Progress 09/01/04 to 08/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities: The research project encompassed three primary areas of activity. The first was the development of new plant varieties through traditional breeding and tissue culture techniques. This resulted in the new plant varieties listed below. The second area of research was the development of knowledge in seed biology, plant growth and flowering, and plant production for lupine species, focusing on species native to Texas, although a number of other lupine species were investigated for their potential use as cut flowers. The third area of research was that of postharvest physiology of cut flowers to extend the display life of lupines and other species. Secondary areas of research involved annual and perennial plant variety trials, rose variety trials, stand establishment of roadside vegetation, use of composted dairy manure for urban landscapes, expanded shale as an amendment for landscapes and potted plant culture and growth regulator research. Data was analyzed and
presented in numerous publications. Classes and lectures were taught in Greenhouse Management, Plants for Landscape Design, Plant Identification, and Landscape Construction. I actively mentored students from local high schools as well as undergraduates and graduate students. I chaired or served on the committees for nine M.S. and two Ph.D. students. Events: Conferences included the Biotechnology Educators Conference, TAES-Dallas (2003-2007). Field days included the Turf and Ornamentals Field Day, TAES-Dallas (2001, 2003, 2005) and the Research Field Days, TAES-El Paso (1991, 1992, 1993). Workshops conducted were the Advanced Horticultural Studies Workshops (1998-2005), Water Smart Landscape Design Workshop (1994), El Paso Water Smart Program Workshops (1992-1994). Landscape demonstration sites were developed at TAES-El Paso and TAES-Dallas to exhibit irrigation technologies, plant materials, and landscape practices to reduce landscape water use. Master Gardener training was conducted
in both El Paso and Dallas during my tenures in both locations. Products: New plant varieties developed include six oleander, Nerium oleander L., cultivars (Cranberry Cooler, Grenadine Glace, Peppermint Parfait, Petite Peaches and Cream, Pink Lemonade, and Raspberry Sherbet), two Big Bend bluebonnet, Lupinus havardii L., cultivars (Texas Sapphire and Texas Ice) and two Hill country bluebonnet, Lupinus texensis L., cultivars (Texas Maroon and Barbara Bush). One U.S. Patent No. 5,648,594, "Big Bend Bluebonnet" (utility patent), was issued July 15, 1997 from the plant breeding work. Two websites were developed, the Native Trees of Texas (http://aggiehorticulture.tamu.edu/ornamentals/natives/tamuhort.html) and the Native Shrubs of Texas (http://aggiehorticulture.tamu.edu/ornamentals/nativeshrubs/index.htm l). In addition a CD-ROM was developed for the native trees of Texas and distributed to all county offices in Texas.
PARTICIPANTS: Individuals who worked on the projects were as follows. Collaborators included: Michael Arnold, Raul Cabrera, Philip Colbaugh, Tim Davis, Steve George, Sabine Green, Allen Knutson, R. Daniel Lineberger, Norm Lownds, Wayne McCulley, Cynthia McKenney, Genhua Niu, Jerry Parsons, Brent Pemberton, Geno Picchioni, Don Riemenschneider, James Reinert, John Sloan, Narendra Sankhla, Terri Starman, Jimmy Tipton, and Jayne Zajicek. Technicians included: Anai Padilla, Lutfor Rahman, Alejandro Ruiz, and Daksha Sankhla. Students included: Geoffrey C. Denny, Samira Kahn, Francisco Molinar, Lorraine Morales, Denise Murray, Angel Neito, Melinda Olivarez, Xochitl Pasillas, Cynthia Reyes, Crystal Smith, Pamela Smith, Mario Valenzuela, and Katherine Vasquez. Partner Organizations: Universities included: New Mexico State University, Texas Tech University, University of Texas at Dallas. Governmental agencies included: El Paso Water Utilities, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Texas
Department of Agriculture, Texas Department of Transportation, Texas Forest Service. Nonprofit organizations included: American Floral Endowment, Fred C. Gloeckner Foundation, Texas Nursery and Landscape Association, Dallas Arboretum, Native Plant Society of Texas, Trinity Blacklands Urban Forestry Council. Commercial firms included: Bayer Crop Science, Chamblee's Roses, LoneStar Growers, Pan American Seed, PBI Gordon, Plant Bio Tech Inc, SunGro Horticulture, and Texas Industries. Training was provided for the students listed above which included both graduate and undergraduate as well as advanced high school students, K-12 science teachers, nursery industry members, and volunteers.
TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences were members of the nursery, floriculture and landscape industries, individual groups associated with the use of plants in the landscape such as the Native Plant Society of Texas or urban forestry councils, and students through science teacher training, and community members through education programs. Science based knowledge was delivered through formal programs such as Master Gardener training, formal classroom teaching, web based education through the development of native plant websites, internships for high school students, workshops described earlier in the outputs section above, and extension outreach through field days and other activities.
Impacts
The participants in the project gained knowledge in pollination biology, seed biology, greenhouse production and postharvest physiology of cut flowers of Big Bend bluebonnets which allowed the development of new cultivars, production technologies, and postharvest treatments to extend display life of cut flowers to develop a potential new cut flower crop for the floriculture industry. Knowledge gained in postharvest physiology also changed the way the participants viewed the biological reallocation of resources in a raceme type flower. The knowledge gain in Lupinus texensis allowed the introduction of new cultivars for the home gardener both domestically and internationally. The applied knowledge gained from the seed biology research has allowed producers of Lupinus texensis seed to simplify their handling procedures and increase productivity. Results of work with plant growth regulators resulted in the use of less labor intensive production practices in the nursery and
ornamental plant industries. Knowledge gained from the rose cultivar trials allowed producers to shift production methods, increasing the use of own-rooted plants resulting in greater efficiencies in plant production in Texas. The rose trials also resulted in identification of cultivars that needed minimal inputs in the landscape resulting in more environmentally friendly landscape practices (e.g. EarthKind Roses). Research results in stand establishment of native plants in newly constructed roadways were instituted to gain better coverage and stand establishment in areas of limited rainfall. The websites that were developed have recorded 86.6 million hits and 2.7 million user sessions by citizens transferring knowledge regarding the use of native trees and shrubs in the landscape. The development of the websites resulted in a resource that improved the knowledge base for students and citizens alike.
Publications
- Mackay, W.A., B. Pemberton, J. Maxim, and S.D. Pillai. 2008. Ionizing Irradiation Using E-Beam to Control Importation of Biothreat Agents in Geranium Cuttings Inhibits Rooting. (HortScience: In press).
- Mackay, W.A., S.W. George, C. McKenney, R.I. Cabrera, J.J. Sloan, S. Reinert, P. Colbaugh, L. Lockett and W. Crow. 2008. Performance of garden roses in north central Texas under minimal input conditions. (Accepted with revision: HortTechnology)
- Mackay, W.A., and N. Sankhla. 2007. Vase life and flower senescence of excised inflorescences of Poliomentha longifolia. Proc. Plant Growth Reg. Soc. 34: (In press).
