Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:Our project seeks to provide practical solutions in biological control, of both weeds and insect pests, to growers and a diverse group of other agriculture-industry professionals. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This working group continues to provide Snyder with a route to build important collaborations with other biological control practitioners and researchers in the western United States. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Our group continues to maintain an active extension program serving two groups: (1) potato growers in Washington, Idaho and Oregon and (2) mixed-vegetable farmers all down the west coast. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Our ongoing work will continue in the broad areas described under this year's accomplishments. Snyder will attend the W-4185 meeting in fall 2018.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Goal B: Conserve Natural Enemies to Increase Biological Control of Target Pests. Objective 7. Characterize and identify pest and natural enemy communities and their interactions. Out laboratory group is continuing to use molecular diet analysis to document the impacts of predatory insects, and also of wild birds, on herbivorous pests of Brassica crops. Other work is characterizing dung-beetle biodiversity of west coast organic farms, some of which integrate livestock into their farming operations; we have found that dung beetle suppresses human pathogens in the animal feces they consume. Objective 8. Identify and assess factors potentially disruptive to biological control. Research in the Snyder laboratory has documented that organic potato farms, where fewer insecticide sprays lead to higher densities of predatory bugs, experience stronger biological control of two-spotted spider mites. Objective 9. Implement and evaluate habitat modification, horticultural practices, and pest suppression tactics to conserve natural enemy activity. A series of projects in the Snyder laboratory are documenting the importance of hedgerows and other natural habitats on organic mixed-vegetable farms, as refuges for pest-eating predatory insects and wild birds. Other work is examining the timing of potato psyllid movement from non-crop host plants to potato, so that insecticide sprays can be carefully timed to best prevent psyllid establishment in potato fields; in turn, reduced spray frequency will help conserve natural enemies.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Meadows, AJ, DW Crowder and WE Snyder. 2016. Wolves are just wasps with teeth? What invertebrates can teach us about mammal top predators. Food Webs: 2016.09.004
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Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:We work with a broad group of vegetable growers, and increasingly also livestock producers, throughout the western US. Our work also is of interest to academic ecologists working on predator and disease ecology. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Goal B: Conserve Natural Enemies to Increase Biological Control of Target Pests. Objective 7. Characterize and identify pest and natural enemy communities and their interactions. A new project in the Snyder laboratory is using molecular diet analysis to document the impacts of predatory insects, and also of wild birds, on herbivorous pests of Brassica crops. Other work is characterizing dung-beetle biodiversity of west coast organic farms, some of which integrate livestock into their farming operations; we have found that dung beetle suppress human pathogens in the animal feces they consume. Objective 8. Identify and assess factors potentially disruptive to biological control. Research in the Snyder laboratory has documented that organic potato farms, where fewer insecticide sprays lead to higher densities of predatory bugs, experience stronger biological control of two-spotted spider mites. Objective 9. Implement and evaluate habitat modification, horticultural practices, and pest suppression tactics to conserve natural enemy activity. A series of projects in the Snyder laboratory are documenting the importance of hedgerows and other natural habitats on organic mixed-vegetable farms, as refuges for pest-eating predatory insects and wild birds. Other work is examining the timing of potato psyllid movement from non-crop host plants to potato, so that insecticide sprays can be carefully timed to best prevent psyllid establishment in potato fields; in turn, reduced spray frequency will help conserve natural enemies.
Publications
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Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:We work with a broad group of vegetable growers, and increasingly also livestock producers, throughout the western US. Our work also is of interest to academic ecologists working on predator and disease ecology. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Lab postdoc Carmen Blubaugh attended this year's W3185 meeting in Montana. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Lab postdoc Carmen Blubaugh attended the W3185 meeting and presented an update of research results across the many ongoing themes in the laboratory related to this joint project. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We are continuing our broad-based work on biocontrol of agricultural pests, including herbivorous insects and pathogens impacting human, plant, and animal health, across the western US.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Among other projects in the laboratory, we are examining the ecological basis of natural pest control on west coast vegetable farms. Our central hypothesis is the increasing biodiversity among predators, parasitoids, and entomopathogens leads to increasingly pest-suppressive farms. Also, we are examining whether increasingly nutrient-rich soils on organic farms encourage "healthier" plants that are better able to defend themselves against pests. Intensive on-farm work is complemented by molecular gut-content analysis to delineate predator-prey interactions, and an examination of plant defensive-gene activity in a search for links between soil quality and plant "health".
Publications
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Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: Our work is directed to a broad base of growers in the Pacific Northwest, focusing on potato growers in eastern Washington and mixed-vegetable growers throughout the region. Because we work at the interface between applied and basic ecology, our work also is of interest to a broad range of academic ecologists. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? The project allowed PI Snyder to travel to, and present new research results at, the W3185 Meeting in Jackson Hole WY. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Recent research results were presented to the gathered scientists at the W3185 meeting in WY, as part of the session "Biological Control of Arthropods." What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Controlling pests while avoiding the use of disruptive insecticides is a challenge for both new and long-time farmers. Our cooperating growers try a broad range of approaches to encourage pest-killing natural enemies, ranging from the planting of flowering plants between rows to reducing tillage to provide cover for soil-dwelling ground beetles and spiders. Often, growers do not know for sure that these predator-conservation techniques benefit pest control enough to justify their cost. For example, planting and maintaining a flowering, perennial hedgerow is expensive and takes many years - will this investment result in many more dead pests? We seek to provide growers with practical advice on how to quickly build pest-suppressive farms. We will pursue this goal through a combination of intensive field sampling of natural enemy communities; field-experimental work where natural enemy biodiversity is manipulated; and a vigorous outreach program directed at growers operating in many different regions and at a range of scales.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Predators and parasitoids often benefit from feeding on nectar and/or pollen, such that the addition of flowering plants should bolster natural enemies and improve biological control. Nonetheless, this conceptually-simple approach often fails to reduce pest numbers. We examined whether flowering annual plants drew more natural enemies to apples (Malus domestica) in Washington State, USA, and in turn whether this improved suppression of woolly apple aphids (Eriosoma lanigerum) on nearby trees. Initial screening of candidate flowers indicated that syrphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae), thought to be important aphid predators, were particularly attracted to sweet alyssum flowers (Lobularia maritima). Therefore, in two subsequent field experiments, we compared aphid densities on trees placed adjacent to, or relatively far from, flowering sweet alyssum. The results were striking: after one week, aphid densities were significantly lower on trees adjacent to flowers than on those on control plots, and these differences were maintained for several weeks. It was unlikely that aphid decline was primarily due to syrphid predation, because lower aphid densities were observed despite few syrphid larvae being present. Rather, a diverse group of generalist-predator spiders and bugs increased significantly near sweet alyssum plantings, and may have been responsible for much of the aphid suppression that we observed. Immunomarking revealed that natural enemies regularly moved from sweet alyssum to the surrounding orchard. In summary, the floral resources that sweet alyssum plants provided attracted natural enemies and indirectly suppressed densities of woolly apple aphids, suggesting an effective means for apple growers to enhance biological control.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Alyokhin, A., D. Mota-Sanchez, M. Baker. W.E. Snyder, S. Menasha, M. Whalon, and G. Dively. 2014. Red queen on a potato field: IPM versus chemical dependency in Colorado potato beetle control. Pest Management Science, in press.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Northfield, T.D., D.W. Crowder, T. Takizawa and W.E. Snyder. 2014. Pairwise interactions between functional groups improve biological control. Biological Control 78:49-54.
