Progress 02/18/04 to 02/17/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Forage yields at Overton were average. Best yielding cultivars were Flying A, Tam 90, Passeral Plus and TAMTBO; however, highest yielding cultivars over a 3-year period were TAMTBO (9832 lb/ac) and Nelson. Forage yields at College Station were outstanding in 2010. Highest yielding cultivars were Nelson (12,517 lb/ac), followed by Maximus, Adrenalin and Winter Hawk. No winterkill or crown rust was noted on any entries at either location. In turf-type research, two intermediate ryegrass cultivars were released in 2010. They were TXR and Intercross. Some seed of each of these two entries was sold on the commercial market in 2010. Progress was made in improvement for tolerance to high salinity in turf-type ryegrass. Salt tolerant breeding lines selected at Pecos, TX were more tolerant in later generations compared to check varieties; however, this tolerance was not as evident when tested under greenhouse conditions. Field screening of segregating gemplasm may be more efficient than greenhouse screening. Genotypes selected as improved for salinity tolerance tend to be larger plants; therefore we may be losing the dwarf character needed to maintain turf quality. Seed from an elite salt tolerant population is being increased in Oregon in 2011 for future field testing for salinity tolerance. PARTICIPANTS: F. M. Rouquette, Jr.; G. R. Smith; D. Chalmers; Steve Brown TARGET AUDIENCES: Information and research results derived from this research project would include ranchers and farmers from east Texas, seed companies from Texas and seed companies and seed producers in Oregon. Sport field managers and golf course superintends would also be interested in results from turf overseeding trials and in the release of new cultivars of ryegrass. Results from research on salinity tolerance would be of interest to the turf industry in the western USA as well as in the Gulf Coast Region of the USA. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: This project will be terminated due to the retirement of the Project Leader, Dr. L. R. Nelson.
Impacts
Results of forage and turf overseeding trials have a strong influence on which ryegrass breeding lines are released as cultivars, and also on which cultivars are planted in east Texas. These results influence both ranchers, sports field managers and seed producers in Oregon. Over the past 10 years, research from this project has resulted in the release of 3 forage cultivars (TAMTBO, Tetrapro, and Nelson), and 5 turf cultivars (Axcella, Axcella 2, Panterra, Intercross, and TXR). This has resulted in approximately 15,000 acres of seed production, annually in Oregon, and many acres of forage production in the southeastern USA. The value of this research in dollars is unknown; however, would be several million dollars in added value to the agricultural industry in both Oregon and Texas.
Publications
- Nelson, L.R. 2010. Introduction to Texas. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Herbage Seed Conference. Texas AgriLife Research at Overton. Pub. P 1-4.
- Nelson, L.R. and J. Crowder. 2010. Reliability of salinity screening Lolium genotypes using field grown versus greenhouse techniques. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Herbage Seed Conference. Texas AgriLife Research at Overton. Pub. P 94-98.
- Nelson, L.R. and J. Crowder. 2010. Germination of Lolium multiflorum genotypes in high salt conditions. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Herbage Seed Conference. Texas AgriLife Research at Overton. Pub. P 208-209.
- Smith, G.R., G.W. Evers and L.R. Nelson. 2010. Editors, Proceeding of the 7th International Herbage Seed Conference. Texas AgriLife Research at Overton. Pub. 244 p.
|
Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Research results from ryegrass variety forage trials at Overton and Beaumont were obtained during 2009. These results include forage yields at multiple clipping dates and also crown rust ratings at the end of the growing cycle. Highest yielding cultivars at Overton, were TAMTBO, Chuckwagon and Prine which produced total season yields of 11601, 11508, and 11255 lb/ac, respectively. At Beaumont, highest yielding cultivars were Tetrapro, Flying A, and Verdue which produced yields of 4601, 4349, and 4330 lb/ac, respectively. These results as well as three-year means have been disseminated through extension handouts, websites, and at county extension meetings. New cultivars such as "Nelson" will be released during 2010. Other cultivar releases are pending. Wheat, oat and rye forage variety trial data were also obtained and data have been disseminated to extension websites. In the ryegrass turfgrass development program, overseeding of experimental lines and cultivars were conducted on bermudagrass sods. These results have also been made available on websites and through mail-outs to public and private turf breeding programs. Two experimental turf-type annual ryegrass lines will be released after three years of evaluation in the above trials. Seed of these lines is presently being increased in Oregon. Research on high salinity and selection of germplasm tolerant to high salinity has been ongoing. Reports have been published on differences between ryegrass germplasm for salt tolerance. In addition, several cycles of selection for salt tolerance in annual ryegrass have been conducted and this germplasm is being tested to determine if we have been successful in improving ryegrass for salt tolerance. Seed from one germplasm will be increased in the field in 2010. PARTICIPANTS: L. R. Nelson, Project Leader, Texas Agrilife Research, Overton; F.M. Rouquette, Jr. Cooperator, Overton; G.W. Evers, Cooperator, Overton; D.R. Chalmers, Cooperator, Texas Agrilife Extension, College Station; M.A. foster, Cooperator, Texas Agrilife Research, Pecos; J.C. Rudd, Cooperator, Texas Agrilife Research, Amarillo; R.L. Sutton, Cooperator, Texas Agrilife Research, Dallas; R. Jessup, Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University. TARGET AUDIENCES: Made presentations to local farm and agricultural groups, and to the turf industry in Texas. Consulted with turf-grass cooperators in the Texas Turfgrass Association. Presented data to cooperating seed companies in the Oregon Seed Industry. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Data obtained in this project were important in the evaluation of experimental ryegrass germplasm to determine if the lines should be released as new cultivars. Superior forage yielding, crown rust resistant, and winter hardy lines are advanced over each generation of selection and evaluation. Seed of superior lines are then sent to Oregon, where cooperators increase seed of individual lines and that seed is returned to Texas, where further evaluation takes place. Upon final review, best lines are proposed for release and if approved, released as new cultivars. In the turf-type annual ryegrass program, a similar evaluation of elite germplasm occurs in the overseeding of these lines onto bermudagrass sod. Lines which are best for turf quality, turf density, green color and other turf quality attributes are proposed for release and if approved released. The impact of released forage and turf cultivars is significant. Seed companies license the lines, increase seed in Oregon and market these lines in Texas and elsewhere across the USA. Improved forage cultivars impact the cattle industry by increasing forage yields and reducing risk due to more dependable forages. A similar process occurs with the turf industry. Seed of new cultivars are grown in Oregon, and seed is then sold across the southern USA. This seed is planted on sports fields, golf courses, home lawns and other venues. The value of this aesthetically improved environment is difficult to determine; however, its value is real to people who utilize sports fields in the cool growing season, or appreciate a green lawn at this time or year.