- Mackay, W.A., M. A. Arnold, G.V. McDonald, and N. Sankhla. 2007. Cyclanilide Alterations In Growth Of Five Landscape Plant Species During Container Production Are Location Dependent. J. Environ. Hort. 25:109-115.
- Niu,G., D.S. Rodriguez, L. Rodriguez, and W. Mackay. 2007. Effect of Water Stress on Growth and Flower Yield of Big Bend Bluebonnet. HortTechnology 17:557-560.
- Niu, G., D. S. Rodriguez and W.A. Mackay. 2007. Salinity tolerance of Lupinus havardii and L. texensis. HortScience 42:526-528.
- Picchioni, G.A., W.A. Mackay, and M. Valenzuela-Vasquez. 2007. Correlative supply and demand functions in Lupinus havardii: A forgotten side of cut flower physiology? J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 132:1-10.
- Valenzuela-Vazquez, M., G.A. Picchioni, L.W. Murray, and W.A. Mackay. 2007. Beneficial role of 1-methylcyclopropene for cut Lupinus havardii depends largely on exogenous ethylene source. HortScience. 42:113-119.
- Cabrera, R.I., L. Rahman, G. Niu, C. McKenney and W. Mackay. 2006. Response of Containerized Herbaceous Perennials to Salinity Stress. Proc. SNA Research Conference 51: 81-84.
- Niu, G., D.S. Rodriguez, R. Cabrera, C. McKenney, and W.A. Mackay. 2006. Determining Water Use and Crop Coefficient of Five Woody Ornamental Plants. J. Environ. Hort. 24:160-165.
- Niu, G., D.S. Rodriguez, R.I. Cabrera, C. McKenney and W. Mackay. 2006. Water Use of Five Woody Ornamentals Under Nursery and Landscape Conditions. Proc. SNA Research Conference 51: 85-88.
- Reinert, J.A., S.W. George, W.A. Mackay, and T.D. Davis. 2006. Resistance among lantana cultivars to the lantana lace bug, Teleonemia scrupulosa (Hemiptera:Tingidae). Florida Entomologist. 89:449-454.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Tissue culture projects: 1) Ungnadia speciosa and Berberis trifoliata continue to be monitored for long term field performance. No new tissue culture projects were initiated. Breeding projects continue as follows: 1) Improvement of Lupinus havardii as a new cut flower crop continues. Work continued on the improvement of a pink, coral, blue and white color lines. Breeding of the white blueblonnet line that tested to be less sensitive to ethylene was continued and were tested again in 2006. As in 2004and 2005, the trait appears to be stable and was again determined to be less sensitive than the original parent line. 3) A project to develop heat tolerant columbines for southern gardens continued with plants resulting interspecific crosses evaluated, selected and crossed in 2006. Seed was collected and is being grown for planting in the field in 2007. Studies continued with cut flowers of Phlox paniculata examining the role of plant growth regulators on postharvest
vaselife. Identification of landscape plants for Texas. Plants in the 2006 trial included annuals, perennials, and woody ornamental shrubs and trees for both the Texas Superstar program and the North Texas Winners Circle.
Impacts
To meet consumer demand, novel specialty ornamental plants and cut flowers have emerged as vital component of the nursery and floriculture industry. As a result environmentally friendly ornamentals continue to be identified and introduced for Texas consumers resulting increased sales for the nursery industry and decreased needs for chemical inputs by the consumers (www.texassuperstar.com). As a result of our breeding and selection efforts, we have developed improved germplasm and cultivars of bluebonnet having white, blue, and pink flowers with improved postharvest performance and reduced or very low sensitivity to ethylene. The key components affecting display life such as enhanced opening of flower buds, reduced flower abscission and delayed flower and leaf senescence in bluebonnet and phlox have been shown to respond positively to the presence of suitable energy sources, gibberellic acid, non-purine type cytokinin like growth regulators, as well as ethylene
biosynthesis inhibitors and perception inhibitors, alone and in combination. These results have considerably increased our understanding and insight in dissecting the ethylene sensitivity /tolerance of different genotypes and it has become amply evident that the postharvest performance, display life and longevity of cut flowers can be beneficially modulated by suitable management of naturally occurring plant growth regulators and carbon sources in the vase medium.
Publications
- Mackay, W.A., N. Sankhla, and T.D. Davis. 2006. Effect of ethanol and sucrose on display life of cut racemes of Lupinus havardii. Proc. Plant Growth Reg. Soc. 33: (In press).
- Sankhla, N., and W.A. Mackay. 2006. Postharvest performance and display life of cut phlox flower heads: Effect of prohexidione-Ca. Proc. Plant Growth Reg. Soc. 33: (In press).
- Sankhla, N., W.A. Mackay, and T. D. Davis. 2006. Flower Abscission, Flower Opening and Petal Color Development in Cut Phlox Flower Heads: Effect of Methyl Jasmonate, Gibberellic Acid and Sucrose. Acta Hort. (In press).
- Sankhla, N., W.A. Mackay, and T. D. Davis. 2006. Ber (Ziziphus) Fruits: Apple of Arid Regions of Indian Thar Desert. Acta Hort. 712: 449-452
- Sankhla, N., W.A. Mackay, and T. D. Davis. 2006. Manipulation of Post Harvest Quality and Display Life in Cut Phlox Flower Heads: Effect of Sucrose, Prohexadione-Ca and Gibberellic acid. Acta Hort. 712: 835-840.
- Sankhla, N., W.A. Mackay, and T. D. Davis. 2006. Post Harvest Display Life of Cut Racemes of Lupinus havardii: Effect of Gibberellic Acid and Alcohol . Acta Hort. (In press).
- Ruiz, A., T.W. Sammis, G.A. Picchioni, J.G. Mexal, and W. A. Mackay. 2006. Irrigation scheduling protocol for treated industrial effluent in the Chihuahuan desert. Journal American Water Works Association.
- Mackay, W.A., N. Sankhla,, and T.D. Davis. 2006. Genetic improvement and commercial development of Lupinus havardii WATS. (Big Bend Bluebonnet) as a new specialty cut flower crop. Proc. of Eucarpia Breeding For Beauty (In press).
