Progress 07/13/98 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Since 1998, this project has provided analytical support to others needing accurate and consistent gossypol analysis. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procdedures developed in the Texas Agriculture Experiment Station Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory at San Angelo and the official methods of the American Oil Chemist's Society(AOCS) were used to determine gossypol in cotton feed products, feeds and supplements, and HPLC was used to determine total and plus and minus gossypol in blood and tissues of animals. In addition, assistance was provided to many other scientists requesting either help with gossypol procedures or reference materials with known concentrations of total and plus and minus gossypol. Analytical support was also provided to livestock producers, veterinarians, toxicologists and others with concerns about gossypol poisoning. The HPLC procedure developed at San Angelo for determination of total and plus and minus gossypol in cottonseed and
cottonseed meal was accepted as a recommended practice by AOCS. Information on the nutrient and gossypol content of cottonseed and cottonseed meal was updated and made available to nutritionists and livestock producers. The importance of using AOCS official methods for determining crude protein and crude fat in cottonseed was demonstrated by comparing the results, when samples of cottonseed, were analyzed by three commercial laboratories using AOCS methods with two that did not. Agreement was excellent for the three laboratories using AOCS methods; whereas, results from the other two laboratories were much more variable, and there was very poor agreement with the AOCS methods. Measuring gossypol in plasma proved to be an excellent way to assess the gossypol status of lactating dairy cattle fed cotton by-products for extended periods. Information obtained by analyzing plasma samples from cows at numerous commercial dairies, and from cows involved in experiments designed to assess the
effects of feeding cotton by-products on lactation and reproductive performance was used to establish guidelines for the safe use of these products in diets of lactating cattle. Currently, 5 micrograms of total and 3.5 micrograms of minus gossypol per ml of plasma are considered the safe upper levels of gossypol in lactating dairy cattle fed cotton by-products for extended periods. Reproduction has been adversely affected at levels of total gossypol between 5 and 10 micrograms per ml and deaths have been associated with levels above 10 micrograms per ml. Traditionally, free gossypol was considered the toxic form of gossypol; whereas, bound gossypol was non-toxic. Research conducted as a part of this project found that the free gossypol content of processed cottonseed often was not correlated with plasma gossypol. For example, cracking or grinding cottonseed dramatically increased plasma gossypol without changing either the free or total gossypol content of the seed.
Impacts
Information on the nutritional and gossypol content of whole and processed cottonseed, along with information on the availability of gossypol in cotton feed products generated by this project should enable nutritionists and livestock producers to safely and efficiently use these as feeds for cattle, sheep, goats and deer.
Publications
- Bertrand, J.A., T.Q. Sudduth, A. Condon, T.C. Jenkins and M.C. Calhoun. 2005. Nutrient content of whole cottonseed. J. Dairy Sci. 88:1470-1477.
- Lordelo, M.M., A.J. Davis, M.C. Calhoun, M.K. Dowd and N.M. Dale. 2005. Relative toxicity of gossypol enantiomers in broilers. Poultry Sci. 84:1376-1382.
|
Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
This project provided analytical support to others needing accurate and consistent gossypol analysis. During 2004 support was provided for seven studies being conducted by other researchers feeding cotton by-products to animals. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedures developed in the Nutrition/Toxicology Laboratory at San Angelo, and the official methods of the American Oil Chemists Society were used to measure gossypol in cotton feed products, feeds and supplements, and HPLC was used to measure total, and plus and minus gossypol in blood and tissues of animals. In addition, assistance was provided to many other scientists requesting either help with gossypol procedures or reference materials with known concentrations of plus and minus gossypol. Analytical support was also provided to livestock producers, veterinarians, toxicologists and others with concerns about gossypol poisoning.
Impacts
Information on the effects of processing cottonseed on its feeding value and gossypol content and availability enables producers to safely and efficiently use cotton by-products as feeds for cattle, sheep, goats and deer.
Publications
- Lordelo, M.M., A.J. Davis, M.C. Calhoun and N.N. Dale. 2004. Relative toxicity of gossypol isomers in laying hens. Poult. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):263. (Abstr.).
- Mena, H., J.E.P. Santos, J.T. Huber, M. Tarazon and M.C. Calhoun. 2004. The effects of varying gossypol intake from whole cottonseed and cottonseed meal on lactation and blood parameters in lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87:2506-2518.
- Calhoun, M.C., P.J. Wan, S.W. Kuhlmann and B.C. Baldwin, Jr. 2004. Variation in the Nutrient and Gossypol Content of Whole and Processed Cottonseed. Proc. Mid-South Ruminant Nutr. Conf., pp. 21-37. Arlington, TX, April 22, 2004.
- Calhoun, M.C. and R.C. Silva. 2004. Harinolia y semilla de algodon: Optimoizando su uso en raciones de ganado lechero. (Cottonseed and cottonseed meal: Optimizing their use in dairy cattle rations). Proc. DIGAL Conf., pp. 147-162. Delicias, Chihuahua, Mexico. Sept. 7-11.
- Calhoun, M.C. and R.C. Silva. 2004.Variacion en los nutrientes y contenido de gossypol en la semilla de algodon y harinolina. (Variation in the nutrient and gossypol content of cottonseed and cottonseed meal). Proc. DIGAL Conf., pp. 163-185. Delicias, Chihuahua, Mexico. Sept. 7-11.
