Progress 07/01/09 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The objectives of this project was to reduce physical damage and bruising to both high quality fresh fruits such as mangos, papayas, pineapples, etc. during transportation and handling, but also look at fresh-cut fruit in new bio-based plastic packaging that could be directly sold to the consumer. Various research studies were conducted to assess the quality of transported whole fruits. In addition various forms, shapes, and plastics made from both non-renewable and renewable resources were compared for fresh-cut fruit applications for mangos and cantaloupes. Harvesting, processing and packaging methods were evaluated for fresh mangos from Latin American nations to the United States for the National Mango Board and USDA. A new corrugated tray was developed for the importation of fresh mangos that was more sustainable and resulted in less damage. This new tray is sized to fit the Grocery Manufacturers Association pallet footprint for US retailers. In addition the various types of clear plastic containers for ready to serve fresh-cut mangos were compared for minimal bruising and maintaining quality of processed fruit. Results from these studies were presented at major national and international conferences. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The new tray for imported mangos was investigated by certain paper corrugated suppliers and shippers of mangos to the United States. The original tray was a 12-down footprint. The National Mango Board is now investigating using the same concepts to adopt imported fruit from South American countries such as Brazil and Peru, using a double wall configuration. Results of the fresh-cut fruit packaging found no significant quality improvements to fresh cut fruit by using bio-based plastic clam-shells. The ideal quality is delivered through keeping the fruit in single layers, and reducing free movement inside containers.
Publications
- Chohenchob, V., S. P. Singh, J. Singh, G. Grewal, and J. Stallings. 2011. Measurement and Analysis of Vehicle Vibration for Delivering Packages in Small and Medium Sized Trucks and Automobiles. Journal of Packaging Technology and Science.
- Singh, S.P., Saha, K., and Singh, J. 2011. Effect of Palletized Box Offset on Compression Strength of Unitized and Stacked Empty Corrugated Fiberboard Boxes. JAPR.
- Topper, E., Singh, S. P., and Singh, J. 2011. Packaging Requirements for Less-Than-Truckload Shipments to Reduce Damage-Furniture, Appliances and Boxed Freight. JAPR.
- Topper, E., Singh, S. P., and Singh, J. 2011. Packaging Requirements for Less-Than-Truckload Shipments to Reduce Damage-Machinery and Machine Parts, Doors and Windows and Miscellaneous Items. Journal of Applied Packaging Research.
- Spink, J., Singh, J., and Singh, P. 2011. Review of Package Warning Labels and Their Effect on Consumer Behavior with Insights to Future Anti-Counterfeit Label and Communication Systems. Journal of Packaging Technology and Science.
- Saha, K., Singh, P., and Singh J. 2011. Effect of Transport Vibration on Quality of Minimally Processed and Packaged Fresh-Cut Mango. Journal of Packaging Technology and Science.
- Singh, J., Blumer, T., and Singh, P. 2011. Sustainable Food Packaging-Recent Trends, Developments and Innovations. 25th IAPRI International Packaging Symposium, Berlin, Germany.
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of plastic based containers and compare them to previously examined bio-based thermoformed containers for fresh cut fruit. Specifically the study investigated mangos and cantaloupes in different shaped containers, and the effect of vibration during transport on dice shape and size. The study is also developing new projects on the secondary shipping containers used to ship high quality fruits like mangos and papayas, based on bruising and effect of post harvest treatments. Results will be compared based on positive sensory attributes and container shapes that can enhance shelf-life and provide a positive overall value in the supply chain. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. S. Paul Singh and Joe Stallings from MSU, Dr. Jay Singh and Dr. K. Saha from Cal Poly State University Packaging Department, and Dr. V. Chonhenhob from Kasetsart University, Thailand. TARGET AUDIENCES: This project will help various regional and local packaging companies to develop significant important markets for distribution of fresh-cut fruits that are of higher quality and provide increased sensory attributes. While developing local and regional economies this project also addresses some of the negative implications of recent "high-noise" reaction by consumers to higher priced bio-based packaging that impacted in a direct reduction in sales and negative consumer feedback. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: No changes at this time.
Impacts
In comparison of these recent studies, it has been found that bio-based plastics like PLA and paper based primary packaging, there is no significant added quality improvement. In fact the paper based and bio-based plastics are significantly affected by high temperature and high humidity conditions, both prevalent in the shipping of whole and tropical fresh-cut fruits. It is important to maintain a high humidity to avoid fruit mass and moisture content during shipping, and prevent rise in temperature during post harvest ripening. New research is aimed at delivering higher quality fruit into regional distribution centers where local industries can deliver fresh-cut fruit into regional markets.
Publications
- Singh, Sher Paul, Singh, J, Paek, Y. 2009. "New Pressure Sensitive Device to Measure and Predict Drops". Journal of Applied Packaging Research, Vol. 3, No. 3.
