Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/06
Outputs
In this project we have demonstrated the significant impacts that the water source used in rainfall simulation experiments can have on phosphorus (P) runoff measures. Groundwater resulted in less P loss than deionized water or deionized water with mineral salts added to simulate the ions, ionic strength and pH of local rainfall. In addition we have shown that antecedent moisture content can significantly impact P runoff. We found that soils incubated under wet or near-saturation conditions had P runoff concentrations similar to those from an incorporated manure treatment under field moist conditions and that sediment collected in runoff increased with incubated moisture status. We found that when manures from swine and poultry fed diets that reduced P excretion were applied at similar available nitrogen (N) rates, runoff P concentrations were reduced as a result of decreased P excretion. However, greater reductions in P loss were observed when manure was incorporated
into the soil than by reducing P application rates. However, the results were additive. We were the first research group to document compound-specific P sorption competition in soils using ion chromatography. Phosphorus sorption affinity followed the order of inositol phosphate > glucose 6 phosphate > adenosine triphosphate > inorganic P for the soils studied. All organic P compounds also displaced previously sorbed P from soils in the following order: glucose 6 phosphate > adenosine triphosphate > inositol phosphate at the greatest rates of P addition.
Impacts
As a result of our studies, we have made significant improvements in the protocols used in the National Phosphorus (P) Research Project. We demonstrated the importance of including soil moisture status as a potential factor for P loss risk indices that have been developed across the US. We also have shown that producers that improve feed management practices to reduce P excretion can reduce long-term P loading to soils, but that management of the applied P is more important in the short term implementation of nutrient management plans. We found that the ability of soils to retain added P depends on the specific P compounds added, and that organic P compounds generally compete more strongly for P sorption sites in soils than inorganic P. This information may partially explain why P movement through soils can be a problem in manured soils.
Publications
- Berg, A.S., and B.C. Joern. 2006. Sorption dynamics of organic and inorganic phosphorus compounds in soil. J. Environ. Qual. 25: 1855-1862.
- Maguire, R.O., Z. Dou, J.T. Sims, J. Brake, and B.C. Joern. 2005. Dietary strategies for reduced phosphorus excretion and improved water quality. J. Environ. Qual. 34: 2093-2103.
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
Phosphorus (P) is most often the nutrient that limits the productivity of freshwater ecosystems in the Midwestern United States. Agricultural fields can be non-point sources of P because manured fields and high testing soils may release large quantities of soluble and bioavailable P via surface runoff, erosion, and leaching. In addition, livestock manures contain various P compounds and the retention of these compounds in soils is not well understood. Last year we documented that soils had different affinities for various organic P compounds and that all three organic P compounds studied were preferentially sorbed relative to inorganic P. This year we are determining competitive sorption of organic and inorganic P compounds by iron and aluminum oxides to gain more insight into the mechanisms of P sorption by reactive surfaces present in soils. We are determining specific P sorption competition in these iron and aluminum oxides using ion chromatography. This research
should provide use with a better mechanistic understanding of vertical P movement in soils with a long history of manure application. Last year we demonstrated that changes in soil P sorption capacity due to P additions may not be accurately reflected in, or predicted by, short-term P sorption isotherms. A better understanding of the relationship between P additions and changes in P sorption capacity may allow us to more accurately determine short and long term changes in P loss potential resulting from P additions. We are now evaluating the impacts of previous inorganic P additions on competitive sorption of organic and inorganic P compounds in Indiana soils. We continue to make progress on Purdue University's Manure Management Planner software (MMP); the only nutrient management software supported nationally by both NRCS and EPA for meeting their respective program requirements. Since the last reporting period, MMP has expanded from supporting 28 states to supporting 31 states and
one Canadian province. MMP support for approximately 5 more states will be added in 2006. We have added 24 new 'smart document templates' that automatically generate state-specific reports, including nutrient management plan documents, and we have added 10 state-specific P risk assessment tools.
Impacts
Our soil P sorption research with specific P compounds has set the stage for a more mechanistic approach to soil P sorption that should help explain P movement in manured soils. Also, a better understanding of the relationship between P additions and changes in P sorption capacity may allow us to more accurately determine short and long term changes in P loss potential resulting from P additions. Purdue University's Manure Management Planner software (MMP) can now be used to create nutrient management plans for crop and livestock producers in 31 states (AL, AR, CO, DE, FL, GA , IL, IN, IA, KS, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NJ, NM, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, SD, TN, UT, VT, WA and WI), and support for about 5 more states will be added in 2006. MMP is the only software designed for this purpose that is supported nationally by both NRCS and EPA for meeting their respective program requirements. We have developed a 'smart' document generator that can automatically generate
tables and other required information and insert this information in the appropriate sections of a state-specific document template. We have added 24 new 'smart document templates' that automatically generate state-specific reports like nutrient management plan documents and state-specific P risk assessment tool reports. These 'smart' documents reduce the time required to prepare a comprehensive nutrient management plan (CNMP) document from more than a week to a few hours.