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Tissue culture projects: 1) Ungnadia speciosa and Berberis trifoliata continue to be monitored for any phenotypic differences from parent material. No new tissue culture projects were initiated. Breeding projects continue as follows: 1) Six oleander cultivars were released and are in the process of being distributed to the nursery industry. 2) Improvement of Lupinus havardii as a new cut flower crop continues. Work continued on the development of a pink cultivar, a new coral pink cultivar and the improvement of other color lines. Breeding of the white blueblonnet line that tested to be less sensitive to ethylene was continued and were tested again in 2005. As in 2004, the trait appears to be stable and was again determined to be less sensitive than the original parent line. 3) A project to develop heat tolerant columbines for southern gardens was expanded and progeny resulting from interspecific crosses were planted in field plots for evaluation in 2006. Studies
continued with cut flowers of Phlox paniculata examining the role of ethylene, sugars and non-purine cytokinins in postharvest vaselife. Experiments continued with ethylene inhibitors, plant growth regulators and sucrose to further understand the factors that control bluebonnet vaselife. Identification of landscape plants for Texas. Plants in the 2005 trial included annuals, perennials, and woody ornamental shrubs and trees for both the Texas Superstar program and the North Texas Winners Circle. Six rose cultivars were added to the field established in 2002. Data collection was completed for the roses established in 2002 and data collection continued for those planted in 2003 for performance under minimal input conditions.
Impacts
To meet consumer demand, novel specialty ornamental plants and cut flowers have emerged as vital component of the nursery and floriculture industry. As a result environmentally friendly ornamentals continue to be identified and introduced for Texas consumers resulting increased sales for the nursery industry and decreased needs for chemical inputs by the consumers (www.texassuperstar.com). As a result of our breeding and selection efforts, we have developed improved germplasm and cultivars of bluebonnet having white, blue, and pink flowers with improved postharvest performance and reduced or very low sensitivity to ethylene. The key components affecting display life such as enhanced opening of flower buds, reduced flower abscission and delayed flower and leaf senescence in bluebonnet and phlox have been shown to respond positively to the presence of suitable energy sources, gibberellic acid, non-purine type cytokinin like growth regulators, as well as ethylene
biosynthesis inhibitors and perception inhibitors, alone and in combination. These results have considerably increased our understanding and insight in dissecting the ethylene sensitivity /tolerance of different genotypes and it has become amply evident that the postharvest performance, display life and longevity of cut flowers can be beneficially modulated by suitable management of naturally occurring plant growth regulators and carbon sources in the vase medium.
Publications
- Colbaugh, P. F., W.T. Crow, W.A. Mackay and S. W. George. 2005. Varietal reaction of selected rose varieties to powdery mildew. Biological and Cultural Tests for Control of Plant Diseases. Vol. 20 p. 19. A.P.S. Press.
- Colbaugh, P. F., W.T. Crow, W. A. Mackay and S. W. George. 2005. Varietal reaction of selected rose varieties to Alternaria petal blight. Biological and Cultural Tests for Control of Plant Disseases. Vol. 20 p. 18. A.P.S. Press.
- Colbaugh, P. F., W.T. Crow, W. A. Mackay and S. W. George. 2005. Varietal reaction of selected rose varieties to black spot. Biological and Cultural Tests for Control of Plant Disseases. Vol. 20 p.17. A.P.S. Press.
- Mackay, W.A. 2005. Effect of scarification, seed storage temperature and relative humidity on Lupinus havardii Wats. and Lupinus texensis Hook. seed germination. HortScience 40: 782-785.
- Mackay, W.A., M.A. Arnold, and J.M. Parsons. 2005. Nerium oleander L. 'Cranberry Cooler', 'Grenadine Glace', 'Pink Lemonade', 'Peppermint Parfait', 'Raspberry Sherbet' and 'Petite Peaches and Cream'. HortScience 40:265-268.
- McKenney, C.M., J.J. Sloan, W.A. Mackay and S.A. George. 2005. Utilization of Dairy Compost to Establish Urban Landscapes. Proc. SNA Research Conference. (In press).
- Mackay, W.A., N. Sankhla, and T.D. Davis. 2005. Ethylene sensitivity of cut racemes of advanced breeding lines of pink flowered bluebonnet. Proc. Plant Growth Reg. Soc. 32: (In press).
- Sankhla, N., W.A. Mackay, and T. D. Davis. 2005. Effect of nitric oxide generating compounds on flower senescence in cut racemes of pink flowered Lupinus havardii Wats. Proc. Plant Growth Reg. Soc. 32: (In press).
- Sankhla, N., W.A. Mackay, and T.D. Davis. 2005. Postharvest physiology, quality and display life of cut flowers: Role of plant growth regulators and energy source. Proc. Int. Conf. Postharvest Technology and Quality Mgt. in Arid Tropics. 2005. 103-107.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Tissue culture projects: 1) Plants of in vitro Phlox paniculata cultivars John Fanick and Victoria transferred to the field in 2002 continued to be monitored for field performance. 2) Field plots of micropropagated Cercis canadensis var mexicana, were removed after 6 years of observation with no phenotypic variation noted within selections. Ungnadia speciosa and Berberis trifoliata continue to be monitored for any phenotypic differences from parent material. No new tissue culture projects were initiated. Breeding projects continue as follows: 1) Six oleander cultivars were submitted the TAMU Plant Review Committee and approved for release to the nursery industry. Cuttings were rooted for each cultivar and are in production for distribution in 2005. 2) Improvement of Lupinus havardii as a new cut flower crop continues. Work continued on the development of a pink cultivar, a new coral pink cultivar and the improvement of other color lines. Breeding of the white
blueblonnet line that tested to be less sensitive to ethylene was continued and were tested again in 2004. The trait appears to be stable and was again determined to be less sensitive than the original parent line. Cut flower research continued with Phlox paniculata examining the role of ethylene, sugars and non-purine cytokinins in postharvest vaselife. Experiments continued with ethylene inhibitors to further understand the role of ethylene in bluebonnet vaselife. Studies continue to further elucidate ethylene mechanisms. Development of a white flower color cultivar of L. texensis continues. Identification of landscape plants for Texas. Test plots were expanded at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in Dallas. Plants in the 2004 trial included annuals, perennials, and woody ornamental shrubs and trees for both the Texas Superstar program and the North Texas Winners Circle. Four rose cultivars were added to the field established in 2002. Data collection continued for the roses
established in 2002 and data collection began for those planted in 2003 for performance under minimal input conditions.
Impacts
Environmentally friendly, superior ornamental plants were identified and introduced for Texas consumers resulting in increased sales for the nursery industry and decreased need for chemical inputs by the consumers. See web site (www.texassuperstar.com). Advanced breeding lines, selections, and cultivars of bluebonnet with enhanced postharvest display life, have been obtained and parameters influencing postharvest performance identified. Opening of flower buds, flower abscission and flower and leaf senescence, parameters which negatively influence display life and longevity, have been shown to respond to the presence of a suitable carbon source, cytokinins and certain diphenylurea derivatives, which considerably improve postharvest performance and display life of cut flowers. Using several ethylene biosynthesis and perception inhibitors, further insight has been gained in dissecting the extent of ethylene sensitivity/tolerance of different genotypes which leads to
improvement of postharvest performance of cut flowers and enhances the breeding program for cut flowers.
Publications
- Mackay, W.A., N. Sankhla, and T.D. Davis. 2004. Improvement of display life of Big Bend Bluebonnet racemes by recurrent phenotypic selection. Acta Hort. (in press).