- Bertrand, J.A., T.Q. Sudduth, A. Condon, T.C. Jenkins and M.C. Calhoun. 2005. Nutrient content of whole cottonseed. J.Dairy Sci. (Accepted for publication).
|
Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
This project provided analytical support to others needing accurate and consistent gossypol analysis. During 2003 support was provided for twelve studies being conducted by other researchers feeding cotton by-products to animals, and 3493 samples were received in the laboratory. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedures developed in the Nutrition/Toxicology Laboratory at San Angelo, and the official methods of the American Oil Chemists Society were used to measure gossypol in cotton feed products, feeds and supplements, and HPLC was used to measure total gossypol, and the plus and minus isomers of gossypol in blood and tissues of animals. In addition, assistance was provided to many other scientists requesting either help with gossypol procedures or reference materials with known concentrations of the plus and minus isomers of gossypol. Analytical support was also provided to livestock producers, veterinarians, toxicologists and others with concerns
about gossypol poisoning.
Impacts
Information on the effects of processing cottonseed on its feeding value and gossypol content and availability enables producers to safely and efficiently use cotton by-products as feeds for cattle, sheep, goats and deer.
Publications
- Lordelo, M.M., A.J. Davis, M.C. Calhoun and N.M. Dale. 2003. Tissue accumulation of positive and negative isomers of gossypol in broilers fed diets supplemented with gossypol acetic acid. Poultry Sci. Assn. 92nd Annual Meeting Abstr. pages 12-13.
- Risco, C.A., A.L. Adams, S. Seebohm, M.J. Thatcher, C.R. Staples, H.H. Van Horn, L.R. McDowell, M.C. Calhoun and W.W. Thatcher. 2002. Effects of gossypol from cottonseed on hematological responses and plasma alpha-tocopherol concentration of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85:3395-3402.
- Brown, C.G., D.A. Neuendorff, T.A. Strauch, A.W. Lewis, B.C. Baldwin, Jr., M.C. Calhoun and R.D. Randel. 2003. Comparison of circulating gossypol in two deer species consuming fuzzy whole or Easiflo cottonseed. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 2):26 (Abstr.).
|
Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
During 2002 support was provided for ten studies being conducted by researchers feeding cotton by-products to animals, and 1,340 samples were received in the laboratory. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the official methods of the American Oil Chemists Society were used to measure gossypol in cotton feed products, feeds and supplements, and HPLC was used to measure total, and (+)- and (-)-gossypol in blood and tissues of animals. Assistance was also provided to those needing help with gossypol procedures or reference materials with known concentrations of (+)- and (-)-gossypol, and to livestock producers, veterinarians, toxicologists and others with concerns about gossypol poisoning. In recent years there has been a proliferation of mini-mills processing cottonseed (CS) in the United States. These are much smaller than traditional oil mills; the CS is not delinted or dehulled before processing, and solvent extraction is not used to remove oil.
Instead, whole, linted CS is passed thru an extruder, to condition the seed, and then thru an expeller to remove some of the oil. The final product is generally pelleted. Because this is a relatively new process, and little information was available, a study was initiated during the fall of 2001. Whole CS, extruded CS (ECS), extruded-expelled CS (EECS) and the pelleted product (PEECS) were collected from each of five mini-mills on two consecutive days. On a DM basis, crude protein and ether extract values for the whole CS, ECS, EECS and PEECS were: 23.3 and 20.3; 23.0 and 18.4; 26.5 and 7.9; 25.9 and 7.5%, respectively. Free and total gossypol in the whole CS, ECS, EECS and PEECS were: 0.61 and 0.58; 0.26 and 0.65; 0.10 and 0.54%; and 0.08 and 0.54%, respectively. Extruded CS, EECS and PEECS from each mini-mill were fed, at 10% of the diet, to growing-finishing lambs to determine the effect of processing on gossypol availability. Six lambs were individually fed each treatment diet for
28 days. Total plasma gossypol levels in micrograms/ml of plasma, were 6.1, 3.8 and 3.4 for the lambs fed ECS, EECS and PEECS, respectively; thus the reduction in free gossypol, due to processing, was associated with a corresponding decrease in gossypol availability. Brangus x Hereford first-calf heifers, that had recently calved, were fed CS free choice on pasture from December 21, 2001 to March 7, 2002. Daily consumption of CS gradually increased and averaged 6.4 kg/cow from February 7 to March 7. Free gossypol intake during this period was 39.9 g/d, and plasma total gossypol averaged 5.3 microgram/ml. Although CS was estimated to be 35% of diet during the last 28 day of the feeding period, there was no evidence of scouring and performance of the cows (N = 17) and their calves (N = 14) was very good. Consumption of CS by the calves was highly variable as evidenced by gossypol in their plasma. Four had no gossypol. The highest level was 3.6 micrograms of total gossypol/ml of plasma.
All cows were exposed to a bull from April 5 to July 11, 2002, and 16 conceived. There were no adverse effects of gossypol or feeding high levels of cottonseed on performance and reproduction in this study.
Impacts
Information on the effects of processing CS on its feeding value and gossypol content and availability enables producers to safely and efficiently use cotton by-products as feeds for cattle, sheep and goats.
Publications
- Santos, J.E.P., M. Villasenor, E.J. DePeters, P.H. Robinson, and B.C. Baldwin, Jr. 2002. Type of cottonseed and level of gossypol in diets of lactating dairy cows: Effects on lactation performance and plasma gossypol. J. Dairy Sci. 85:1491-1501.
- Velasquez-Pereira, J., C.F. Arechiga, L.R. McDowell, P.J. Hansen, P.J. Chenoweth, M.C. Calhoun, C.A. Risco, T.R. Batra, S.N. Williams, and N.S. Wilkinson. 2002. Effects of gossypol from cottonseed meal and dietary vitamin E on the reproductive characteristics of superovulated beef heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 80:2485-2492.
