Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/04
Outputs
Three chemical immobilization materials, agricultural limestone (AL), mineral rock phosphate (RP), and diammonium phosphate (DAP), were evaluated using solute transport experiments to determine their ability to reduce subsurface heavy metal transport in a smelter contaminated soil. Reductions of metal eluted from the AL treatment were 55% for Cd, 45.2% for Pb, and 21.9% for Zn. Rock phosphate mixed with soil at 60 and 180g kg-1 was generally ineffective for reducing Cd, Pb, and Zn elution with <27% reduction for Cd, Pb, and Zn. Rock phosphate placed under contaminated soil as a reactive barrier (i.e. layered RP) at 180g kg-1 reduced Cd 53% and Zn 24%, and was the most efficient treatment for reducing Pb (99.9%) transport. DAP treatments were superior to all other materials for reducing Cd and Zn elution with reduction >77% for Zn and >91% for Cd from the 90g DAP kg-1 treatment.
Impacts
Diammonium phosphate (DAP), an inexpensive phosphorus fertilizer commonly used for crop production, has the ability to immobilize heavy metal in contaminated soil and protect water resources from heavy metal contamination near smelting and mining sites. In situ treatment of contaminated soil with DAP at the 2300 mg P kg-1 treatment corresponds to estimated material costs of only US $2.5 m-2 to a depth of 60 cm compared with US $730 m-2 for excavation and landfilling of contaminated soil.
Publications
- Basta, N.T., R.J. Zupancic, and E.A. Dayton. 2000. Using soil tests and bermudagrass growth to evaluate drinking water treatment residuals with phosphorus fertilizer. J. Environ. Qual. 29:2007-2012.
- Basta, N.T., R.R. Rodriguez, and S.W. Casteel. 2001. Bioavailability and risk of arsenic exposure by the soil ingestion pathway. In W.T. Frankenberger (ed.) Environmental Chemistry of Arsenic. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
- Carlson, R.I., J.A. Wilson, R.L. Lochmiller, D.M. Janz,, J.L. Schroder, and N.T. Basta, 2003. Ecotoxicological risks associated with land treatment of petrochemical wastes: III. Immune function and hematology of cotton rats. J. Tox. Environ. Health Part A, 66:327-343.
- Condor, J.M., R.P. Lanno, and N.T. Basta. 2001. Assessment of metal availability in smelter soil using earthworms and chemical extractions. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1231-1237.
- Dayton, E.A. and N.T. Basta. 2001. Characterization of drinking water treatment residuals for use as a soil substitute. Water Environ. Res. 73:52-57.
- Gallimore, L.E., N.T. Basta, D.E. Storm, M.E. Payton, R.H. Huhnke, and M.D. Smolen. 1999. Water treatment residual to reduce nutrients in surface runoff from agricultural land. J. Environ. Qual. 28:1474-1478.
- O'Connor, G.A., T.C. Granato, and N.T. Basta. 2001. Bioavailability of biosolids-Mo to soybean grain. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1653-1658.
- Rodriguez, R. R., N. T. Basta, S.W. Casteel, and L.W. Pace. 1999. An in-vitro gastro-intestinal method to assess bioavailable arsenic in contaminated soils and solid media. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33:642-649.
- Basta, N.T., and R. Gradwohl. 2000. Estimation of heavy metal bioavailability in smelter-contaminated soils by a sequential extraction procedure. J. Soil Contam. 9:149-164.
- Basta, N.T., and J.J. Sloan. 1999. Application of alkaline biosolids to acid soils: changes in solubility and bioavailability of heavy metals. J. Environ. Qual. 28:633-638
- Basta, N.T., R. Gradwohl, K.L. Snethen, and J.L. Schroder. 2001. Chemical immobilization of lead, zinc, and cadmium in smelter-contaminated soils using biosolids and rock phosphate. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1222-1230.
- Wilson, J.A., J.L. Schroder, N.T. Basta, D. Janz, R.I. Carlson, and R.L. Lochmiller. 2003. Abandoned petrochemical landfarms and wildlife in Oklahoma. II. Effects of contaminants on the immune system and hematology of cotton rats inhabiting abandoned petroleum landfarms. J. Tox. Environ. Health Part A. 66:345-363.