Publications
- Nelson, L. R. and M. A. Foster. 2009. Breeding Annual Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and Perennial Ryegrass (L. perenne) for Salinity Tolerance. In: Proceedings of the 2009 International Turfgrass Society, Chile, Annex Technical Papers, p. 21-22.
|
Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Forage yields at Overton for this past growing season were outstanding. Best yielding cultivars and experimental lines were tetraploids. TXR2006-T22, an experimental from this project led the test at Overton (12,602 lb/ac) and was followed by Big Boss and Tetrapro (11,781 and 11,355 lb/ac, respectively). Attain and TAMTBO also produced high forage yields. Forage yields at Beaumont were near normal. Tetraploid cultivars, Tetrapro, Big Boss, Attain, Prine and TAMTBO were higher yielding. At Beaumont, Marshall and Shiwasuaoba were rated as being susceptible to crown rust. Seed of the cultivar TAMTBO ryegrass (tetraploid) was sold for the first time in 2008 with all available seed sold. The experimental line, TXR2006-T22 had outstanding yields over the past 3 years and has been submitted for release in 2009. It has high yield potential across most of the Southern Region, and particularly along the Gulf Coast due to its crown rust resistance. Results from research were extended through county extension agents, on state extension websites and on http//overton.tamu.edu/ryegrass. In turf overseeding trials at Overton, turf-type annuals were compared to perennial and intermediate ryegrass. Results indicated annuals and perennials were equal in turf quality ratings until late March or April when quality of perennials was best. Annuals transitioned out in May compared to June for perennials and intermediates (http//overton.tamu.edu/ryegrass). A salinity trial on annual and perennial ryegrass germplasm was conducted at Pecos, Texas. A greenhouse salt screening trial where flats are immersed in salt water offers significant potential to screen germplasm for tolerance to high salt conditions. Results between the field screening at Pecos and the greenhouse screening were correlated (P> 0.60). PARTICIPANTS: L. R. Nelson, Project Leader, Texas Agrilife Research, Overton; V.A. Haby, Cooperator, Overton; F.M. Rouquette, Jr. Cooperator, Overton; G.W. Evers, Cooperator, Overton; D.R. Chalmers, Cooperator, Texas Agrilife Extension, College Station; M.A. Foster, Cooperator, Texas Agrilife Research, Pecos. J.C. Rudd, Cooperator, Texas Agrilife Research, Amarillo; R.L. Sutton, Cooperator, Texas Agrilife Research, Dallas. TARGET AUDIENCES: Presented talks to local farm, agricultural tours, and the turf industry. Presented talk to American Society of Agronomy. Presented talks to Texas A&M Pasture and Livestock Management Workshop. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Results of forage and turf overseeding trials have a strong influence on which cultivars are planted in east Texas. These results influence both ranchers and sports field managers, but also seed producers in Oregon. Rapid seed increase of TAMTBO and Tetrapro forage ryegrass and Axcella 2 ryegrass is underway and will impact Texas agriculture in the next few years. It is expected that TXR2006-T22 will be approved for release and that when released; this line will also impact the cattle industry in east Texas in the future. Participated in the release of TAM 401 hard red winter wheat through forage evaluation in east Texas.
Publications
- Nelson, L.R., and Crowder, J. 2008. Breeding to adapt annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) from a forage to a dwarf turfgrass for overseeding sports fields. In: XXI International Grassland Congress Proceedings, Vol. II, p. 293. Guangdong Peoples Publishing House, Guangzhou, China.
- Nelson, L.R., Crowder, J. and Foster, M.A. 2008. Comparison of Salt Screening Methods with Lolium multiflorum and L. perenne. In: American Society of Agronomy National Meetings in Houston. Abst. No. 719-11.
|
Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Forage yields at Overton for this past growing season were above average. Soil moisture levels were sufficient to provide vegetative growth throughout the season. For the first time in several years, diploid cultivars such as Marshall and Surrey II produced higher yields (9494 and 8775 lb/ac, respectively) than did tetraploids. TAMTBO, Prine, Attain and Jumbo (9357, 9106, 8660, and 8660 lb/ac, respectively) were higher yielding tetraploid cultivars. Over the past 3 years tetraploid cultivars have a significant advantage in seasonal forage production at Overton. Forage yields at Beaumont were near normal. Tetraploid cultivars, Diamond T, Maximus, and Attain were higher yielding than any diploids. At Beaumont, Marshall and Hercules were rated as being susceptible to crown rust. The ryegrass breeding line, TXR2005-T4-1, released as a germplasm in 2006, will be marketed as Tetrapro ryegrass in 2008. Seed of the cultivar TAMTBO ryegrass (tetraploid) will be available for planting
in the fall of 2008. Results from research were extended through county extension agents, on state extension websites and on http//overton.tamu.edu/ryegrass. In turf overseeding trials at Overton, turf-type annuals were compared to perennial and intermediate ryegrass. Results indicated annuals and perennials were equal in turf quality ratings until late March or April when quality of perennials was best. Annuals transitioned out in May compared to June for perennials and intermediates (http//overton.tamu.edu/ryegrass). A salinity trial on annual and perennial ryegrass germplasm was conducted at Pecos, Texas. Significant differences were found between entries.