- Saha, K, Singh, Sher Paul. 2009. "Effect of Transport Vibration on Quality of Minimally Processed and packaged fresh cut cantaloupe". Journal of Applied Packaging Research, Vol. 3, Issue 1, pp. 15-26.
- Singh, J, Karsowski, A, Singh, S. Paul. 2010. "Life Cycle Inventory of HDPE Bottle Based Liquid Milk Packaging Systems". Journal of Packaging Technology and Science.
- Singh, J, Ignatova, L, Olson, E, Singh, Sher Paul. 2010. "Evaluation of the Stress-Energy Methodology to Predict Transmitted Shock through Expanded Foam Cushions". Journal of Testing and Evaluation.
- Singh, J, Singh, Sher Paul, Desautels, K, Saha, K, Olsen, E. 2010. "An Evaluation of the ability of RFID tags to withstand distribution of fresh produce in the RPC pooling system". Packaging Technology and Science Vol. 23, Issue 4, pp 217-226.
- Stallings, J, Singh, J, Singh, Sher Paul. 2010. "Measurement and Analysis of Vehicle Vibration for Parcel Delivery Vehicles in Single Parcel Shipments". Journal of Applied Packaging Research, Vol. 4, No. 2.
- Saha, K, Singh, J, Singh, Sher Paul. 2010. "Measurement, Analysis and Comparison of Drops Experienced by Packages in Inter-State and Intra-State Next Day Shipments in United States. Journal of Applied Packaging Research, Vol. 4, No. 2.
- Topper, E, Singh, Sher Paul, Singh, J. 2010. "Packaging Requirements for Less-Than-Truckload Shipments to Reduce Damage - Paint, Televisions and Copiers". Journal of Applied Packaging Research, Vol. 4, No. 2.
- Chonhenchob, Vanee, Singh, Sher Paul, Singh, Jay Jagjit, Sittipod, Sukasem, Swasdee, Dathpan, Pratheepthinthong, Supoj. 2010. "Measurement and Analysis of Truck and Rail Vibration levels in Thailand". Packaging Technology and Science Vol. 23, Issue 2, pp:91-100.
- Singh, Sher Paul, Singh, J, Stallings, J, Burgess, Gary, Saha, K. 2010. "Measurement and analysis of temperature and pressure in high altitude air shipments". Packaging Technology and Science Volume 23, Issue 1, pp 35-46.
- Terdwongworakul, A, Jarimopas, B, Chaiyapong, S, Singh, Sher Paul, Singh, J. 2010. "Determination of Physical, Acoustical, Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Fresh Young Coconut Fruit for Maturity Separation". Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol 38, No.1.
- Singh, Sher Paul, Singh, J, Chiang, K C., Saha, K. 2010. "Measurement and analysis of 'small' packages in next day air shipments". Packaging Technology and Science Volume 23, Issue 1, pp 1-9.
- Jarimopas, B, Rachanukroa, D, Singh, Sher Paul. 2009. "Development of a new retail packaging for sweet tamarind". International Journal of Postharvest Technology and Innovation, 1(4), 416-429.
- Jarimopas, B, Pushpariksha, P, Singh, Sher Paul. 2009. "Post-Harvest Damage and Performance Comparison of Sweet Tamarind Packaging". International Journal of Food Properties, 12(2), 414-426.
- Jarimopas, Bundit, Puspariksha, Phanida, Singh, Sher Paul. 2009. "Postharvest Damage of Mangosteen and Quality Grading Using Mechanical and Optical Properties as Indicator". International Journal of Food Properties, 12: 414-426.
- Singh, Sher Paul, Singh, J, Kittipinyovath, Pakapol. 2009. "Measurement and Analysis of shocks to products packaged in pails in single parcel ground shipments". Packaging Technology and Science Volume 22, Issue 7, pp 397-414.
- Singh, J, Attema, A, Singh, Sher Paul, Vorst, K. 2009. "Comparison of Manufacturer's Joint Fastening Techniques for Corrugated Boxes and their Effect on Box Strength". Journal of Applied Packaging Research, Vol. 3, No. 4.
- Madival, Santosh, Auras, Rafael, Singh, Sher Paul, Narayan, Ramani. 2009. Assessment of the Environmental Profile of PLA, PET and PS Clamshell Containers using LCA Methodology. Journal of Cleaner Production 17 1183. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.03.015.
- Chonhenchob, V, Sittipod, S, Swasdee, D, Rachtanapun, P, Singh, Sher Paul, Singh, J. 2009. "Effect of Truck Vibration during Transport on Damage to Fresh Produce Shipments in Thailand". Journal of Applied Packaging Research, Vol. 3, No. 1.