- Yang, J.K., M.O. Barnett, P.M. Jardine, N.T. Basta, and S.W. Casteel. 2002. Adsorption, sequestration, and bioaccessibility of As (V) in soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36:4562-4569.
- Schroder, J.L., N.T. Basta, M. Payton, J.A. Wilson, R. I. Carlson, D. M. Janz, and R.L. Lochmiller. 2003. Ecotoxicological risks associated with land treatment of petrochemical waste: I. Residual soil contamination and bioaccumulation by cotton rats (Sigmodon Hispidus). J. Tox. Environ. Health Part A 66:305-325.
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
Three chemical immobilization materials, agricultural limestone (AL), mineral rock phosphate (RP), and diammonium phosphate (DAP), were evaluated using solute transport experiments to determine their ability to reduce subsurface heavy metal transport in a smelter contaminated soil. Reductions of metal eluted from the AL treatment were 55% for Cd, 45.2% for Pb, and 21.9% for Zn. Rock phosphate mixed with soil at 60 and 180g kg-1 was generally ineffective for reducing Cd, Pb, and Zn elution with <27% reduction for Cd, Pb, and Zn. Rock phosphate placed under contaminated soil as a reactive barrier (i.e. layered RP) at 180g kg-1 reduced Cd 53% and Zn 24%, and was the most efficient treatment for reducing Pb (99.9%) transport. DAP treatments were superior to all other materials for reducing Cd and Zn elution with reduction >77% for Zn and >91% for Cd from the 90g DAP kg-1 treatment.
Impacts
Diammonium phosphate (DAP), an inexpensive phosphorus fertilizer commonly used for crop production, has the ability to immobilize heavy metal in contaminated soil and protect water resources from heavy metal contamination near smelting and mining sites. In situ treatment of contaminated soil with DAP at the 2300 mg P kg-1 treatment corresponds to estimated material costs of only US $2.5 m-2 to a depth of 60 cm compared with US $730 m-2 for excavation and landfilling of contaminated
Publications
- Dayton, E.A. and N.T. Basta. Combating excess P in manure with alum sludge. To be delivered at the Great Lakes By-Products Management Association 4th Annual Conference, East Lansing, MI, Dec. 2-3, 2003. Dayton, E,A. Basta, N.T., R.P. Lanno, and J.L. Schroder, 2003. Effect of soil properties on bioavailability and phytotoxicity of Cd, Pb, and Zn. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24th Annual Meeting in North America, Austin, TX, Nov. 9-13.
- Dayton, E,A. Basta, N.T., and J.R. DeWolfe. 2003. Beneficial use of drinking water treatment residuals to protect surface water quality. Annual Water Management Association of Ohio, Nov. 6, 2003. Basta, N.T. 2003. State of existing and potential biosolids research outside the NRC scope. WERF/USEPA Biosolids/Treated Sewage Sludge Research Summit. Alexandria, VA. July 27-30. Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA.
- Basta, N.T., S.W. Casteel, and R.P. Lanno. 2003. Bioavailability assays for risk based remediation in contaminated ecosystems. p. 308-309. Proc. 7th ICOBTE, Uppsala, Sweden, June 15-19. Basta, N.T., F.P. Armstrong, and R.P. Lanno. 2003. In situ remediation of arsenic contaminated soil based on reducing terrestrial ecological risk. p. 40-41. Proc. 7th ICOBTE, Uppsala, Sweden, June 15-19.
- Basta, N.T., and S.L. McGowen. 2003. Evaluation of chemical immobilization treatments for reducing heavy metal transport in a smelter-contaminated soil. Environ. Pollut. 2004. 127(1):73-82. Dayton, E.A., N.T. Basta, C.A. Jakober, and J.A. Hattey. 2003. Using water treatment residuals to reduce phosphorus in agricultural runoff. J. AWWA 95(4):151-158.