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Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Academic and university scientists across the western US. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Snyder attended the 2013 meeting of this working group in Jackson, WY, and made a presentation to the group, in the session “Arthropod Biological Control”
Publications
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Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: From 2007 to 2012, the majority of the research conducted involved the collection and redistribution of various natural enemies used for the management of invasive plant species. Bioagents released included 267,000 Mecinus janthinus in 12 Washington counties against Dalmatian toadflax, 73,160 Larinus minutus in 10 counties, 3,600 Bangasternus fausti in 3 counties, and 50,700 Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata in 6 counties for diffuse and spotted knapweed, 1,000 Larinus obtusus in 2 counties for spotted knapweed, 134,240 Galerucella calmariensis and G. pusilla in 4 counties and 5,700 Nanophyes marmoratus in 4 counties against purple loosestrife, 15,800 pounds of plant material infested by Aceria chondrillae, Cystiphora schmidti, and Puccinia chondrillina against rush skeletonweed in 8 counties, 23,700 Coleophora klimeschiella in 5 counties for Russian thistle, 6,000 Rhinusa tetrum in 4 counties for common and moth mullein, 13,400 Chrysolina hyperici and C. quadrigemina in 4 counties for St. Johnswort, 56,250 Agonopterix alstroemeriana in 9 counties for poison hemlock, 62,650 Larinus planus in 12 counties and 5,000 Urophora cardui in 4 counties for Canada thistle, 72,050 Eustenopus villosus in 6 counties and 8,000 Larinus curtus in 2 counties for yellow starthistle, and 1,685 Tyria jacobaea in 3 counties for tansy ragwort. Initial release and subsequent agent establishment was achieved against field bindweed using the gall mite Aceria malherbae. Natural enemy impact assessments were undertaken for the stem boring beetle Mecinus janthinus on two Dalmatian toadflax morphotypes, for the seed weevil Nanophyes marmoratus on purple loosestrife, and for Chaetorellia australis and C. succinea on cornflower and yellow starthistle. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: State noxious weed control board/district supervisors, county extension agents, conservation district employees, private landowners, municipality vegetation managers, state (WSDOT, WSDFW), tribal, and federal (USBLM, USBR, USFS, USFWS, USNPS) land management personnel. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Natural enemy importations/redistributions led to the population enhancement/geographical range expansion of 23 species against 14 noxious weed species in Washington. Bioagent utilization reduced infestations of Dalmatian toadflax, diffuse knapweed, purple loosestrife, and yellow starthistle at numerous locations. Landowner/manager utilization of herbicidal and physical management methods was reduced by in excess of 30% on thousands of acres due to expanded biological control agent usage. These user groups realized a cost savings of over one million dollars in potential herbicide deployment and prevented further environmental degradation by employing weed-feeding phytophages. Biological of weeds research findings were published in various extension bulletins and research journals.
Publications
- Andreas J.E., E.Coombs, J.Milan, G.L.Piper, M.Schwarzlaender2012. Biological Control. 2012 Pacific Northwest Weed Management Handbook. Ed. E. Peachy, D. Ball, A Hulting, T. Miller, D. Morishita, and P. Hutchinson (eds.). Corvallis, OR. Oregon State University. 1-7.
- Tonkel K.C., G.L.Piper. 2012. Patterns in resource partitioning by insect biological agents of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) in Washington. Northwest Science : Official Publication of the Northwest Scientific Association. 83:16-24.