- McMillan, M.L., S.W. Kuhlmann, M. C. Calhoun, B.J. May, G. R. Engdahl, D.R. Shelby and B.C. Baldwin, Jr. 2002. Effects of processing cottonseed on plasma gossypol levels and performance of yearling Angus bulls. pp. 60-73. In: Angelo State University Management Instruction and Research Center Publ. R-9.
- McMillan, M.L., S.W. Kuhlmann, M. C. Calhoun, B.J. May, G. R. Engdahl, D.R. Shelby and B.C. Baldwin, Jr. 2002. Effects of processing cottonseed on gossypol content and availability of gossypol to Rambouillet and Rambouillet x Suffolk lambs. pp. 50-59. In: Angelo State University Management Instruction and Research Center Publ. R-9.
- Bertrand, J.A., T.C. Jenkins and M.C. Calhoun. 2002. Comparison of nutrient content and digestibility of traditional versus genetically modified whole cottonseed. J. Dairy Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):119 (Abstr.).
|
Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
This project provides analytical support to others needing accurate and consistent gossypol analysis. This year analytical support was provided for 12 studies being conducted by other researchers feeding cottonseed products to animals and 3,059 samples were received in the laboratory. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedures developed at San Angelo, and the official methods of the American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) were used to measure gossypol in cotton by-products and feeds, and HPLC was used to measure (+)- and (-)-gossypol in animal tissues. In addition, assistance was provided to many others requesting either help with gossypol procedures or reference materials with known concentrations of (+)- and (-)-gossypol. Analytical support was also provided to livestock producers, veterinarians, toxicologists and others with concerns about gossypol poisoning. We participated in a collaborative study involving 12 laboratories to evaluate an HPLC procedure
for (+)- and (-)-gossypol. The study consisted of 12 samples, and included cottonseed meal and diets as well as cottonseed samples. We prepared the samples for all participating analysts. The objective was to get the HPLC procedure accepted as an official method of AOCS for the determination of (+)- and (-)-gossypol in cottonseed products and in diets containing cottonseed products. Unfortunately, this was not accomplished because of the inconsistency in results reported by some laboratories, and poor agreement between these laboratories and other participating laboratories. Another factor was the lack of participation by laboratories outside the United States. International collaboration is essential for a procedure to obtain acceptance as an AOCS official method. In recent years there has been a proliferation of mini-mills in the United States. These differ from traditional cottonseed oil mills in that they are much smaller; cottonseed is not delinted or dehulled before processing,
and solvent extraction is not used to remove oil. In mini-mills, whole, linted cottonseed is passed thru an extruder, to condition the seed, and the extruded product is then passed thru an expeller to remove some of the oil. The resulting extruded-expelled cottonseed product contains 26% crude protein, 6-7% residual oil, and 15% crude fiber. At present, there are seven mini-mills operating in Texas. Since this is a relatively new process, and little information is available, a study was initiated, during the fall of 2001, to characterize the quality, quantity and variability of the products being produced (extruded cottonseed, extruded-expelled cottonseed and oil). In addition, the effects of processing on gossypol availability was determined by feeding the product to lambs. Product and processing conditions were collected from five mills and samples have been submitted to commercial laboratories for nutrient analyses. The lamb feeding study was completed in mid-December, and plasma
gossypol currently is being determined to assess the effects of processing on gossypol availability.
Impacts
Information on the effects of processing cottonseed on its feeding value and gossypol content and availability will enable producers to increase the use of cotton by-products as feeds for cattle, sheep and goats.
Publications
- Velasquez-Pereira, J., Chenoweth, P.J., McDowell, L.R., Risco, C.A., Staples, C.A., Prichard, D., Martin, F.G., Calhoun, M.C., Williams, S.N. and Wilkinson, N.S. 2001. Reproductive effects of feeding gossypol and vitamin E to bulls. Florida 2001 Beef Cattle Report. University of Florida, Gainesville.
- Dowd, M.K., Thomas, L.M. and Calhoun, M.C. 2001. A correction to the molecular structure of enantiomeric gossypol. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78:1171.
- Mena, H., Santos, J.E.P., Huber, J.T., Simas, J.M., Tarazon, M. and M.C. Calhoun. 2001. The effects of feeding varying amounts of gossypol from whole cottonseed and cottonseed meal in lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84:2231-2239.
- Robinson, P.H., Getachew, G., DePeters, E.J. and Calhoun, M.C. 2001. Influence of variety and storage for up to 22 days on nutrient composition and gossypol level of Pima cottonseed (Gossypium spp.). Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 91:149-156.
