Minnesota and studying the market in a nearby state (Michigan) and (2) creating and implementing a community tourism resource team model for sustainable tourism. In 2003, work with Ramsey County Parks and Recreation resulted in several professional publications and presentations, as well as interest from a regional neighbor (Michigan). Subsequently, data collection from Michigan Geocaching Organization is underway. Results indicate that participants in this new sport are primarily engaged in it for physical exercise and to be with family. Subsequently, the potential benefits are very positive for both physical and emotional well-being. Further, preliminary results from the Michigan database indicate that about one-third of participants are willing to travel more than 100 miles to geocache, thus a potential travel market is evolving. Given a very strong message of leave no trace exists within the geocaching community, they are an appealing sustainable tourism market. The second area of focus involved work with the NE Sustainable Development Partnership to develop and implement a tourism resource team for communities interested in sustainable tourism. Based on a review of U.S. efforts, a resource team program was detailed in 2003 and then implemented in 2004. In sum, the project creates an expert team for a community with a specific obstacle to sustainable tourism, brings the team to the community, and crafts a report with specific details on overcoming barriers to sustainable tourism. The model's initial implementation appears a success, as evidenced by immediate evaluations.

Impacts
Information from the geocaching study was immediately applied by Ramsey County Parks and Recreation to improve experience provision and education efforts. The continued invitations for presentations and data analysis attest to the interest in geocaching. In fact, the USDA Forest Service PSW Research Station hopes to partner on getting an OMB approved survey for use in their forests. Similarly, the recommendations from the sustainable tourism resource team project were immediately implemented, as possible, and will be used for tourism planning efforts in the next five to ten years. These recommendations will work to model sustainable tourism development. The model is of interest among other partnerships and will be continued in 2005.

Publications

• Chavez, D.C., R. Courtright, and I.E. Schneider. 2004. Over the river and through the woods. Parks & Recreation 39:68-72.
• Schneider, I.E., and T. Powell. 2003. Geocaching in Minnesota: Who, what, and why. Report prepared for Ramsey County Recreation.
• Schneider, I.E., and D.C. Chavez. 2004. Caching in on geo-caching. Pathways: Ontario Journal of Environmental Education 16(3):21.
• Schneider, I.E. 2004. Less stress: How you can manage visitor conflict. Parks & Recreation 37:69-73.
• Ukaga, O., and I.E. Schneider. 2004 Sustainable Development Partnerships & Sustainability in Tourism Resource Team Report for International Falls. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota: NESDP.
• Schneider, I.E., and O. Ukaga. 2004. Ecological and social sustainability in Tourism Resource Team Report for International Falls. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota: NESDP.
• Schneider, I.E. 2004. Outdoor recreation in Tourism Resource Team Report for International Falls. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota: NESDP.

Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03

Outputs
Maintaining and enhancing satisfactory and socially sustainable natural resource based tourism requires knowledge of visitor attitudes, behaviors, and preferences. Although a body of work in recreation and resource based tourism has developed, uncertainties remain regarding conceptual frameworks and emerging markets. Two areas of focus for 2003 included 1) extending dissemination and analysis of wildlife viewing visitor information and 2) initiating a study on geocachists. In 2002, work with the MN Department of Natural Resources identified and compared experience preferences among wildlife viewers--a growing and significant natural resource constituent. Several presentations were compiled for the wildlife viewing study. Additional data analysis to compare experiences and preferences by gender revealed that males spend more years viewing wildlife, are able to identify more species, travel and are willing to travel to view wildlife than females. Given that females are the projected area of growth in this market, our results are interesting and beg additional questions. In 2003 a new visitor emerged in Minnesota: geocachists. At the request of Ramsey County, a survey of geocachers in MN was created and disseminated electronically. Preliminary results indicate participants are primarily male, middle aged, hold college or advanced degrees and full time jobs. The majority find, rather than hide, caches with members of their family in parks and strongly agree that geocaching has increased their number of park visits this year. Scenery, nature, and exercise are very important elements to the geocaching experience, as are well-maintained caches and areas in which they are hidden. Graduate students=1.

