Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/04
Outputs
The capacity of an in vitro gastrointestinal (IVG) method to predict relative bioavailable Cd from soil ingestion was evaluated. Bioaccessible Cd, determined by the IVG method, was compared with relative bioavailable Cd measured from dosing trials using juvenile swine for 10 soils contaminated with Cd from 23.8 to 465 mg kg-1. The effect of the food-dosing vehicle (e.g., dough) in the IVG method was evaluated. Bioaccessible Cd was measured in the gastric extraction and intestinal extraction steps of the IVG. Means for bioaccessible Cd, in parentheses, were gastric extraction step without dough (63.0%) > intestinal extraction step without dough (39.1%) > gastric extraction step with dough (38.2%) > intestinal extraction step with dough (12.9%). It is possible that phytic acid associated with the dough addition decreased bioaccessible Cd. Linear relationships between IVG gastric extraction step without dough (r = 0.86), IVG intestinal extraction step with dough (r =
0.80) and in vivo relative bioavailable Cd were found.
Impacts
Inexpensive in vitro methods may be useful in estimating the relative bioavailability of Cd in soils from contaminated sites. It is unlikely that an in vitro method can be developed to replace animal models in the estimation of in vivo bioavailability, but in vitro methods (i.e., the IVG method) may be useful as rapid screening tools in assessing relative bioavailability of Cd in soils from contaminated sites. Because in vitro methods are inexpensive, they can be used to analyze large numbers of soil samples and provide an estimate of the variability in bioavailable Cd at a single study site.
Publications
- Armstrong, F., N.T. Basta, and E.M. Hanke. 2001. Effect of chemical remediation of contaminated soil on arsenic solubility and gastrointestinal availability. p. 40. Guelph, Canada. Proc. 6th ICOBTE, Guelph, Canada, July 29-Aug. 3.
- Basta, N.T., and R. Gradwohl. 2000. Estimation of Cd, Pb, and Zn bioavailability in smelter-contaminated soils by a sequential extraction procedure. J. Soil Contam. 9:149-164.
- Basta, N.T., R. Lanno, S. Casteel, F. Armstrong, J. Condor, and R. Rodriguez. 2001. Contaminant fractionation and bioavailability of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn-polluted soil. p. 296. Proc. 6th ICOBTE, Guelph, Canada, July 29-Aug. 3.
- Basta, N.T., S.W. Casteel, and R.P. Lanno. 2003. Bioavailability assays for risk based remediation in contaminated ecosystems. p. 308-309. Proc. 7th ICOBTE, Uppsala, Sweden, June 15-19.
- Basta, N.T., R.R. Rodriguez, and S.W. Casteel. 2001. Bioavailability and risk of arsenic exposure by the soil ingestion pathway. In W.T. Frankenberger (ed.) Environmental Chemistry of Arsenic. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
- Bradham, K.D., N. T. Basta, R. P. Lanno, J. Schroder, and M. Payton. 2003. Effect of soil properties on the toxicity and bioavailability of metals. p. 28-29. Proc. 7th ICOBTE, Uppsala, Sweden, June 15-19.
- Carlson, R.I., J.A. Wilson, R.L. Lochmiller, D.M. Janz,, J.L. Schroder, and N.T. Basta, 2003. Ecotoxicological risks associated with land treatment of petrochemical wastes: III. Immune function and hematology of cotton rats. J. Tox. Environ. Health Part A, 66:327-343.
- Condor, J.M., R.P. Lanno, and N.T. Basta. 2001. Assessment of metal availability in smelter soil using earthworms and chemical extractions. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1231-1237. Dayton, E.A., N.T. Basta, and M. Payton. 2003. Using path analysis to augment correlation analysis and partition the modifying effects of soil properties on ecotoxicity. p. 30-31. Proc. 7th ICOBTE, Uppsala, Sweden, June 15-19.
- Lanno, R.P., H.E. Allen, N.T. Basta, K. Bradham, M. Cochran, J. Saxe, and J. Schroder. 2001. Modeling the accumulation and toxicity of cadmium in earthworms based on soil physical/chemical characteristics. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD.
- McGowen, S.L., and N.T. Basta. 2001. Heavy metal solubility and transport in soil contaminated by mining and smelting. p. 89-107. In H.M. Selim and D.L. Sparks (eds.) Heavy Metal Release in Soils. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL.