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The use of nonindigenous biological control organisms for the suppression of invasive plant species has continued to increase in importance in Washington. A diversity of landowners requested assistance with procurement of bioagents in 2011. Extensive redistribution of Mecinus janthinus, a Dalmatian toadflax phytophage, was effected, with a total of 21,400 individuals being provided for release in Chelan (100), Douglas (4,100), Grant (10,900), Lincoln (400), Okanogan (3,500), Spokane (2,000), and Whitman (800) counties. The first redistributions of the capitulum weevil Bangasternus fausti in the state on diffuse knapweed were made with 100 and 1,000 adults being released in Spokane and Walla Walla counties, respectively. The seed head weevil Larinus minutus was collected and 14,260 adults were shipped to seven counties for release on diffuse knapweed. The purple loosestrife foliage consuming beetles Galerucella calmariensis and G. pusilla were moved into several counties. Collections of the loosestrife seed weevil Nanophyes marmoratus were made once again in 2011 with 1,800 adults being released in King, Pierce, and Walla Walla counties. Movement of rush skeletonweed infested with three biocontrol agents occurred in five eastern Washington counties, with nearly 2,000 lbs of plant material being translocated from collection sites in Whitman and Adams counties. A total of 1,500 larvae of the leafmining moth, Coleophora klimeschiella, were collected for subsequent release on Russian thistle in Walla Walla County. Several small releases of Chrysolina spp. were made on St. Johnswort in Lincoln and Snohomish counties to supplement extant populations. Redistribution of the fortuitously introduced defoliating moth Agonopterix alstroemeriana was achieved in three counties, with 11,000 larvae being moved. A total of 2,600 Urophora cardui gall flies were released in Grant, Lincoln, and Pierce counties on Canada thistle and 7,000 Larinus planus, a seed eating weevil, were also liberated by cooperators in seven counties. Demand for yellow starthistle bioagents surged in 2011, with 16,350 adult Eustenopus villosus, a seed destroying weevil, being procured for transshipment to Columbia (6,250), Spokane (2,500), Walla Walla (6,800), and Whitman (800) counties. Limited bioagent releases were also achieved against field bindweed and tansy ragwort. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Weed control boards/districts, conservation districts, county extension agents, private landowners, tribal, state (WSDOT, WSDFW, WDNR), and federal (USBLM, USFWS, USFS, USNPS) land management personnel. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Redistribution activities carried out in 2011 led to the enhancement of biological control agent distributions against 12 noxious weed species throughout Washington. Continued augmentation of Mecinus janthinus has reduced the severity of Dalmatian toadflax land occupancy in many counties. New populations of Bangasternus fausti and Aceria malherbae were discovered and will be used as insectary sites to facilitate future releases of these bioagents in the state. Landowner dependency on herbicides for aquatic and noncropland weed management continued to decline (>30%) because of natural enemy utilization. Property owners/managers statewide realized an estimated cost savings of $250K as a direct result of bioagent deployment, a significant monetary gain during this challenging economic era.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In 2010, research primarily focused on the collection/redistribution of 20 biological control agent species for the management of 14 Eurasian plant species that have become serious weeds in Washington State. Species targeted for control included Canada thistle, common mullein, Dalmatian toadflax, diffuse and spotted knapweed, field bindweed, poison hemlock, purple loosestrife, rush skeletonweed, Russian thistle, Scotch broom, St. Johnswort, tansy ragwort, and yellow starthistle. A large-scale bioagent redistribution effort against Dalmatian toadflax was continued in 2010. A total of 51,200 adult Mecinus janthinus, a foliage feeding stem boring curculionid, were gathered and released in Chelan (300), Douglas (26,100), Lincoln (10,400), Okanogan (200), Spokane (13,200), and Whitman (1,000) counties at numerous sites. The seed head attacking insects Larinus minutus, Urophora affinis, and U. quadrifasciata were field collected and used to initiate and/or supplement management efforts in WA. A total of 18,400 L. minutus were released in six counties and 2,500 Urophora spp. were released at a site in Lincoln Co. A sizeable population of Bangasternus fausti, a knapweed seed feeder, was discovered in Washington and adults collected from this site will be used for redistribution in 2011. Collections of foliage-feeding Galerucella spp. were made in Grant Co. and the beetles (11,200) were transported to Snohomish Co. for release on purple loosestrife. Additionally, 3,000 adult Nanophyes marmoratus, a seed devouring weevil, were collected and shipped to Benton Co. for release on the same weed. Rush skeletonweed bioagent redistribution activity remained high with over 1363 kg of plant material infested by the gall mite (Aceria chondrillae), gall midge (Cystiphora schmidti), and rust fungus (Puccinia chondrillina) being redistributed in three eastern WA counties during July. Larvae (8,000) of the coleophorid moth, Coleophora klimeschiella, were collected from Russian thistle in Grant and Whitman counties and liberated on infestations of the weed on USFWS lands in Benton Co. Limited collections/releases of the mullein seed weevil Rhinusa tetrum were made. Adult beetles were released in Douglas (1,000) and Lincoln (200) counties. The St. Johnswort beetles, Chrysolina hyperici and C. quadrigemina, were collected in May and June and subsequently released at infested localities in Spokane Co by USBLM staff. A total of 5,800 adult beetles were used in this management effort. Inoculative releases of the poison hemlock moth, Agonopterix alstroemeriana, were made in Benton, Snohomish, and Walla Walla counties, the number of mid- to late instar larvae released in these areas being 10,000, 1,500, and 3,000, respectively. Larinus planus, a seed destroying weevil, has become the dominant phytophage on Canada thistle during the last decade. A total of 5,150 adults were procured and shipped to Benton (1,000), Douglas (1,700), Lincoln (350), and Snohomish (1,100) counties. Over 3,000 Urophora cardui galls were collected in Whitman Co. during the fall. Overwintered galls will yield adults for release in 2011. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Weed control boards/districts, conservation districts, county extension agents, private landowners, state (WSDOT, WSDFW, WDNR), and federal (USBLM, USFWS, USFS, USNPS) land management personnel. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Redistribution activities carried out in 2010 led to the enhancement of biological control agent distributions against 14 noxious weeds throughout Washington. Intensive deployment of Mecinus janthinus has retarded Dalmatian toadflax invasiveness, facilitated the restoration of many previously infested sites for animal foraging, and led to the re-establishment of desired native plant species. New populations of Bangasternus fausti and Aceria mahlherbae were discovered and will be used as insectary sites for redistribution of these bioagents. Landowner utilization of chemical and physical management methods has been diminished by an estimated 30% in WA because of the proliferation of biocontrol acceptance. Property owners/managers realized a cost savings of $500K in 2010 through the implementation of weed biocontrol during these trying economic times. Cooperative linkages were maintained or established with AES, USDA-ARS, USBLM, USFS, USNPS, USFWS, and multiple state agencies charged with noxious plant management in the western United States.