Impacts
Information from the wildlife viewing study was immediately applied by the DNR to work toward improved experience provision and education efforts. The continued invitations for presentations and data analysis attest to the statewide interest in wildlife viewers. Project results will also guide long-term planning for the nongame wildlife division. Similarly, the information from the geocaching study is of immediate interest to county, state, and federal recreation managers in that no other quantitative data has been collected on this emerging user group.

Publications

• Schneider, I.E., and Heisey, J. 2003. Geocaching in Minnesota: Who, what, and why. Report prepared for Ramsey County Recreation. In Press.

Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02

Outputs
Research continued to quantify how visitors define quality recreation experiences, with a focus on the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. In addition, investigation of organizational communication and processes that guide visitor management commenced. Research suggests the language used to manage visitors may be perceived very differently than intended. Therefore, it is important to identify any differences in usage or comprehension. A final report and management summaries were disseminated. Beyond the NPS, work with the MN Department of Natural Resources compared experience preferences among wildlife viewers--a growing and significant natural resource constituent. A mail survey to more than 1,000 wildlife viewers resulted in findings important for experience planning and communication efforts for the DNR and the Minnesota Office of Tourism. The project focused on evaluating, planning, and managing for natural resource based tourism. Maintaining and enhancing satisfactory and socially sustainable natural resource based tourism requires knowledge of visitor attitudes, behaviors, and preferences. Although a body of work in recreation and resource based tourism has developed, uncertainties remain regarding conceptual frameworks and emerging markets. Thus, the DNR project works toward understanding the wildlife viewing market. A project with the Corps of Engineers focuses on water based visitors and tourists. Graduate student = 1

Impacts
The project has immediate and long term impacts. Almost immediately, the NPS put the report into action by reviewing its documents for ways to improve communication within and from the studied NPS unit. In addition, survey findings have assisted in developing education and travel management programs for the increasing number of area kayakers. Such education and travel management programs will positively influence visitor experiences and protect the resource in the long term. Similarly, the DNR has made immediate use of the project findings by improved understanding of their constituents and working toward improved experiences. Project results will also guide long term planning for the Nongame Wildlife Division.

Publications

• Schneider, I.E., and R. Salk. 2002. Information Needs and Experience Preferences of Birders and Watchable Wildlife participants. University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources.
• Schneider, I.E., and R. Salk. 2002. Meanings and Values associated with Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program.
• Schneider, I.E. and R. Salk. 2002. Characteristics of and Differences Among Apostle Islands National Lakeshore Campers. CPSP Research Summary No. 31. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program.
• Schneider, I.E. and R. Salk. 2002. Communications at its Core: Language Perceptions and the Differences among Apostle Islands National Lakeshore Communities. CPSP Research Summary No. 30. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program.
• Schneider, I.E. and R. Salk. 2002. The Values Associated with Apostle Islands National Lakeshore: Constituent Group Comparisons. CPSP Research Summary No. 29. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program.

Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01

Outputs
National Park Service (NPS) research continues to quantify how visitors define quality recreation experiences, with a focus on the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore (APIS). In addition, investigation of organizational communication and processes that guide visitor management commenced to assess visitor perceptions of the communication. Research suggests that the language used to manage visitors may be perceived very differently then intended and, therefore, it is important to identify any differences in usage or comprehension. Progress to date includes completion of 13 focus groups with NPS personnel and various public groups, completion of a camping permit applicant mail survey and the inception of report composition for this project. Research summarizing important social conditions in planning resource-based tourism settings was initiated in a partnership with the UMN Center for Urban and Regional Affairs. Recent and relevant literature has been compiled and a report is in progress. At a local level, research was proposed to assess social conditions affecting the winter recreation experience at Battle Creek Regional Park. Data collection commences with appropriate snowfall. Graduate student = 1.

Impacts
NPS management will use the communication findings from the focus groups and surveys to improve communication within and from the APIS NPS unit as well as within the region. In addition, NPS survey findings will assist in developing education and travel management programs for the increasing number of kayakers to the area. The research on planning in resource-based tourism settings will be used to guide a regional planning process in Minnesota's Lake of the Woods region. The Battle Creek Regional Park visitor survey will be used to develop appropriate educational and visitor management programs for winter recreation enthusiasts.