- Rodriguez, R.R., N.T. Basta, S.W. Casteel, F.P. Armstrong, and D.C. Ward. 2003. Chemical extraction methods to assess bioavailable As in contaminated soil and solid media. J. Environ. Qual. 32:876-884.
- Schroder, J.L., N.T. Basta, M. Payton, J.A. Wilson, R. I. Carlson, D. M. Janz, and R.L. Lochmiller. 2003. Ecotoxicological risks associated with land treatment of petrochemical waste: I. Residual soil contamination and bioaccumulation by cotton rats (Sigmodon Hispidus). J. Tox. Environ. Health Part A 66:305-325.
- Schroder, J.L., N.T. Basta, S.W. Casteel, and J. Si. 2003. An in vitro method to estimate bioavailable cadmium in contaminated soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37:1365-1370.
- Wilson, J.A., J.L. Schroder, N.T. Basta, D. Janz, R.I. Carlson, and R.L. Lochmiller. 2003. Abandoned petrochemical landfarms and wildlife in Oklahoma. II. Effects of contaminants on the immune system and hematology of cotton rats inhabiting abandoned petroleum landfarms. J. Tox. Environ. Health Part A. 66:345-363.
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
The capacity of an in vitro gastrointestinal (IVG) method to predict relative bioavailable Cd from soil ingestion was evaluated. Bioaccessible Cd, determined by the IVG method, was compared with relative bioavailable Cd measured from dosing trials using juvenile swine for 10 soils contaminated with Cd from 23.8 to 465 mg kg-1. The effect of the food-dosing vehicle (e.g., dough) in the IVG method was evaluated. Bioaccessible Cd was measured in the gastric extraction and intestinal extraction steps of the IVG. Means for bioaccessible Cd, in parentheses, were gastric extraction step without dough (63.0%) > intestinal extraction step without dough (39.1%) > gastric extraction step with dough (38.2%) > intestinal extraction step with dough (12.9%). It is possible that phytic acid associated with the dough addition decreased bioaccessible Cd. Linear relationships between IVG gastric extraction step without dough (r = 0.86), IVG intestinal extraction step with dough (r =
0.80) and in vivo relative bioavailable Cd were found.
Impacts
Inexpensive in vitro methods may be useful in estimating the relative bioavailability of Cd in soils from contaminated sites. It is unlikely that an in vitro method can be developed to replace animal models in the estimation of in vivo bioavailability, but in vitro methods (i.e., the IVG method) may be useful as rapid screening tools in assessing relative bioavailability of Cd in soils from contaminated sites. Because in vitro methods are inexpensive, they can be used to analyze large numbers of soil samples and provide an estimate of the variability in bioavailable Cd at a single study site.
Publications
- N.T. Basta, R.R. Rodriguez, D.C. Ward, S.W. Casteel, and L.W. Pace. 2003. Chemical extraction methods to assess bioavailable As in contaminated soil and solid media. J. Environ. Qual. 32:876-884.
- Schroder, J.L., N.T. Basta, S.W. Casteel, and J. Si.2003. An in vitro method to estimate bioavailable cadmium in contaminated soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37:1365-1370.
- Schroder, J.L., N.T. Basta, M. Payton, J.A. Wilson, R. I. Carlson, D. M. Janz, and R.L. Lochmiller. 2003.Ecotoxicological risks associated with land treatment of petrochemical waste: J. Tox. Environ. Health Part A 66:305-325. Wilson, J.A., J.L. Schroder, N.T. Basta, D. Janz, R.I. Carlson, and R.L. Lochmiller. 2003. Abandoned petrochemical landfarms and wildlife in Oklahoma. II. Effects of contaminants on the immune system and hematology of cotton rats inhabiting abandoned petroleum landfarms. J. Tox. Environ. Health Part A. 66:345-363.
- Carlson, R.I., J.A. Wilson, R.L. Lochmiller, D.M. Janz,, J.L. Schroder, and N.T. Basta, 2003. Ecotoxicological risks associated with land treatment of petrochemical wastes: III. Immune function and hematology of cotton rats. J. Tox. Environ. Health Part A, 66:327-343. Yang, J.K., M.O. Barnett, P.M. Jardine, N.T. Basta, and S.W. Casteel. 2002. Adsorption, sequestration, and bioaccessibility of As (V) in soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36:4562-4569.