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: During 2009, invasive plant biological control activity was primarily focused upon the collection/redistribution of 18 natural enemy species for the enhanced suppression of 12 noxious weed species problematic in rangelands, wild lands, wetlands, and urban settings throughout Washington State. Offending species include Canada thistle, common mullein, Dalmatian toadflax, diffuse and spotted knapweed, poison hemlock, purple loosestrife, rush skeletonweed, Russian thistle, St. Johnswort, tansy ragwort, and yellow starthistle. Numerous landowners/managers requested assistance with the biocontrol of Dalmatian toadflax. A large-scale redistribution effort involving the curculionid Mecinus janthinus, a superb plant population suppressant, was carried out. A total of 81,000 weevils were released in nine eastern WA counties. New releases of the seed head beetle Larinus minutus were made against populations of diffuse and spotted knapweed in seven counties, with 15,100 adults being translocated from selected, well-established populations. A related weevil species, Larinus obtusus, was procured and released against a spotted knapweed infestation in Spokane Co. Although very widespread from previous releases made throughout WA, the adult seed head gall flies Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata were provided to individuals in Franklin (10,000), Lincoln (2,500), and Spokane (1,000) counties for knapweed biocontrol. The foliage-consuming chysomelids Galerucella calmariensis and G. pusilla were obtained for release against purple loosestrife. Collections yielded 45,240 adults, 22,440 of which were released in Snohomish Co., the remainder being liberated in Benton (16,000), Grant (6,000), and King (800) counties. Rush skeletonweed bioagent redistributional activity was elevated in 2009, with over 1,360 kg. of plant material infested with the gall mite (Eriophyes chondrillae), the gall midge (Cystiphora schmidti), and the rust fungus (Puccinia chondrillina) being released against this invasive weed in three eastern counties. The foliage- feeding moth Coleophora klimeschiella was exceedingly abundant in eastern WA in 2009, and a total of 6,700 larvae were gathered for releases in Benton and Franklin counties. An extensive survey of this moth's distribution and abundance was conducted. A preliminary assessment of biotic limiting factors (parasitism/predation) indicated that several parasitoid species may be negatively impacting moth success in some areas of WA. Collection of the common mullein seed weevil, Rhinusa tetrum, was effected in May, the adults being released to augment/establish populations in four counties. St. Johnswort population outbreaks were combatted in Lincoln, Spokane, and Snohomish counties through the release of 2,300 adult Chrysolina hyperici and C. quadrigemina, the adults and immatures of which are defoliators. Poison hemlock suppression was effected by translocating the defoliating oecophorid Agonopterix alstroemeriana into five counties, with 9,000 larvae being released. During May and June, 19,300 Larinus planus and 5,200 Rhinocyllus conicus were collected and used to initiate multiple, new colonizations against Canada PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Weed control boards/districts, county extension agents, private landowners, state (WSDOT, WSDFW, WDNR) and federal (USBLM, USFS, USFWS, USBIA) land management personnel PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Redistribution efforts in 2009 led to the enhancement of natural enemy distributions against 12 designated Class B and C noxious weeds throughout Washington State. Intensive deployment of Mecinus janthinus in the present and past years has markedly retarded Dalmatian toadflax invasiveness, facilitated the restoration of many previously infested sites for animal foraging, and led to the re-establishment of desired native plant species. Diffuse knapweed population densities throughout eastern WA have declined due to the feeding impacts of Larinus minutus and other released bio agents. Landowner/land manager utilization of herbicidal and physical management methods has been diminished by over 30% against the aforementioned and other weed species because of the proliferation of biotic organism acceptance. Property owners statewide realized an estimated cost savings of $500+K through biological control implementation.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Biological control of weeds activities in Washington during 2008 focused upon the redistribution of 19 natural enemy species against 12 noxious plant species infesting rangelands, wildlands, and wetlands. Species targeted included Canada thistle, common mullein, Dalmatian toadflax, diffuse and spotted knapweed, poison hemlock, purple loosestrife, rush skeletonweed, Russian thistle, St. Johnswort, tansy ragwort, and yellow starthistle. As in preceding years, a massive redistribution effort was centered around the curculionid Mecinus janthinus, a foliage feeding and stem boring bioagent used against Dalmatian toadflax. A total of 97,600 beetles was released in 8 counties. Multiple releases of the seed head destroying weevil Larinus minutus were effected in seven eastern and western WA counties against diffuse knapweed. A small release of Larinus obtusus, another seed destroyer, was directed against spotted knapweed in Spokane Co. Additionally, over 29,000 adult Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata were procured and transshipped to three counties for release against diffuse and spotted knapweed. The foliage feeding chrysomelids Galerucella calmariensis and G. pusilla were collected for redistribution to Benton, King, and Snohomish counties for purple loosestrife biocontrol augmentation, with 39,700 adults being released by cooperating personnel. Continued demand for assistance from Adams, Columbia, and Lincoln counties with rush skeletonweed suppression resulted in the collection and release during July of three tons of plant material infested with the gall mite and midge and rust fungus, the amount being redistributed up 50% from 2007. Releases of 7,400 Coleophora klimeschiella larvae were carried out in Lincoln and Walla Walla counties for Russian thistle biocontrol. Bioagent liberations were also made in three eastern WA counties against common mullein, with 2,700 adult Rhinusa tetrum being released to impact seed output. A total of 3,100 Chrysolina spp. were released in Lincoln and Spokane Co. to enhance resident bioagent populations on St. Johnswort. Poison hemlock suppression was achieved by translocating the defoliating moth Agonopterix alstroemeriana into five counties, with 17,750 larvae being released. Over 37,000 adult Larinus planus and Rhinocyllus conicus adults were collected during May and June and used to effect new releases against Canada thistle populations in WA. Over 14,000 Eustenopus villosus adults were introduced into yellow starthistle populations in rangeland areas of Columbia, Franklin, Klickitat, Walla Walla, and Whitman counties. The first recoveries of Mogulones cruciger, a weevil initially released in Canada for houndstongue biocontrol, were made in several northcentral and northeastern WA counties in 2008. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Weed control boards/districts, county extension agents, private landowners, state (WSDOT, WSDFW, WDNR) and federal (USBLM, USFS, USFWS, USBIA) land management personnel PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Redistribution efforts in 2008 led to the enhancement of biological control agent distributions against 12 declared Class B and C noxious weeds in 14 WA counties. Continued deployment of Mecinus janthinus has markedly diminished populations of Dalmatian toadflax, facilitating the restoration of previously infested rangeland and CRP sites for livestock/wildlife occupation. The use of Galerucella spp. has nearly eliminated once monopolistic stands of purple loosestrife from many wetland areas. Rush skeletonweed invasiveness in range areas has been retarded through the annual establishment of host-specific biotic organism populations. Landowner dependence on herbicidal controls has declined precipitously (30-50%) in many counties because of biological control adoption. Assistance requests for bioagent implemention by private, county, state, and federal weed managers increased 100% in 2008. Statewide, property owners/managers who used biocontrol against one or more weeds realized an estimated cost savings of at least $500 K in 2008.