- Singh, J, Singh, Sher Paul, Voss, T, Saha, K. 2009. "A study of the effect of pictorial markings and warning labels on handling of packages in the DHL single parcel environment". Packaging technology and Science Volume 22, Issue1, pp. 1-8.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of bio-based thermoformed plastic containers for fresh cut fruit. In addition the effect of vibration during transport on the shape and size of fresh cut fruit, packaged in various sizes of thermoformed plastic containers was also examined. Testing is being done on high value exotic and tropical fruits like mangoes, papayas, melons, etc. The study is evaluating various shapes and materials of containers to measure quality of fruit after shipping based on bruising and pre-treatments. Results show that vibration during transport accelerates aroma release and positive sensory attributes, and certain container shapes enhance shelf-life based on testing of quality attributes and sensory evaluation. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. S. Paul Singh and Koushik Saha from MSU, Dr. Jay Singh from Cal Poly State University Packaging Department, and Dr. V. Chonhenhob from Kasetsart University, Thailand. TARGET AUDIENCES: This project will help various packaging companies that are developing sustainable and bio-based packaging alternatives to existing packaging methods for fresh-cut fruit. It will also assist major retailers in selecting package designs that enhance shelf-life while reducing unsaleables at the store. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
In recent tests conducted on different materials (PET, PLA and PS) it was seen that while the temperature made a significant deterioration on the strength of the container for bio based plastics, it had a very small effect on the quality and shelf life of the produce. This is largely due to the airflow in the various thermoformed containers, which makes the barrier properties of the materials irrelevant. The most critical attributes seem to be the shape and size of the container as well as the fresh cut fruit segments. Additional testing using the electronic nose is underway to see what key elements makes the vibrated fruit more acceptable by the consumer.
Publications
- Singh, S.P., and Saha, K. 2009. Development of New Standardized Package System for Fresh Mangos, Proceedings of 2009 IAPRI Symposium, International Association of Packaging Research Institutes, Clemson University, Greenville SC.
- Saha, K., Singh, S.P., Harte, B. (2009). Effect of Transport Vibration on Quality of Minimally Processed and Packaged Fresh-cut Cantaloupe, Journal of Applied Packaging Research, 3(1): 15-26.
- Singh, S.P., Singh, J., Chiang, K.C., and Saha, K. (2009). Measurement and Analysis of Small Packages in Next Day Air Shipments, Packaging Technology and Science http://www.interscience.wiley.com, DOI 10.1002/pts.873.
- Chonhenchob, V., Sittipod, S., Swasdee, D., Rachtanapun, P., Singh, S.P., and Singh, J. (2009). Effect of Truck Vibration During Transport on Damage to Fresh Produce Shipments in Thailand, Journal of Applied Packaging Research, 3(1): 27-38.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Two studies are being completed. The first is a comparison of bio-based and petroleum based plastics (PLA versus PET and OPS) for fresh cut fruits and vegetables. Testing shows that PET containers showed the best performance as compared to PLA and OPS. Leading retailers like WalMart are encouraging the use of bio-based thermoformed containers made from PLA for the refrigerated deli products including fresh cut fruit to meet some of the sustainability challenges. A second study evaluated the quality of fresh mangos in different shipping containers for the National Mango Board. Mangos are currently imported from various countries in Asia, South America as well as Mexico. The study has developed prototype containers that are standardized to the US pallet footprint and show better strength with lesser material usage by incorporating new design features. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
New packaging systems are being developed for fresh cut fruit and export mangos.
Publications
- Singh, J., and Singh, S.P. (2008). A Study of the Effect of Pictorial Markings and Warning Labels on Handling of Packages in the DHL Single Parcel Environment. Packaging Technology and Science (in press).
- Jarimopas, B., Sayasoonthorn, S., Singh. S.P., and Singh, J. (2008). Test Method to Evaluate Bruising During Impacts to Apples and Compare Cushioning Materials. Journal of Testing and Evaluation (in press).
- Singh, S. P., Joneson, E., Singh, J., and Grewal, G. (2008). Dynamic Analysis of Less than Truck Load Shipments and Test Method to Simulate this Environment. Packaging Technology and Science (in press).
- Singh, P., McCartney, M., Singh, J., Clarke, R. (2008). RFID Research and Testing for Packages of Apparel, Consumer Goods and Fresh Produce in the Retail Distribution Environment, Packaging Technology and Science, 21(2).
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
Two studies are being done. The first is a comparison of bio-based and petroleum based plastics (PLA versus PET and OPS) for fresh cut fruits and vegetables. Testing is being done on high value exotic and tropical fruits like mangoes, papayas, melons, etc. The study is evaluating various shapes and materials of containers to measure quality of fruit after shipping based on bruising and pre-treatments to enhance shelf-life of the produce items, and sensory evaluation. A second study will evaluate the quality of fresh mangos in different shipping containers for the National Mango Board. Mangos are currently imported from various countries in Asia, South America as well as Mexico. The study will evaluate quality of fresh mangos in different types of shipping containers currently being used by wholesalers, retailers and food service and develop a standard shipping container that can be used to maintain high quality fruit from various countries.