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Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02
Outputs
The beneficial use of drinking water treatment residuals (WTR) as a potential source of needed topsoil for land reclamation was evaluated. Seventeen WTR were characterized for use as a soil substitute by comparing chemical and physical properties and plant nutrients of WTR with soil. A tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) bioassay was performed to determine the ability of soil chemical tests to measure WTR P adequacy. WTR chemical and physical properties were generally adequate for crop growth. With the exception of P, none of the WTR were considered unsuitable as soil substitutes based on plant nutrients. Tomato vegetative yield and tissue P were poor due to phytotoxic NO2-N (> 10 mg kg-1) generated during the bioassay or WTR P deficiency. Limited data suggests that WTR with NO2-N < 10 mg kg-1 and Olsen P >50 mg kg-1, water soluble P > 580 ug L-1 P, or Mehlich III P > 54 mg kg-1 supports growth but still produces inadequate tissue P in tomatoes.
Impacts
Currently, most utilities are landfilling their WTR. These utilities are very interested in using WTR as a soil substitute because it will decrease their waste disposal expenses. The major stumbling block for utilities is obtaining permits for using WTR as a soil substitute. However, predicting the performance of a given WTR to serve as a soil substitute is necessary to obtain permits from regulatory agencies. We describe simple lab tests that will provide municipalities the information necessary for obtaining permits to use their WTR as a soil substitute.
Publications
- Zhang, H., T.H. Dao, N.T. Basta, E.A. Dayton, and T.C. Daniel. 2001. Remediation techniques for manure nutrient loaded soils. The National Center for Manure and Animal Waste Management, Wash., DC. Zhang, H., N.T. Basta, J.A. Hattey, D.W. Hamilton, G.V. Johnson, M.D. Smolen, D.E. Storm, and K.E. Matlock. 2001. Nutrient management in Oklahoma. Agron. Abstr. (CD-ROM) Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting, Charlotte, NC, Oct. 21-26.
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Progress 10/01/00 to 09/30/01
Outputs
Drinking water treatment residuals (WTR) can be beneficially used to reduce phosphorus (P) in runoff water from manured agricultural land. Using 21 Al-based WTRs from Oklahoma utilities, chemical components related to P sorption (amorphous Al (Alox, 1.33 to 48.7 g/kg) Fe (Feox, 0.23 to 7.44 g/kg) oxides), clay (0 to 100 g/kg), and water soluble Ca (0.05 to 0.63 g/kg) were measured. Linearized Langmuir P sorption maxima (Pmax) ranged from 0.30 to 5.14 g/kg, and nonlinear Freundlich P distribution coefficient (KP) ranged from 17.5 to 1085 L/kg. Addition of WTR (50 Mg/ha) to box plots treated with poultry litter (16.7 Mg/ha) reduced runoff P by from 14.0 to 84.9 percent. Reductions in runoff P were strongly correlated (P < 0.05) with Pmax and Alox. Performance of WTR as a P sorbent to reduce runoff P from manured land can be estimated from its Pmax or Alox content.
Impacts
Currently, most utilities are landfilling their WTR. These utilities are very interested in land application of WTR because (i) it will decrease their waste disposal expenses, and (ii) it may help protect their source water from agricultural runoff. The major stumbling block for utilities is obtaining permits for land application. However, predicting the performance of a given WTR to reduce runoff P is necessary to obtain permits from regulatory agencies. We describe simple lab tests that will provide utilities the information necessary for land application of their WTR often required by regulatory agencies.
Publications
- O'Connor, G.A., T.C. Granato, and N.T. Basta. 2001. Bioavailability of biosolids-Mo to soybean grain. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1653-1658.
- Dayton, E.A., and N.T. Basta. 2001. Characterization of drinking water treatment residuals for use as a soil substitute. Water Environ. Res. 73:52-57.
- Basta, N.T. 2001. Land application of municipal by-products: An overview of old and new science. Northwest Biosolids Management Association, Chelan, WA, Sept. 9-11.
- Basta, N.T. 2000. Land application of by-products: A research overview. Beneficial Use of By-Products, Ohio Water Environment Association, Columbus, OH, Nov. 30-Dec. 1.