Publications

• No publications reported this period

Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00

Outputs
Research at units of the National Park Service (NPS) is quantifying how visitors define quality recreation experiences and focuses on the identification of indicators and standards of quality of the visitor experience. This and related research is being conducted in a variety of park settings ranging from wilderness, nature-based parks to historical and cultural sites in frontcountry settings (e.g., Isle Royale, Arches, Capitol Reef, and Canyonlands National Parks; Natural Bridges and Colorado National Monuments; Mt. Rushmore National Memorial; Devils Tower National Monument). Study findings confirm that visitors can express normative standards concerning acceptable numbers of visitors to encounter and inappropriate impacts to soil, vegetation, and water. Research suggests there are a variety of evaluative dimensions concerning encounter-related variables that affect quality experiences, including preference, tolerance, acceptability, and conditions that managers 'should' maintain. Work continued to assess public reactions to NPS user fees to aid dwindling public agency budgets. Comparisons were made with a replication of a 1997 study. A 1998 and 1999 study in Minnesota's Boundary Waters Canoe Wilderness (BWCAW) sought camper opinions concerning an implemented user fee in 1998. Another BWCAW study sought camper perceptions of a massive storm in 1999. A book was published that documents trends in outdoor recreation and tourism. Graduate students = 2.

Impacts
Study findings continue to be used by managers and are reported in resource area documents. For example, 1997 and 1999 studies of NPS visitors' opinions of new and increased fees was reported in U. S. General Accounting Office reports to Congress. Findings emphasize public support for increased fees as long as the fee money remains with the NPS and is used primarily at the sites where it was collected. Results have been used by Congress to extend the Recreational Fee Demonstration Program beyond the 3-year time frame that began in 1997. Findings from the 1999 BWCAW study of camper perceptions of the July 4 storm and blowdown are being used in a current environmental impact statement addressing management direction to deal with potential forest fires resulting from the extensive buildup of fuels on the forest floor.