Publications
- Berg, A.S. 2004. Phosphorus source impacts on soil phosphorus dynamics and phosphate transporter impacts on tobacco growth. M.S. Thesis. Purdue University. Dec. 2004.
- Cromley, S.M., J.A. Lory, B.C. Joern, and P.J. Hess. 2005. An accessible nutrient management plan developed with SNMP and MMP. Agron. Abstr. (CD-ROM).
- Eugene, B., S. Howard, D. Schulze, and B.C. Joern. 2005. Inorganic and organic P sorption by iron oxides. Agron. Abstr. No. 6458 (CD-ROM).
- Evans, J.N., J.J. Volenec, S. Cunningham, S. Brouder, and B.C. Joern. 2005. Impact of P and K nutrition on alfalfa root development and taproot composition. Agron. Abstr. (CD-ROM)
- Joern, B.C., P.J. Hess, and B. Eisenhauer. 2005. Implementing nitrogen and phosphorus risk assessment tools with MMP. Agron. Abstr. (CD-ROM).
- Joern, B.C., B. Richert, T. Applegate, A. Sutton, and C. Baxter. 2005. Diet impacts on manure P composition, transformations and P runoff losses. Agron. Abstr. No. (CD-ROM).
- Lissbrant, S. Howard, S. Cunningham, S. Brouder, B.C. Joern and J.J. Volenec. 2005. Impact of long-term P and K fertilization on soil test P and K levels, tissue P and K concentrations, and alfalfa growth. Agron. Abstr. (CD-ROM).
- Mullins, G., B. Joern, and P. Moore. 2005. By-product phosphorus: sources, characteristics and management. pp. 829-879. In J.T. Sims and A.N. Sharpley (ed.) Phosphorus: Agriculture and the Environment. ASA-CSSA-SSSA. 677 S. Segoe Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA. Agronomy Monograph no. 46.
- Williams, C.O., D. Smith and B.C. Joern. 2005. Land management impacts on internal P loading in ditches and streams. Agron. Abstr. No. 6559 (CD-ROM).
- Young, D., B. Eugene, S. Howard, and B.C. Joern. 2005. Impacts of prior P additions on inorganic and organic P sorption in soil. Agron. Abstr. No. 6352 (CD-ROM).
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
Phosphorus (P) is most often the nutrient that limits the productivity of freshwater ecosystems in the Midwestern United States. Agricultural fields can be non-point sources of P because manured fields and high testing soils may release large quantities of soluble and bioavailable P via surface runoff, erosion, and leaching. In addition, livestock manures contain various P compounds and the retention of these compounds in soils is not well understood. We were the first group to document compound specific P sorption competition in soils using ion chromatography. For the three soils studied, we found that the P sorption affinity of the four P compounds we evaluated were consistently ranked in the following order: inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) > glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) > adenosine triphosphate (ATP) > inorganic P (Pi). All three organic P compounds displaced Pi, with the consistent ranking of Pi displacement potential: G6P > ATP > IP6. This research may help better
explain vertical P movement in soils with a long history of manure application. We also have shown that changes in soil P sorption capacity due to P additions may not be accurately reflected in, or predicted by, short-term P sorption isotherms. A better understanding of the relationship between P additions and changes in P sorption capacity may allow us to more accurately determine short and long term changes in P loss potential resulting from P additions. We continue to make progress on Purdue University's Manure Management Planner software (MMP); the only nutrient management software supported nationally by both NRCS and EPA for meeting their respective program requirements. Since the last reporting period, MMP has expanded from supporting 22 states to supporting 28 states and one Canadian province. MMP support for approximately 10 more states will be added in 2005. We have expanded the number of 'smart document templates' that automatically generate state-specific documents and
reports, and we are currently in the process of developing additional tools to facilitate the use of state-specific risk assessment tools. Our alfalfa research projects have clearly shown the importance of adequate P and potassium (K) nutrition to optimize yield and maintain stand persistence of this important Indiana forage crop under field conditions. We also have documented the impact of P and K nutrition on the accumulation and utilization of root carbon and N reserves during regrowth.