- Basta, N.T., S.W. Casteel, and R.P. Lanno. 2003. Bioavailability assays for risk based remediation in contaminated ecosystems. p. 308-309. Proc. 7th ICOBTE, Uppsala, Sweden, June 15-19. Dayton, E.A., N.T. Basta, and M. Payton. 2003. Using path analysis to augment correlation analysis and partition the modifying effects of soil properties on ecotoxicity. p. 30-31. Proc. 7th ICOBTE, Uppsala, Sweden, June 15-19.
- Bradham, K.D., N. T. Basta, R. P. Lanno, J. Schroder, and M. Payton. 2003. Effect of soil properties on the toxicity and bioavailability of metals. p. 28-29. Proc. 7th ICOBTE, Uppsala, Sweden, June 15-19.
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Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02
Outputs
Chemical immobilization, an in-situ remediation method where inexpensive chemicals are used to reduce contaminant solubility in contaminated soil, has gained attention in the last decade. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of lime-stabilized biosolid (LSB), N-Viro Soil (NV), rock phosphate (RP), and anaerobic biosolid (AB) to reduce extractability and plant and gastrointestinal (GI) bioavailability in three Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-contaminated soils from smelter sites in Oklahoma. Treated (100 g/kg soil) and control soils were incubated for 90 d. The effect of soil treatment on metal extractability was evaluated by sequential extraction, on phytoavailability by a lettuce bioassay (Lactuca sativa L.), on human GI availability of Pb from soil ingestion by the Physiologically-Based Extraction Test. The largest reductions in metal extractability and phytoavailability were realized using alkaline organic treatments (LSB and NV). Phytotoxic levels of Zn extracted
with 0.5 M Ca(NO3)2 of 1188 mg Zn kg-1 in Blackwell soil was significantly reduced with the addition of the LSB, NV, and RP amendments to 166, 25, and 784 mg Zn kg-1, respectively. Rock phosphate was the only treatment that reduced GI available Pb in both gastric and intestinal solutions, 23% and 92%, respectively. Use of alkaline organic treatments (LSB, NV) are well suited to decrease Cd transmission through the food chain pathway. Whereas, rock phosphate is well suited to decrease risk from exposure to Pb via the soil ingestion pathway. Alkaline organic treatments can reduce human exposure to Cd and Pb from eroded soil by reducing Zn phytotoxicity and revegetation of contaminated sites.
Impacts
Many chemical immobilization treatments have been proposed in the last decade. However, few treatments are successful in reducing contaminant risks of multiple exposure pathways (i.e. drinking water, soil ingestion, food chain). This research evaluated the ability of commonly used treatment to reduce contaminant risk for multiple exposure pathways important to human health. Results showed none of the treatments were successful in reducing risk for all exposure pathways. There isn't a 'silver bullet' treatment. It is likely that, multiple treatments in sequence are needed for successful chemical immobilization of soil contaminants.
Publications
- Yang, J.K., M.O. Barnett, P.M. Jardine, N.T. Basta, and S.W. Casteel. 2002. Adsorption, sequestration, and bioaccessibility of As (V) in soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36:4562-4569. O'Connor, G.A., T.C. Granato, and N.T. Basta. 2001. Bioavailability of biosolids-Mo to soybean grain. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1653-1658.
- Basta, N.T., R. Gradwohl, K.L. Snethen, and J.L. Schroder. 2001. Chemical immobilization of lead, zinc, and cadmium in smelter-contaminated soils using biosolids and rock phosphate. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1222-1230. McGowen, S.L., N.T. Basta, and G.O. Brown. 2001. Use of diammonium phosphate to reduce heavy metal solubility and transport in smelter-contaminated soil. J. Environ. Qual. 30:493-500.
- Casteel, S., T. Evans, J. Turk, N. Basta, C. Weis, G. Henningsen, and E. Hoffman. 2001. Refining the risk assessment of metal-contaminated soils. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 203:473-474.
- Rafferty, D.P., R.L. Lochmiller, K. McBee, C.W. Qualls, and N.T. Basta. 2001. Immunotoxicity risks associated with land-treatment of petrochemical wastes revealed using an in situ rodent model. Environ. Pollut. 112:73-87.
- Soochong, K., E.L. Stair, R.L. Lochmiller, D.P. Rafferty, J.L. Schroder, N.T. Basta, J.W. Lish, and C.W. Qualls. 2001. Widespread risks of dental fluorosis in cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) residing on petroleum waste sites. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 62:107-125.
- Treatment of contaminated soil to reduce bioavailability of As, Pb, Zn, and Cd and Ecotoxicity.2001. Agron. Abstr. (CD-ROM) Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting, Charlotte, NC, Oct. 21-26.