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Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/00
Outputs
The use of drinking water treatment residuals (WTR) as a soil substitute and the ability of soil tests to predict P adequacy was determined. We measured properties and nutrient content of three WTR (Wister, Mohawk, ABJ) and a control soil. Mean cumulative bermudagrass yields, across P treatments, were soil (20.6 g), Mohawk (23.6 g) > Wister (9.6 g) > ABJ (1.1 g). Fertilizer P addition did not increase yield or tissue P of bermudagrass grown on WTR. Water soluble P or Olsen P provides information on the ability of the WTR to support growth but not the ability to predict P adequacy. The M3P soil test overestimated plant availability of P in WTR due to the dissolution of amorphous Al adsorbed P. Characterization of 17 WTR from Oklahoma municipalities showed WTR chemical and physical properties were generally adequate for crop growth. Results suggest that WTR with NO2-N < 10 mg kg-1 and Olsen P >50 mg kg-1, water soluble P > 580 ug L-1 P, or Mehlich III P > 54 mg kg-1
supports growth and use of WTR as a soil substitute.
Impacts
Drinking water treatment residuals are generated in large quantities by municipal water treatment residuals nationwide. Currently, WTR are landfilled at great expense to municipalities. Data from our study shows some types of can be used as a soil substitute for land reclamation. Beneficial use of WTR as a soil substitute would benefit the general public by lowering municipal costs and help protect the environment by converting unproductive land into healthy ecosystems capable of supporting both plant and animal communities.
Publications
- Basta, N.T. 2000. Examples and case studies of beneficial reuse of municipal by-products. p. 481-504. In J.F. Power (ed.) Beneficial uses of agricultural, industrial, and municipal by-products. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
- Basta, N.T., R.J. Zupancic, and E.A. Dayton. 2000. Using soil tests and bermudagrass growth to evaluate drinking water treatment residuals with phosphorus fertilizer. J. Environ. Qual. 29:2007-2012.
- Basta, N.T., W.R. Raun, J.L. Schroder, S.B. Phillips, W.E. Thomason, G.V. Johnson. 1999. Effect of long-term application of biosolids on molybdenum content of winter wheat forage. Agron. Abstr. p. 348.
- Dayton, E.A., and N.T. Basta. 2000. Characterization of Drinking Water Treatment Residual for Use as a Soil Substitute. Water Environ. Res. In Press.
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Progress 10/01/98 to 09/30/99
Outputs
Chemical components related to P sorption were measured in 15 alum-based and 3 polymer- based (poly-aluminumchloride) WTR Phosphorus sorption maxima (P max) were derived from the linearized Langmuir equation (r>0.90,p<0.01) and from P Kd values of the Freundlich equation (r>.95,p<0.01). The median P max of 1.0 g kg1 of WTR was 6.7 times higher than soil (0.15g/kg). The median P Kd of the WTR (236 L/kg) was 24 times greater than the median P Kd of soil (9.72 L kg). Sorption indices of WTR, P max and P Kd, were strongly correlated (P<0.01) with amorphous aluminum, Alox. Isotherm data and use of MINETQA2 suggest P adsortion and not precipitation is likely the predominant mechanism for P sorption by WTR. Before a WTR is used as a P sorbent, the sorption capacity should be measured to determine if it will perform adequately. The empirical relationship between amorphous Al and P sorption capacity may be used to estimate the ability of Al-based WTR to adsorb P in runoff
water.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Zupancic, R.J. 1999. Beneficial utilization of drinking water treatment residuals as a soil substitute in land reclamation. M.S. Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK.
- Gallimore, LE 1999. Use of water treatment residuals to reduce nutrient runoff and as a alternate growth media. M.S. Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK.
- Dayton, E.A. 1999. Beneficial use of drinking water treatment residuals. M.S. Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK.
- Basta, N.T., E.A. Dayton, and L.E. Gallimore. 1999. Nutrient adsorption capacity of water treatment residuals. Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference (CD-ROM), Water Environment Federation, Charlotte, NC, Jan. 27-30, 1999.