Impacts
Our soil P sorption research with specific P compounds has set the stage for a more mechanistic approach to soil P sorption that should help explain P movement in manured soils. Also, a better understanding of the relationship between P additions and changes in P sorption capacity may allow us to more accurately determine short and long term changes in P loss potential resulting from P additions. Purdue University's Manure Management Planner software (MMP) can now be used to create nutrient management plans for crop and livestock producers in 28 states (AL, AR, DE, GA, FL, IL, IN, IA, KS, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NJ, ND, NM, OH, OK, PA, SD, TN, UT, VT and WI), and support for about 10 more states will be added in 2005. MMP is the only software designed for this purpose that is supported nationally by both NRCS and EPA for meeting their respective program requirements. We have developed a 'smart' document generator that can automatically generate tables and
other required information and insert this information in the appropriate sections of a state-specific CNMP template. The CNMP document generator has been developed and implemented in IN, MA, MI, NE, OH, and OK. These 'smart' documents reduce the time required to prepare a comprehensive nutrient management plan (CNMP) document from more than a week to a few hours. In addition, tools that can be used by plan reviewers to automatically check plan data for consistency will be developed in 2005. These new tools will allow plan reviewers to focus on the plan itself rather than duplicating mathematical calculations.
Publications
- Berg, A.S., B.C. Joern, and C.A. Baxter. 2003. Impacts of management, moisture and phosphorus form on phosphorus loss potential. pp. 104-113. In J.E. Sawyer (Ed) Proceedings of the Thirty-Third North Central Extension-Industry Soil Fertility Conference.
- Berg, W.K., S.M. Brouder, B.C. Joern, K.D. Johnson, and J.J. Volenec. 2004 Alfalfa responses to phosphorus and potassium management. pp. 37-41. In K.A. Kelling and C. Boerboom (Ed) Proceedings of the 2004 Wisconsin Fertilizer, Aglime and Pest Management Conference.
- Berg, W.K., S.M. Cunningham, B.C. Joern, S.M. Brouder, K.D. Johnson, and J.J. Volenec. 2004. Taproot N and C pools are altered by P and K nutrition, and impact alfalfa growth and persistence. Agron. Abstr. No. 6180 (CD-ROM).
- Berg, W.K., S.M. Cunningham, S.M. Howard, S.M. Brouder, B.C. Joern, K.D. Johnson, and J.J. Volenec. 2004. The impact of root nitrogen and carbon pools on alfalfa growth and persistence as influenced by phosphorus and potassium nutrition. Agron. Abstr. No. 6229 (CD-ROM).
- Evans, J.N., W.K. Berg, B.C. Joern, S.M. Cunningham, S.M. Brouder, and J.J. Volenec. 2004. Impact of P and K nutrition on alfalfa root development. Agron. Abstr. No. 6388 (CD-ROM).
- Howard, S.M., J.J. Volenec, B.C. Joern, J.E. Alleman, and D.R. Whitaker. 2004. Biosolids dewatering of solid-phase thermophilic aerobic reactor (STAR) effluent using various plant species. Agron. Abstr. No. 6209 (CD-ROM).
- Joern, B.C., and P.J. Hess. 2004. Nutrient management planning: Where are we now and where are we headed? Agron. Abstr. No. 6292 (CD-ROM).
- Williams, C.O., B. Eugene, and B.C. Joern. 2004. Soil phosphorus addition and incubation impacts on soil phosphorus sorption capacity. Agron. Abstr. No. 6260 (CD-ROM).
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
Phosphorus (P) is most often the nutrient that limits the productivity of freshwater ecosystems in the Midwestern United States. Agricultural fields can be nonpoint sources of P because manured fields and high testing soils may release large quantities of soluble and bioavailable P via surface runoff, erosion, and leaching. In addition, livestock manures contain various P compounds and the retention of these compounds in soils is not well understood. We found that dissolved P losses from saturated soils are similar to dissolved P losses from wet soils that received an incorporated manure application. We also have documented how pig manure P forms change during storage in a simulated liquid pit environment. In addition, we have shown that phytase, when properly managed in the poultry ration, does not increase water soluble P levels in poultry litter, but that high P diets will increase litter soluble P. We also found that organic P forms can displace inorganic P from
soils and that P sorption competition among organic P compounds and inorganic P is organic P compound specific. We were the first group to document this compound specific competition using ion chromatography. Purdue University's Manure Management Planner software (MMP) is the only nutrient management software supported nationally by both NRCS and EPA for meeting their respective program requirements. MMP now supports 22 states. We have developed the Indiana Offsite Risk Index (ORI) as a custom tool for Purdue University's Manure Management Planner software (MMP). The ORI tool automatically identifies environmental concerns for each producer field with minimal inputs from the user. The ORI tool automatically calculates RUSLE erosion and identifies other environmental concerns including flooding potential, distance to water body, subsurface drainage, steep slope limitations for winter applications, and soil test P based rate limitations. The ORI tool output has been incorporated into
Indiana's 'smart' document generator that queries data from MMP and other data sources to generate and insert tables at pre-defined locations in comprehensive nutrient management plan (CNMP) document template created in Microsoft Word by Indiana NRCS. Our alfalfa research projects have clearly shown the importance of adequate P and potassium (K) nutrition to optimize yield and maintain stand persistence of this important Indiana forage crop under field conditions. We have discovered that adding P without K can dramatically reduce stand persistence, and that rescue fertilizer P and K applications to low fertility stands of alfalfa can dramatically improve yield and stand persistence.