- Bradham, K., R.P. Lanno, N.T. Basta, J.L. Schroder, and K.L. Snethen. 2001. Effects of soil properties on the bioavailability of metals in contaminated soil to earthworms. Agron. Abstr. (CD-ROM) Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting, Charlotte, NC, Oct. 21-26.
- Snethen, K.L., N.T. Basta, K. Bradham, and R.P. Lanno. 2001. Chemical immobilization of Pb, Zn, and Cd based on risk and contaminant extractability. Agron. Abstr. (CD-ROM) Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting, Charlotte, NC, Oct. 21-26.
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Progress 10/01/00 to 09/30/01
Outputs
An inexpensive and very effective new technology that uses commercial fertilizer, diammonium phosphate (DAP), to treat heavy metal contaminated soil was developed. Soils contaminated with Cd, Pb, Zn, and As were collected from a former smelter site. DAP treatments of 460, 920, 2300 mg P kg-1 and an untreated check were evaluated using solute transport experiments. Application of 2300 mg P kg-1 (the most effective for immobilizing Cd, Pb, and Zn) resulted in 3 95% reduction of metal elution from the contaminated soil. Increased Kd values with additional DAP treatment indicated reduced partitioning of sorbed/precipitated metal released to mobile metal phases and a concomitant decrease in the concentration of mobile heavy metal species. Chemical immobilization, an in situ remediation method where inexpensive chemicals are used to reduce contaminant solubility in contaminated soil, has gained attention in the last decade. Biosolids and phosphates (e.g., rock phosphate)
have been shown to reduce risk from contaminated soil by reducing Zn phytotoxicity and Pb human gastrointestinal bioavailability, respectively. Although successful remediation methods must accomplish several risk reductions simultaneously, results are often only reported for one risk-based exposure pathway. Results from Basta et al. (2001) showed that treatment of contaminated soil with biosolids or rock phosphate may not lower risk for both phytoavailability (e.g., food chain) and human soil ingestion.
Impacts
Diammonium phosphate (DAP), an inexpensive phosphorus fertilizer commonly used for crop production, has the ability to immobilize heavy metal in contaminated soil and protect water resources from heavy metal contamination near smelting and mining sites. In situ treatment of contaminated soil with DAP at the 2300 mg P kg-1 treatment corresponds to estimated material costs of only US $2.5 m-2 to a depth of 60 cm compared with US $730 m-2 for excavation and landfilling of contaminated soil.Many chemical immobilization treatments have been proposed in the last decade. However, few treatments are successful in reducing contaminant risks of multiple exposure pathways (i.e. drinking water, soil ingestion, food chain). This research evaluated the ability of commonly used treatment to reduce contaminant risk for multiple exposure pathways important to human health. Results showed none of the treatments were successful in reducing risk for all exposure pathways. There isn't a
'silver bullet' treatment. It is likely that, multiple treatments in sequence are needed for successful chemical immobilization of soil contaminants.
Publications
- Condor, J.M., R.P. Lanno, and N.T. Basta. 2001. Assessment of metal availability in smelter soil using earthworms and chemical extractions. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1231-1237.
- McGowen, S.L., N.T. Basta, and G.O. Brown. 2001. Use of diammonium phosphate to reduce heavy metal solubility and transport in smelter-contaminated soil. J. Environ. Qual. 30:493-500.
- Basta, N.T., and R. Gradwohl. 2000. Estimation of Cd, Pb, and Zn bioavailability in smelter-contaminated soils by a sequential extraction procedure. J. Soil Contam. 9:149-164.
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Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/00
Outputs
The relationship between metal fractionation and methods used to estimate bioavailability of these metal contaminants in soil was evaluated. The Potentially BioAvailable Sequential Extraction (PBASE), was used for Cd, Pb, and Zn fractionation in 12 soils contaminated from Pb and Zn mining and smelting activities. Metal in the PBASE E1 fraction was correlated with lettuce Cd (P<0.001) and Zn (P<0.05) and was the best predictor of Cd and Zn phytoavailability. In another study, we investigated the effectiveness of lime-stabilized biosolid (LSB), N-Viro Soil (NV), rock phosphate (RP), and anaerobic biosolid (AB) to reduce extractability and plant and gastrointestinal (GI) bioavailability in three Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-contaminated soils from smelter sites in Oklahoma. Phytotoxic levels of Zn extracted with 0.5 M Ca(NO3)2 of 1188 mg Zn kg-1 in Blackwell soil was significantly reduced with the addition of the LSB, NV, and RP amendments to 166, 25, and 784 mg Zn kg-1,
respectively. Rock phosphate was the only treatment that reduced GI available Pb in both gastric and intestinal solutions, 23% and 92%, respectively. Use of alkaline organic treatments (LSB, NV) are well suited to decrease Cd transmission through the food chain pathway. Whereas, rock phosphate is well suited to decrease risk from exposure to Pb via the soil ingestion pathway. Alkaline organic treatments can reduce human exposure to Cd and Pb from eroded soil by reducing Zn phytotoxicity and revegetation of contaminated sites.