- Basta, N.T, W.R. Raun, J.L. Schroder, S.B. Phillips, W.E. Thomason, G.V. Johnson. 1999. Effect of long-term application of biosolids on molybdenum content of winter wheat forage. Agron. Abstr. P.348
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Progress 10/01/97 to 09/30/98
Outputs
Three Drinking Water Treatment Residuals (WTR), from eastern Oklahoma, were evaluated to determine if they could be utilized as a soil substitute in land reclamation. The WTR were dried and potted into plastic pots, where bermudagrass and wheat growth were evaluated in controlled environment growth chambers. All vegetation growing on WTR material showed P deficiencies ranging from very deficient to borderline deficient (0.040 to 0.250 %), while the other macronutrients were at adequate or above adequate levels. Heavy metal accumulation was not detected in vegetation grown on WTR. Vegetation grown on the soil responded to P fertilizer addition, but vegetation grown on the WTR did not respond to P additions. Soil test methods had very poor correlation to vegetation yield or P uptake. Some WTR have the potential to be used as soil substitutes in land reclamation applications, and common soil tests do not predict vegetative yield or response to P additions. A three-month
growth chamber experiment was done to determined the ability of bermudagrass, tall fescue, weeping lovegrass and white clover to produce biomass in nutrient deficient WTRs. Dry matter yield showed that bermudagrass produced significantly higher biomass than other vegetation for all WTRs and also had the highest % ground cover. Sixteen alum based and 3 polymer based WTRs were collected from Oklahoma municipalities. Properties measured to screen these materials as potential soil substitutes included: pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), electrical conductivity (EC), TCLP (toxicity characteristic leaching procedure) heavy metals, soluble Al, bulk density, plant available water, texture, nutrient status and a plant bioassay was performed. Most chemical and physical properties examined were within a range adequate for plant growth.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- L.E. Gallimore, N.T. Basta, D.E. Storm, and M. Payton. 1998. Use of alum residuals to reduce nutrient runoff from agricultural land treated with animal manures to protect surface water quality. J. Environ. Qual. (in review).
- R.J. Zupancic, and N.T. Basta. 1998. Beneficial utilization of alum water treatment residuals as a soil substitute. Agron. Abstr. p. 340.
- N.T. Basta, E.A. Dayton, and L.E. Gallimore. 1998. Nutrient adsorption capacity of drinking water residuals. . Agron. Abstr. p. 346.
- L.E. Gallimore, and N.T. Basta. 1998. Vegetative species selected for growth in nutrient deficient water treatment residuals. . Agron. Abstr. p. 345.
- E.A. Dayton, and N.T. Basta. 1998. Beneficial use of water treatment residuals as a soil substitute. . Agron. Abstr. p.349.
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Progress 10/01/96 to 09/30/97
Outputs
Use of drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs) as a artificial soil substitute Laboratory and greenhouse studies were initiated to evaluate use of WTRs to serve as a soil substitute. In the laboratory studies, chemical characterization of 35 WTR materials to identify materials that may serve as a soil substitute is underway. A greenhouse study was conducted with one WTR material. Bermudagrass was grown successfully on this material with and without fertilizer supplement. A greenhouse study that will study growth of wheat and bermudagrass on several WTRs will be conducted Jan to June, 1998. Chemical Stability of heavy metal contaminated soil remediated by in-situ immobilization. Our previous work has shown treatment of heavy-metal contaminated soil with waste materials (biosolids) and phosphorus fertilizer reduces solubility and bioavailability of Cd, Zn, and Pb. We completed a study to determine the longevity of these immobilization treatments. Treated soils were
acidified from pH 7.0 to 4.0 in 0.5 increments. Chemical speciation results showed only phosphate fertilizer was stable under highly acidic (pH < 5.0) conditions. Waste treatments (biosolids) were effective at reducing heavy metal solubility and bioavailability only at pH > 5.0; they were ineffective at pH < 5.0. Results are being summarized in my student's M.S. thesis and will submitted for publication in Environmental Science and Technology.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Basta, N.T. Examples and Case Studies of Beneficial Reuse of Municipal By Products. In J.F. Power (ed.) Beneficial Uses of Agricultural, Industrial, and Municipal By-Products. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI. (in press). Basta, N,T., and D.E. Storm. 1997. Use of alum residuals to reduce nutrient runoff from agricultural land treated with animal manures to protect surface water quality. Proceedings. p. 14-19 to 14-28. Water Residuals and Biosolids Management: Approaching the Year 2000, Water Environment Federation /American Water Works Association Joint Specialty
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Progress 10/01/95 to 09/30/96
Outputs
Use of alum hydrosolids to reduce nutrient runoff from agricultural land treatedwith animal manures Three field studies evaluating the ability of alum hydrosolids to reduce phosphorus and ammonium in runoff water from land treated with 3 ton/acre of poultry litter were conducted. Land application of alum hydrosolids as buffer strips was more effective in reducing nutrient runoff than broadcast application. Alum hydrosolids reduced the dissolved phosphorus concentration up to 68% and dissolved ammonium up to 75 % in runoff water. Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by in-situ immobilization. Laboratory work on this project has been completed and publications are in preparation.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Peters, J.M., and N.T. Basta. 1996. Reduction of excessive bioavailable phosphorus in soils by using municipal and industrial wastes. J. Environ. Qual. (in press).