Impacts
As a result of our soil moisture phosphorus study, many states will likely include flooding potential in their environmental risk assessment tools in the future. We have shown that improved dietary P management can help livestock operators comply with more restrictive P-based manure applications. Our research with specific P compounds has opened the door to a new field of research that will result in a much more mechanistic understanding of P retention in soils. Purdue University's Manure Management Planner software (MMP) can be used to create nutrient management plans for crop and livestock producers in 22 states (AL, DE, GA, IN, IL, IA, KS, MA, MI, MN, MO, MS, NE, ND, NM, OH, OK, PA, SD, TN, UT and WI), and roughly 10 more states will be added in 2004. MMP is the only nutrient management software supported nationally by both NRCS and EPA for meeting their respective program requirements. We have developed a 'smart' document generator that can automatically generate
tables and other required information and insert this information in the appropriate sections of a state-specific CNMP template. These 'smart' documents have reduced the time required to prepare a comprehensive nutrient management plan (CNMP) document from more than a week to a few hours. Additional timesavings will result from the implementation of the Indiana Offsite Risk Index as another custom tool in MMP. We expect other states to follow this approach in the future. Our alfalfa P and K research results will be used to revise the Purdue Extension fertilizer recommendations for this crop in 2004 or 2005.
Publications
- Applegate, T.J., B.C. Joern, D.L. Nussbaum-Wagler, and R. Angel. 2003. Water-soluble phosphorus in fresh broiler litter is dependent upon phosphorus concentration fed but not on fungal phytase supplementation. Poultry Sci. 82:1024-1029.
- Baxter, C.A., B.C. Joern, D. Ragland, J.S. Sands, O. Adeola. 2003. Phytase, high available phosphorus corn and storage impacts on phosphorus levels in pig excreta. J. Environ. Qual. 32:1481-1489.
- Baxter, C.A., A.S. Berg, T.J. Applegate, and B.C. Joern. 2003. Simultaneous analysis of orthophosphate and some organic phosphates with ion chromatography. Agron. Abstr. S08-baxter579509-poster.
- Berg, A.S., C.A. Baxter, and B.C. Joern. 2003. Sorption dynamics of organic and inorganic phosphorus compounds in soil. Agron. Abstr. S11-berg196611-oral.
- Berg, W.K., S.M. Brouder, B.C. Joern, K.D. Johnson, and J.J. Volenec. 2003. Enhancing alfalfa production through improved potassium management. Better Crops. 87:8-11.
- Berg, W.K., S.M. Brouder, B.C. Joern, K.D. Johnson, and J.J. Volenec. 2003. Improved phosphorus management enhances alfalfa production. Better Crops. 87:20-23.
- Berg, W.K., S.M. Cunningham, S.M. Brouder, B.C. Joern, K.D. Johnson, and J.J. Volenec. 2003. The impact of phosphorus and potassium nutrition on alfalfa root carbon and nitrogen pools following defoliation. Agron. Abstr.: C02-berg700438-poster.
- Berg, W.K., S.M. Cunningham, S.M. Brouder, B.C. Joern, K.D. Johnson, and J.J. Volenec. 2003. Phosphorus and potassium effects on alfalfa yield components, physiology, and stress tolerance. Agron. Abstr.: A09-berg559158-oral.
- Cunningham, S.M., W.K. Berg, S.M. Brouder, B.C. Joern, K.D. Johnson, K. Dalton and J.J. Volenec. 2003. Phosphorus and potassium effects on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) root physiology during post-defoliation shoot regrowth. Annual Meeting of the American Society of Plant Biologists. Honolulu, HI., Abstr. No. 433.