Impacts
The role of packages fresh fruit will help reduce wasteage and spoilage and increase market value for these produce items. Results show that the fresh cut fruit market is growing at a rate of 100 million per year. This research will help enhance this number by 10-20 percent with better packaging.
Publications
- Chonhenchob V., Kamhangwong, D., and Singh, S.P. (2007). Comparison of Reusable and Single Use Plastic and Paper Shipping Containers for Distribution of Fresh Pineapples, Journal of Packaging Technology and Science, John Wiley and Sons, DO1: 10:1002/pts780.
- Singh, J. and Singh, S.P. (2007). A Study of the Effect of Pictorial Markings and Warning Labels on Handling of Packages in the DHL Single Parcel Environment, Packaging Technology and Science.
- Singh, S.P., Joneson, E., Singh, J. and Grewal, G. (2007). Dynamic Analysis of Less than Truck Load Shipments and Test Method to Simulate this Environment, Packaging Technology and Science.
- Singh, P., McCartney, M., Singh, J., Clarke, R. (2007). RFID Research and Testing for Packages of Apparel, Consumer Goods and Fresh Produce in the Retail Distribution Environment, Packaging Technology and Science, DO1:10:1002/pts.782.
- Singh, S.P., Burgess, G., Singh, J., Lockhart, H. (2007). High Altitude Testing and Evaluation of Liquid Pharmaceutical Glass and Plastic Bottles to Detect Leaks, Journal of ASTM International, 4(3), Paper ID JAI 100742, www.astm.org.
- Singh, J., Vorst, K., Singh, S.P., Lao, M. (2007). The Relevance of Drop Tester Accuracy, Journal of ASTM International, 4(3), Paper ID JAI 100, www.astm.org.
- Kale, G., Kijchavengkul, T., Auras, R., Rubino, M., Selke, S., and Singh, S.P. (2007). Compostability of Bioplastic Packaging Materials: An Overview, Journal of Macromolecular Bioscience, 7: 255-277.
- Singh, J., Singh, S.P., Burgess, G., Saha, K., (2007). Measurement, Analysis and Comparison of the Parcel Shipping Shock and Drop Environment of United States Postal Service with Commercial Carriers, Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 35(4).
- Jarimopas, B., Sayasoonthorn, S, Singh, S.P., and Singh, J. (2007). Test Method to Evaluate Bruising During Impacts to Apples and Compare Cushioning Materials. Journal of Testing and Evaluation (accepted). Jarimopas, B., Singh, S.P., Sayasoonthorn, S., and Singh, J. (2007). Comparison of Package Cushioning Materials to Protect Post-harvest Impact Damage to Apples. Packaging Technology and Science, John Wiley and Sons, DOI: 10.1002/pts.760 (accepted).
- Singh, S.P., Chonhenchob, V., Chantarasomboon, Y, and Singh, J. (2007). Testing and Evaluation of Quality Changes of Treated Fresh-Cut Tropical Fruits Packaged in Thermoformed Plastic Containers, Journal of Testing and Evaluation, MS #JTE100166-05R1. American Society for Testing and Materials.
- Singh, J. and Singh, S.P. (2007). Measurement, Analysis and Comparison of the Parcel Shipping Shock and Drop Environment of United States Postal Service with Commercial Carriers, Accepted for publication, Journal of Testing and Evaluation, JOTE, American Society of Testing and Materials, West Consohohocken, PA, USA.
- Singh, S.P., Burgess, G., Singh, J. (2007). Performance Comparison of Thermal Insulated Packaging Boxes, Bags and Refrigerants for Single Parcel Shipments, DOI 10.1002/pts.773, Journal of Packaging Technology and Science, John Wiley and Sons.
- Garcia-Martinez, M., Singh, S.P., Cloquell, V., and Saha, K. (2007). Measurement and Analysis of International Air Parcel Shipping Environment for DHL and FedEx between Europe and United States, DOI 10.1002/pts.775, Journal of Packaging Technology and Science, John Wiley and Sons.
- Kale, G., Auras, R. and Singh, S.P. (2007). Comparison of the Degradability of Poly (lactide) Packages in Composting and Ambient Exposure Conditions, Journal of Packaging Technology and Science, John Wiley and Sons (accepted).
- Singh, S.P., Sandhu, A.P.S., Joneson, E., and Singh, J., (2007). Measurement and Analysis of Truck and Rail Shipping Environment in India, Journal of Packaging Technology and Science, John Wiley and Sons (accepted).