PARTICIPANTS: L. R. Nelson, Project Leader, Texas Agrilife Research, Overton; V.A. Haby, Cooperator, Overton; F.M. Rouquette, Jr. Cooperator, Overton; G.W. Evers, Cooperator, Overton; D.R. Chalmers, Cooperator, Texas Agrilife Extension, College Station, Imir Abrahim, Cooperator, Texas A&M at College Station; M.A. Foster, Cooperator, Texas Agrilife Research, Pecos. J.C. Rudd, Cooperator, Texas Agrilife Research, Amarillo; M.F. Jund, Cooperator, Texas Agrilife Research, Beaumont; R.L. Sutton, Cooperator, Texas Agrilife Research, Dallas.
TARGET AUDIENCES: Presented talks to local farm and agricultural tours. Presented talk to Southern Section of American Society of Agronomy. Presented talks to Texas A&M Pasture and Livestock Management Workshop.
PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: None.
Impacts
Results of forage and turf overseeding trials have a strong influence of which species and which cultivars are planted in east Texas. These results influence ranchers and sports field managers in Texas and also seed producers in Oregon. Rapid seed increase of TAMTBO and Tetrapro forage ryegrass and Axcella 2 turf type ryegrass is underway and will impact Texas agriculture in the next few years.
Publications
- Nelson, L.R., Crowder, J., and Chalmers, D.R. 2007. Registration of Axcella 2 Annual Ryegrass. J. Plant Registrations 1: 20-21.
- Nelson, L.R., Crowder, J., Turner, F.T., Evers, G.W. and Rouquette, F.M., Jr. 2007. Registration of TAMTBO Annual Ryegrass. J. Plant Registrations 1:127-128.
- Nelson, L. R. 2007. Vacuum seed planter to plant ryegrass seed in space plant nursery. In: Seed Production in the Northern Light. Proceedings of Sixth International Herbage Seed Conference, Gjennestad, Norway. T. S. Aamlid, L. T. Havstad and B. Boelt, Eds, Pub. Bioforsk Ost Landvik, Grimstad, Norway. P. 140-141.
- Nelson, L.R. and Crowder, J. 2007. Comparison of annual and perennial ryegrass in overseeded bermudagrass turf. Abst. In: Abstracts of Technical Papers, 2007 Annual Meeting, S. Branch, ASA, 34th, Mobile, AL. 4-6 Feb. 2007. ASA, Madison, WI. (www.agronomy.org)
|
Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Forage dry matter yields were below average at Overton, Texas during the 2005/2006 growing season, due to limited moisture during the fall. Higher yielding cultivars were Prine, Jumbo and TAM 90, which had DM yields of 7165, 7152, and 7124 lb/ac, respectively. The experimental line TXR2005-TBO produced a DM yield of 7544 lb/ac and has been approved for release. This line is a tetraploid and has good crown rust resistance and is adapted to east Texas and the Gulf Coast Region. At the Beaumont location, higher yielding cultivars were Verdue, Diamond T and WD 40, which had DM yields of 7028, 6261, and 6074 lb/ac, respectively. Since there are three different cultivars leading the trial at Beaumont, this indicates that there are genetic x environment interactions. A second tetraploid forage line will be released as germplasm in 2007. This line is TXR200-T4-1 and forage yield data indicate it does not merit a cultivar release but it does have merit for further selection
and future consideration for release. In the ryegrass turf-breeding program the cultivar Axcella 2 was released in 2006. Axcella 2 was released to replace Axcella and has advantages in that it is improved for dwarfiness, has a darker green color, and is more uniform than Axcella. Research and selection for salt tolerance is continuing in greenhouse trials at Overton and field trials at Pecos, Texas.
Impacts
The testing of experimental and commercial ryegrass cultivars is extremely valuable for ranchers. The results from the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station trials are the only unbiased data available to ranchers and seed producers. The expected release of new, higher yielding forage cultivars will benefit cattlemen because they will have more efficient forage for their cattle operation. The release of a ryegrass cultivar improved for overseeding turf will increase aesthetic value of sports fields and home lawns.
Publications
- Nelson, L.R., Alison, M.W., Glass, K.M., Lang, D.J., Rose, P.A. and Prine, G.M. 2006. Comparison of forage yields of diploid versus tetraploid annual ryegrass cultivars in the southern USA. Proceedings of the 2006 Conference of the American Forage and Grassland Council 15:221-225.
- Nelson, L.R. and Crowder, Jim. 2006. Ryegrass forage yields at Overton for 2004-2005 and three-year means. Overton Res. Ctr. Tech. Rept. 2006-1:81-82.
- Nelson, L.R. and Crowder, Jim. 2006. Diploid versus tetraploid annual ryegrass forage yield comparisons in Texas. Overton Res. Ctr. Tech. Rept. 2006-1:83-84.
- Nelson, L.R. and Steddom, K.C. 2006. Southern blight on annual ryegrass in Texas. Abst. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Meetings, Indianapolis, IN., Session 249-2.
|
Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Forage dry matter yields were near normal during the 2004/2005 growing season at Overton, Texas. Highest yielding cultivars were Jumbo, Prine, and Angus I with yields of 7738, 7550, and 7475 lb/ac, respectively. All three are tetraploids (4n= 28). An experimental tetraploid produced in the Overton breeding program (TXR2005-TBO) produced the highest forage yield (8356 lb/ac). A small amount of seed is being increased for this line for future testing and possible release. Low dry matter yields were obtained at the Beaumont location, with Angus I, Beefbuilder III, and Brigadier producing yields of 5544, 5054, and 4955 lb/ac, respectively. Low severity levels of crown rust were observed at the Beaumont trial in 2005. In the annual ryegrass turf breeding program, an experimental line TXR2003-TF1 is being proposed for release in 2006. It is significantly more dwarfy in growth habit than is Axcella and it is slightly shorter than Panterra. It is much more uniform than either
Axcella or Panterra. It also has a darker green leaf color compared to the above two cultivars. Seed is being increased in Oregon for possible release. Salt tolerance screening of annual ryegrass germplasm is being conducted in field trials at Pecos and in greenhouse trials at Overton, Texas.