Impacts
The PBASE method provides information needed to conduct site-specific risk based cleanup of smelter contaminated soils. The PBASE method can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of organic, alkaline, and phosphate chemical immobilization amendments to reduce contaminant bioavailability "remediated" smelter-contaminated soils. Contaminated soil often presents an unacceptable risk to human and ecological health and must be remediated. Commonly used cleanup methods involved excavation and landfilling of smelter-contaminated soil. However, more permanent and less expensive in-situ solutions have been favored in the last decade. The chemical immobilization treatments evaluated in this study provided information on use of alternate inexpensive soil remediation methods.
Publications
- Basta, N.T., and R. Gradwohl. 2000. Estimation of heavy metal bioavailability in smelter-contaminated soils by a sequential extraction procedure. J. Soil Contam. 9:149-164.
- Basta, N.T., S.L. McGowen, and R. Gradwohl. 2000. Remediation of smelter-contaminated soils by chemical immobilization. McGowen, S.L. 2000. Ph.D. Dissertation. Chemical treatments for reducing heavy metal solubility and transport in smelter contaminated soils. McGowen, S.L., N.T. Basta, and G.O. Brown.2000. Use of diammonium phosphate to reduce heavy metal solubility and transport in smelter-contaminated soils. J. Environ. Qual. In press.
- N.T. Basta, R. Gradwohl, K.L. Snethen, and J.L. Schroder.2002. Chemical immobilization of Pb, Zn, and Cd in smelter contaminated soils using biosolids and rock phosphate. J. Environ. Qual. In Press.
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Progress 10/01/98 to 09/30/99
Outputs
Miscible displacement experiments were used to investigate chemical immobilization of Cd, Pb, and Zn in smelter contaminated soils using diammonium phosphate (DAP). Four DAP amendment levels (2,4,10, and 90 g/DAP kg) and a control (untreated) were evaluated with repacked soil columns leached with deionized water under saturated conditions. Increasing DAP additions reduced the mass of heavy metals eluted. The 10g/kg DAP treatment reduced eluted Cd by 95%, Pb by 99%, and Zn by 96%. Higher DAP addition (>10 g/kg) increased As elution and did not provide any further decrease in heavy metal elution. Chemical speciation and construction of activity-ratio diagrams identified Pb-hydroxypyromorphite, Cadmium Phosphate and hopeite as possible mineral phases controlling metal solubility.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Rodriguez, R.R., Basta, N.T. Casteel,S.W., and Dunsmore, M. 1999. Chemical Methods to Estimate Bioavailable Arsenic in Contaminated Soils and Solid Media. Abstract Book. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20th Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, Nov.14-18, 1999.
- Basta, N.T., J.L. Schroder, R.L. Lochmiller, D.P., Rafferty, M.E. Payton, S. Kim , and C.W. Qualls. 1999. Bioavailability of heavy metals and fluoride to cotton rats from petrochemical-contaminated soils. Agron.Abstr. p.348.
- McGowen, S.L. and Basta, N.T. 1999. Heavy metal solubility and transport in diammonium phosphate treated smelter contaminated soil Agron. Abstr. P.348.
- McGowen, S.L. and N.T. Basta. 1999. Simulated in-situ chemical immoblization of heavy metals in contaminated soil. p.356-357.Ext.Abstr., 5th ICOBTE, July 11-15, 1999, Vienna Austria.
- Basta, N.T., and G.M. Pierzynski. 1999. Remediation of As, Pb, Cd, and Zn contamination soils. p.224-225.Ext.Abstr., 5th ICOBTE, July 11-15, 1999, Vienna, Austria.
- Basta, N.T., Rodriguez, R.R. and Casteel. 1999. In-vitro gastro-intestinal method to estimate bioavailable arsenic in contaminated soils. p. 832-833. Ext. Abstr., 5th ICOBTE, July 11-15. 1999, Vienna, Austria.