Publications

• Thompson, J. L., D. W. Lime, A. L. Lundgren, C. A. Warzecha, M. Leffel. 2000. Monitoring visitor reactions to the Recreational Fee Demonstration Program. pp313-314. In Book of Abstracts, 8th International Symposium on Society and Resource Management. Transcending Boundaries: Natural Resource Management from Summit to Sea. June 17-22, 2000. Bellingham WA: Western Washington University.
• Warzecha, C. A. and D. W. Lime, R.E. Manning, and W.A. Freimund. 2000. River Use in Canyonlands National Park: Visitor Perceptions and Management Preferences on the Colorado and Green Rivers. CPSP Research Summary No. 16, St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 4pp.
• Warzecha, C. A. and D. W. Lime, R.E. Manning, and W.A. Freimund. 2000. River Use in Canyonlands National Park: Visitor Encounters and Experiences on the Green and Colorado Rivers. CPSP Research Summary No. 17, St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 4pp.
• Warzecha, C.A., D.W. Lime, R.E. Manning, and W.A. Freimund. 1999. Rivers of Canyonlands National Park: 1998 Visitor Use Study. Technical Report to the USDI National Park Service, Midwest Region and Canyonlands National Park. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 110 pages plus appendixes.
• Warzecha, C. W., D. W. Lime, and J. L. Thompson. 2000. Devils Tower National Monument: 1999 Visitor Use Study. Technical Report to the National Park Service, Devils Tower National Monument and Denver Service Center. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 66pp.
• Warzecha, C. W., D. W. Lime, and J. L. Thompson. 2000. Visitors' Relationship to the Resource: Comparing Place Attachment in Wildland and Developed Settings. In: Cole, D.N., McCool, S. F., Borrie, W. T., O'Laughlin, J., Compilers. Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference-Volume 4: Wilderness Visitors, Experiences and Visitor Management. RMRS-P-15-Vol-4. Ogden, UT: USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. pp181-184.
• Lime, D. W. , and M. S. Lewis. 2000. Comparing camper party leaders in 1998 and 1999 reactions to a recently implemented user fee in Minnesota's Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. CPSP Research Summary No. 20, St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 4pp.
• Lime, D. W., J. L. Thompson, J. C. Nauman, and C. A. Warzecha. 2000. National Park Service Recreational Fee Demonstration Program: Comparing visitor reactions to fees in 1997 and 1999. CPSP Research Summary No. 15, St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 4pp.
• Lime, D. W., J. L. Thompson, and C. A. Warzecha. 2000. National Park Service Monitoring Study to Obtain Visitor Reactions to the Recreational Fee Demonstration Program: Yellowstone National Park Winter 2000 Visitor Survey. Technical Report to the National Park Service, National Fee Program, Midwest Region, and Yellowstone National Park. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 45pp.
• Lime, D. W., J. L. Thompson, and C. A. Warzecha. 2000. Monitoring park visitor reactions to the National Park Service Recreational Fee Demonstration Program: Comparing reactions of visitors in Yellowstone National Park during winter 2000 and summer 1999.. CPSP Research Summary No. 18, St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 4pp.
• Manning, R. E. and D. W. Lime. 2000. Defining and managing the quality of wilderness experiences. In: Cole, D.N., McCool, S. F., Borrie, W. T., O'Laughlin, J., Compilers. Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference-Volume 4: Wilderness Visitors, Experiences and Visitor Management. RMRS-P-15-Vol-4. Ogden, UT: USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. pp13-52.
• Gartner, W.C. and D.W. Lime (eds.) 2000. Trends in Outdoor Recreation, Leisure and Tourism. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 458 pp.
• Gartner, W.C. and D.W. Lime. 2000. Big picture: a synopsis of contributions. In: Gartner, W.C. and D.W. Lime (eds.) Trends in Outdoor Recreation, Leisure and Tourism. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. pp 1-13.
• Gartner, W.C. and D.W. Lime. 2000. So What: Implication for management, public policies, marketing, and planning. In: Gartner, W.C. and D.W. Lime (eds.) Trends in Outdoor Recreation, Leisure and Tourism. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. pp 403-413. Lime, D. W. 2000. Human response to large-scale natural disturbances: Wilderness visitors' perceptions of 1999 storm-damaged vegetation in Minnesota's Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. Technical Report to the USDA Forest Service, Superior National Forest St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources.
• Lime, D. W. 2000. Wilderness visitors' perceptions of 1999 storm-damaged vegetation in Minnesota's Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. CPSP Research Summary No. 19, St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 4pp.
• Lime, D. W. and M. S. Lewis. 2000. Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness user fee evaluation: 1999 study of camper party leaders. Technical Report to the USDA Forest Service, Superior National Forest St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources. 70pp.

Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99

Outputs
Continuing research at units of the National Park Service (NPS) is quantifying how visitors define quality recreation experiences. Research has been directed at providing information useful to the agency's new Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) planning framework. Studies continue to focus on the identification of indicators and standards of quality of the visitor experience. This and related research is being conducted in a variety of park settings ranging from wilderness, nature-based parks to historical and cultural sites (e.g., Isle Royale, Arches, Capitol Reef, and Canyonlands National Parks; Natural Bridges and Colorado National Monuments; Mt. Rushmore National Memorial; Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve). Study findings confirm that visitors can express normative standards concerning acceptable and desired numbers of visitors to encounter and inappropriate impacts to soil, vegetation, and water. New research suggests there are a variety of evaluative dimensions concerning encounter-related variables that affect quality experiences, including preference, tolerance, acceptability, and conditions that managers should maintain. Work also continued to assess public reactions to user fees to aid dwindling public agency budgets. A 1999 study in Minnesota's Boundary Waters Canoe Wilderness seeks camper opinions concerning an implemented user fee in 1998. Graduate student=1

Impacts
Study findings continue to be used by resource managers and are reported in resource area documents. For example, 1997 studies of NPS visitors' opinions of new and increased fees was reported in a recent US General Accounting Office report to Congress. Findings emphasize public support for increased fees as long as the fee money remains with the NPS and is used primarily at the sites where it was collected. Results have been used by Congress to extend the Recreational Fee Demonstration Program beyond the 3-year time-frame that began in 1997.