- Haagensen, D.M., S.M. Cunningham, B.C. Joern, and J.J. Volenec. 2003. Autumn defoliation effects on alfalfa winter survival, root physiology, and gene expression. Crop Sci. 43:
- Joern, B.C., and P.J. Hess. 2003. Incorporating livestock manures into nutrient management plans. Agron. Abstr. A09-joern880572-oral.
- Howard, S.M., W.K. Berg, S.M. Cunningham, S.M. Brouder, B.C. Joern, K.D. Johnson, and J.J. Volenec. 2003. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer effects on soil nutrient concentration, and their impact on alfalfa yield components. Agron. Abstr.: S04-howard133968-poster.
- Volenec, J.J., S.F. Abu Qamar, and S.M. Cunningham. 2003. Phosphate nutrition effects on growth, phosphate transporter expression, and physiology of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Annual meeting of the American Society of Plant Biologists. Honolulu, HI., Abstr. No. 434.
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Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02
Outputs
Phosphorus (P) is most often the nutrient that limits the productivity of freshwater ecosystems in the Midwestern United States. Agricultural fields can be non-point sources of P because manured fields and high testing soils may release large quantities of soluble and bioavailable P via surface runoff, erosion, and leaching. We are also looking at how alfalfa growth, persistence, and nutrient accumulation are influenced by P and potassium (K) fertilizer additions. We have demonstrated that the type of source water used in rainfall simulation experiments can significantly impact the results obtained from these studies. We also have shown that soil moisture status can significantly impact P runoff in soils by changing both soluble P levels and the quantity of sediment eroded during rainfall simulation studies. Our rainfall simulation studies on manured soils have shown that animal diets formulated with high available P corn and phytase can significantly reduce P runoff
when manure applications are made on a nitrogen basis. We developed a 'smart' document generator that queries data from Purdue University's Manure Management Planner software (MMP) and other data sources to generate and insert tables at pre-defined locations in comprehensive nutrient management plan (CNMP) document templates created in Microsoft Word by Ohio and Indiana NRCS. The CNMP smart document generator is implemented as a custom tool for MMP. Pre-written 'AutoText' entries provided as drop down menu choices can be inserted throughout the document to tailor the CNMP to the specific operation and site conditions. We also are developing the Indiana Offsite Risk Index as a custom tool for MMP. Our alfalfa research projects have clearly shown the importance of adequate P and K nutrition to optimize yield and maintain stand persistence of this important Indiana forage crop. We have discovered that alfalfa plants do not die during the winter months as generally thought, but rather
during the summer months. We are focusing our current efforts on understanding how plants respond to P and K fertilizer inputs.
Impacts
As a result of our source water rainfall simulation studies, researchers are now encouraged to use de-ionized water when they are conducting rainfall simulations in the rain-fed areas of the US. In addition, we have improved the source water evaluation protocol used in the National Phosphorus Research Project to more accurately assess the potential impact of source water on P runoff. We have shown that improved dietary P management can be used to help livestock operators comply with more restrictive P-based regulations for land applied animal manures. In Ohio, our CNMP document generator has reduced the time required to prepare a comprehensive nutrient management plan (CNMP) document from several days to a few hours. We expect the same workload reduction to occur for Indiana as we complete the Indiana CNMP document generator, with additional timesavings resulting from the implementation of the Indiana Offsite Risk Index as a custom tool for Purdue University's Manure
Management Planner software (MMP). We expect to use our alfalfa P and K research results to revise the Purdue Cooperative Extension fertilizer recommendations for this crop.
Publications
- Bailey, T., P.J. Hess, and B.C. Joern. 2002. Automating Indiana's environmental assessment tool for use with nutrient management planning software. Agron. Abstr. CD-ROM (S11-joern124056-Oral).
- Baxter, C.A., C.H. Huang, and B.C. Joern. 2002. Near-surface soil moisture effects on phosphorus losses under simulated rainfall. Agron. Abstr. CD-ROM (S11-joern121801-Oral).
- Berg, A.S., B.R. Richert, T.J. Applegate, and B.C. Joern. 2002. Phosphorus source impacts on soil test phosphorus following incubation. Agron. Abstr. CD-ROM (S11-joern135044-Poster).
- Berg, W.K., S.M. Cunningham, S.M. Brouder, B.C. Joern, K.D. Johnson, and J.J. Volenec. 2002. Phosphorus and potassium effects on alfalfa shoot regrowth and root physiology. Agron. Abstr. (C02-cunningham133504-Poster).