- Basta, N.T., Schroder, J.L., and Casteel, S.W. 1999. An In-Vitro Method to Estimate Bioavailable Cadmium and Lead in Contaminated Soil Abstract Book. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20th Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, Nov.14-18, 1999.
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Progress 10/01/97 to 09/30/98
Outputs
A method was developed to simulate the human gastrointestinal environment and to estimate bioavailability of arsenic in contaminated soil and solid media. In this in-vitro gastrointestinal (IVG) method, arsenic is sequentially extracted from contaminated soil with simulated gastric and intestinal solutions. Fifteen contaminated soils collected from mining/smelter sites ranging from 401 to 17,460 mg As kg-1 were analyzed. In-vitro results were compared with in-vivo relative bioavailable arsenic (RBA) determined from dosing trials using immature swine which ranged from 2.7 to 42.8% RBA. Both IVG stomach and intestinal methods extracted similar amounts of arsenic as in-vivo methods and provided estimates of bioavailable As across all contaminated media. There was excellent agreement between arsenic bioavailability measured by IVG and in-vivo methods for non-calcine media. Arsenic extracted by the IVG stomach and intestinal phases was linearly correlated (r = 0.83 and
0.82, respectively) with in-vivo arsenic (P <0.01). The IVG method may aid in the design and cost-effectiveness of remedial strategies of arsenic- contaminated sites. Treatment of contaminated soil with rock phosphate (RP) reduced plant available Pb, Cd, and Zn. The RP treatment resulted in small, but not significant (P<0.05), reductions in heavy metal oral bioavailability measured by the PBET gastric phase.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Gradwohl, R. 1998. M.S. Thesis. Heavy metal bioavailability of contaminated soils, remediation methods and long-term stability.
- Basta, N.T., W.R. Raun, and F. Gavi. 1998. Wheat grain cadmium under long-term fertilization and continuous winter wheat production. Better Crops 82(2):14-16.
- Basta, N.T., and R. Gradwohl. 1998. Remediation of heavy-metal contaminated soil using rock phosphate. Better Crops 82(4):29-30.
- Rodriguez, R. R., N. T. Basta, S.W. Casteel, and L.W. Pace. 1998. An in-vitro gastro-intestinal method to assess bioavailable arsenic in contaminated soils and solid media. Environ. Sci. Technol. In Press.
- Basta, N.T., and J.J. Sloan. 1999. Application of alkaline biosolids to acid soils: changes in solubility and bioavailability of heavy metals. J. Environ. Qual.: In press. Kornecki, T.S., G.O. Brown, B. Allred, and N.T. Basta. 1998. Cationic surfactant feasibility for use in removal of lead from soil. Environ. Geosci. 5(2): In press.
- Chemical Methods to Estimate Bioavailable Arsenic in Contaminated Soils and Solid Media. Rodriguez, R.R., N.T. Basta, S.W. Casteel, and L.W. Pace. Abstract Book. p. 80. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19th Annual Meeting, Chalotte, NC, Nov. 15-19, 1998.
- Basta, N.T. and R. Gradwohl. 1998. Estimation of Heavy Metal Bioavailability in Contaminated Soils by a Sequential Extraction Procedure. Abstract Book. p. 60-61. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19th Annual Meeting, Chalotte, NC, Nov. 15-19, 1998.
- S.L. McGowen, and N.T. Basta. 1998. Reduction of heavy metal mobility in smelter contaminated media. Agron. Abstr. p. 340.
- N.T. Basta, R.R. Rodriguez, and S.W. Casteel. 1998. Quantifying bioavailable arsenic in contaminated soils by chemical methods. . Agron. Abstr. p. 203.
- Basta, N.T., W.R. Raun, and F. Gavi. 1998. Wheat grain cadmium as affected by long-term fertilization and soil acidity. Great Plains Soil Fertility Conference, Denver, CO, March 3-4, 1998. Proc. Great Plains Soil Fertility Conf. 7:1-6.
- Rodriguez, R.R. 1998. Ph.D. Dissertation. Bioavailability and biomethylation of arsenic in contaminated soil and solid wastes.