|
Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Use of plasma gossypol to define safe levels of cotton feed products was evaluated. Treatments were diets with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% ground (4 mm screen) Pima seed (1.0% total gossypol). Feed was restricted to 1 kg/sheep/day. Six sheep received each diet for 168 days. Blood collected at 56-day intervals was used for determination of osmotic fragility of erythrocytes. Gossypol was determined in plasma. Total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, bilirubin, calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate amino transferase, creatine kinase, gamma glutamyl transferase and lactic dehydrogenase were determined in serum. There were no outward signs of gossypol poisoning, and none of the sheep died during the experiment. Feed intake was not affected by increasing the percentage of Pima in the diet. Plasma total gossypol plateaued by 56 days. There was a linear increase in plasma gossypol with increasing
levels of ground Pima seed in the diet for each sampling time. At 168 days the relationship between the percentage of ground Pima seed in the diet (X) and plasma total gossypol in micrograms/ml (Y) was Y = 0.751X; R squared = 0.91. Pima seed increased the osmotic fragility of erythrocytes, as determined by the percentages of erythrocytes hemolyzed in a hypotonic saline solution. This effect of gossypol appeared to diminish with time at the higher dietary levels of Pima seed. Only four serum enzymes (aspartate amino transferase, creatine kinase, gamma glutamyl transferase and lactic dehydrogenase) were slightly increased by the addition of Pima seed to the diet. These increases were modest in relation to the levels of plasma gossypol that were achieved at the 15 and 20% levels of Pima in the diet. Samples were collected from 14 dairies to monitor the gossypol status of lactating dairy cows fed whole Upland seed and cracked Pima seed. Thirteen were in California and one was in Utah.
Plasma was obtained from 20 cows randomly selected from the high producing group at each dairy. Samples of the cottonseed being fed were collected, as were information on the composition of the diet, days in milk, milk production and breeding records for each cow sampled. Deaths of cows in late lactation and poor reproductive performance were encountered in several herds that were feeding greater than 1.8 kg of cracked Pima per cow per day. Average total plasma gossypol levels for cows in herds experiencing death losses were greater than 11 micrograms/ml; whereas, problems were not reported in herds where total plasma gossypol averaged less than10 micrograms/ml. This is consistent with previously reported recommendations for safe levels of plasma total gossypol in lactating dairy cows fed cotton feed products. These herds were also experiencing poor reproductive performance; however, the total plasma gossypol level below which reproduction is not adversely affected in high producing
cows is not known.
Impacts
Processing cottonseed alters the availability gossypol to cattle and sheep. Plasma gossypol levels reflect the availability of gossypol in cottonseed feed products and can be used to establish guidelines for the safe use of cottonseed, cottonseed meal and cottonseed hulls in ruminant diets.
Publications
- McMillan, M. 2000. Effects of processing cottonseed on plasma gossypol levels of cattle and sheep. M.S. Thesis Angelo State University, August, 2000.
- Rhee, K.S.,. Ziprin, Y.A, and Calhoun, M.C. 2000. Antioxidative effects of cottonseed meals as evaluated in cooked meats. INFORM 11(5):S129 (Abstr.).
- Wan, P.J. and Calhoun, M.C. 2000. Effect of processing on gossypol in cottonseed products. INFORM 11(5):S129 (Abstr.).
- Calhoun, M.C., Wan, P.J., Hron, Sr., R.J. Pakarinen, D.K., Baldwin, Jr., B.C., and Kuhlmann, S.W. 2000. Availability of gossypol in soapstock fed to lambs. INFORM 11(5):S129 (Abstr.).
- Hron, R.J., Kim, H.L.,Calhoun, M.C., and Fisher, G.S. 1999. Determination of (+)- and (-)-gossypol in cottonseed. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 76:1351-1355.
- Calhoun, M.C. 2000. Cottonseed and cottonseed products as feed. INFORM 11(5):S36 (Abstr.).
- Calhoun, M.C. and Hron, Sr., R.J. 2000. Progress report on the AOCS collaborative study for the HPLC analysis of total and (+)- and (-)-gossypol in cottonseed. INFORM 11(5):S127 (Abstr.).
- Calhoun, M.C., Baldwin, Jr., B.C., and Kuhlmann, S.W. 2000. Gossypol isomers in seed of Upland (Gossypium hirsutum) and Pima (Gossypium barbadense) cottons. INFORM 11(5):S127 (Abstr.).
- Calhoun, M.C., Baldwin, Jr., B.C., and Kuhlmann, S.W. 2000. Use of plasma gossypol to define safe levels of cotton feed products in diets for lactating dairy cattle. INFORM 11(5):S129 (Abstr.).
- Calhoun, M.C., Wan, P.J., Baldwin, Jr., B.C., and Kuhlmann, S.W. 2000. Effect of processing cottonseed on gossypol content and the availability of gossypol to lambs. INFORM 11(5):S129 (Abstr.).
|
Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Pima seed harvested in 1996, 1997 and 1998 were fed whole and ground (6 mm screen) to lambs to examine effects of time post-harvest and processing on gossypol availability. All diets contained 10% Pima seed, and were fed for 28 days to six lambs (1.0 kg per lamb daily), housed in individual pens. At 28 days plasma gossypol was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Percentages of free and total gossypol (meats basis, as received), determined by the AOCS Official Methods, and minus gossypol expressed as a percentage of total gossypol, determined by HPLC, for seed from the three crop years were 1.42, 1.52, 52.3; 1.45, 1.48, 52.5 and 1.57, 1.66, 51.6, respectively. There was an interaction between crop year and processing for plasma gossypol. Grinding had no effect on plasma gossypol for seed harvested in 1996, but increased plasma gossypol by 22.4% (P < 0.10) and 40.0% (P < 0.01), respectively, for seed harvested in 1997 and 1998. Thirty-two Angus
bulls (average initial weight 360 kg) were used to determine gossypol availability in whole, cracked, ground and extruded Upland and Pima cottonseed. The Upland and Pima treatments were fed in two Latin Square Design experiments. Four pens with four bulls per pen received each cottonseed type/processing set of treatments. A gossypol-free diet was fed for 21 days prior to the start of the study. Cottonseed treatments were fed for 21 days during each period of the Latin Square. A gossypol-free diet was fed for 14 days between each period. Plasma gossypol levels determined at the end of each period were used to assess the effects of processing and seed type on gossypol availability. Cracking and grinding increased plasma gossypol regardless of the seed type, but the effect was slightly greater for grinding. Plasma gossypol values were similar for whole and extruded seed. Minus gossypol, expressed as a percentage of total plasma gossypol, was higher in bulls fed Pima seed. Cracking and
grinding decreased the proportion of the minus isomer in plasma for both types of seed. Upon completion of the bull study, the same treatments were fed to lambs to ascertain the suitability of lambs for predicting the availability of gossypol in processed cottonseed to cattle. Lambs were individually fed, and six lambs were randomly assigned to each of the eight treatments in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement. Feed was restricted to 1.0 kg/day. The duration of the study was 28 days. In contrast to the bull study, cracking and grinding Upland seed did not increase plasma gossypol. However, cracking and grinding Pima seed increased (P < 0.05) plasma gossypol. This effect was similar to the response observed when either cracked or ground Pima seed was fed to bulls. Also, in contrast to the bull study plasma gossypol levels were higher (P < 0.05) when lambs were fed Pima seed processed with an extruder. There is little doubt that processing can alter the availability of gossypol in cottonseed
for cattle and sheep; however, inconsistencies in the results for cattle and sheep indicate additional research is needed to establish the suitability of sheep as a model for cattle.