Publications
- Tonkel, K.C., and G.L.Piper. 2008. Patterns in Resource Partitioning by Insect Biological Control Agents of Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea solstititalis L.) in Washington. Northwest Science : Official Publication of the Northwest Scientific Association. 83(1):16-24.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: During 2007, biological control of weeds activities in Washington involved the redistribution of 20 bioagent species against the exotic rangeland, wildland, and wetland weeds Canada thistle, common mullein, Dalmatian toadflax, diffuse and spotted knapweed, poison hemlock, purple loosestrife, rush skeletonweed, Russian thistle, Scotch broom, St. Johnswort, tansy ragwort, and yellow starthistle. Extensive movement of the foliage feeding/stem boring weevil Mecinus janthinus was effected throughout eastern WA. A total of 111,850 beetles were released in seven counties. Releases of Larinus minutus were made against knapweed species in six eastern Washington counties, with 21,800 weevil adults being redistributed. Nearly 27,000 adult Galerucella calmariensis and G. pusilla were shipped to western Washington for release against purple loosestrife. A resurgence in rush skeletonweed populations necessitated the collection and redistribution of over 3,600 lbs. of bioagent-infested
plant material into Franklin and Lincoln counties. Larvae (2,500) of the foliage feeding moth Coleophora klimeschiella were gathered for transshipment to two eastern WA counties for Russian thistle suppression. Demand remained high for assistance in suppressing populations of common mullein, with 3,800 adult Rhinusa tetrum, a seed weevil, being redistributed. A total of 4,600 adults of the St. Johnswort foliage feeding Chrysolina spp. beetles were released at locations in three eastern (Douglas, Lincoln, and Spokane) and one western (Snohomish) county to enhance resident natural enemy population levels. Larvae of the poison hemlock moth Agonopterix alstroemeriana were shipped to and released by cooperators in seven counties, with a total of 11,250 individuals being moved. The Canada thistle seed weevil Larinus planus was obtained (7,600 adults) and moved into Douglas, Franklin, Grant, King, Lincoln, Snohomish, and Spokane counties to aid in management efforts against this pernicious
weed. On yellow starthistle, the bud and seed destroying weevil Eustenopus villosus was harvested (23,775 adults) and provided to landowner requestors in seven heavily infested counties. The seed weevil Exapion fuscirostre was redistributed against Scotch broom, an invasive perennial, at sites in Clallam, King, and Mason counties in western Washington.
TARGET AUDIENCES: Weed control boards/districts, private landowners, state (WSDOT, WSDFW, WDNR) and federal (USBLM, USFS, USFWS, USBIA, USNPS) land management personnel
Impacts
Redistribution activities in 2007 led to the enhancement of biological control agent distributions against 13 noxious weeds throughout Washington state. Intensive deployment of Mecinus janthinus has retarded Dalmatian toadflax invasiveness, facilitated the restoration of previously infested sites for animal foraging, and led to the re-establishment of native plant species. Landowner utilization of chemical and physical management methods has been diminished by 30% in WA because of the proliferation of biocontrol acceptance. Property owners/managers realized an estimated cost savings of $550K in 2007 through their implementation of weed biocontrol.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
From May to August 2006, 20 non-native arthropod and plant pathogen bioagent species were redistributed against exotic rangeland- and wetland-infesting weed species in Washington. Inoculative releases of offensive plant phytophages were directed against Canada thistle, common mullein, Dalmatian toadflax, diffuse and spotted knapweed, poison hemlock, purple loosestrife, rush skeletonweed, Russian thistle, St. Johnswort, tansy ragwort, and yellow starthistle. On Dalmatian toadflax, 50,450 Mecinus janthinus adults were released at numerous sites in six counties. The knapweed seed weevils, Larinus minutus (17,500 adults) and L. obtusus (3,200 adults) and gall flies, Urophora spp. (14,500 adults), were moved to 12 counties. The foliage-consuming oecophorid Agonopterix alstroemeriana was shipped to four poison hemlock-infested counties. Galerucella spp. leaf beetle adults (59,800) were introduced into six counties to initiate/bolster control of purple loosestrife. Nearly
10,700 Chrysolina spp. were liberated against populations of St. Johnswort in four eastern WA counties. A massive bioagent deployment effort was conducted against rush skeletonweed in four counties, the organisms released being the bud gall mite, leaf/stem gall midge, and rust fungus. Scattered yellow starthistle populations in five counties were targeted for biocontrol by the seed weevil Eustenopus villosus (25,200 adults).
Impacts
Cooperative linkages were maintained or established with AES, USDA-ARS, US BLM, USFS, USNPS, USFWS, and numerous state agency personnel involved with undesirable plant suppression activities. Utilization of host-specific,weed-debilitating bioagents by private sector, state, federal, and tribal land managers measurably reduced herbicide use, lowered land maintenance expenditures, increased forage and native plant species survival, and contributed to a noticeable, continued improvement in the overall health of 30,000+ acres of rangeland, wildland, and wetland environments in 20 of Washington State's 39 counties during FY 06.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
During 2005, redistributions of 19 nonindigenous arthropod and plant pathogen species were made against 13 invasive weed species throughout Washington. Natural enemy enhancement was directed against populations of Canada thistle, Dalmatian toadflax, knapweed, poison hemlock, purple loosestrife, Russian thistle, and St. Johnswort. On Canada thistle, 7,400 Larinus planus adults were released in five eastern WA counties to diminish seed production. A total of 24,150 adults of the foliage feeding/stem boring weevil Mecinus janthinus were liberated at diverse sites in seven counties for toadflax suppression. The knapweed seed weevils Larinus minutus (8,750 adults) and L. obtusus (600 adults) were redistributed into nine counties. Over 6,750 larvae of the oecophorid moth Agonopterix alstroemeriana were placed into environments occupied by poison hemlock. Multiple sites infested by purple loosestrife in six eastern and western counties were recipients of over 47,000 foliage
feeding beetles (Galerucella spp.). The moth Coleophora klimeschiella was redistributed to counties infested by Russian thistle, with a total of 3,300 larvae being moved. A total of 12,400 Chrysolina spp. adults were released in two northeastern WA counties against St. Johnswort. The extent and impact of Chaetorellia australis and C. succinea on yellow starthistle and cornflower in southeastern WA was determined.