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Progress 10/01/96 to 09/30/97
Outputs
Objective 1: #Research documenting the relationship between chemical methods (chemical speciation and USEPA TCLP) and bioavailability (plant uptake and in-vitro gastrointestinal methods) for heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn) in three smelter contaminated soils has been completed. Results from this are being summarized in my student's M.S. thesis and will submitted publication in Environmental Science and Technology. Research studying the relationship between spectroscopic methods and bioavailability are underway. Spectoscopic work (NMR, EXAFS, IR) is expected to be completed May/June 1998. Objective 2:#The ability of several in-situ remediation methods to reduce solubility and bioavailability of Cd, Zn, and Pb in smelter contaminated soil has been determined. Contaminated soils were treated with biosolids (lime-stabilized and anaerobic), alkaline materials (NViro), and phosphorus fertilizer (triple superphosphate) and incubated at 25 #C and 0.03 MPa for 3 to 6 months. Soils
were analyzed by chemical and bioavailability methods (from objective 1) to evaluate the ability of remediation treatments to reduce the solubility and bioavailability of heavy metals in contaminated soil. Results from this are being summarized in my student's M.S. thesis and will be submitted for publication in Environmental Science and Technology. Objective 3:#A new ion chromatographic (IC) method for determination of arsenic in soil, water, plant, and environmental media is being developed. The IC method has accuracy and precisi.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- REFEREED JOURNALS: Basta, N.T., and J.J. Sloan. 1997. Application of alkaline biosolids to acid soils: Changes in solubility and bioavailability of heavy metals. J. Environ. Qual. (in review). PUBLISHED ABSTRACTS AND THESES: Gradwohl, R., and N.T. Basta. 1997. Remediation of heavy-metal contaminated soil by chemical immobilization: An approach to evaluate long-term stability. . Division of Environmental Chemistry Extended Abstracts 37(2):127-129.
- Basta, N.T., and R. Gradwohl. 1997. Remediation of heavy-metal contaminated soil by in-situ chemical immobilization. Division of Environmental Chemistry Extended Abstracts 37(2):98-99. American Chemical Society 214th National Meeting, Las Vegas, NV. Sept. 7-11,
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Progress 10/01/95 to 09/30/96
Outputs
Objective 1:#All experimental work to satisfy this objective has been completed.Results are being summarized and prepared for publication. Objective 2: #Laboratory work evaluating the relationship between chemical speciation and bioavailability for heavy metals in contaminated soils has been completed. Results from this study will be summarized and prepared for publication. Objective 3:#All experimental work to satisfy this objective has been completed. Results are being summarized and prepared for publication. Objective 4:#A new ion chromatographic (IC) method for determination of arsenic in soil, water, plant, and environmental media is being developed. The IC method has accuracy and precision comparable to standard method that use inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP). Method comparison between IC and ICP for measuring As in a wide array of natural and contaminated samples is underway. #.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Gavi, F., N.T. Basta, and W.R. Raun. 1996. Cadmium accumulation in wheat grain as affected by long-term N and P fertilization and soil acidity. J. Environ. Qual. (in press).
- Lee, B.D., B.J.Carter, and N.T. Basta. 1996. Soil forming factors influencing heavy metal distribution in six Oklahoma benchmark soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. (in press).
- Basta, N.T., and J.J. Sloan. 1996. Effect of lime-stabilized sewage sludge on heavy metal speciation and availability in acid remediated soils (in final preparation).
- N.T. Basta, Scott, T.D., B.J. Carter, and R. Gradwohl. 1996. Heavy metal distribution in benchmark soils of Oklahoma (in preparation).
- N. T. Basta, R. Gradwohl, and J.A. Anderson. 1996. Heavy-metal speciation based on adsorption affinity and solubility in soil (in preparation).
- E. M. Hanke and N.T. Basta. 1996. Remediation of arsenic contaminated soil by chemical immobilization. Agron Abstr. p. 334.
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Progress 10/01/94 to 09/30/95
Outputs
Objective 1: All experimental work to satify this objective has been completed. Objective 2: Previous work on unconatminated soil has been completed and is in the process of being published. Data is in the process of being collected to evlaute the relationship between chemical speciation and bioavailability for heavy metals in contaminated soils. Objective 3: Soluble Cd and Zn concentrations were determined in 3 acid soils incubated for 6 months with lime stabilized sewage sludge (LS), anaerobically digested sewage sludge (SS), N-Viro soil (NV), and agricultural lime (L). Limed sewage sludges (LS and NV) decreased soluble Cd and Zn with increasing rate while unlimed sewage sludge (SS) increased soluble Cd with rate. In general, sewage sludge amended soils contained a greater fraction of heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb) in plant available forms than the ag lime amendment and the unamended control. Heavy metal uptake by leaf lettuce followed the trend SS > LS > NV > C, L.