Impacts
Processing cottonseed alters the availability of gossypol to cattle and sheep. Plasma gossypol levels reflect the availability of gossypol in cottonseed feed products and can be used to establish guidelines for the safe use of cottonseed, cottonseed meal and cottonseed hulls in ruminant diets.
Publications
- Bernard, J.K., Calhoun, M.C. and Martin, S.A. 1999. Effect of coating whole cottonseed on performance of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 82:1296-1304.
- Dowd, M.K., Thomas, L.M. and Calhoun, M.C. 1999. Crystal and molecular structure of an enantiomeric gossypol-acetic acid clathrate. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 76:1343-1350.
- Velasquez-Pereira, J., Risco, C.A., McDowell, L.R., Staples, C.R., Prichard, D., Chenoweth, P.J., Martin, F.G., Williams, S.N., Rojas, L.X., Calhoun, M.C. and Wilkinson, N.S. 1999. Long term effects of feeding gossypol from cottonseed meal and vitamin E to dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 82:1240-1251.
|
Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
Twenty-two Rambouillet ewe lambs were used to determine if monensin alters the availability of gossypol in a diet containing cottonseed. Lambs were fed 1.0 kg/d of a diet with 10% cracked Pima (Gossypium barbadense) seed and either 0 or 33 mg of monensin/kg of feed. The Pima seed contained .47% (+)- and .53% (-)-gossypol. Calculated levels of total, (+)-and (-)-gossypol in the diet were 1,000, 469 and 531 ppm, respectively. There were no signs of gossypol poisoning and no lambs died during the 28-d study. Although feed intake was restricted to insure all feed offered would be consumed, lambs fed the diet with monensin ate 3.6% less feed (P < .01), and were selectively leaving mostly intact Pima seed. This resulted in a greater reduction in gossypol intake (22.8%, P < .01) than in feed intake for these lambs. Plasma concentrations of total and (+)- and (-)-gossypol were lower in the lambs consuming the diet with monensin, reflecting their lower gossypol intakes;
however, gossypol availability, determined by calculating plasma gossypol response per unit of gossypol intake, was not affected by the addition of monensin to the diet for either total gossypol or the (+)- and (-)- isomers. Twenty-two mature, female beef cows in late gestation were used to examine the effects of frequency of feeding whole Upland (Gossypium hirsutum) cottonseed on plasma gossypol levels of grazing cattle. Seed was fed at a daily rate of 1.8 kg/cow, and was fed either once or three times a week for seven weeks. Those fed once a week received 12.7 kg/cow each Monday morning. Those fed three times a week received 4.2 kg/cow on Monday, Wednesday and Friday mornings. Eleven cows received each treatment. At the end of the study the group receiving cottonseed once a week had slightly higher values than the group fed three times a week (1.96 vs 1.53 micrograms of gossypol/ml of plasma, P < .10). These values are less than the level considered the safe upper limit for plasma
gossypol in cattle (4.0 micrograms/ml). Twenty-five samples of Pima seed collected in the southwestern United States contained .94% total gossypol (AOCS Official Method Ba 8-78) on a whole seed, as received basis. The ratio of gossypol isomers, determined by high performance liquid chromatography after precolumn derivitization with (R)-(-)-2-amino-1-propanol, was 46.9 % (+)- and 53.1% (-)-gossypol. The dry matter, crude protein and crude fat contents of 21 of the seed samples averaged 91.6%, 21.9% and 23.1%, respectively, on a whole seed as received basis. Compared with Upland seed, Pima seed has more total gossypol, a higher proportion of the more toxic minus isomer of gossypol and a higher fat content.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Velasquez-Pereira, J., Prichard, D., McDowell, L.R., Chenoweth, P.J., Risco, C.A., Staples, C.R., Martin, F.G., Calhoun, M.C., Rojas, L.X., Williams, S.N. and Wilkinson, N.S. 1998. Long-term effects of feeding gossypol from cottonseed meal and vitamin E to dairy bulls. J. Dairy Sci. 81:2475-2484.
- Velasquez-Pereira, J., McDowell, L.R., Risco, C.A., Prichard, D., Martin, F.G., Calhoun, M.C., Williams, S.N., Wilkinson, N.S.and Ogebe, P. 1998. Effects on performance, tissue integrity, and metabolism of vitamin E supplementation for beef heifers fed a diet that contains gossypol. J. Anim. Sci. 76:2871-2884.