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
A comparison of bio-based and petroleum based plastics (PLA versus PET and OPS) for fresh cut fruits and vegetables. Testing is being done on high value exotic and tropical fruits like mangoes, papayas, melons, etc. The study will evaluate various types of containers to measure quality of fruit after shipping based on bruising, pre-cooling requirements to enhance shelf-life of the produce items, and sensory evaluation. Passive modified atmosphere with reduced oxygen and elevated carbon dioxide in rigid container packaging could be beneficial in maintaining quality and extending shelf-life of fresh-cut tropical fruits when appropriate package was selected. PET containers showed better performance than PLA. Modified atmosphere of 6% oxygen and 14% carbon dioxide extended the shelf-life of fresh-cut pineapples packaged in PET from 6 days to 13 days. The most effective agents for fresh-cut mangoes, pineapples, and melons were 0.1M ascorbic acid, 0.2M ascorbic acid, and
0.2M ascorbic acid + 0.2M calcium chloride, respectively.
Impacts
The ready to eat pre-packaged fresh cut fruit is the fastest growing segment of the perishable retail section. A variety of environmentally friendly packaging is being studied for improved quality and food safety.
Publications
- Singh, S.P., Chonhenchob, V. and Singh, J. 2006. Life Cycle Inventory and Analysis of Re-Usable Plastic Containers and Display Ready Corrugated Containers Used for Packaging Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. J. of Packaging Technol. and Sci. 19:279-293.
- Singh, S.P., Burgess, G., Lockhart, H. and Boata, O. 2006. Effects of Reduced Pressure and Vibration on Haz-Mat Packages for Liquids. Packaging Technol. and Sci. 19:335-343.
- Singh, J., Singh, S.P. and Burgess, G.B. 2006. Measurement and Analysis of US Truck Vibration for Leaf Spring and Air Ride Suspensions and Development of Tests to Simulate these Conditions. Packaging Technol. and Sci. 19:309-323.
- Rhim, J.W., Mohanty, A.K., Singh, S.P. and Ng, P.K.W. 2006. Preparation and Properties of Biodegradable Multilayer Films Based on Soy Protein Isolate and Polylactide. Industrial & Engineer. Chem. Res. 45:3059-3066.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
A comparison of corrugated and reusable plastic containers for shipping high value and exotic fruits like mangoes, papayas, and pineapple etc. The tests were conducted with various types of containers to measure quality of fruit after shipping based on bruising and also in terms of pre-cooling requirements to enhance shelf-life of the produce items. In addition comparisons between primary plastic packages from non-renewable resources to those made from sustainable materials are being investigated for fresh cut fruit.
Impacts
The value of packaging systems used for shipment of fresh produce and perishable product is estimated between $9-$10 billion a year. Currently the majority of shipping containers used are made from corrugated fiberboard. After reaching the retail store a vast majority of these containers are recycled. However there are certain high moisture barrier containers made from wax treated fiberboard that cannot be recycled. In the past few years MSU's School of Packaging has worked with container manufacturers, growers, and retailers to introduce reusable plastic containers that would reduce the amount of packaging materials in the waste stream. This study focuses on the advantages of these type of containers to ship high value fruits and vegetables.
Publications
- Singh, S. P. 2005. Packaging Trends for E-commerce Shipments in the United States - a focus on perishables. Grocery E-Commerce. Editors, Niels Kornum and Mogens Bjerre, EE Publishers, 2005.
- Jarimopas, B., Singh, S.P. and Saengil, W. 2005. Measurement and Analysis of Truck Transport Vibration Levels and Damage to Packaged Tangerines During Transit. Packaging Technology and Sci. 18:179-188.
- Chonhenchob, V. and Singh, S.P. 2005. Packaging Performance Comparison for Distribution and Export of Papaya Fruit. Packaging Technology and Sci. 18:179-188.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Research is underway to evaluate the performance for reusable plastic containers for fresh fruits and vegetables. The new containers were found to be very effective for shipping fresh tropical fruits. The research studies during 2004 included mangoes and papayas. In addition the introduction of fresh cut fruit in plastic thermoformed containers is also being investigated. This reserach was initially done with apples and will be expanded to other produce items.
Impacts
The value of packaging systems used for shipment of fresh produce and perishable product is estimated between $9-$10 billion a year. Currently the majority of shipping containers used are made from corrugated fiberboard. After reaching the retail store a vast majority of these containers are recycled. However there are certain high moisture barrier containers made from wax treated fiberboard that cannot be recycled. In the past few years MSU's School of Packaging has worked with container manufacturers, growers, and retailers to introduce reusable plastic containers that would reduce the amount of packaging materials in the waste stream. This study focuses on the advantages of these type of containers to ship high value fruits and vegetables.
Publications
- Chonhencob V. and S. P. Singh, "Testing and Comparison of Various Packages for Mango Distribution" Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol. 32, No. 1, American Society for Testing and Materials, 2004.
- Chonhenchob, V. and S. P. Singh, "A Comparison of Corrugated Boxes and Reusable Plastic Containers for Mango Distribution", Packaging Technology and Science, 16: 231-237, 2003.