Impacts
Enhanced deployment of exotic weed bioagents by private sector, state, federal, and tribal land managers has measurably reduced herbicide utilization, lowered land maintenance expenditures, increased forage and native plant species survival, and contributed to a marked improvement in the overall health of 25,000+ acres of rangeland, wildland, and wetland environments in Washington State.
Publications
- Wilson, L., E. E. Sing, G L. Piper, R. W. Hansen, R. DeClerk-Floate, D. K. MacKinnon, and C. B. Randall. 2005. Biology and Biological Control of Dalmatian and Yellow Toadflax. USDA-FS FHTET-2005-13, Morgantown, WV. 116 p.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Intrastate redistributions of 18 nonindigenous arthropod and plant pathogen species were made against 10 invasive weeds throughout Washington. Emphasis was placed on achieving bioagent population enhancement against Canada thistle, Dalmatian toadflax, diffuse and spotted knapweed, purple loosestrife, and rush skeletonweed. On toadflax, over 31,000 adult Mecinus janthinus weevils were released in seven eastern Washington counties to effect colonization/establishment. A total of 16,000 seed feeding beetles (Larinus spp.) were liberated against diffuse and spotted knapweed. Larvae of the defoliating moth Agonopterix alstroemeriana were collected and subsquently released for the suppression of poison hemlock, a plant toxic to humans and livestock. In excess of 18,000 Galerucella pusilla and G. calmariensis adults were used to inititate new releases against the wetlands weed purple loosestrife. Over 1,400 pounds of bioagent-infested (gall midge, gall mite, rust fungus)
plant material was harvested for redistributional purposes. A study was begun to elucidate the distribution and impact of Chaetorellia australis and C. succinea on yellow starthistle and cornflower in eight eastern Washington counties.
Impacts
Enhanced deployment of exotic phytophages by private sector, state, and federal vegetation management practitioners has lowered herbicide inputs, reduced land maintenance expenditures, increased forage and native plant species survival, and contributed to a reduction in the degradation of rangeland, wildland, and wetlands environments by noxious vegetation in the state.
Publications
- E. M. Coombs, J. K. Clark, G. L. Piper, and A. F. Cofrancesco, Jr. 2004. Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the United States. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis.
- Piper, G. L. 2004. Integration of biological control with other methods, pp.114-121. In E. M. Coombs, J. K. Clark, G. L. Piper, and A. F. Cofrancesco, Jr. (eds.), Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the United States. Western Society of Weed Science, Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
New releases or redistributions of 17 natural enemies were made against 14 exotic weed species throughout Washington State. Weeds receiving increased biocontrol emphasis included Canada thistle, Dalmatian toadflax, diffuse knapweed, and purple loosestrife. The redistribution of the toadflax stem boring weevil Mecinus janthinus led to a marked expansion of its known range in the state.
Impacts
Enhanced utilization of plant feeding natural enemies by vegetation management practitioners has lowered herbicide inputs, reduced land maintenance expenditures, increased forage and native plant species survival, and contributed to a reduction in the degradation of rangeland and wildland in Washington
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
New releases or redistributions of 42 weed phytophage species were effected at numerous locations throughout Washington State against 15 noxious weed species between 1993 and 2002. A 90% rate of bioagent establishment was achieved. Life history and impact assessment studies were completed for diffuse knapweed, yellow starthistle, purple loosestrife, common mullein and Scotch thistle natural enemies in Washington State.
Impacts
The widespread utilization of biocontrol agents by weed management practitioners has lowered herbicide inputs, reduced land maintenance costs, increased forage plant productivity, enhanced indigenous plant survival, and diminished environmental degradation on thousands of acres of rangeland and wildland in Washington State.
Publications
- Boyd, E. A., and G. L. Piper. 2002. Outsmarting the purple foe--Battling purple loosestrife with biological control. Agrichem. Environ. News 192: 1-5. Online at http://aenews.wsu.edu.
- Coombs, E., and G. Piper. 2002. Biological control of weeds--A tool for forest management. West. Forester 47(3): 8-10.
- Coombs, E., and G. Piper. 2002. Biological control of weeds--A tool for forest management. Northwest Woodlands 18(3): 16-17.
- Piper, G. L. 2002. Hopping on a bad weed--Insect biocontrol of Dalmatian toadflax in Washington. Agrichem. Environ. News 196: 8-ll. Online at: http://aenews.wsu.edu.
- Whaley, D. K., and G. L. Piper. 2002. Defusing diffuse knapweed--Biological control of an explosive weed. Agrichem. Environ. News 194: 1-8. Online at: http://aenews.wsu.edu.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Nonindigenous weed phytophage redistributions were made against rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa), spotted knapweed (C. maculata), yellow starthistle (C. solstitialis), St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum), Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria genistifolia dalmatica), purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), and common mullein (Verbascum thapsus). Eighteen natural enemy species were collected and released at multiple locations in 19 WA counties against these weeds in 2001. Extensive redistribution was effected for Larinus minutus (38,450) and Urophora spp. (18,000) on C. diffusa and C. maculosa, Agonopterix alstroemeriana (8,000) on C. maculatum, and for Eustenopus villosus (26,800) on C. solstitialis. Bioecological/impact studies for the weevils Nanophyes marmoratus on L. salicaria and L. minutus on C. diffusa and C. maculosa were concluded. A multi-county survey was
completed to assess the extent of the adventive distribution of Mecinus janthinus into WA from Canadian release sites. The results indicated that this stem mining weevil is presently well established in at least 4 northern counties. Cooperative research linkages were maintained with BIA, USDA-ARS, USFWS, and USFS personnel, and weed management specialists in CA, ID, MT, OR, and Canada.