Publications

• Lewis, M. S., and D. W. Lime. 1999. Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness user fee evaluation: 1998 study of area cooperators. Technical Report to the USDA, Forest Service, Superior National Forest, St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, 36pp.
• Lime, D. W., A. L. Lundgren, M. S. Lewis, and J. L. Thompson. 1999. Public reactions to new and growing recreational fees on National Park and National Forest lands in the United States. In: Abstracts of International Symposium on Society and Resource Management, ed., Brown S., 116. Application of Social Science to Resource Management in the Asia-Pacific Region, July 7-10. Brisbane, Australia: University of Queensland Printery.
• Lime, D. W., A. L. Lundgren, and J. L. Thompson. 1999. Monitoring visitor reactions to the National Park Service Recreational Fee Demonstration Program: Helping to understand Park Service customers. In: A Century of Parks in Southern Arizona: Second Conference on Research and Resource Management in Souther Arizona National Parks, Extended Abstracts, eds., Benson L. and B. Gebow, 52-53. Tucson AZ: National Park Service, Southern Arizona Office and USGS Sonoran Desert Field Station.
• Pierskalla, C. D., D. H. Anderson, and D. W. Lime. 1999. Isle Royale National Park Social Indicators and standards of quality as reported by hiking and powerboating visitors. Cooperative Park Studies Unit Research Summary No. 14. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Unit. 4pp.
• Warzecha, C. A., D. W. Lime, R. E. Manning, and W. A. Freimund. 1999a. Canyonlands National Park 1998 Visitor Use Study. Technical Report to the National Park Service, Canyonlands National Park. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Unit. 110pp + appendixes.
• Warzecha, C. A., D. W. Lime, R. E. Manning, and W. A. Freimund. 1999b. Canyonlands National Park, 1998 Friendship Cruise Survey. Technical Report to the National Park Service, Canyonlands National Park. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Unit. 22pp.
• Warzecha, C. A., D. W. Lime, R. E. Manning, and W. A. Freimund. 1999c. Canyonlands National Park, 1998 Jetboat Survey. Technical Report to the National Park Service, Canyonlands National Park. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Unit. 26pp.
• Warzecha, C. A., J. L. Thompson, and D. W. Lime. 1999. Analysis of Public Comments to the Draft Preferred Management Alternative for Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve. Technical Report to the National Park Service, Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve General Management Planning Team, St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Unit. 28pp.

Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98

Outputs
Research continues at units of the National Park Service (NPS) to further quantify how visitors define quality recreation experiences. Research has been directed at providing information useful to the agency's new Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) planning framework. Studies continue to focus on the identification of indicators and standards of quality of the visitor experience. This and related research is being conducted in a variety of park settings ranging from wilderness, nature-based parks to historical and cultural sites (e.g., Isle Royale, Arches, Voyageurs, and Canyonlands National Parks; Mt. Rushmore National Memorial; Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve). Study findings continue to confirm that visitors can express normative standards concerning acceptable and desired numbers of visitors to encounter and inappropriate impacts to soil, vegetation, and water. These findings increasingly are being used by planners and managers and are reported in resource area documents. Work continued to assess public reactions to user fees to enhance dwindling public agency budgets. A 1997 study in Minnesota's Boundary Waters Canoe Wilderness sought camper and interest representative opinions about charging fees for wilderness use. An ongoing 1998 study focuses on camper party leaders' and area outfitters' opinions concerning the implemented user fee in 1998. Evaluation will continue for 3 more years. Also, a 1997 study of visitor reactions to new fees in units of the NPS will be replicated in 1999 and 2000 to assess trends in public opinion to fee programs.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• Lewis, M. S. and D. W. Lime. 1998. Reactions to a proposed camping use fee in Minnesota's Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness: A 1997 study of campers and interest group representatives. Cooperative Park Studies Unit Research Summary no. 13. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Unit. 4pp.
• Lime, D. W., A. L. Lundgren, C. A. Warzecha, J. L. Thompson, and T. G. Stone. 1998. Monitoring the reactions of park visitors to the National Park Service Recreation Fee Demonstration Program. In: Book of Abstracts, Culture, Environment, and Society, 7th International Symposium Society and Resource Management, 237; May 27-31, 1998. Columbia MO. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri-Columbia.
• Manning, R. E., D. W. Lime, and W. A. Freimund. 1998. Methodological aspects of crowding norms: Alternative measures and self-assessment protocols. , p217. In: Book of Abstracts, Culture, Environment, and Society, 7th International Symposium Society and Resource Management, 217; May 27-31, 1998. Columbia, MO. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri-Columbia.
• Warzecha, C. A., D. W. Lime, R. E. Manning, and W. A. Freimund. 1998. 1998 Friendship Cruise Survey, Canyonlands National Park. Technical Report to the National Park Service, Canyonlands National Park. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Unit.
• Warzecha, C. A., J. L. Thompson, D. W. Lime. 1998. Content analysis of public input for the development of the General Management Plan of the Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve: An update. Technical Report to the National Park Service, Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve General Management Planning Team. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Unit. 35pp.
• Warzecha, C. A., J. L. Thompson, D. W. Lime. 1998. Public response to preliminary management alternatives for the Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve. Technical Report to the National Park Service, Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve General Management Planning Team. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Unit. 51pp.

Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97

Outputs
Research continues on several questions at units of the National Park Service (NPS) to further quantify how visitors define quality recreation experiences. Research has been directed at providing information useful to the agency's new Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) planning framework. Studies continue to focus on the identification of indicators and standards of quality of the visitor experience. This and related research is being conducted in a variety of park settings ranging from wilderness, nature-based parks to historical and cultural sites (e.g., Isle Royale, Arches, and Voyageurs National Parks; Mt. Rushmore National Memorial; Niobrara National Scenic Riverway). Study findings continue to confirm that visitors can express normative standards concerning acceptable and desired numbers of visitors to encounter and inappropriate impacts to soil, vegetation, and water. These findings increasingly are being used by planners and managers and are reported in resource area documents. Complementing this research were two published NPS training handbooks that address application of VERP. Work continued to assess public reactions to user fees to enhance dwindling public agency budgets. A study of visitor reactions to new fees in 11 units of the NPS found that park visitors generally have strong support for the new fees, provided that all or most of the fees collected remain in the park or with the NPS to improve visitor services or protect resources, and not be returned to the U. S. Treasury. Similar findings were found from a 1997 study in Minnesota's Boundary Waters Canoe Wilderness regarding a proposal to initiate user fees in 1998 for wilderness camping.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• USDI National Park Service. 1997. VERP: A Summary of the Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) Framework. NPS D-1214. Denver CO: Denver Service Center, 35 p.
• Lime, D. W. and M. S. Lewis. 1997. Reactions of campers and interest group representatives to a proposed camping use fee in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness: results of a 1997 study. Final Report to the USDA Forest Service, Superior National Forest. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources. 87 p.
• Freeman, M. S., L. H. McAvoy and D. W. Lime. 1997. Characteristics, perceptions, and management preferences of rock climbers at Mount Rushmore National Memorial. CPSU Research Summary No. 8. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Unit. 8 p.
• Freeman, M. S., L. H. McAvoy and D. W. Lime. 1997. A survey of rock climbers at Mount Rushmore National Memorial, South Dakota. Final Report to the USDI National Park Service, Midwest Region and Mount Rushmore National Memorial. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Unit. 52 p., plus appendices.
• Lime, D. W., E. M. Wright, and M. S. Lewis. 1997. Management guidance to address unacceptable recreation impacts on the Niobrara National Scenic River within the Fort Niobrara Wilderness, Nebraska. Final Report to the USDI National Park Service, Midwest Region and Niobrara/Missouri National Scenic Riverways. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Unit. 27 p.
• Lime, D. W. and M. S. Lewis. 1997. Snowmobile Use in Voyageurs National Park: A Comparison of Data from a Two-year Study and an In-depth Look at First-time Snowmobilers to the Park in 1996. CPSU Research Summary No. 9. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Unit. 4 p.
• USDI National Park Service. 1997. VERP: The Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) Framework, A Handbook for Planners and Managers. NPS D-1215. Denver CO: Denver Service Center, 103 p.
• Lundgren, A. L., D. W. Lime, and H. M. Gregersen. 1997. Designing and implementing recreation fee programs in the National Park Service: principles and research needs. CPSU Research Summary No. 12, St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Unit. 4 p.
• Lundgren, A. L. and D. W. Lime. 1997. Overview of a 1997 National Park Service monitoring study to obtain visitor reactions to the recreational fee demonstration program. Final Report to the USDI National Park Service, Midwest Region, National Fee Program and Social Science Program. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Unit. 38 p.
• Lundgren, A. L., D. W. Lime, C. A. Warzecha, and J. L. Thompson. 1997. Monitoring 1997 park visitor reactions to the National Park Service recreational fee demonstration program. CPSU Research Summary No. 10, St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Unit. 4 p.
• Lundgren, A. L., D. W. Lime, C. A. Warzecha, and J. L. Thompson. 1997. Content analysis of correspondence received by the National Park Service regarding the recreational fee demonstration program. Final Report to the USDI National Park Service, Midwest Region, National Fee Program and Social Science Program. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Unit. 20 p.

Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96

Outputs
Research continued on several questions at units of the National Park Service (NPS) to further define how visitors define quality recreation experiences. Research was directed at providing information useful to the agency's new Visitor Experience & Resource Protection (VERP) planning framework. Studies at Perry's Victory & Int'l Peace Memorial, Glacier Nat'l Park, St. Croix Nat'l Scenic Riverway, Voyageurs Nat'l Park, & Isle Royale Nat'l Park focus on identification of indicators & standards of quality of visitor experience. This & related research (e.g., Arches Nat'l Park) is being conducted in a variety of park settings ranging from wilderness, nature-based parks to historical & cultural sites. Findings confirm that visitors can express normative standards concerning acceptable & desired numbers of visitors to encounter & inappropriate impacts to soil, vegetation, & water. These findings are found regardless of visitors' socioeconomic characteristics, motives for activity participation, & experience in activity under investigation. Complementing this research was a publication on the nature of congestion & needs to address this illusive topic. New research was initiated at Mt Rushmore Nat'l Memorial exploring the rapidly emerging use by rock climbers. Findings will aid development of a needed management plan to address impacts associated with this use. Work was initiated to review recreation fees in NPS & identify needed research to help design more effective fee policies & programs.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• Manning, RE, DW Lime, M Hof. 1996. Social carrying capacity of natural areas: Theory and application in the national parks. Natural Areas Journal 16(2):118-127.
• Lewis, MS, DW Lime, DH Anderson. 1996. Paddle canoeists' encounter norms in Minnesota's Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. Leisure Sciences 18(2):143-60.
• Manning, RE, DW Lime, WA Freimund, DG Pitt. 1996. Crowding norms at front country sites: A visual approach to setting standards of quality. Leisure Sciences 18(1):39-59.
• Lime, DW, MS Lewis. 1996. Characteristics, use patterns, and perceptions of snowmobilers at Voyageurs National Park: Selected findings of a 1995 study. Research Summary no. 5. St. Paul: University of Minnesota, Cooperative Park Studies Unit
• Lundgren, AL, ed. 1996. Recreation fees in the National Park Service: Issues, policies and guidelines for future action. MES Pub. no. TC-555. St. Paul: Dept. For. Resources, Univ. Minnesota, Cooperative Park Studies Unit.
• Lime, DW, ed. 1996. Congestion and crowding in the national park system: Guidelines for management and research. MAES Misc. Pub. 86-1996. St. Paul: Dept. For. Resources and MN Agricultural Experiment Station, Univ. Minnesota. Lewis, MS,
• Lime, DW, DH Anderson. 1996. Use of visitor encounter norms in natura.

Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95

Outputs
Research continued in various units of the national park system to quantify how visitors define a quality recreation experience. Particular attention was directed to identifying indicators and standards of quality of the visitor experience. This approach to carrying capacity focuses primary emphasis on defining the type of experience to be maintained, and then monitor conditions over time to access whether or not acceptable conditions have been exceeded. Important indicator variables affecting quality of recreation experience included number of people at one time at attraction sites, number of people at one time along trails, amount of environmental impact caused to soil and vegetation by off-trail hiking, number of parties encountered along backcountry trials and at campsites, and number of vehicles encountered along paved and unpaved roads. Research suggests visitors have normative standards about how many encounters can be tolerated before the quality of the experience deteriorates to an unacceptable degree and that norms vary among both user types and management zones within areas. Standards have been specified for various management zones in Minnesota's Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness and Arches National Park. Findings and recommendations have been employed in new resource management plans for both areas. Research continues to help develop procedures to monitor indicator variables of quality over time.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• MANNING, R.E., D. W. LIME, M. HOF, W. A. FREIMUND. 1995. The visitor experience and resource protection (VERP) process: The application of carrying capacity to Arches National Park. The George Wright FORUM 12(3):41-55.
• LIME, D.W. 1995. Principles of carrying capacity for parks and outdoor recreation areas. In: ACTA Environmentalica Universitatis Comenianae (vol. 4&5), Carrying capacity and environmental impact assessment seminal, 21-29,Slovakia. THOMPSON, J. L., D.W. LIME, B. GARTNER, W. M. SAMES (COMPL.). 1995. Proc. of the 4th International Outdoor Recreation and Tourism Symposium and the 1995 National Recreation Resource Planning Conf., May 14-17, St. Paul, MN: UofMN.
• LIME, D. W., R. E. MANNING, W. A. FREIMUND, M.S. LEWIS, J.L. THOMPSON. 1995. Indicators and standards of quality for the visitor experience at Arches National Park: Phase II research. Tech. Report to NPS. St. Paul: Univ. Minnesot.
• PHELPS, C.C. 1995. Monitoring selected indicators of the quality of the visitor experience in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness using the Limits of Acceptable Change planning framework. M.S. Thesis. St. Paul: Univ. Minn.
• THOMPSON, J.L., D. W. LIME. 1995. Analysis of existing information about recreational use for the potential Missouri River National Recreation Area. Tech. report to NPS and Niobrara/Missouri National Scenic Riverways. St. Paul,MN.
• LIME, D.W., S. F. MCCOOL, D. P. GALVIN. 1995. Trends in congestion and crowding.

Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94

Outputs
The National Park Service is developing a process that can be used within their general management planning program to address the issue of carrying capacity. The program is called Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP). During 1994, work progressed to better define the dimensions and components of this framework and how it can be made operational for this agency. Further, research in Arches National Park and the St. Croix National Scenic Riverways is focusing on quantifying elements of what constitutes a quality recreation experience for visitors in various management zones within a park. Similar research continues in Minnesota's Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. Additionally during 1994, research was completed that addressed how visitors to National Park Service areas define various dimensions of a quality recreation visit. One study focused on aspects of visitor experience at lighthouses on Lake Superior. Another addressed visitor's perceptions about development of a new scenic drive through a national lakeshore in northern Michigan. A third study examined river floaters' use patterns and attitudes concerning a newly designated component in Nebraska of the National Wild and Scenic River System. Research resulting from these studies are being used in a variety of resource planning and management documents. Work also has been initiated to understand how snowmobilers perceive various components of wildland experience in Voyageurs National Park.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• HOF, M.; HAMMETT, J.; REES, M.; BELNAP, J.; POE, N.; LIME, D. W.; MANNING, R. E. 1994. Getting a handle on visitor carrying capacity: A pilot project at Arches National Park. Park Science 14(1) Winter: 11-12.
• PITT, D. G.; LIME, D. W.; VLAMING, J. C.; MARTIN, R. 1994. Attitudes and perceptions of visitors to the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore toward development of the Beaver Basin Rim Road. Res. Summary no. 2. St. Paul, MN: CPSU.
• PITT, D. G.; CARTLIDGE, T. L.; LIME, D. W.; MEGA, M.; LEWIS, M. S. 1994. Managing Au Sable Light Station for visitor use. Res. Summary no. 3. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Cooperative Park Studies Unit.
• LIME, D. W.; THOMPSON, J. L.; LEWIS, M. S.; FREIMUND, W. A. 1994. Characteristics, use patterns, and perceptions of floaters on the Niobrara National Scenic River: Selected findings of a 1993 study. Res. Summary no. 4. St. Paul.
• LEWIS, M. S.; LIME, D. W. 1994. A review of social science research projects and availability of computerized databases: St. Croix National Scenic Riverway. Tech. Rpt. to NPS. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Forest Res.
• MANNING, R. E.; LIME, D. W.; MCMONAGLE, R. 1994. Indicators and standards of quality at a heavily-used national park. In: Proc. 1994 NE Recreation research symp. Saratoga Springs, NY, Apr. USDA-FS Gen. Tech. Rpt. NEFES. in pres.