- Singh S. P., Packaging Innovations, Distribution Challenges for Food Packaging, Presented at Kasetsart University, Thailand, 2004.
- Singh S. P. and J. McLaughlin, Package Testing for Real World Conditions, Dangerous Goods by Air 2004, International Air Transport Association, Prague, 2004.
- Singh S. P. Package Test Requirements for Long and Light Weight Packages for Parcel Delivery, Dimensions 04, International Safe Transit Association, 2004.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
A comparison of corrugated and reusable plastic containers for shipping high value and exotic fruits like mangoes, papayas, etc. The tests were conducted with various types of containers to measure quality of fruit after shipping based on bruising and also in terms of pre-cooling requirements to enhance shelf-life of the produce items.
Impacts
The value of packaging systems used for shipment of fresh produce and perishable product is estimated between $9-$10 billion a year. Currently the majority of shipping containers used are made from corrugated fiberboard. After reaching the retail store a vast majority of these containers are recycled. However there are certain high moisture barrier containers made from wax treated fiberboard that cannot be recycled. In the past few years MSU's School of Packaging has worked with container manufacturers, growers, and retailers to introduce reusable plastic containers that would reduce the amount of packaging materials in the waste stream. This study focuses on the advantages of these type of containers to ship high value fruits and vegetables.
Publications
- Chonhenchob, V. and S. P. Singh. 2004. Testing and comparison of various packages for mango distribution. J. of Testing and Eval. Vol 32, No. 1.
- Chonhenchob, V. and S. P. Singh. 2003. A comparison of corrugated boxes and reusable plastic containers for mango distribution. Accepted for Publication. J. of Packaging Technology and Science.
- Singh, S.P. 2003. New test methods to evaluate performance of reusable plastic pallets and containers. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Packaging, IAPRI, Valencia, Spain.
- Prasad Mulukutla, S. Paul Singh, A. Mohanty, M. Misra, L. Drazal. 2003. New eco-friendly biocomposite material for returnable packaging containers. Proceedings of the American Society for Composites, 18th Technical Conference.
- Singh, S. P. 2003. Designing and optimizing packaging. Paper presented at the 2003 Parcel Forum, Chicago, Oct.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Review of new packaging technologies for perishables to be delivered through the single parcel environments such as FedEx and UPS. The study investigates the choice of packaging systems, refrigerants, and carriers like UPS, FedEx, and USPS, for the delivery of meats, seafood, flowers, fruits, and vegetables. The study evaluated issues related to over-packaging concerns and the choice of container, coolant and service of delivery to ensure safe and optimum product quality. The sharp increase in direct to consumer of high value flowers (roses and lilies) was evaluated.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Singh, S.P. 2002. Effects of High Altitude on Package Integrity, Proceedings of Dimensions 02 Conference. International Safe Transit Association.
- Singh, S.P. March 2002. Logistical Packaging Challenges for E-Commerce of Fresh Produce, Proceedings of Packaging Clean and Green Conference. Australian Institute of Packaging, Melbourne, Australia.
- Singh, S.P. June 2002. Package Performance for Hazardous Materials in High Altitude Shipments, WorldPak 2002. International Packaging Conference Proceedings, ISBN 1-158716-1540, CRC Press.
- Singh, S.P. June 2002. E-Commerce Distribution of Fresh Produce and Flowers. WorldPak 2002, International Packaging Conference Proceedings, ISBN 1-158716-1540, CRC Press.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Review of new packaging technologies for perishables to be delivered through the single parcel environments. The study investigates the choice of packaging systems, refrigerants, and carriers like UPS, FedEx, and USPS, for the delivery of meats, seafood, flowers, fruits, and vegetables. With an increase in e-commerce shopping these packaging choices and transportation methods are critical to ensure safe and optimum product quality.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Singh, S. P., G. Burgess, S. Pratheepthinthong and Jay Singh, "Packaging Specifications for Corrugated Boxes with Heavy Flowable Products in Single Parcel Shipments" JTEVA, Vol. 29, No.6, ASTM, 2001.
- Singh, S. P., G. Burgess, Z. Hays, "Measurement and Analysis of the UPS Ground Shipping Environment for Large and Heavy Packages", JTEVA, Vol. 29, ASTM, 2001.
- Singh, S. P., and S. Sittipod, "Effects of Recording Parameters on Power Density Spectra in Transport Vibration Measurement", JTEVA, Vol. 29, No. 2, 173-191, ASTM, 2001.
- Logistical Challenges for E-Commerce Packages, 12th IAPRI International Conference Proceedings, Warsaw, Poland, June, 2001.
- Corrugated Packaging Specifications - Challenges of Real Life Shipments, International Conference on Creep and Fatigue Effects on Corrugated Board, Melbourne, Australia, 2001.