Impacts
Deployments of host-specific natural enemies have markedly contributed to enhanced exotic weed suppression in forest, wetland, and rangeland/pasture ecosystems in WA. Bioagent-induced reductions of diffuse knapweed, yellow starthistle, and purple loosestrife infestation densities have been recorded in eastern WA. Significant injury by M. janthinus is evident on Dalmatian toadflax but a 2-3 year massive multi-county relocation effort for this insect is warranted.
Publications
- Coombs, E. M., G. L. Piper, and L. M. Wilson. 2001. Biological control, pp. 4-7. In R. D. William, D. Ball, T. L. Miller, R. Parker, J. P. Yenish, T. W. Miller, D. W. Morishita and P. J. S. Hutchinson (eds.), Pacific Northwest Weed Management Handbook. Wash. State. Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv., Pullman.
- Piper, G. L. 2001. Biological management of invasive weeds in the western United States, pp. 1-12. In Proc. Intertribal AG Council & USDA Western Rional Noxious Weed Meeting, 19-20 July 2001, Spokane, WA.
- Piper, G. L. 2001. The biological control of yellow starthistle in the western U.S.: Four decades of progress, pp. 48-55. In L. Smith (ed.), The First Int. Knapweed Symp. of the 21st Century, 15-16. March 2001, Coeur d'Alene, ID.
- Story, J. M. and G. L. Piper. 2001. Status of biological control efforts against spotted and diffuse knapweed, pp. 11-17. In L. Smith (ed.), The First Int. Knapweed Symp. of the 21st Century, 15-16 March 2001, Coeur d'Alene, ID.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
In Washington, nonindigenous weed phytophage redistributions were made against Chondrilla juncea (rush skeletonweed), Cirsium arvense (Canada thistle), Conium maculatum (poison hemlock), Centaurea diffusa (diffuse knapweed), C. maculosa (spotted knapweed), and C. solstitialis (yellow starthistle), Hypericum perforatum (St. Johnswort), Linaria genistifolia dalmatica (Dalmatian toadflax), Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife), and Verbascum thapsus (common mullein). Twenty-one natural enemy species were translocated to and released at multiple sites in 19 counties during 2000. Extensive redistribution was achieved for Larinus minutus (52,500) and Urophora affinis/U. quadrifasciata (16,500) on C. diffusa, and for Eustenopus villosus (15,900) on C. solstitialis. A renewed colonization effort involving the seed predator Bangasternus fausti was made against C. diffusa in Spokane Co., and the first release of Mecinus janthinus in the state was made against L. genistifolia
dalmatica in the same county. A bioecological and impact study was concluded on Gymnetron tetrum, an adventive European weevil associate of Verbascum thapsus and V. blattaria in North America. Seed capsule infestation rates exceeded 50% for both weed species. A detailed life history investigation of the curculionid Nanophyes marmoratus on L. salicaria was initiated, and an impact study of the seed feeding weevil L. minutus on C. diffusa and C. maculosa was continued for a second year. Cooperative research linkages were maintained with USDA-ARS, US BLM, USFWS, USFS personnel, and weed control specialists in CA, ID, MT, OR, and WY.
Impacts
Biocontrol agent deployments in WA have contributed to enhanced exotic weed suppression and have led to diminished herbicide inputs of 50% or more in forest, wetland, and rangeland/pasture ecosystems. Bioagent-induced reductions in diffuse knapweed, yellow starthistle, and purple loosestrife infestation densities have been documented in the state. New data on the biology/impact of G. tetrum on two mullein species was developed that will benefit the biocontrol community.
Publications
- Norambuena, H. and G. L. Piper. 2000. Impact of Apion ulicis Forster on Ulex europaeus L. seed dispersal. Biol. Contr. 17: 267-71.
- Watts, J. D. and G. L. Piper. 2000. The phytophagous insect fauna of Scotch thistle, Onopordum acanthium L., in southeastern Washington and northwestern Idaho, pp. 233-239. In N. R. Spencer (ed.), Proc. X Int. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, July 4-14, 1999, Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT.
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Redistributions of previously established nonindigenous arthropods and phytopathogens were directed against Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), mullein (Verbascum thapsus and V. blattaria), poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum), diffuse and spotted knapweed (Centaurea diffusa and C. maculosa), and yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis). Intrastate relocations resulted in the deployment of 18 bioagent species into 17 of 39 counties in WA. Extensive redistribution was effected for the weevils Rhinocyllus conicus (16,900 adults), Eustenopus villosus (31,728 adults), and Larinus minutus (32,861 adults) against C. arvense, C. solstitialis, and C. diffusa, respectively. Due to intrastate relocation efforts, these insects now occur in most thistle- and knapweed-plagued WA counties. Bioecological, ethological, and impact studies were continued on Gymnetron tetrum on Verbascum spp. and Larinus curtus
and Chaetorellia succinea on C. solstititalis. Gymnetron infestation rates of seed capsules can exceed 50%. The adventive tephrited, C. succinea, destroys 35% of the yellow starthistle seed crop. A long-term, multilocation study on the feasibility of integrated management of rangeland infestations of yellow starthistle was also continued. Preliminary data suggest that successful integration of chemical and biological control is possible in rangeland ecosystems.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Coombs, E. M., G. L. Piper, and J. McCaffrey. 1999. Biological control, pp. 3-5. In R. D. William, D. Ball, T. L. Miller, R. Parker, J. P. Yenish, T. W. Miller, G. A. Lee, and D. W. Morishita (eds.). Pacific Northwest Weed Control Handbook. WSU Coop. Ext. Serv, Pullman.
- Piper, G. L. 1999. St. Johnswort, pp. 372-81. In R. Sheley and J. K. Petroff (eds.), Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
Redistributions of previously established nonindigenous phytophages were directed against Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), common mullein (Verbascum thapsus), poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), purple loosestrife (Lythrum scalicaria), St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum), diffuse and spotted knapweed (Centaurea diffusa and C. maculosa), and yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis). These relocations resulted in the deployment of 18 bioagent species into 22 of 39 counties in WA. The first open field releases of Nanophyes marmoratus on L. salicaria and Chaetorellia succinea on C. solstitialis were made in the state. Investigations of the bioecology, ethology, and impacts of the curculionids N. marmoratus on purple loosestrife and Gymnetron tetrum on common mullein and moth mullein (Verbascum blattaria), and of the tephritid Chaetorellia australis on yellow starthistle were initiated. A multiyear study to assess the feasibility of integrating herbicides and
biological control agents for the management of yellow starthistle-infested rangelands was continued.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Piper, G.L. 1997. Update on biocontrols and where to obtain them, pp. 75-79. In Wash. St. Weed Assoc. Conf. Proc., Nov. 5-7, 1997. Yakima WA.