Plant uptake of specific metals from sewage sludge amended soils was Cd > Zn > Cu = Pb. Results of this study show that lime stabilized sewage sludge can be used to remediate acid soil without significantly endangering the food chain through increased plant uptake of heavy metals. Objective 4: Conducted research shows ion chromatographic methods for speciation of trace elements doesn not provide adequate detection limits to be useful for uncontaminated soil systems. Further study of this objective has been suspended.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- SLOAN, J.J., AND N.T. BASTA. 1995. Remediation of acid soils by using alkaline biosolids. J. Environ. Qual. 24:1097-1103.
- ANDERSON, J.L., AND N.T. BASTA. 1995. Remediation of heavy-metal contaminated soil by in-situ immobilization. Agron Abstr. p. 352.
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Progress 10/01/93 to 09/30/94
Outputs
Objective 1: Total amounts of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were determined in major horizons of 28 benchmark soil series in Oklahoma. THe mean total metal contents of the soils were 0.55 mg kg(superscript -1) Cd, 14.6 mg kg(superscript -1) Co, 13.7 mg kg(superscript -1) Cu, 20.3 mg kg(superscript -1) Ni, 15.6 mg kg(superscript -1) Pb, and 58.8 mg kg(superscript -1) Zn. In general, higher Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents were found in soils from the Ozark Plateau and Ouachita Mountain region. Results are being summarized and prepared for publication. Objective 2: The relationship between chemical speciation and bioavailability for several benchmark Oklahoma soils and 3 soils enriched/contaminated with trace elements was determined. The only significant relationships between plant concentration and chemical fractions in baseline and enriched soils were found for exchangeable Zn. In contaminated soils, the carbonate and oxide Cd fractions and the organic Zn fraction were
strongly correlated with plant metal concentrations. Because only three enriched soils would support plant life, insufficient data was collected from contaminated soils. Further study of these relationships for additional contaminated soils is needed and will be performed in the upcoming year. Objective 3: Data was collected to evaluate the effect of liming on trace element speciation and availability. Results from this study are currently being analyzed and should be completed by next year.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- BASTA, N.T., PANTONE, D.J. and TABATABAI, M.A. 1993. Path analysis of heavy metal adsorption by soil. Agron. J. 85:1054-1057.
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Progress 10/01/92 to 09/30/93
Outputs
Objective 1: Trace element content and soil chemical properties benchmark soils in Oklahoma have been determined. Total Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were determined for all major soil horizon in each benchmark soil at three locations. Trace element contents in soils were Zn > Ni, Pb, Co />=/ Cu > Cd for all horizons. Biogeochemical and statistical methods are being used to summarize and report these findings. Objective 2: Studies have been initiated to determine the relationship between chemical speciation and bioavailability for 5 benchmark Oklahoma soils and 5 soils enriched with trace elements. Chemical extractions and trace element determination by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy are currently underway. Objective 3: Acid-affected soil samples were incubated with liming materials for six months. Soil solution and soils were subsampled at 1, 30, 90, and 120 days incubation. Chemical analyses are underway to determine the effect of liming on trace
element speciation and availability. Objective 4: Two eluent-post column systems that may be useful for heavy metal speciation by ion chromatography have been identified. These systems are currently being evaluated.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- BASTA, N.T., PANTONE, D.J. and TABATABAI, M.A. 1993. Path analysis of heavy metal adsorption by soil. Agron. J. 85:1054-1057.
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Progress 10/01/91 to 09/30/92
Outputs
Objective 1: Soil types of agronomic importance and representative of extensive land masses (benchmark soils) in Oklahoma were collected. The total number of individual soil samples exceed 300 (twenty-nine soil types, several depths, three locations per soil type). Soil processing, sample preparation and determination of soil chemical properties and trace element content of these soils is currently being conducted. Objective 2: Methods, supplies, and equipment required to conduct research are in place. Sample selection is contingent upon results from Objective 1. Objective 3: Acid-affected soil samples have been collected and processed. Preliminary soil chemical characterization is currently being conducted. Objective 4: A new ion chromatograph has been procured and configured to accomplish objective 4. Preliminary work required to identify chromatographic parameters required for metal speciation is currently underway. In addition to progress specified above, a new
statistical technique was developed to evaluate project results.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- BASTA, N.T., PANTONE, D.J. and TABATABAI, M.A. 1993. Path Analysis of Heavy Metal Adsorption by Soil. Agron. J. (in departmental review).
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