- Packaging Specifications for Heavy Packages in UPS Shipping Environment, Dimension 01, Orlando, International Safe Transit Association, 2001.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
New intermediate bulk containers for fresh fruits and vegetables were tested. These plastic bulk containers will replace traditional plywood bins. The new bins use a 40 x 48 inch GMA (Grocery Manufacturers Association) foot print and are collapsible. This allows a high return ratio to ship these when they are empty as compared to traditional wood bins. In addition the use of RFID (radio frequency identification) concepts are being investigated that would allow tracking of these containers for effective supply chain management strategies. These containers are made from Polyethylene and have a higher degree of venting to allow various forms of cooling. The study also evaluates their performance based on environmental benefits.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Burgess, G., Singh, S.P. and Knudsen, E. 2000. Evaluation of the Gavarti Associates - Comprehensive Abrasion Tester. ASTM Vol. 28, No. 5:420-423.
- Newsham, M.D., Giacin, J.R. and Singh, S.P. 2000. Product/Package Interaction: Effect of Physical, Chemical, and Climatic Environments. Journal of Testing and Evaluation. Vol. 28, No. 2:103-108, ASTM.
- Singh, S. P. and Pratheepthinthong, S. 2000. Loss of Compression Strength in Corrugated Shipping Containers Shipped in the Single Parcel Environment. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol. 28, No. 4:242-248, ASTM.
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
New reusable containers for the fresh produce industry were tested. The first study involved the evaluation of plastic returnable containers for the fresh produce industry. These containers are made from Polypropylene and are designed in four different sizes that all interlock when stacked. The containers knock down for return shipments and are designed to fit a 48 inch x 40 inch GMA standard pallet. The containers have a 16 inch x 24 inch footprint and come in four different sizes. They have great stacking strength performance as compared to paper corrugated boxes currently used that deteriorate during shipping and handling resulting in produce damage. They also allow improved cooling and ventilation to the produce. The second study evaluated the performance of newly developed cushioning materials that also show an environmental benefit in terms of recycling.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Loss of Compression Strength in Corrugated Containers due to Misalignment and Humidity, 4th Symposium on Creep and Cyclic Humidity, Grenoble, France, March, 1999.
- A System Analysis of Various IBC Types, IBC-USA 99, New Orleans, April, 1999.
- Stability of Stacked Pallet Loads, TRANSPAK 99, Institute of Packaging Professionals, Orlando, Feb, 1999.
- How to Protect Material for Shipment, PROMAT 99, Material Handling Institute, Chicago, Feb, 1999.
- Returnable Containers for Fresh Produce, UNITED 99, United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Growers, San Diego, Feb, 1999
- Best Practice Packaging for Physical Protection, Creating and Developing Innovative Packaging, MSU Seminar, Phoenix, January, 1999.
- Singh, S. P., Instability of Stacked Pallet Loads Due to Misalignment, Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol. 27, No. 5, 349-354, ASTM, 1999.
- Singh, S. P., R. Walker, and D. Close. Comparison of Returnable Paper and Plastic Corrugated Packaging Trays for the USPS. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol. 27, No. 4, ASTM, 1999.
- Singh, S. P., M. D. Newsham, and S. Pierce. Distribution, Parcel Lables Pose Challenges for Drop Orientation. Packaging Technology and Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1999.
- Stability of Stacked Pallet Loads, 11th International IAPRI Conference on Packaging, Singapore, July, 1999.
- Packaging Education: Training Professionals for the XXI Century, International Packaging Seminar, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1999 Development of a New Test Method to Test Reusable Intermediate Bulk Containers, ISTACON'99, Orlando, April, 1999.
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
New reusable containers for the produce and meat industries were studied. The first study involved the evaluation of plastic returnable containers for the fresh produce industry. These containers are made from Polypropylene and are designed in four different sizes that all interlock when stacked. The containers knock down for return shipments and are designed to fit a 48 inch x 40 inch GMA standard pallet. The containers have a 16 inch x 24 inch footprint and come in four different sizes. They have great stacking strength performance as compared to paper corrugated boxes currently used that deteriorate during shipping and handling resulting in produce damage. They also allow improved cooling and ventilation to the produce. The second study studied double stacked empty boxes were conditioned in normal and tropical climates and then compression tested in aligned, laterally offset, and diagonally offset configurations to determine the effect on compression strength. The
results showed that offsets caused a greater reduction in strength than humidity effects.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Singh, S. P., and M. Gorzynski, "Effect of Vibration as a Cause of Leakage in Aluminum Beer Cans in Palletized Loads" Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol. 26, No. 4, 389-392, July, 1998.