- Mackay, W.A., N. Sankhla, and T.D. Davis. 2004. Gibberellic acid and sucrose delay senescence of cut Lupinus densiflorus Benth flowers. Proc. Plant Growth Reg. Soc. 31: (in press).
- Rahman, S.M.L., W.A. Mackay, M. Ebina, H. Nakagawa, and B. Quebedeaux. 2004. Transient gene expression in Zoysia japonica using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Subtropical Plant Science. 55:11-17.
- Rahman, S.M.L., W.A. Mackay, E. Nawata, T. Sakuratani, and B. Quebedeaux. 2004. Superoxide dismutase, and stress tolerance of four tomato cultivars. HortScience 39:983-986.
- Sankhla, N., W.A. Mackay, C.B. McKenney and T. D. Davis. 2004. Standing cypress: A potential new specialty cut flower crop. Proc. Plant Growth Reg. Soc. 31: (in press).
- Sankhla, N., W.A. Mackay, and T.D. Davis. 2004. Postharvest performance of cut racemes of Big Bend Bluebonnet (Lupinus havardii): Role of selection and plant growth regulators. 2004 APEC Symposium on Quality Mgmt. Postharvest Systems, Bangkok, Thailand (in press).
- Sankhla, N., W.A. Mackay, and T.D. Davis. 2004. Nitric oxide donors delay methyl jasmonate-induced senescence of flowers in cut inflorescences of Lupinus densiflorus Benth. 2004 APEC Symposium on Quality Mgmt. Postharvest Systems, Bangkok, Thailand (in press).
- Sankhla, N., W.A. Mackay, and T.D. Davis. 2004. Effect of thidiazuron on senescence of flowers in cut inflorescences of Lupinus densiflorus Benth. Acta Hort (in press).
- Sankhla, N., W.A. Mackay, and T.D. Davis. 2004. Corolla abscission and petal color in cut phlox flower heads: Role of sucrose and thidiazuron. Acta Hort (in press).
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Tissue culture projects: 1) Plants of in vitro Phlox paniculata cultivars John Fanick and Victoria transferred to the field in 2002were monitored for field performance. 2) Field plots of micropropagated Cercis canadensis var mexicana, Ungnadia speciosa, and Berberis trifoliata are continuing to be monitored for any phenotypic differences from parent material. No new tissue culture projects were initiated. Breeding projects continue as follows: 1) Oleander breeding for cold hardiness continues. Field trials of clones planted at TAES-Lubbock are continuing to access cold hardiness. 2) Improvement of Lupinus havardii as a new cut flower crop continues. Work continues on the development of a pink cultivar, a new coral pink cultivar and the improvement of other color lines. New lines of white blueblonnets that appear to be less sensitive to ethylene were tested in 2003 and confirmed to be less sensitive than the original parent line. Cut flower research continued with
Phlox paniculata examining the role of ethylene, sugars and non-purine cytokinins in postharvest vaselife. Experiments continued with ethylene inhibitors to further understand the role of ethylene in bluebonnet vaselife. Studies continue to further elucidate ethylene mechanisms. Development of a white flower color cultivar of L. texensis continues. Identification of landscape plants for Texas. Test plots were expanded at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in Dallas. Plants in the 2003 trial included annuals, perennials, and woody ornamental shrubs and trees. A replicated field planting of ten newly introduced and two controls rose cultivars was established in 2002 and data collection began in 2003 for field performance. Greenhouse and field studies on cotton were conducted to determine if the application of the plant growth regulator Thidiazuron counteracted fruit abscission due to feeding by cotton fleahopper.
Impacts
Through evaluation and analysis of genotypes suitable for Texas landscapes it has been possible to identify and develop stress tolerant, environmentally friendly superior ornamental plants for Texas consumers, increasing sales for the nursery industry and decreasing the need for chemical inputs by the consumers. See web site (www.texassuperstar.com). Advanced breeding lines, selections, and cultivars of bluebonnet and phlox, with enhanced postharvest display life, have been obtained and parameters influencing postharvest performance identified. Opening of flower buds, flower abscission and flower and leaf senescence, parameters which negatively influence display life and longevity, have been shown to respond to the presence of a suitable carbon source, cytokinins and certain diphenylurea derivatives, which considerably improve postharvest performance and display life of cut flowers. Using several ethylene biosynthesis and perception inhibitors, further insight has
been gained in dissecting the extent of ethylene sensitivity/tolerance of different genotypes which leads to improvement of postharvest performance of cut flowers and enhances the breeding program for cut flowers.
Publications
- Rahman, S.M.L., W.A. Mackay, E. Nawata, T. Sakuratani, A.S.M. Mesbah Uddin and B. Quebedeaux. 2003. Superoxide dismutase, Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco) and photosynthetic rates of drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive tomato cultivars. Acta Hort.. 618:337-345.
- Sankhla, N., W. A. Mackay, T. D. Davis. 2003. Reduction of Flower Abscission and Leaf Senescence in Cut Phlox Inflorescences by Thidiazuron. Acta Hort.. 628:837-841.
- Sankhla, N., W. A. Mackay, T. D. Davis. 2003. Effect of Nitric Oxide on Postharvest Performance of Perennial Phlox Cut Inflorescences. Acta Hort.. 628:843-847.
- Mackay, W.A., N. Sankhla, S. M. L. Rahman and T.D. Davis. 2003. Effect of FascinationTM on postharvest performance of cut racemes of Big Bend Bluebonnet. Proc. Plant Growth Reg. Soc. 30:116-118.
- N. Sankhla, W. A. Mackay, and Tim D. Davis. 2003. Nitric acid enhances flower abscission and senescence in cut racemes of Lupinus havardii Wats. Proc. Plant Growth Reg. Soc. 30:133-134.
- Rahman, S.M.L., W.A. Mackay, E. Nawata, T. Sakuratani and B. Quebedeaux. 2002. Superoxide dismutase, leaf water potential, relative water content, growth and yield of a drought-tolerant and a drought-sensitive tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) cultivar. Subtropical Plant Science Journal. 54:16-22.