Impacts
The testing of experimental and commercial ryegrass cultivars is extremely valuable for ranchers. The results from the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station trials are the only unbiased data available to ranchers and seed producers. The expected release of new, higher yielding forage cultivars will benefit cattlemen because they will have a more efficient forage for their cattle operation. The release of an improved overseeding turf annual ryegrass will increase aesthetic value of sports fields and home lawns.
Publications
- Nelson, L.R. 2004. Time to plan for overseeding. Texas Turfgrass. Fall 2004. p. 13-17.
- Nelson, L.R., J. Crowder and H.B. Pemberton. 2005. Performance and transition date of a turf-type annual ryegrass in comparison to perennial ryegrass and fine fescues. HortTechnology 2005 15(2) 304-308.
- Nelson, L.R., G.W. Evers and M.J. Parsons. 2005. Selection for tillering in Lolium multiflorum L. in Texas. Proceedings of XX International Grassland Congress in Ireland. p. 129.
- Nelson, L.R. and Jim Crowder. 2005. Ryegrass forage yields at Overton for 2004-2005 and three-year means. Overton Research Center Website: overton.tamu.edu.
- Nelson, L.R. 2005. Small grains and ryegrass for forage production. In Pasture and Livestock Management Workshop - Advanced Topics Series. September 2005. 8 p.
- Nelson, L.R. and M.A. Foster. 2005. Breeding turf-type annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) for salt tolerance in Texas. CSSA Abst. Annual Meetings in Salt Lake City, UT. CSSA Website.
|
Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Annual ryegrass forage yields were extremely high in 2004. Prine, Diamond T and Abundant cultivars led forage yield trials with yields of 11955, 11553 and 11492 lb/ac, respectively, at Overton. Marshall and TAM 90 followed closely with yields of 11417 and 11285 lb/ac. In the forage trial at Beaumont, yields were lower with the higher yielding cultivars Diamond T and Jumbo producing yields of 7419 and 7212 lb/ac, respectively. Good crown rust ratings were obtained from the Beaumont location, which are very useful in evaluating the cultivars and experimental lines for resistance to this important disease. The experimental forage line, Bar9TAM was released in 2004. Some seed is presently being increased by Barenbrug, USA, Inc. In annual ryegrass turfgrass breeding, several experimental lines are being evaluated and seed on one line, TXR2003-TF1, is being increased for possible release. Data are being collected for PVP application. The PVP of the cultivar Axcella has been
approved and the application for PVP for Panterra has been sent in. Seed sales of both Axcella and Panterra are increasing rapidly.
Impacts
Results from forage trials at Overton and Beaumont have a significant impact on cultivars grown in Texas. Turf research and release of turf cultivars has significantly changed the overseeding turf industry in Texas.
Publications
- Nelson, L. R. and Jim Crowder. 2004. Ryegrass forage yields at Overton for 2002-2003 and three-year means. Overton Research Center Technical Report 2004-01:51-52.
- Nelson, L. R., J. Crowder and F. T. Turner. 2003. Ryegrass forage yields of commercially available varieties at Overton for 2002-2003 and three-year means. In: Forage Research in Texas,Web Page. p. 3.
- Nelson, L. R. 2003. Turf type Panterra annual ryegrass. Abstr. 2003 Southern Extension and Research Activity Information Exchange Group. 25th Turf Meeting, Blacksburg, VA.
- Nelson, L. R. 2003. Axcella turf type annual ryegrass. Abstr. 2003 Southern Extension and Research Activity Information Exchange Group. 25th Turf Meeting, Blacksburg, VA.
- Nelson, L. R., R. White, M. C. Engelke, J. Crowder, M. D. Lazar and D. Singh. 2004. Registration of Panterra annual ryegrass. Crop Sci. 44:1873-1874.
- Nelson, L. R. and D. R. Chalmers. 2004. Transition date and performance of turf-type annual ryegrass and perennial ryegrass overseeded on a bermudagrass sod. CSSA Abstr. No. 3576, Seattle WA.
- Nelson, L. R. 2004. Time to plan for overseeding. Texas Turfgrass. Fall 2004. p. 13-17.
|
Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Annual ryegrass forage yields at Overton in 2002-2003 were above average with cultivars Ed and Jumbo producing the highest yields. Freeze damage ratings were recorded indicating more resistance in Marshall and TAM 90 compared to other cultivars. Experimental lines TXR2003-B7, TXR2003-2 and BAR9TAM produced very high yields and will be considered for release as new varieties. Seed of experimental BAR9TAM is being increased for release in 2004. TXR2000-T1, a tetraploid experimental line, also may merit release as it has produced higher yields than TAM 90 and Marshall over the past three years. Crown rust ratings at Beaumont indicated that several experimental lines may be susceptible to this disease. In an experiment comparing ryegrass seed produced in either Oregon versus Texas, results indicated Oregon seed has higher quality. The Oregon seed had a higher 1000 seed weight, higher percent germination, and slightly higher seedling vigor compared to Texas seed. A
turf-grass cultivar named Panterra was released in 2003. It has a darker green color and is slightly slower in growth rate compared to Axcella. Panterra is recommended for overseeding warm-season sods in the winter.
Impacts
Results from this research will determine which cultivars are grown in Texas and which experimental lines are released as new cultivars.
Publications
- Nelson, L. R. and Crowder, J. 2003. Comparison of seed quality of Oregon versus Texas produced annual ryegrass. Proceedings Fifth International Herbage Seed Conference. Gatton, Australia. pp. 210-213.
- Melson, Nathan B., Nelson, Lloyd R., Kee, David D., and Evers, Gerald W. 2003. The value of overseeding established stands of TAM 90 annual ryegrass with additional seed of TAM 90 ryegrass in northeast Texas. Proc. AFGC National Meetings, 2003. Lafayette, LA. p. 352.