- Velasquez-Pereira, J., Chenoweth, P.J., McDowell, L.R., Risco, C.A., Staples, C.R., Prichard, D., Martin, F.G., Calhoun, M.C., Williams, S.N. and Wilkinson, N.S. 1998. Reproductive effects of feeding gossypol and vitamin E to bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 76:2894-2904.
- Baldwin, Jr., B.C., Calhoun, M.C. and Kuhlmann, S.W. 1998. Effects of monensin on the availability of gossypol in cottonseed to lambs. Tex. Agri. Exp. Sta. Sheep and Goat, Wool and Mohair Research Rpt., College Station, TX. pp 26-28.
- Calhoun, M.C., Baldwin, Jr., B.C. and Kuhlmann, S.W. 1998. Effects of supplementation with ferrous sulfate, lysine and vitamin E on performance and erythrocyte fragility of lambs fed a diet containing cottonseed meal. Tex. Agri. Exp. Sta. Sheep and Goat, Wool and Mohair Research Rpt., College Station, TX. pp 29-31.
- Kuhlmann, S.W., Calhoun, M.C., Huston, J.E., Baldwin, Jr., B.C., Willingham, T.D., de la Concha-Bermejillo, A. and Bales, K.W. 1998. Reproductive performance of Rambouillet rams supplemented with cottonseed meal. Tex. Agri. Exp. Sta. Sheep and Goat, Wool and Mohair Research Rpt., College Station, TX. pp 42-48.
- Kuhlmann, S.W., Calhoun, M.C., Huston, J.E., Baldwin, Jr., B.C. and Calk, C.B. 1998. Effects of gossypol on thyroid function in young lambs. Tex. Agri. Exp. Sta. Sheep and Goat, Wool and Mohair Research Rpt., College Station, TX. pp 23-25.
|
Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
Present recommendations for using cottonseed and cottonseed meal in diets for dairy cows are 2.3 to 3.6 kg of whole cottonseed per day and up to 5.4 kg of cottonseed plus cottonseed meal when these are fed in combination. Considering the possible importance of dry matter intakes, recommendations for inclusion of cotton by-products in cattle diets expressed as a percentage of the TMR might be a better approach. In order to test this possibility, two lamb studies were conducted to examine the relationship between feed intake and gossypol availability. Twenty four lambs were used in each study, with six lambs receiving each treatment for 28 days. High concentrate diets were formulated based on cracked sorghum grain. Alfalfa hay and peanut hulls were used as the roughage sources. All diets contained 17.2% CP. In one study, a single diet containing 10% cottonseed meats was fed at rates of 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% of body weight. At these feeding rates, meats were consumed at
.15, .20, .25 and .30% of body weight per day. Corresponding plasma gossypol values were 3.32, 4.78, 5.15 and 5.10 micrograms/milliliter. In the other study, lambs were fed at the same rates used above, but the diets contained decreasing percentages of meats, so that the actual intakes of meats were constant (.25% of body weight/day) across the four feeding rates. The percentages of meats used in each of the diets to accomplish this were 16.67, 12.50, 10.00 and 8.33, respectively. Plasma gossypol values were 5.81, 5.40, 5.36 and 3.96 micrograms/milliliter, respectively, for the four feeding rates. Results obtained in these two studies tend to support the idea that level of feed intake may be a factor in determining levels of cotton by-products/gossypol that can be used safely in a TMR for lactating dairy cattle. Thus, we may find that groups of dairy cows being fed the same TMR containing 15% whole cottonseed, but consuming it at different rates (for example 22.7 and 45.4 kg/day),
would have similar plasma gossypol levels, although daily intakes of cottonseed would be 3.4 and 6.8 kg/day for the two groups, respectively. This possibility deserves further study.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Blauwiekel, R., Xu, S., Harrison, J.H., Loney, K.A., Riley, R.E. and Calhoun, M.C. 1997. Effect of whole cottonseed, gossypol and ruminally protected lysine supplementation on milk yield and composition. J. Dairy Sci. 80:1358-1365.
- Bernard, J.K. and Calhoun, M.C. 1997. Response of lactating dairy cows to mechanically processed whole cottonseed. J. Dairy Sci. 80:2062-2068.
- Brocas, C., Rivera, R.M., Paula-Lopes, F.F., McDowell, L.R., Calhoun, M.C., Staples, C.R., Chenoweth, P.J. and Hansen, P.J. 1997. Deleterious actions of gossypol on bovine spermatozoa, oocytes and embryos. Biol. Reprod. 57:901-907.
- Brocas, C., Rivera, R.M., Paula-Lopes, F.F., McDowell, L.R., Calhoun, M.C., Staples, C.R., Chenoweth, P.J. and Hansen, P.J. 1997. Effects of gossypol on male and female gametes. J. Dairy Sci. 80(Suppl. 1):178 (Abstr.).
- Mena, H., Huber, J.T., Calhoun, M.C. and Tarazan, M. 1997. Effects of unprocessed and cracked Upland and Pima cottonseeds on blood gossypol and performance of Holstein steers. J. Dairy Sci. 80(Suppl. 1): 186 (Abstr.).