- Church, E. and S. P. Singh, "Focused Simulation Tests Provide Inroads for Reusable Containers" Packaging Technology and Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1998.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
New reusable containers for the produce and meat industries were studied. The first study involved the evaluation of plastic returnable containers for the fresh produce industry. These containers are made from Polypropylene and are designed in four different sizes that all interlock when stacked. The containers knock down for return shipments and are designed to fit a 48 inch x 40 inch GMA standard pallet. The containers have a 16 inch x 24 inch footprint and come in four different sizes. They have great stacking strength performance as compared to paper corrugated boxes currently used that deteriorate during shipping and handling resulting in produce damage. They also allow improved cooling and ventilation to the produce. The second study developed the test protocol to evaluate large reusable pallet boxes for the meat industry. Specific applications were developed for the beef and pork processing plants where these knock-down pallet boxes would replace corrugated
triple wall and wood pallet intermediate bulk containers. This greatly reduces any chance of contamination from wood chips and nails, and paper. This system uses a plastic liner approved by FDA inside the reusable bulk container.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- SHEEHAN, R., SINGH, P. 1997. Analysis and Use of Field Measurement Data, Test Engineering and Management, Vol. 18.
- SINGH, P., WALKER, R, SEEHAVER, P. 1997. Comparison of Paper and Plastic Corrugated Packaging. Proceedings of the 10th IAPRI Symposium, Melbourne, Australia.
- SINGH, P. WALKER, R. 1997. Life Cycle Analysis of Nestable Plastic and Wood Pallets. Proceedings of the 10th IAPRI Symposium, Melbourne, Australia.
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
The protective performance of newly developed packaging materials used to make cushioning materials was determined. The study included collecting shock transmission data and vibration transmissibility for two new materials developed from a 100% recycled source. The source of the first material was scrap thread-waste obtained from the textile industry. The second material is reconstituted using trim and scrap obtained from die cutting of folding cartons. The shock data was collected between stress levels of 0.2 to 1.5 psi. The different drop heights range from 18 to 36 inches. In addition a new study is being initiated to develop reusable plastic containers for the processed meat industry.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- ROSENAU, W. V., TWEDE, D., MAZZEO, M., SINGH, S.P. 1996. Returnable/reusable logistical packaging: A capital budgeting investment decision framework. J. of Bus. Logistics, 17(2):139-165.
- SINGH, S. P., SYAL, V. 1996. Leakers as a function of closure type in gallon sizeplastic bottles in simulated small parcel test environment. J. of Testing and Eval., ASTM, 24(4):241-245.
- SINGH, S. P., CHEEMA, A. 1996. Measurement and analysis of the overnight small package shipping environment for Federal Express and United Parcel Service. J. of Testing & Eval., ASTM, 24(4):205-211.
- SINGH, S. P., BURGESS, G., LEE, J. 1996. Effect of recycled content on corrugatedboard properties and box compression strength. Transpack 96, IOPP, 10:1-17.
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
The protective performance of newly developed packaging materials used to make corrugated boxes was determined. This included a comparison of corrugated board made with different amounts of recycled content. The study evaluated different material properties including: moisture content, edge crush, burst strength, flat crush, pin-adhesion, puncture strength, and the box compression strength. The material was tested at both standard climatic conditions of 23 deg. F and 50% Relative Humidity, and tropical condition of 40 deg. F and 90% Relative Humidity. The results showed that several of the new recycled content corrugated board material showed good performance.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- SINGH, S.P., BURGESS, G.J., ROJNUCKARIN, P. 1995. Test protocol for simulating truck and rail vibration and rail impacts in shipments of automotive engine racks. Pack. Technol. & Sci. 8:33-41.
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Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
The protective performance of newly developed packaging materials that are both environmentally friendly and attenuate shock and vibration levels was determined. The new materials investigated were various corn and wheat starch derivatives that have few disposal problems since they dissolve in water. Also 100% recycled paper based materials and plastic packaging materials were tested in accordance with ASTM standards. The results showed that several of these new materials showed excellent results both for protection and environmental concerns.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- SINGH, S.P., CHONHENCHOB, V., BURGESS, G. 1994. Comparison of various loose fill cushioning materials based on performance and environmental performance. Journal of packaging technology and science, Vol 7, No. 5, 229-241pp.
- SINGH, S.P., XU, M. 1993. Bruising in apples as a function of truck vibration and packaging. Applied engineering in agriculture, Vol 9, No. 5, 455-460pp.
- SINGH, S.P., CHARNNARONG, N., BURGESS, G. 1994. A comparison between various package cushioning materials based on performance and environmental concerns. 1994/95 U.S. Foamed Plastics Markets and Directory.
- SINGH, S.P., WARNICK, J. 1994. Packaging materials, options and developments. Paper presented at "Packaging - The Future and Challenge" International Conference, Auckland, New Zealand, October.
- CHONHENCHOB, V. 1994. A comparison of various packaging loose fill cushioning materials based on protective performance and environmental concerns. M.S. Thesis. School of Packaging, Michigan State Univ. MI, E. Lansing. 85 pp.
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