- Widman, N., T. Bailey, P.J. Hess, and B.C. Joern. 2002. Designing Ohio and Indiana comprehensive nutrient management plans as 'smart' documents. Agron. Abstr. CD-ROM (S11-joern122637-Oral).
- Berg, W.K., S.M. Howard, S.M. Cunningham, S.M. Brouder, B.C. Joern, K.D. Johnson, and J.J. Volenec. 2002. Phosphorus and potassium impact on alfalfa yield component responses and herbage nutrient concentrations. Agron. Abstr. (S04-cunningham092229-Poster).
- Berg, W.K., S.M. Cunningham, S.M. Howard, S.M. Brouder, B.C. Joern, K.D. Johnson, and J.J. Volenec. 2002. How should you manage phosphorus and potassium fertility to enhance alfalfa yield and persistence? Agron. Abstr. (A09-cunningham100644-Oral).
- Hess, P.J., B.C. Joern, and J.A. Lory. 2001. Developing software for livestock manure and nutrient management in the USA. pp. 371-389. In R.F. Follet and J.L. Hatfield (ed.) Nitrogen in the Environment: Sources, Problems, and Management. Elsevier Science B.V.
- Joern, B.C., and P.J. Hess. 2002. Implementing nutrient management policy with SNMP and MMP: plan writing and reporting. Agron. Abstr. CD-ROM (S04-joern140125-Oral).
- Joern, B.C., P.J. Hess, and T. Bailey. 2002. The role of phosphorus indexes and conservation practices in nutrient management planning. Agron. Abstr. CD-ROM (A09-joern141746-Oral).
- Nussbaum-Wagler, D.L., J.A. Lory, R.L. Mikkelsen, and B.C. Joern. 2002. Diet impacts on phosphorus losses from manured soils under simulated rainfall. Agron. Abstr. CD-ROM (S11-joern153548-Poster).
- Volenec, J.J., S.M. Cunningham, D.M. Haagenson, W.K. Berg, B.C. Joern, and D.W. Wiersma. 2002. Physiological genetics of alfalfa improvement: past failures, future prospects. Field Crops Research. 75:97-110.
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Progress 10/01/00 to 09/30/01
Outputs
Phosphorus (P) is most often the nutrient that limits the productivity of freshwater ecosystems in the Midwestern United States. Agricultural fields can be non-point sources of P because manured fields and high testing soils may release large quantities of soluble and bioavailable P via surface runoff, erosion, and leaching. We are currently assessing how source waters used in rainfall studies and soil moisture impact P runoff potential from soils as part of a joint NRCS/USEPA National Soil P Benchmark Project. We are also looking at how alfalfa growth, persistence, and nutrient accumulation are influenced by fertilizer additions.
Impacts
Our data suggest that both source water and soil moisture can significantly impact P runoff in soils and that these factors should be included when researchers develop phosphorus loss risk indexes based on rainfall simulation experiments. We also have shown that diet formulation can greatly reduce P excretion in monogastric animals. Improved dietary P management can therefore be used as a tool to help livestock operators comply with more restrictive P-based regulations for land applied animal manures.
Publications
- Bailey, T., and B.C. Joern. 2001. Nutrient management in Indiana. Agron. Abstr.
- Baxter, C.A. 2000. Impact of pig diets on phosphorus excretion and manure P transformations during storage. M.S. Thesis. Purdue University.
- Baxter, C.A., and B.C. Joern. 2001. Soil moisture impacts on phosphorus runoff under simulated rainfall. Agron. Abstr.
- Berg, W.K., S.M. Cunningham, B.C. Joern, K.D. Johnson, and J.J. Volenec. 2001. Relationship of soil and tissue P and K concentrations to alfalfa yield and persistence. Agron. Abstr.
- Brouder, S.M., and B.C. Joern. 2001. Innovations in soil potassium (K) testing for agriculture. Agron. Abstr.
- Cunningham, S.M., W.K. Berg, B.C. Joern, K.D. Johnson, and J.J. Volenec. 2001. P and K effects on root physiology and persistence of field-grown alfalfa. Agron. Abstr.
- Joern, B.C., P.J. Hess, and T. Bailey. 2001. Nutrient management plans: Indiana example. Agron. Abstr.
- Hess, P.J., B.C. Joern, and J.A. Lory. 2001. Developing software for livestock manure and nutrient management in the US. In R.F. Follet and J.L. Hatfield (ed.) Nitrogen in the Environment: Sources, Problems, and Management (in press).
- Kamprath, E.J., D.B. Beegle, P.E. Fixen, S.C. Hodges, B.C. Joern, A.P. Mallarino, R.O. Miller, J.T. Sims, R. Ward, and A.M. Wolf. 2000. Relevance of soil testing to agriculture and the environment. 12 p. Issue paper No. 15. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. Ames, IA.