- N. Sankhla, W. A. Mackay, and Tim D. Davis. 2003. Reduction of ethylene-induced flower abscission and leaf yellowing in cut inflorescences of phlox by thidiazuron and sucrose. Proc. Plant Growth Reg. Soc. 30:130-132.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Tissue culture projects: 1) In vitro micropropagation studies on superior perennial phlox selections (Phlox paniculata) continued. Plantlets were transferred to the field for establishment and monitoring for field performance. 2) Studies on somatic embryogenesis in Lupinus havardii continue. Studies are continued to refine medium requirements for production of somatic embryos and determining optimal time for harvest of explants (immature embryos). 3) Field plots of micropropagated Cercis canadensis, Ungnadia speciosa, and Berberis trifoliata are continuing to be monitored for any phenotypic differences from parent material. Breeding projects continue as follows: 1) Oleander breeding for cold hardiness continues. Field trials of clones planted at TAES-Lubbock are continuing to access cold hardiness. 2) Improvement of Lupinus havardii as a new cut flower crop continues. Work continues on the development of a pink cultivar, a new coral pink cultivar and the improvement
of other color lines. Germplasm collected from the wild in 2001 was integrated into the breeding program to increase genetic diversity. New lines of white blueblonnets appear to be less sensitive to exogenous ethylene and will be tested in 2003. Cut flower research has expanded to Phlox paniculata. Experiments continued to examine the role of ethylene, carbohydrate and non-purine cytokinins in postharvest vaselife. Experiments continued with ethylene inhibitors to further understand the role of ethylene in bluebonnet vaselife. Further studies are underway to further elucidate ethylene mechanisms. Lupine `Summer Spires' tested for it's possible use as cut flower. Development of a white flower color cultivar of L. texensis continues. Identification of landscape plants for Texas. Test plots were expanded at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in Dallas. Plants in the 2002 trial included annuals, perennials, and woody ornamental shrubs and trees. Final year of data was collected
twice a month for evaluation of 117 roses cultivars for tolerance to alkaline soils, diseases, and pests.
Impacts
A further increase in understanding of ethylene action on cut flowers of lupines and Phlox paniculata was gained. Several non-purine cytokinins holds promise in increasing vaselife of a number of cut flower crops. Evaluation of plants for their adaptability to Texas landscapes resulted in the identification and promotion of superior ornamental plants for Texas consumers increasing sales for the nursery industry and decreasing the need for chemical inputs by the consumers. Web site (www.texassuperstar.com; http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/ornamentals/natives/tamuhort.html) . A new website was developed on the native shrubs of Texas (http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/ornamentals/nativeshrubs/index.ht ml)to enhance the outreach and educational efforts of the ornamentals program.
Publications
- Crow, W.T., P.F Colbaugh, S.W. George, W.A. Mackay and T.L. Carter. 2001. Varietal reaction of selected rose varieties to black spot. Amer. Phytopathological Soc. Biol. & Cultural Test Reports. 2001. pg. 50.
- Crow, W.T., P.F Colbaugh, S.W. George, W.A. Mackay and T.L. Carter. 2001. Varietal reaction of selected rose varieties to powdery mildew. Amer. Phytopathological Soc. Biol. & Cultural Test Reports. 2001. pg. 51.
- Crow, W.T., P.F Colbaugh, S.W. George, W.A. Mackay and T.L. Carter. 2001. Varietal reaction of selected rose varieties to Alternaria petal blight Amer. Phytopathological Soc. Biol. & Cultural Test Reports. 2001. pg. 52.
- Reinert, J.A., W.A. Mackay, S.W. George, J. Read, M.C. Engleke and S.J. Maranz. 2001. Residual Chemical Control for Differential Grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis, in Urban Landscapes. Florida Entomologist 84:380-384.
- Sloan, J.J, S.W. George, W.A. Mackay, P.F. Colbaugh, and S. Feagley. 2002. Suitability of Expanded Shale as an Amendment for Clay Soils. HortTechnology 12:646-651.
- Development of New Woody Plants by the Texas Coordinated Education and Marketing Assistance Program. 2002. M. A. Arnold, W. A. Mackay, J.M. Parsons, L. Stein, G. Grant, S.W. George, T.D. Davis, R.D. Lineberger, H.B. Pemberton, and C.B. McKenney. Proceedings of the 12th Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance Conference (METRIA 12), Landscape Plant Symposium: Plant Development And Utilization, held in Asheville, NC, May 23-25, 2002.
- Mackay, W.A., N. Sankhla, and T.D. Davis. 2002. Forchlorfenuron (CPPU): A novel agent for preventing leaf senescence and flower abscission in cut phlox flowerheads. Proc. Plant Growth Reg. Soc. 29:177-180.
- Davis, T.D., W.A. Mackay, and N. Sankhla. 2002. Distribution, biology, and potential horticultural uses of Big Bend Bluebonnet (Lupinus havardii Wats.) - A showy winter annual from the Chihuahuan desert. Aridus 14(2):1-5.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Tissue culture projects: 1) In vitro micropropagation studies on superior perennial phlox selections (Phlox paniculata) continued. Rooting protocols were examined for the cultivar `Victoria'. 2) Studies on somatic embryogenesis in Lupinus havardii continue. Studies are continuing to refine medium requirements for production of somatic embryos and determining optimal time for harvest of explants (immature embryos). 3) Field plots of micropropagated Cercis canadensis, Ungnadia speciosa, and Berberis trifoliata are continuing to be monitored for any phenotypic differences from parent material. Breeding projects continue as follows: 1) Oleander breeding for cold hardiness continues. Selected clones were propagated and sent to TAES-Lubbock for evaluation under harsher winter conditions. 2) Improvement of Lupinus havardii as a new cut flower crop continues. Work continues on the development of a pink cultivar, a new coral pink cultivar and the improvement of other color
lines. As part of that effort, new germplasm was collected from the wild to increase the genetic pool for selection. Cut flower research has expanded to Phlox paniculata. Experiments were conducted to examine the role of ethylene, carbohydrate and non-purine cytokinins in postharvest vaselife. Experiments continued with ethylene inhibitors to further understand the role of ethylene in bluebonnet vaselife. Other species of lupines were examined for the their response to ethylene and ethylene action inhibitors. Further studies are underway to further elucidate ethylene mechanisms. Development of a white flower color cultivar of L. texensis continues. Identification of landscape plants for Texas. Test plots were expanded at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in Dallas. Plants in the 2001 trial included annuals, perennials, and woody ornamental shrubs and trees. Data was collected twice a month for evaluation of roses for tolerance to alkaline soils, diseases, and pests.
Impacts
An increased understanding of ethylene action on cut flowers of lupines and Phlox paniculata was gained. The action on non-purine cytokinins holds promise in increasing vaselife of a number of cut flower crops. Evaluation of plants for their adaptability to Texas landscapes resulted in the identification and promotion of superior ornamental plants for Texas consumers increasing sales for the nursery industry and decreasing the need for chemical inputs by the consumers. Web sites (www.texassuperstar.com; http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/ornamentals/natives/tamuhort.html) and CD-ROM development enhanced the outreach and educational efforts of the ornamentals program.
Publications
- Mackay, W.A., N. Sankhla, and T.D. Davis. 2001. Involvement of ethylene in ABA-induced abscission of flowers in cut racemes of Big Bend bluebonnet. Proc. Plant Growth Reg. Soc. 28:114-117.
- Sankhla, N., W. A. Mackay, and Tim D. Davis. 2001. Effect of thidiazuron on postharvest performance of perennial phlox cut inflorescences. Proc. Plant Growth Reg. Soc. 28:104-106.