- Nelson, L. R., Crowder, J., and Turner, F. T. 2003. Ryegrass forage yields of commercially available varieties at Overton for 2002-2003 and three-year means. In: Forage Research in Texas. (Web Page). p. 3.
- Nelson, L. R. 2003. Panterra ryegrass. Poster at 2003 Dallas Turf Field Day.
- Nelson, L. R. 2003. Axcella ryegrass. Poster at 2003 Dallas Turf Field Day.
|
Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Annual ryegrass forage yields were below normal for 2001-2002. We had a dry period at Overton in October, and likewise, in mid-April of 2002 we had a very hot dry period lasting about one month which caused the ryegrass to produce seed heads rather than forage in the spring. We did irrigate by drip irrigation in October to increase fall forage production. The highest yielding experimental at Overton was TXR2000-2, which had a dry matter yield of 9961 lb/ac. A tetraploid, TXR2000-T2 had a mean annual yield of 7288 lb/ac, however, it has a 3-year mean of 8180 lb/ac, which ranks very high among experimental and released varieties. At Beaumont, yields were much lower due to drought throughout the growing season. Prine was the highest yielding variety with a yield of 6166. Highest yielding experiment from Overton, was TXR2001-10 which yielded 4711 lb/ac. No winterkill occurred in 2002; however, some differential winter leaf-tip freeze damage was recorded which indicated
Marshall and TAM 90 continue to be quite winter hardy. Crown rust was present at Beaumont in 2002. Most resistant varieties were Prine, Rustmaster, Big Daddy, Feast II, and TAM 90 followed by many more resistant lines. Several Texas experimental ryegrass lines also demonstrated good crown rust resistance. In the turf breeding program, Axcella acreage is increasing annually. A new experimental line, Bar Lm 1001b is nearing release. It will have some advantages over Axcella in that it is slower growing and is slightly darker green in color.
Impacts
TAM 90 continues to be a favorite cultivar of cattlemen in east Texas in the production of winter and spring forage. Axcella plantings are having a positive impact on overseeding of athletic fields and home lawns.
Publications
- Nelson, L. R., J. Crowder. 2002. Annual Ryegrass Yields of Commercially Available Varieties at Overton for 2000-2001 and Three-Year Means. In: Forage Research in Texas - 2002. 3 p.
- Nelson, L. R. and Jim Crowder. 2002. Annual Ryegrass Forage Yields at Overton for 2000-2001 and Three-Year Means. In: TAMU-Overton Forage-Livestock Field Day Report, April 2002. No. 2002-1. p. 37-38
- Nelson, L. R. and J. Crowder. 2002. Transition Date of Axcella Annual Versus Perennial Ryegrass in a Bermudagrass Sod in Texas. Abst. 2002 ASA (C05-nelson090849-Poster).
- Melson, N.B., L. R. Nelson, D.D. Kee, and G. W. Evers. 2002. Overseeding Fall Seeded Annual Ryegrass With Spring Seeded Annual Ryegrass. Abst. 2002 ASA (c03-nelson163032-Poster)
|
Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Annual ryegrass forage yields were below normal for the 2000-2001 growing season. A dry fall growing season resulted in little fall or winter forage production. The first harvest was on February 26, which is about 2 months later than normal. High April and May yields did help increase the total seasonal yield. Higher-yielding cultivars were Natchez, Jumbo and King with seasonal yields of 6403, 6374, and 6336 lbs/ac, respectively. A ryegrass forage variety test at Beaumont was destroyed by mole crickets. Due to the dry fall and winter no crown rust ratings were sufficient to identify lines which were susceptible to the disease. Breeding populations of ryegrass were selected at Overton, Beaumont, Commerce and in Oregon. Several high yielding experimental lines are being tested for forage yield at numerous locations in the southern USA. A turf type annual ryegrass named 'Axcella' has been released. Axcella appears to have great potential for over seeding warm season turf
in October or November. The advantage of Axcella is that it transitions out in May, which is about 6 weeks earlier than perennial ryegrass.
Impacts
The ryegrass-breeding program has had a significant impact on the livestock industry in Texas and in Oregon. Several million lbs of TAM 90 are produced in Oregon and planted annually in Texas. The release of Axcella will have a positive impact on the turf-grass industry in Texas.
Publications
- Nelson, L.R., J. W. Sij, M. D. Lazar, and K. J. McVeigh. 2000. Registration of TXR91-SR6EI ryegrass germplasm. Crop Sci. 40:1834-1835.
- Evers, Gerald W. and Lloyd R. Nelson. 2000. Grazing termination date influence on annual ryegrass seed production and reseeding in the southeastern USA. Crop Sci. 40: 1724-1728.
- Nelson, L.R., J. Crowder, M. C. Engelke, R. White, and V.G. Lehman. 2001. Registration of 'Axcella'annual ryegrass. Crop Sci. 41:1999.
- Nelson, L.R., I. J. Pemberton, and G. R. Smith. 2001. Breeding Italian annual ryegrass for tolerance to Pythium ultimum. In: Proceedings of XIX International Grassland Congress. Brazil, p. 134-135.
- Nelson, L.R. and J. Crowder. 2001. Stomata length in annual ryegrass as an indication of Ploidy level. Abst. 2001 ASA 2001 Abstracts. C01-nelson14083.