- Combs, E.M., G.L. Piper and J.P. McCaffrey. 1998. Biological control, pp. 3-5. In R.D. William, D. Ball, T.L. Miller, R. Parker, J.P. Yenish, R.H. Callihan, C. Eberlein, G.A. Lee and D.W. Morishita (eds.), Pacific Northwest Weed Control Handbook. WA St. Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv., Pullman.
- Lang, R.F., G.L. Piper and E.M. Coombs. 1998. Establishment and redistribution of Sphenoptera jugoslavica Obenberger (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) for biological control of diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa Lamarck) in the midwestern and western United States. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 74:27-31.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
An intensive purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) mass propagation and release program was conducted in WA. Field-collected Galerucella spp. adults were used to establish laboratory colonies which yielded 10,000+ individuals of these chrysomelid defoliators for new releases in 3 eastern and 2 western WA counties. A root weevil, Hylobius transversovittatus, was also colonized using egg and adult inoculum at multiple locations in 7 counties. Establishment of the loosestrife seed capsule weevil Nanophyes marmoratus was achieved. Intrastate translocation of Centaurea solstitialis capitulum-infesting phytophages was continued. A several year study to assess the feasibility of integrating herbicides and seed head weevils for the management of C. solstitialis-infested rangelands was initiated. Studies of the impact of Chaetorellia australis, a seed destroying tephritid, on Centaurea cyanus and C. solstitialis were completed.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Coombs, E. M., G. L. Piper and J. P. McCaffrey. 1997. Biological control, pp. 3-5. In R. D. William, D. Ball, T. L. Miller, ...(eds.), Pacific Northwest Weed Control Handbook. WSU Coop. Ext. Serv.,
- Norambuena, H. L. and G. L. Piper. 1996. Impact of Apion ulicis (Coleoptera: Apionidae) on gorse, Ulex europaeus (Fabaceae), in an agricultural habitat in Chile, pp. 336-37...... South Africa. Univ.
- Piper, G. L. 1996. Biological control of the wetlands weed purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in the Pacific Northwestern United States. Hydrobiologia 340: 291-94.
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
The Northwest Biocontrol Quarantine and Insectary on the Pullman campus was approved as an insect quarantine facility by APHIS. The propagation and release of new bioagents for aphids on wheat and barley have reduced Washington farmers' reliance on insecticides. The indigenous entomofauna of Scotch thistle, Onopordum acanthium, was surveyed in southeastern WA and adjacent portions of ID to determine niche availability or competitors with proposed exotic bioagent introductions. Eastern WA Salsola australis biotypes were collected for RAPD analysis to determine their Eurasian origins prior to the initiation of foreign surveys for new natural enemies. A total of 25 exotic herbivorous arthropod and phytopathogen species were redistributed against 13 noxious weed species in 23 WA counties. The first release was made of Nanophyes marmoratus, a purple loosestrife seed capsule-infesting curculionid.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- LANG, R. F., J. M. STORY and G. L. PIPER. 1996. Establishment of Larinus minutusGyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) for biological control of diffuse and spotted knapweed in the western United States. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 72: 209-12.
- MCCAFFREY, J. P., G. L. PIPER, R. H. CALLIHAN and E. M. COOMBS. 1996. Collectionand redistribution of biological control agents of rush skeletonweed. Univ. Idaho. Coop. Ext. Bull. 782.
- REES, N. E., P. C. QUIMBY, JR., G. L. PIPER, E. M. COOMBS, C. E. TURNER, N. R. SPENCER and L. V. KNUTSON. 1996. Biological Control of Weeds in the West. Western Soc. Weed Sci., Helena, MT. 342 p.
- TURNER, C. E., G. L. PIPER and E. M. COOMBS. 1996. Chaetorellia australis (Diptera: Tephritidae) for biological control of yellow starthistle in the western United States: establishment and seed destruction. Bull. Entomol. Res. 86: 177-82.
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
During the past year significant progress was made toward completing an insect biocontrol quarantine facility on the Washington State University campus in Pullman, WA. Conversations with representatives of the Washington State Department of Agriculture and USDA-APHIS resulted in the adoption of a flow-through autoclave as part of the process to ensure containment of quarantined organisms.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- NO PUBLICATIONS REPORTED THIS PERIOD.
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Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
Biological control by parasitoids has not been effective in preventing spread ofvirus diseases carried by the green peach aphid (GPA), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), because low temperatures don't allow rapid development of parasitism early in the season. We have adapted a strain of Aphelinus asychis, a parasitoid of cereal aphids in France to attack GPA. This adapted strain is effective under low, early seasonal temperatures. Although even selective aphicides may still kill free-living parasitoids, parasitoids in mummified hosts are more protected, and provide a significant source of parasitism for mid and late season wingless aphids. Tested on small research plots, early season inoculation with parasitoids in aphid mummies, and non-viruliferous wingless adult GPA increased potato yields by 10.8% over control plots, with no increases in incidence of virus. This information can be used by growers and crop consultants to reduce the use of insecticides to limit potato leafroll
virus in commercial potato.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- LONG, G.E. AND K.D. BIEVER. 1994. Maximizing the effectiveness of biocontrol agents on the cabbage worm community. 2nd National IPM Workshop, 19-22 April, Las Vegas, Nevada.
- LONG, G.E., H.H. TOBA AND L. FOX. 1994. Predicting phenology and development of green peach aphid in Washington. 78th Annual Meeting of the Pacific Branch of the Entomological Society of America, 20-23 June, Sparks, Nevada.
- KABALO, N.N., T.H. RO AND G.E. LONG. 1994. Control of potato leafroll virus by managing aphid populations. 53rd Annual Northwest Insect Management Conference, January, Portland, Oregon.
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