- Gavi, F. W.R. Raun, N.T. Basta, and G.V. Johnson. 1996. Effect of applied sewage sludge and inorganic N fertilizer on soil profile accumulation of NH4-N and NO3-N. J. Plant Nutr (in press).
- Anderson, J.A. 1996. M.S. Thesis. Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by in-situ immobilization.
- Basta, N.T., and J.L. Anderson. 1996. Remediation of heavy-metal contaminated soil by in-situ immobilization. Abst from Soc for Envir Toxicology and Chem Ozark-Prairie and S-Central 1996 Regnl Conf, Stlw, OK.
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Progress 10/01/94 to 09/30/95
Outputs
Contaminated soil was treated with amendments (100 g kg-1) and incubated for 12 weeks. Treatments reduced CaEx Zn from > 2000 to < 50 mg Zn kg-1 and CaEx Cd from > 200 to < 21 mg Cd kg-1. Biosolids (lime-stabilized sewage sludge, LS; anaerobic-digested sewage sludge, SS; and NViro, NV), triple superphosphate (TSP), CKD (cement kiln dust), and bauxite red mud (RM) resulted in the largest reduction of CaEx Cd. Amendments had little effect on Pb and Cu content in lettuce grown in treated soils. Overall, NV, LS, CKD, and RM were the most successful amendments in reducing availability, TCLP, bioavailability, and revegetating a highly contaminated soil. The beneficial use of two drinking water treatment alum sludges (hydrosolids), cement kiln dust (CKD), and bauxite red mud (RM) to reduce non-point source (NPS) P pollution from land treated with animal manures was investigated. Amendments were mixed with soil that contained excessive amounts of available P and surface
application of hydrosolids to plots treated with poultry litter to reduce P in runoff water. Adverse environmental impacts from application of amendments should be insignificant. Hydrosolid treatments significantly reduced phosphorus runoff from the box plots. Reductions of soluble P from hydrosolid treatments ranged from 11.3 mg L-1 (46 % reduction) to 4.93 (76 % reduction). Placement of hydrosolids in buffer strips was more effective than broadcasting.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- SLOAN, J.J., AND N.T. BASTA. 1995. Remediation of acid soils by using alkaline biosolids. J. Environ. Qual. 24:1097-1103.
- ANDERSON, J.L., AND N.T. BASTA. 1995. Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by in-situ immobilization. Agron Abstr. p. 352.
- PETERS, J.M., AND N.T. BASTA. 1995. Use of waste amendments to reduce phosphorus bioavailability from agricultural land treated with animal manures. Agron Abstr. p. 352-353.
- GAVI, F. W.R. RAUN, N.T. BASTA, AND G.V. JOHNSON. 1995. Effect of applied sewage sludge and inorganic N fertilizer on soil profile accumulation of NH4-N and NO3-N. Agron Abstr. p. 267.
- PETERS, J.M., N.T. BASTA, E.R. ALLEN. 1995. Use of waste amendments to reduce P bioavailability from agric land treated with animal manures. Abst from Animal waste and the land-water interface interdisciplinary conf., Fayetteville, AR.
- BASTA, N.T. (ED). 1995. Land application of biosolids: A review of research concerning benefits, environmental impacts, and regulations of applying treated sewage sludge. Okla. Agr. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. B-808.
- BASTA, N.T. 1995. Sewage sludge: Land utilization and the environment. Field Crops Research 44:51-52.
- ANDERSON, J.A. 1995. M.S. Thesis. Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by in-situ immobilization.
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