- Sankhla, N., W. A. Mackay and T. D. Davis. 2001. Extension of vaselife and prevention of ethylene-induced flower shattering in Lupinus havardii by 1-methylcyclopropene. Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Postharvest Physiology of Ornamental Plants. Acta Hort. 543:75-78.
- Mackay, W.A. 2001. The Trans-Pecos Region of Texas: The Mountains and Chihuahuan Desert. Dawn of the 21st Century: The Texas Biomes and All Their Habitats. Proceedings of the 2001 NPSOT and Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. p. 68-77.
- Arnold, M.A., R.D. Lineberger, T.D. Davis, S.W. George, W.A. Mackay, G.D. Grant, J.M. Parsons, and L.A. Stein. 2001. Integrating Plant Trials Into Teaching And Student Research Programs. HortTechnology 11:385-388.
- Mackay, W.A., S.W. George, T.D. Davis, M.A. Arnold, R.D. Lineberger, J.M. Parsons, L.A. Stein, G.G. Grant. 2001. Texas SuperstarT, (Coordinated Educational and Marketing Assistance Program - CEMAP), How We Operate. HortTechnology 11:389-391.
- Colbaugh, P.F., W.A. Mackay and S.A. George. 2001. Alternaria alternata flower blight of Zinnia acerosa in Texas. Plant Disease 85:228.
- Colbaugh, P.F., W.A. Mackay and T.D. Davis. 2001. Alternaria alternata causing flower stem blight of Lupinus havardii. Plant Disease 85:231.
- Mackay, W.A., T.D. Davis and D. Sankhla. 2001. Influence of scarification and temperature on seed germination of Lupinus arboreus. Seed Sci. & Tech. 26:543-548.
- Mackay, W. A. , T. D. Davis and N. Sankhla. 2001. Effect of ethephon and silver thiosulphate on postharvest characteristics of inflorescences of several Lupinus species. Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Postharvest Physiology of Ornamental Plants. Acta Hort. 543:69-74.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Tissue culture projects: 1) In vitro micropropagation studies on superior perennial phlox selections (Phlox paniculata) continued. Micropropagated plants were transferred to field plots for evaluation. Studies are being expanded to other phlox cultivars using the protocol derived from the initial studies. 2) Studies on somatic embryogenesis in Lupinus havardii continue. Embryogenic callus and formation of somatic embryos was achieved at a low rate and studies are being continued to increase both. Current studies are aimed at refining medium requirements for production of somatic embryos and determining optimal time for harvest of explants (immature embryos). 3) Field plots of micropropagated Cercis canadensis, Ungnadia speciosa, and Berberis trifoliata are continuing to be monitored for any phenotypic differences from parent material. Breeding projects continue as follows: 1) Oleander breeding for cold hardiness continues. Five clones that exhibited no freeze damage
were selected and asexually propagated. These clones are currently being evaluated at 5 locations. One clone was propagated for distribution in the southeast regional ornamental trials. 2) Improvement of Lupinus havardii as a new cut flower crop continues. Work continues on the development of a pink cultivar, a new coral pink cultivar and the improvement of other color lines. Experiments were conducted with ethylene inhibitors to further understand the role of ethylene in bluebonnet vaselife. Other species of lupines were examined for the their response to ethylene and ethylene action inhibitors. Further studies are underway to further elucidate ethylene mechanisms. Development of a white flower color cultivar of L. texensis was begun. Identification of landscape plants for Texas. Test plots were expanded at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in Dallas. Plants in the 2000 trial included annuals, perennials, and woody ornamental shrubs and trees. Data was collected twice a month
for evaluation of 117 rose varieties for tolerance to alkaline soils, diseases, and pests.
Impacts
An increased understanding of ethylene action on cut flowers of lupines was gained. Evaluation of plants for their adaptability to Texas landscapes resulted in the identification and promotion of superior ornamental plants for Texas consumers increasing sales for the nursery industry and decreasing the need for chemical inputs by the consumers. The web site and CD-ROM for Texas native trees enhanced the outreach and educational efforts of the ornamentals program.
Publications
- Mackay, W.A., J.M.. Parsons, G. Grant, S.W. George, T.D. Davis and L.A. Stein. 2000. `Texas Maroon' Bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis Hook.). HortScience 35:313.
- Sloan, J., W.A. Mackay and S.A. George. 2000. Growing mediums for porous pavement and rooftop gardens. Proceedings First International Conference on Soils of Urban, Industrial, Traffic and Mining Areas. Essen, Germany.
- W.A. Mackay, N. Sankhla, D. Sankhla and T.D. Davis. 2000. Effect of low temperature storage and ethylene inhibitors on postharvest display life of cut racemes of Big Bend bluebonnet. Proc. Plant Growth Reg. Soc.(In press).
- N. Sankhla, W. A. Mackay, D. Sankhla and Tim D. Davis. 2000. Role of abscisic acid and ethylene in abscission and senescence of Lupinus havardii flowers. Proc. Plant Growth Reg. Soc.(In press).
- Mackay, W.A. , L. Finical Halleck, and R.D. Lineberger. Oct. 19-22, 2000. Development of the Benny J. Simpson Texas native tree Web site. Proc. Native Plant Society of Texas p. 20-24.
- Mackay, W.A., D. Lineberger, C. MacAlpine, L. Finical. 2000. The Benny J. Simpson Texas Native Trees CD-ROM. A database containing descriptions and photos of the 223 Texas native tree species. Pub. Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX.
- W.A. Mackay, D. Lineberger, L. Finical. 1999. The Benny J. Simpson Memorial Texas Native Trees Web Site. An interactive database containing descriptions and photos of the 223 Texas native tree species (http://dallas.tamu.edu/native/index.html).
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Tissue culture projects: 1) In vitro micropropagation studies on superior perennial phlox selections (Phlox paniculata) continued. Studies are continuing on developing an optimum Stage II medium for shoot proliferation. 2) Studies on somatic embryogenesis in Lupinus havardii continue. Embryogenic callus and formation of somatic embryos was achieved at a low rate and studies are being continued to increase both. Current studies are aimed at refining medium requirements for production of somatic embryos and determining optimal time for harvest of explants (immature embryos). 3) Field plots of micropropagated Cercis canadensis, Ungnadia speciosa, and Berberis trifoliata are continuing to be monitored for any phenotypic differences from parent material. Breeding projects continue as follows: 1) Oleander breeding for cold hardiness continues. Five clones that exhibited no freeze damage were selected and asexually propagated. These clones are currently being evaluated at 5
locations. 2) Improvement of Lupinus havardii as a new cut flower crop continues. Work is in progress on the development of a pink cultivar, a new coral pink cultivar and the improvement of other color lines. Experiments were conducted to evaluate alternative postharvest treatments to silver thiosulfate (STS). 1-MCP was found to be efficacious in blocking ethylene action. Four other species of lupines were examined for the their response to ethylene and ethylene action inhibitors. These studies have shown that flower dessication (death) and flower abscission are both affected by exogenous ethylene but are under separate control. Further studies are underway to further elucidate these mechanisms. A maroon flower color cultivar of L. texensis, `Texas Maroon', was released. Identification of landscape plants for Texas. Test plots were expanded at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in Dallas. Plants in the 1999 trial included annuals, perennials, and woody ornamental shrubs and
trees. Preliminary evaluation of roses for tolerance to alkaline soils, diseases, and pests was begun.