- Dowd, M.K. and Calhoun, M.C. 1997. Uptake and depletion of gossypol by the tissues of lambs. Oil Mill Gazetteer 102(8): 32-34.
|
Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
Lamb studies were conducted to assess the effects of cottonseed (CS) quality, processing and dietary factors on gossypol availability. The CS products were added at 10% to a complete lamb diet which was fed at 1 kg/d for 28 days. Plasma gossypol (PG) was used to assess availability of gossypol. There was no correlation between PG and free fatty acid levels in CS meats over the range of 7.7 to 45% free fatty acids (as a percentage of the oil). Free (FG) and total gossypol (TG) in samples collected at various steps during extraction of oil from CS and PG, when these materials were fed, were as follows: mill run meats, 1.00% 1.23% and 3.41 ug/ml; raw flakes, .88%, 1.13% and 2.32 ug/ml; cooked flakes, .72%, 1.17% and 1.46 ug/ml; expander collets, .46%, 1.15% and 2.94 ug/ml; extracted collets, .20%, 1.10% and 1.19 ug/ml and CS meal with soapstock, .12%, 1.43% and 1.00 ug/ml. Recently, there has been concern that certain forms of bound gossypol might bypass the protective
binding that occurs in the rumen and be available to ruminants post-ruminally. This occurred when cooked flakes were run through the expander. This step decreased FG from .72 to .46%, but PG increased from 1.46 to 2.94 ug/ml, reflecting a three-fold increase in FG availability. In diets containing .11% FG and .13% TG from CS meats, ferrous iron decreased PG. The relationship, for the range 0 to 450 ppm added iron, was Y = 3.27 - .00394X, r = .99); where X = ppm iron in the diet and Y = plasma gossypol in ug/ml.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- BLAUWIEKEL, R., XU, S., HARRISON, J.H., LONEY, K. A., RILEY, R.E. and CALHOUN, M.C. 1996. Effect of whole cottonseed, gossypol and ruminally protected lysine supplementation on milk yield and composition. J. Dary Sci. (Accepted).
- DOWD, M.K. and CALHOUN, M.C. 1996. Gossypol transport in mature Rambouillet sheep. Proc. 45th Oilseed Conference. New Orleans, LA. March 10-12, 1996.
- MENA, H., HUBER, J. T., SANTOS, J., AQUINO, J., TARAZON, M., NUSSIO, L. and CALHOUN, M.C. 1996. The effects of whole cottonseed and cottonseed meal supplementation on lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 79(Suppl. 1):181. (Abstr.).
- KIM, H. L., CALHOUN, M.C. and STIPANOVIC, R.D. 1996. Accumulation of gossypol enantiomers in ovine tissues. Comparative. Biochem. Physiol. 113B:417-420.
- PERCY, R. G., CALHOUN, M.C. and KIM, H.L. 1996. Seed gossypol variation within Gossypium barbadense L. Cotton. Crop Sci. 36:193-197.
- GAMBOA, D. A., CALHOUN, M.C. and BAILEY, C.A. 1996. Evaluation of toxic effects of gossypol in broilers. Poult. Sci. 75(Suppl. 1):38. (Abstr.).
- CALHOUN, M.C., FORSTER, L. A., KUHLMANN, S.W. and BALDWIN, JR., B.C. 1996. Cottonfeed product composition: A survey. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Rpt. CPR-5257 pp 32-39.
|
Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
Expeller, pre-press, expander and direct solvent cottonseed meals (CSM) were fedin complete diets (at 10% of the diet) to weaned lambs for 42d. Three additional treatments were cottonseed meats fed to provide 10, 20 and 30 mg total gossypol per kg LW/d. Six lambs were fed each diet and all diets were fed daily at 2.5% of live weight. The same gossypol sources were used in a second study with 55 milk-fed lambs. The meats and CSM were mixed with reconstituted milk replacer just prior to feeding. This approach by-passed the rumen. CSM was substituted for 10% of the milk replacer dry matter. Since cottonseed meats were toxic when mixed with milk at levels of 20 and 30 mg total gossypol per kg LW/d, two lower levels were included for the milk-fed lambs (2.5 and 5.0 mg total gossypol per kg LW/d). The weaned lambs exhibited no signs of gossypol poisoning; whereas all the milk-fed lambs receiving the 20 and 30 mg per kg LW/d levels of total gossypol from cottonseed meats died
due to gossypol poisoning by 21 days. Free gossypol from meats and CSM was much more available when the rumen was by-passed. However, the relative availability of free gossypol from meats and CSM was dependent on site of digestion. During digestion of meats in the rumen, free gossypol was bound so that it was mostly unavailable. Free gossypol in CSM did not bind to the same extent in the rumen. Consequently, free gossypol in meats was less available to weaned lambs than in CSM. The opposite was true for milk-fed lambs.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- BLAUWIEKEL, R., S. XU, M.C. CALHOUN, K.A. LONEY and R.E. RILEY. 1995. Effect ofl whole cottonseed gossypol and rumen-protected lysine supplementation on milk yield and components. J. Dairy Sci. (Accepted)
- KIM, H.L, M.C. CALHOUN and R.D. STIPANOVIC. 1995. Accumulation of gossypol enantiomers in the ovine tissue. Comp. Biochem. and Physiol. (Accepted)
- PERCY, R.G., M.C. CALHOUN and H.L. Kim. 1995. Seed gossypol variation within Gossypium barbadense L. Cotton. Crop Sci (Accepted)
- CALHOUN, M.C. 1995. Understanding and managing gossypol in cattle diets. Proc. Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference. Phoenix, Feb. 23-24.
- CALHOUN, M.C., S.W. KUHLMANN and B.C. BALDWIN, Jr. 1995. Assessing the gossypol status of cattle fed cotton feed products. Proc. Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition Conference. Portland, OR. Oct. 10-12.