- Nussbaum-Wagler, D.L., B.C. Joern, C.A. Baxter, and A.S. Berg. 2001. Source water impacts on phosphorus runoff under simulated rainfall. Agron. Abstr.
- Sands, J.S., D. Raglund, C. Baxter, B.C. Joern, T.E. Sauber, and O. Adeola. 2001. High available phosphorus corn and phytase for pigs: performance, nutrient balance, and phosphorus availability. J. Animal Sci. 79:2134-2142.
- Schrohe, B.M., C. Huang, B.C. Joern, and L.D. Norton. 2001. The effects of soil amendments, moisture content, and aging on runoff water quality. Agron. Abstr.
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Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/00
Outputs
Phosphorus (P) is most often the nutrient that limits the productivity of freshwater ecosystems in the Midwestern United States. Agricultural fields can be non-point sources of P because high testing soils may release large quantities of soluble and bioavailable P via surface runoff, erosion, and leaching. We currently assessing field P runoff potential from row crop fields at different soil test P levels and fertilizer/manure treatments as part of a joint NRCS/USEPA National Soil P Benchmark Project. We are also evaluating whether genetically engineered plants can be used to mine P from soils with excessive P levels using a constitutively expressed phosphate transporter gene. If these genetically engineered crops prove successful, they may rapidly remove excess soil P and act as phyto-filters for buffer areas between crop fields and surface waters.
Impacts
Our current studies on the impact of soil test P and P additions will provide policymakers with sound science-based information they can be use to set appropriate guidelines for crop and livestock producers that will ensure the long-term sustainability of agriculture and protect environmental quality. Our work with the phosphate transporter gene may allow us to phyto-remediate soils that have excessively high phosphorus levels, thereby improving environmental quality.
Publications
- Bailey, A., and B.C. Joern. 2000. Nutrient management in Indiana. Agron. Abstr. p. 289.
- Baxter, C.A., and B.C. Joern. 2000. Soil phosphorus source effects on phosphorus transport. Agron. Abstr. p. 409.
- Berg, W.K., S.M. Cunningham, B.C. Joern, K.D. Johnson, and J.J. Volenec. 2000. Phosphorus and potassium effects on yield components, nutrient accumulation, and persistence of alfalfa. Agron. Abstr. p. 123.
- Berg, W.K., S.M. Cunningham, B.C. Joern, and J.J. Volenec. 2000. Growth and stress tolerance mechanisms of Medicago sativa L. provided contrasting phosphorus and potassium nutrition. Plant Physiol. (in press).
- Joern, B.C., P.J. Hess, and J.A. Lory. 2000. Software programs for nutrient management planning and recordkeeping. Agron. Abstr. p. 40.
- Joern, B.C., A.P. Mallarino, L.B. Bundy, T. Bailey, B.M. Stewart, and J. Kaap. 2000 Phosphorus indexes: the midwest experience. Agron. Abstr. p 329.
- Joy, A.S., C.A. Baxter, A.S. Karthikayen, K.G. Raghothama, J.J. Volenec, and B.C. Joern, 2000, Phosphate transporter gene impact on growth and phosphorus uptake of transgenic tobacco. Agron. Abstr. p. 125.
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Progress 10/01/98 to 09/30/99
Outputs
Phosphorus (P) is most often the nutrient that limits the productivity of freshwater ecosystems in the Midwestern United States. Agricultural fields can be non-point sources of P because high testing soils may release large quantities of soluble and bioavailable P via surface runoff, erosion, and leaching. The potential use of P based land application limits for animal manure has increased the importance of optimizing animal feed P management. We evaluated the impacts of feeding high available P (HAP) corn and phytase to pigs on P uptake and P excretion and found that, compared to the control diet, P uptake may be increased approximately 30 percent using HAP corn or phytase alone, but up to more than 50 percent when both phytase and HAP corn are present in the diet. Manure P excretion decreased 21, 23, and 41 percent below the control diet for the phytase, HAP corn, and HAP corn + phytase diets, respectively. This study clearly shows that diet modifications can
dramatically reduce P excretion by young pigs. Improved dietary P management strategies may be used to offset the increase in land needed for sustainable pork production if P-based land application regulations are implemented. We also evaluated how diet influenced the excretion of various P forms in both fresh and stored manure. Our results showed that if phytase or HAP corn were used alone, the percent of total P excreted in a water soluble form increased, but due to the decrease in total P excretion, the total water soluble P excreted was similar to the control diet. If both phytase and HAP corn were present in the diet water soluble P excretion was less than that in the control. Reducing water soluble P in manure may decrease runoff and leaching loss potential when manure is applied to soil. We also found that differences in manure P composition due to diet remained throughout 150 days of storage.