Impacts
Breeding efforts resulted in the release of a new Texas bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis) cultivar for use as a bedding plant. An increased understanding of ethylene action on cut flowers of lupines was gained. Evaluation of plants for their adaptability to Texas landscapes resulted in the identification and promotion of superior ornamental plants for Texas consumers increasing sales for the nursery industry and decreasing the need for chemical inputs by the consumers.
Publications
- Mackay, W.A. 1999. Micropropagation for the Mexican redbud (Cercis canadensis var mexicana L) and other woody plants of the Chihuahuan desert. In Vitro Cell. and Dev. Biol. 35:283-284.
- Reinert, J. A., W. Mackay, S. George, J. C. Read, M. C. Engelke & S. Maranz. 1999. Chemical control of grasshoppers in urban landscapes. Proc. SNA Res. Conf. 44: (in press).
- Reinert, J. A., W. Mackay, S. George, J. C. Read, M. C. Engelke & S. Maranz. 1999. Importance of grasshoppers in urban landscapes. Proc. SNA Res. Conf. 44: (in press).
- W.A. Mackay, N. Sankhla and T.D. Davis. 1999. Postharvest performance of Lupinus havardii Wats., Big Bend bluebonnet, a new cut flower crop. 9th International Lupine Conference (In press).
- W.A. Mackay, N. Sankhla and T.D. Davis. 1999. An evaluation of ethylene sensitivity in cut inflorescences of Lupinus species. Proc. Plant Growth Reg. Soc. 26:187-189.
- N. Sankhla, W.A. Mackay and T.D. Davis. 1999. Effect of Ethylbloc on postharvest performance and ethylene production of cut racemes of Big Bend bluebonnet. Proc. Plant Growth Reg. Soc. 26:190-192.
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
Tissue culture projects: 1) In vitro micropropagation studies on superior perennial phlox selections (Phlox paniculata) were begun. Stage I medium requirements were determined. Currently conducting studies to maximize shoot proliferation. 2) Studies on somatic embryogenesis in Lupinus havardii were initiated. Media were evaluated for the production of embryogenic callus and formation of somatic embryos. Current studies are aimed at refining medium requirements for production of somatic embryos and determining optimal time for harvest of explants (immature embryos). 3) Field plots of micropropagated Cercis canadensis, Ungnadia speciosa, and Berberis trifoliata are continuing to be monitored for any phenotypic differences from parent material. Breeding projects continue as follows: 1) Oleander breeding for cold hardiness continues. Five clones that exhibited no freeze damage were selected and asexually propagated. These clones are currently being evaluated at 5
locations. 2) Improvement of Lupinus havardii as a new cut flower crop continues. Work is in progress on the development of a pink cultivar, a new coral pink cultivar and the improvement of other color lines. Experiments were conducted to evaluate alternative postharvest treatments to silver thiosulfate (STS). None of the materials tested had superior performance to STS. Currently we are evaluating other lupine species for ethylene sensitivity and endogenous ethylene production to elucidate the role of ethylene in flower senescence and flower abscission. Identification of landscape plants for Texas. Test plots were expanded at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in Dallas. Plants in the 1998 trial included annuals, perennials, and woody ornamental shrubs and trees. Replicated plots for evaluation of roses for tolerance to alkaline soils, diseases, and pests were established. Arid area revegetation project was completed. Final data was collected on project to determine the
optimum planting method for establishment of native and adapted grasses on disturbed sites in far west Texas.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Mackay, W.A. and T.D. Davis. 1998. `Texas Sapphire' and `Texas Ice' longstem bluebonnets (Lupinus havardii). HortScience. 33:348- 349.
- Padilla, A., J. Gleason, W. Anderson, N. Lownds, W.A. Mackay, O. Mestas, and J.M. White. 1998. Desert Blooms: A SunScape Guide to Plants for a Water-scarce Region. An interactive CD-ROM. Pub. New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM.
- Sankhla, N., W.A. Mackay, D. Sankhla and T.D. Davis. 1998. Postharvest performance of cut racemes of Big Bend bluebonnet: Influence of ethylene inhibitors. Proc. Plant Growth Reg. Soc. 25: (In press)
- W.A. Mackay, D. Sankhla, N. Sankhla and T.D. Davis. 1998. Postharvest performance of cut racemes of Big Bend bluebonnet: Effect of salicylic acid. Proc. Plant Growth Reg. Soc. 25: (In press)
- Sankhla, D. and W.A. Mackay. 1998. Further studies on in vitro micropropagation of Mexican buckeye (Ungnadia speciosa). Proc. Plant Growth Reg. Soc. 25: (In press)
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
An in vitro rooting protocol was developed for Ugnandia speciosa microcuttings based on the results of the previous years experiments and commercially viable rooting percentages have now been obtained. Micropropagation protocols were developed for a new clone of Cercis canadensis var. mexicana. Field evaluations of micropropagated clones of C. canadensis var. mexicana began in 1996 were continued in 1997. New field plots of C. canadensis var. mexicana were established at TAES-Dallas in 1997. Breeding projects continued as follows: 1) Oleander breeding for cold hardiness continues. Five clones that exhibited no freeze damage were selected and asexually propagated. These clones were planted in four locations in Texas in the fall of 1997 for further evaluation. 2) Improvement of Lupinus havardii as a new cut flower crop continues. Work continues on the development of a pink cultivar and improvement of other color lines. Further experiments were conducted in 1997 on
ethylene postharvest physiology. Temporal and spatial production of endogenous ethylene was elucidated. Exogenous ethylene sensitivity was also determined. L. havardii and L. texensis seed storage experiments were completed determining the effects of temperature, relative humidity and scarification on seed viability.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Boatright, J.L., J.M. Zajicek, W.A. Mackay. 1997. Incorporation of a hydrophilic polymer into annual landscape beds. J. Environ. Hort. 15:37-40.
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
In vitro rooting experiments of Ugnandia speciosa microcuttings were conducted with positive results. However, rooting percentages are low and further experiments are necessary before commercially viable micropropagation techniques are available. Micropropagation experiments with a new clone of Cercis canadensis var. mexicana were initiated in 1996. Clones of Cercis were established in the field and field evaluations began in 1996. Micropropagation experiments with a dwarf ruellia were initiated in late fall 1996. Breeding projects continued as follows: 1) Oleander breeding for cold hardiness continues. Several days of single digit lows in the fall of 1996 have caused cold damage to some clones and further rouging will be possible in 1997. 2) Improvement of Lupinus havardii as a new cut flower continues. Two cultivars 'Texas Sapphire' and 'Texas Ice' were released in 1996. Work continues on the development of a pink cultivar and improvement of other color lines.