- Nelson, L. R., Steve Ward, Jim Crowder, and F.T. Turner. 2000. Ryegrass forage yields at Overton and Beaumont for 1999-2000 and four-year means. In: Forage Research in Texas, 2000. TAES Web Pub. 6p.
|
Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Annual ryegrass forage yields were above normal at Overton and below normal at Beaumont, Texas in 2000. Below average moisture occurred at both test sites, however, adequate spring rains at Overton resulted in very high spring forage growth. Highest total season yields at Overton were produced by Fantastic (ll885 lb/ac) and LaFayette (11346 lb/ac) cultivars. Higher yielding cultivars at Beaumont were Abundant (6556 lb/ac) and Tetragold (6346 lb/ac). Crown rust was severe at Beaumont and fairly severe at Overton in 2000. Marshall, Major and Avance cultivars were susceptible to crown rust. The experimental turf-type annual ryegrass Turf-92 has been released and named 'Axcella' and seed will be commercially available in 2001. We have selected an annual ryegrass breeding line with tolerance to Pythium ultimum Trow. We believe tolerance to this disease will provide seedlings with disease resistance and increase stands and forage yields. An experimental line, Bar 9 TAM, has
shown good forage yield potential in Louisiana and Texas. Seed is being increased for a possible release of this line.
Impacts
The ryegrass-breeding program has had a significant impact on the livestock industry in Texas and the seed industry in both Texas and Oregon. Several million pounds of TAM 90 are being produced annually in Oregon and grown as a forage crop in Texas and other southern states. Increased forage yield resulting from TAM 90 translates into $12.7 million/year for ranchers.
Publications
- Melson, N., Nelson, L. R., and Kee, D. 2000. The value of overseeding established stands of TAM 90 annual ryegrass with additional rates of ryegrass in northeast Texas. In: Northeast Texas Forage Field Day Report. Texas A&M - Commerce. p. 1-3.
- Nelson, L. R. 2000. Breeding annual ryegrass for improved forage yield in east Texas. In: Northeast Texas Forage Field Day Report. Texas A&M - Commerce. p. 6.
- Pemberton, I., Smith, G. R., and Nelson, L. R. 2000. Three cycles of selection for tolerance to Pythium ultimum root disease in annual ryegrass. In: TAMU - Overton Beef Field Day Report. April 2000. Research Center Technical Report No. 00-1. p. 47-48.
- Nelson, L. R., Ward, S., and Crowder, J. 2000. Ryegrass forage yields at Overton for 1998-99 and three-year means. In: TAMU - Overton Beef Field Day Report. April 2000. Research Center Technical Report No. 00-1. p. 49-50.
- Nelson, L. R., Turner, F. T., Ward, S., and Crowder, J. 2000. Ryegrass forage yields at Beaumont for 1998-99 and three-year means. In: TAMU - Overton Beef Field Day Report. April 2000. Research Center Technical Report No. 00-1. p. 51-52.
|
Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Annual ryegrass forage yields were above normal for the 1998-1999 growing season. A warm growing season contributed to most cultivars yielding in excess of 7,000 lb/ac. Higher-yielding cultivars were Southern Star, TAM 90, Tetragold, and Gulf with yields of 7961, 7955, 7883, and 7878 lb/ac, respectively. Forage yields near the Gulf Coast at Beaumont were below normal due to a very dry winter. Yields averaged about 4500 lbs/ac. Higher-yielding entries were Big Daddy, Avance, Shoot, and Tetragold with yields of 6525, 5179, 5150, and 5141 lb/ac, respectively. Crown rust ratings were sufficient to identify lines which were susceptible to the disease. Breeding populations of ryegrass were selected at Overton, Beaumont, and Oregon. Several high yielding experimentals are being tested for forage yield at numerous locations in the southern USA. A turf type annual ryegrass is presently being released.
Impacts
The ryegrass breeding program has had a significant impact on the livestock industry in Texas and the seed industry in both Texas and Oregon. In 1999, 7,000,000 seed of TAM 90(produced in Oregon) were planted in Texas and other states. TAM 90 ryegrass has an 800 lb/ac yield advantage over Gulf, which translates to 53 lb/ac calf gain or $12.75 million/yr.
Publications
- Nelson, L.R., Ward, Steve, Crowder, Jim, Turner, F.T. and Sij, J.W. 1998. Ryegrass forage yields at Overton and Beaumont for 1997-98 and 5-year means. In: Forage Research in Texas, 1998. TAES CPR pub. 5259. 6p.
- Nelson, L.R. and Evers, G.W. 1999. Influence of grazing termination date on annual ryegrass seed production and volunteer reseeding. 1999 Agronomy Absts. p. 142.
|
Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
Ryegrass forage yields in 1997-98 were near normal for total yield with a mean yield of 6111 lb/ac at Overton and 6202 lb/ac at Beaumont, Texas. Cultivar environmental interactions, however, were abnormal for this growing season. The reason for this abnormality was due to wet and warm conditions for the fall, winter and early spring and lack of moisture in April and May. These conditions resulted in little cool weather stress during the growing season. Therefore more winter hardy genotypes may have had a disadvantage rather than an advantage. We also did not have sufficient crown rust to collect usable data for rating cultivars for resistance. Cultivars which yielded best at Overton were Grazer, Stampede, Surrey, Abundant, Gulf, and Big Daddy. At Beaumont, highest yielding cultivars were Cetus, Tetrablend 444, Gulf, and Abundant. In space plantings at Beaumont a severe epidemic of ergot (Cerebella andropogonis) occurred. This epidemic was extremely unusual and severe.
The seed produced in 1999 at Beaumont will be closely monitored. New breeding populations which are being evaluated include a tetraploid of the diploid TAM 90 and a turf type annual ryegrass. The turf ryegrass has a dwarf growth habit with many tillers. During 1998-99, it is being monitored for seed yield in Oregon and turf quality at several locations in the US.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Nelson, L.R., Ward, Steve and Crowder, Jim. 1998. Ryegrass forage yields at Overton for 1996-97 and 5-year means. In: Overton Technical Report 98-1:41-42.
- Pemberton, I.J., Smith, G.R. and Nelson, L.R. 1998. Selection for tolerance to Phythium ultimum root rot in annual ryegrass. In: Overton Technical Report 98-1:37-38.
- Nelson, L.R. and Cook, C.G. 1998. Biomass production of kenaf at Overton. In: Overton Technical Report 98-1:63-64.