- CALHOUN, M.C., S.W. KUHLMANN and B.C. BALDWIN, Jr. 1995. Cotton feed product composition and gossypol availability and toxicity. Proceedings 2nd National Symposium on Alternative Feeds for Dairy and Beef Cattle. St. Louis, MO. Sept. 24-26.
- FORSTER L., JR. and M.C. CALHOUN. 1995. A new look at nutrient values for cottonseed products. Feedstuffs 67(44) 1-5
- DOWD, M.K. and M.C. CALHOUN. 1995. Uptake and depletion of gossypol in the tissues of Rambouillet lambs. Symposium on Available Gossypol in Cottonseed Pro.
|
Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
Two hundred forty nine samples of cottonseed, cottonseed meal and cottonseed hulls were obtained from 32 cotton oil mills during 1993-94 and analyzed for nutritional constituents and gossypol. Nutritional constituents determined were dry matter, ash, crude protein, fat, crude fiber, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, lignin, acid detergent fiber nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, copper, manganese, zinc and molybdenum. Gossypol analyses consisted of the American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) official methods for total and free gossypol and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedures for total and free gossypol and the (+) and (-) isomers of gossypol. To assess the effects of processing on available gossypol, cottonseed meals were obtained from 14 oil mills. Total gossypol (TG) for the 14 meal was 1.044 /+-/ .034% with a range of .800 to 1.273% and free gossypol (FG) was .122 /+-/ .025% with a range of .040
to .372% when AOCS methods were used. When HPLC procedures were used, TG was .794 /+-/ .032% with a range of .512 to .939% and FG was .116 /+-/ .029 % with a range of .023 to .412%. Complete diets containing these meals at 10% were fed to lambs. Three diets containing cottonseed meats at levels to provide 10, 20 and 30 mg TG.kg LW(superscript -1).d(superscript -1) also were fed. Four lambs received each diet for 42d. Total gossypol in plasma and liver were measured by HPLC to assess gossypol availability.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- CALHOUN, M.C. 1994. A nutritional and gossypol profile for seed of the important cotton varieties in the United States. 43rd Oilseed Processing Clinic, New Orleans, La. March 7-8, 1994.
- KUHLMANN, S.W., M.C. CALHOUN, J.E. HUSTON and B.C. BALDWIN, Jr. 1994. Total, (+)- and (-)-gossypol in plasma and liver of lambs fed cottonseed meals processed by three methods. J. Anim. Sci. 72(Suppl. 1): 45.
- CALHOUN, M.C., W.R. MEREDITH, JR., S.W. KUHLMANN, H.L. KIM and E. MCDONALD. 1994. Total, (+)- and (-)-gossypol in seed of obsolete and current cultivars of Gossypium hirsutum. Beltwide Cotton Conf., San Diego, Ca. Jan. 8, 1994.
- CALHOUN, M.C., D.A. KNABE, C.A. BAILEY and H.L. KIM. 1994. Utilization of gossypol by animals. Biochemistry of Gossypol Workshop, Galveston, Tx. Sept. 28-30, 1994.
|
Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) procedures were developed for the simultaneous determination of total, (+)- and (-)-gossypol in cotton feed products and biological samples. These procedures involved precolumn derivitisation of gossypol with the chiral amine (R)-(-)-2-amino-l-propanol to effect separation of (+)- and (-) -gossypol. The procedures are specific for gossypol and closely related terpenoid aldehydes, sensitive (.1 to .2 ppm), simple, fast (80 to 90 samples/d), relatively inexpensive and precise. This procedure was used to determine total, (+)- and (-)- gossypol in 343 samples of cottonseed that were obtained from seed companies and cotton breeders across the United States. These samples represented seed from the important varieties of cotton currently produced in the United States and included seed from obsolete varieties, the world collection of G. barbadense and transgenic cottons with herbicide resistance. Percentages of the two isomers of
gossypol (expressed as a percentage of total gossypol) in seed of the important varieties of Upland cotton ranged from 50.2 to 67.2% (+)-gossypol and from 32.8 to 49.8% for (-)-gossypol. In seed from five varieties of Pima the ranges were from 42.5 to 47.9% (+)-gossypol and from 52.1 to 57.5% for (-)-gossypol. Approximately 3,000 determinations of gossypol in plasma samples have been run on the HPLC. These samples were from beef and dairy cattle and sheep of different ages fed varying amounts of cottonseed and/or cottonseed meal.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- KUHLMANN, S.W., CALHOUN, M.C., HUSTON, J.E., BALDWIN, JR., B.C., WILLINGHAM, T.D. and BALES, K.W. 1993. Reproductive performance of Rambouillet ewes supplemented with cottonseed meal. J. Anim. Sci. 71(Suppl. 1): 30. (Abstract).
- KIM, H.L., CALHOUN, M.C. and KUHLMANN, S.W. 1993. Isomers of gossypol in cottonseed and cottonseed meal. J. Anim. Sci. 71(Suppl. 1): 30. (Abstract).
- PERCY, R.G., CALHOUN, M.C. and KIM, H.L. 1993. Seed gossypol variation in extra-long staple cotton antecedents (Gossypium barbadense) L.). p. 192. Agron. Abstr. Annual Meeting of the Crop Science Society of America.
- CALHOUN, M.C., HUSTON, J.E. and KIM, H.L. 1993. Feeding cottonseed meal to ruminants. Proc. 42nd Oilseed Processing Clinic, p. 101. USDA/ARS Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, March 8-9, 1993.
|
|