Several businesses were licensed to grow and market the new cultivars. Experiments were conducted in fall of 1996 on ethylene postharvest physiology. Seed biology experiments of L. havardii, L. texensis, L. aureus var. densiflorus, and L. succulentis were conducted to determine effect of osmotic potential on seed germination were conducted. L. havardii and L. texensis seed storage experiments were begun to determine the effects of temperature, relative humidity and scarification on seed viability.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- MACKAY, W.A., DAVIS, T. D., and RIEMENSCHNEIDER, D.E. 1996. Factors influencing seed germination of Lupinus perennis. J. Environ. Hort. 14:167-169.
- MACKAY, W.A. 1996. Micropropagation of Texas madrone, Arbutus texana. HortScience 31:1028-1029.
- MOLINAR, F., MACKAY, W. A., WALL, M.M. and CARDENAS, M. 1996. Micropropagation ofagarita, Berberis trifoliata. HortScience 31:1030-1032.
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
Tissue culture of Chihuahuan desert native planats continued with Ugnandia speciosa. Shoot proliferation and rooting experiments were conducted to optimize shoot proliferation and rooting. Rooting experiments were only partially successful and further work will need to be done. Experiments with two clones of Cercis canadensis var. texensis were completed and plants established in the greenhouse to be transplanted to the field in 1996. Micropropagated selections of Cercis canadensis var. mexicana were planted in the field to evaluate performance. Breeding projects continued as follows: 1) Oleander breeding for cold hardiness continues. Approximately 40% of the population still intact. All plants in the population have now flowered and were evaluated for flowering characteristics. 2) Improvement of Lupinus havardii as a new cut flower crop continued with further selections in the current color line (blue, pink, and white). Ethylene postharvest physiology studies were
conducted. The first commercial production of Lupinus havardii began with the establishment of two new greenhouse operations using seed from the breeding program and seed was provided to interested industry representatives in several locations around the world. Experiments with other lupine species were begun. Seed biology of L. perennis and L. arboreus was investigated, determining sacrification and temperature requirements. Disclosure of patents/inventions: Patent/Application No. 08424922.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- MACKAY, W.A., TIPTON, J. L., and THOMPSON, G.A. 1995. Micropropagation of mexican redbud, Cercis canadensis var mexicana. Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture (in-press).
- MACKAY, W. A., DAVIS, T.D. and SANKHLA, D. 1995. Influence of sacrification and temperature treatments on seed germination of Lupinus havardii. Seed Science and Technology (in-press).
- DAVIS, T.D., MACKAY, W.A., and SANKHLA, D. 1995. Postharvest characteristics of cut inflorescences of Lupinus havardii. Hort Technology 5:247.249.
- MOLINAR, F., MACKAY, W. A. and WALL, M. M. 1995. Proliferation and rooting of agarita, Berberis trifoliata. Proc. Plant Growth Reg. Soc. (in press).
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Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
Tissue culture of native plants continued as follows: 1) Concluded micropropagation experiments on Berberis trifoliata resulting in an acceptable micropropagation protocol. 2) Experiments on establishment of Ugnandia speciosa concluded. Cultures were established to conduct micropropagation experiments. 3) Initiated micropropagation experiments with two cultivated clones of Cercis canadensis var texensis. Stock cultures were established and successfully multiplied for further experiments. 4) Micropropagated plants of a unique shrub or dwarf Campsis grandiflora were evaluated for trueness to type. Breeding projects continued as follows: 1) Oleander breeding for cold hardiness continued to be evaluated. Approximately 40% of the original population still intact. 2) Improvement of Lupinus havardii continued. White and pink color lines were improved for color uniformity. Blue line improved for yield, quality, and general plant characteristics. Experiments on postharvest
floral quality conducted. Seed germination experiments concluded. Conducted reproductive and vegetative biology experiments at the North Carolina State University Phytotron facilities. Field experiments were established at New Mexico State University to access water use of several ornamental plant species under different soil conditions.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- PARSONS, J.M., T.D. DAVIS, S.W. GEORGE, W.A. MACKAY. 1994. `Barbara Bush' bluebonnet (lupinus texensis Hook.). HortScience 29:1202.
- DAVIS, T.D., S.W. GEORGE, W.A. MACKAY, J.M. PARSONS. 1994. Development of Texas bluebonnets into floricultural crops. Hort Science 29:1110, 1211.
- MACKAY, W.A. 1994. Altered growth of a micropropagated trumpet vine, Campsis sp. Proc. Plant Growth Reg. Soc. 21:In press.
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Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs
Concluded micropropagation experiments on several native species. Thirteen clones of Cercis canadensis var Mexicana (Mexican Redbud) were established in the greenhouse with several clones sent to cooperators (Simpson TAES - Dallas) and planted in the field. Arbutus texana (Texas Madrone) was successfully micropropagated and established in the greenhouse. Berberis trifoliata (Agarito) Micropropagation experiments were conducted to optimize shoot proliferation. Several micropropagated plants were sent to Simpson (TAES-Dallas) and planted in field for evaluation. Experiments to establish Ugnandia speciosa (Mexican Buckeye) and Cassia wislizenii (Wislizenus senna) in tissue culture were conducted. Improvement of Lupinus harvardii (Big Bend Bluebonnet) through conventional breeding techniques continued. Three color lines have now been isolated and are now advanced breeding lines. Seed germination experiments were conducted to optimize germination success. Oleander breeding
project for cold hardiness continued with approximately 60% of population rouged this year. Field experiments were established and conducted using stem flow gauge technology to assess water use of oleander under different stone mulch conditions in El Paso.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs
Development of superior genotypes of many native species has been hampered by a lack of clonal propagation systems based on mature tissue. Shoot regeneration protocols using shoot tips from mature mexican redbuds and Texas madrones were developed. Salt formulations, length of culture periods, culture vessel volume, gelling agents, and growth regulator materials, concentrations, and combinations were examined to optimize shoot proliferation systems. Rooting of both Texas madrone and mexican redbud microshoots was accomplished leading to the establishment of clonal material in the greenhouse. A search of native populations of both mexican redbuds and Texas madrones for superior genotypes was also initiated. Several mexican redbuds and Texas madrones were identified and continue to be monitored for undesirable characteristics. Oleanders from irradiated seed were established in the field for observation to identify genotypes with improved cold hardiness, dwarfness, and new
flower colors. Big bend bluebonnets populations were located and seed collected to initiate both field and greenhouse trials to determine the feasibility of producing big bend bluebonnets as a cut flower crop. Plots were established to determine the effect of mulch materials on the water use of two ornamental species.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- No publications reported this period.
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