- Cook, Charles G., Chow, Poo, Meimban, Roger J., Lambert, Robert J., Bajawa, Dilpreet and Nelson, Lloyd R. 1998. Influence of cultivars, years, environment, and stem location on kenaf fiber properties. TAPPI Journal 81:135-140.
|
Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
Ryegrass forage yields were near normal in 1997. Some winter kill occurred due to very warm weather in December of 1996 followed by severe cold temperatures of -10C without time for plants to adjust to drastic temperature change. All cultivars reacted similarly. Forage yields in the ryegrass clipping trial had a mean total seasonal yield of 5940 lb/ac. The highest yielding cultivars were TAM 90 (6884 lb), Southern Star (6739), Big Daddy (6453), Hercules (6350), Marshall (6073), Surrey (5937), Rio (5907), Jackson (5835), and Gulf (5104 lb/ac). At a location on the Texas Gulf Coast at Beaumont, the highest yielding cultivars were Abundant (6075), Jackson (6062), Hercules (5847), followed by Big Daddy (5798 lb/ac) and other lines. Progress was made in breeding elite ryegrass germplasm. An advanced tetraploid line is being tested for forage yield potential in 1997-98. This line has the same genetic background as TAM 90. Another annual ryegrass line has been selected for
turf potential. This line is a dwarf type with reduced growth, high tiller capacity, and has potential for lawns and perhaps golf courses. It is being evaluated in turf trials in Texas and for seed yield potential in Oregon in 1997-98. The experimental line TXR91-SR6EI continues to be evaluated in South Africa for possible release in that country. We are presently screening the US collection of annual ryegrass lines for tolerance to acid soil (pH of 4.2) under field conditions at Overton, Texas.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- NELSON, L.R., WARD, S.L., and CROWDER, J. 1997. Ryegrass forage yields at Overton for 1994-95 and 3-year means. In: Forage Research in Texas, 1996. TAES CPR-5258, p. 7-11.
- NELSON, L.R., PHILLIPS, T.D., and WATSON, C.E. 1997. Plant breeding for improved production in annual ryegrass. In: Ecology, production, and management of Lolium for forage in the USA. CSSA Spec. Publ. No. 24. Rouquette and Nelson eds., p. 1-14.
- ROUQUETTE, F.M., Jr., and NELSON, L.R., eds. 1997. Ecology, production, and management of Lolium for forages in the USA. CSSA Spec. Publ. No. 24, 138 p.
- NELSON, L.R., and DU, CHUNGUANG. 1997. Appearance and movement of fungal endophyte in annual ryegrass. In: Proceedings of XVIII International Grassland Congress in Winnipeg, Canada. Vol. I, Session 13, p. 9-10.
|
Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
Ryegrass forage yields in Texas were reduced in 1995-96 due to a severe drought which lasted the entire growing season. Under pasture conditions stand losses of 75% were common. In the forage variety evaluations at Overton, good yields resulted because of irrigation. Highest yielding cultivars were Surrey (6255 lb), Marshall (6129), and TAM 90 (5593 lb/a). In a test site in southeast Texas near Beaumont, Magnum (8571 lb/a), was followed by Abundant and Rio. Research results involving the fungal endophyte in annual ryegrass indicated that the endophyte began to grow up the plant at about growth stage 30 of Zodoks scale, when day temperatures were near 25 C. The endophyte was not transmitted to some seedheads even though the plant was infected, indicating the tiller was not infected. Also in some seedheads, a small number of seed was not infected. An advanced breeding line, TXR91-SR6EI was released by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in 1996. This line will be
released in South Africa where it apparently is highly adapted.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- NELSON, L. R., WARD, S.L. and CROWDER, J. 1995. Effect of vernalization on heading date, tillering and plant biomass of Lolium multiflorum. Abst. In: J. Applied Seed Production 13:40.
- EVERS, G.W. and NELSON, L.R. 1995. Effect of grazing termination date on annual ryegrass seed production. Abst. In: J. Applied Seed Production 13:57.
- NELSON, L.R., EVERS, G. W., CROWDER, J., and WARD, S.L. 1995. Effect of endophyteon seed weight, germination, tillering, biomass, heading date, and forage yield of annual ryegrass. 1995. Abst. In: J. Applied Seed Production 13:77.
- NELSON, L.R. Annual Ryegrass Breeding in Texas. 1996. In: Proceedings of the 52nd Southern Pasture and Forage Crop Improvement Conference at Oklahoma City. p. 31-36.
- HABY, V., NELSON, L., LEONARD, A., DAVIS, J. V., CROWDER, J., and WARD, S. 1996. Response of TAM 90 ryegrass to limestone and nitrogen. In: Overton Forage-Livestock Field Day Rept-1996. p. 31-32.
- HABY, V., NELSON, L., DAVIS, J. V., LEONARD, A., WARD, S., and CROWDER, J. 1996.Response of TAM 90 Ryegrass to limestone and potassium. In: Overton Forage-livestock Field Day Rept-1996. p.33- 34.
|
Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
Annual ryegrass yields were good in 1995. Ryegrass forage yields were below average in clipping trials at Overton with mean yields at 5000 lb/ac. The highest yielding cultivar was Marshall (5792 lb/ac). TAM 90 yielded 4785 lb/ac. At Beaumont, yields were extremely high with best yields above 15,000 lb/ac. Gulf was the highest yielding cultivar (14,866 lb/ac). In a study involving vernalization of ryegrass, results indicated that ryegrass requires about 30 days cold temperature (below 5 C) to break the vegetative stage. Plants not vernalized continue to tiller and increase in biomass. TAM 90 was indeterminate and continued to produce tillers even after seed heads had developed. In a study involving the fungal endophyte in ryegrass a significant affect for presence of the endophyte was detected. Endophyte affected time for vernalization and therefore tillering of some cultivars. Presence of the endophyte tended to increase tillering in a greenhouse study. In a field
study, endophyte significantly increased forage yield. In studying the relationship between reseeding ryegrass which was grazed, cattle removed from pastures by April 25 at Overton, Texas allowed sufficient seed to be produced to reseed the crop the next year.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- NELSON, L.R. 1995. Ryegrass improvement and important cultivars. IN Proceedings of Annual Ryegrass Symposium. TAES MP-1170. p. 7-13.
- NELSON, L.R. 1995. Pest management in ryegrass. IN Proceedings of Annual Ryegrass Symposium. TAES MP-1170. p. 100-105.
- NELSON, L.R. 1995. Endophyte affects on tillering, biomass, heading date, and forage yield of annual ryegrass. Tall Fescue Toxicosis Workshop Report. p. 63-65.
- NELSON, L.R., PHILLIPS, T.D., and WATSON, C.E. 1995. Plant breeding for improved production in annual ryegrass. IN 1995 Agron. Abstr. p. 125.
- NELSON, L.R., SIJ, J.W., WARD, S.L., and CROWDER, J. 1994. Ryegrass forage variety tests at Overton and Beaumont in 1993-94. IN Forage Research in Texas,.
- NELSON, L.R., WARD, S.L., and CROWDER, J. 1995. Effect of vernalization on heading date, tillering and plant biomass of Lolium multiflorum. Abstr. IN Third Int. Herbage Seed Conf. (Halle, Germany) Book of Abstr. p. 16.
- EVERS, G.W., and NELSON, L.R. 1994. Effect of grazing termination date on annual ryegrass seed production. Abstr. IN Third Int. Herbage Seed Conf. (Halle, Germany) Book of Abstr. p. 70.
- NELSON, L.R., EVERS, G.W., CROWDER, J., and WARD, S.L. 1995. Effect of endophyte on seed weight, germination, tillering, biomass, heading date, and forage yield on annual ryegrass. IN Third Int. Herbage Conf. (Halle, Germany) Book of Abstr.
|
Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
The 1994 ryegrass forage growing season was excellent for cattlemen, however, less favorable for research plots in East Texas. The reason for this was that there was a dry period in April of 1994. This resulted in the ryegrass varieties in the forage clipping trials to produce seed heads prematurely while the pastures remained vegetative and produced more forage in May. The top three total seasonal yielding varieties were TAM 90, Gulf, and Southern Star, with yields of 6483, 5377, and 4983 lbs/A, respectively. Dargle, an experimental from South Africa, showed good yield potential with a yield of 5595 lbs/A. Results from clipping trials at Beaumont indicated much higher seasonal yields with the higher yields being produced by Jackson (11,042), Gulf (10,399), and TAM 90 (10011 lbs/A). No winterkill occurred at either location and only very low crown rust severity was noted at Overton in 1994. Results from a seeding study indicated that a seeding rate of 25 lbs/A into a
slightly disked seedbed will produce about, the same amount of early season forage as seeding rate of 45 lbs/A into a sod seedbed. TAM 90 has demonstrated a significantly better reseeding potential compared to all other ryegrass varieties. If annual ryegrass is to be managed for natural reseeding, grazing should be terminated by May 1 in the Overton area.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
|
Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs
The 1993 ryegrass forage growing season was excellent for cattlemen and researchplots in East Texas. In varietal trials at Overton for the 1992-93 growing season above average yields were obtained. The top three total seasonal yielding varieties were Marshall (8133 lb/A), Jackson, and TAM 90 with no significant differences between these lines. Six harvests were made from this test with good total season forage distribution. Winterkill or crown rust were not a problem in Texas in 1993. In the variety test at Beaumont, Texas, a warm winter resulted in Gulf being the highest yielding variety, however, these results may not be reliable, due the warm winter. Selection either for or without endophyte in ryegrass breeding lines has resulted in some lines having 95% endophyte infected seed, while other selections of the same genotype have 0% endophyte. These lines are being used to conduct research on the effect of endophyte on annual ryegrass. Seed from germplasm collected in
Turkey in 1991 was increased under greenhouse conditions in 1993. Additional vernalization will be required on some of the perennial selections and this has been carried out so that seed will be available to other plant breeding programs. Results from recent research indicates that TAM 90 has extremely high reseeding potential, which may increase its value as a cool season forage crop.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- NELSON, L. R., ROUQUETTE, F. M., JR., and EVERS, G. W. 1992. Registration of TAM 90 annual ryegrass. Crop Sci. 22:828.
- NELSON, L. R., MARSHALL, D., and TUNALI, B. 1993. Exploration for fungal endophyte in Lolium and other grass species of Central Turkey. In Proc. of the 2nd Intern. Symp. on Acremonium/grass interactions. pp. 11-13.
- NELSON, L. R. and MARSHALL, D. 1992. Texas Report. Proceedings - Tall Fescue Toxicosis Workshop - Memphis. pp. 45-46.
- WARD, S., CROWDER, J., and NELSON, L. R. 1992. Ryegrass forage yields at Overton for 1990-91 and 4-year means. TAES Overton Res. Ctr. Tech. Rept. 92-1. pp. 31-32.
|
Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs
The 1992 ryegrass forage growing season got off to a slow start due to moisture stress. The first harvest was made in early December. Research on fungal endophyte in annual ryegrass continues. A study was conducted with three ryegrass lines with (E+) and without (E-) endophyte, which were subjected as seedlings to greenbugs (Schizaphis graminum). Results indicated presence of endophyte increase resistance in only one of the three lines. Resistance was observed as reduced leaf necrosis (leaf flecking, yellow tip die-back, and leaf death). Resistance was not observed until greenbug reinfestation of 3-month old plants. A plant collection trip (funded by USDA Southern Regional IPM Research Program) was taken to Turkey in 1992. Seed was collected for Lolium species as well as Triticum and other species. Our objective was to collect germplasm with endophyte present in it. Screening of the Lolium seed indicates that 53 out of 91 of this collection had some endophyte infection
present. Seed from this collection will be turned over to the USDA-ARS national germplasm depository. We continue to select several germplasm populations for aluminum tolerance and for high temperature seed dormancy (HTSD). HTSD results in natural reseeding (germination) of these lines when cool fall weather begins.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
|
|