Impacts
We are finding that we can reduce both the total amount and the amount of water soluble phosphorus present in pig manure by using the phytase enzyme and high available phosphorus corn. We are currently evaluating how these differences in total and water soluble phosphorus impact the potential loss of phosphorus from soil to water when manure is applied to crop fields in Indiana. By minimizing phosphorus loss from agricultural fields we can help protect water quality.
Publications
- Baxter, C.A., and B.C. Joern. 1999. Phosphorus source impacts on soil test phosphorus. Agron. Abstr. p. 348. Baxter, C.A., B.C. Joern, and O. Adeola. 1998. Dietary phosphorus management to reduce soil phosphorus loading from pig manure. pp. 104-110. In D. Franzen (ed.) Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh North Central Extension-Industry Soil Fertility Conference.
- Boland, M.A., K.A. Foster, P.V. Preckel, D.D. Jones, and B.C. Joern. 1999. Using linear programming to minimize manure storage and application costs in pork production. J. Prod. Agric. 12:405-408.
- Joern, B.C., P.A. Moore, Jr., J.T. Sims, and M.L. Cabrera. 1999. Improvements needed in phosphorus soil testing for environmental purposes. Agron. Abstr. p. 321.
- Lory, J.A., P.C. Scharf, B.C. Joern, and D.H. Pote. 1999. The suitability of soil test phosphorus for prioritizing fields receiving manure. Agron. Abstr. p. 292.
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Progress 10/01/97 to 09/30/98
Outputs
Phosphorus (P) is most often the nutrient that limits the productivity of freshwater ecosystems in the Midwestern United States. Agricultural fields can be non-point sources of P because high testing soils may release large quantities of soluble and bioavailable P via surface runoff, erosion, and leaching. Potential P based land application limits for animal manure mandate the development of simple, rapid, and reliable laboratory techniques for estimating potential edge of field losses of soluble and bioavailable P. We evaluated relationships among soil test P methods for soils with elevated P levels due to previous manure applications, and related these values to i) soluble P concentration (SPC) and bioavailable P (BAP). Of the soil test P methods evaluated, Bray P1 was most highly correlated to SPC and BAP. SPC was approximately 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg P/L when Bray P1 exceeded 50, 75, 150, 200 and 500 mg P/kg, respectively. Amorphous Fe contents directly
influence the relationship between BAP and Bray P1. We have adapted the SPC procedure for routine soil test purposes because it also is well related to BAP. The potential use of P based land application limits for animal manure has also increased the importance of optimizing animal feed P management. We evaluated the impacts of high available P (HAP) corn and phytase on P uptake and excretion by young pigs during a seven day digestibility trial. Our results show that, compared to the control diet, P uptake may be increased approximately 30 percent using HAP corn or phytase alone, but up to more than 50 percent when both phytase and HAP corn are present in the diet. Manure P excretion decreased 21, 23, and 41 percent below the control diet for the phytase, HAP corn, and HAP corn + phytase diets, respectively. This study clearly shows that diet modifications can dramatically reduce P excretion by young pigs. Improved dietary P management strategies may be used to offset the increase in
land needed for sustainable pork production if P-based land application regulations are implemented.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Moore, P.A., B.C. Joern and T.L. Provin. 1998. Improvements needed in environmental soil testing for phosphorus. pp. 21-30. In J.T. Sims (ed.) Soil Testing For Phosphorus: Environmental Uses and Implications. Southern Coop. Series Bull. No. 389. (A publication of SERA-IEG 17 USDA-CSREES Regional Committee: Minimizing Agricultural Phosphorus Losses for Protection of the Water Resource).
- Sims, J.T., R.R. Simard, and B.C. Joern,. 1998. Phosphorus losses in agricultural drainage: historical perspective and current research. J. Environ. Qual. 27:277-293.
- Baxter, C.A., B.C. Joern, O. Adeola, and P.A. Moore. 1998. Phosphorus excretion by pigs as influenced by high available phosphorus corn and phytase. Agron. Abstr. P. 349.
- Brokish, J.A., and B.C. Joern. 1998. Soluble and bioavailable phosphorus in soils: a methods comparison. Agron. Abstr. P. 348.
- Baxter, C.A., B.C. Joern, and O. Adeola. 1998. Dietary P management to reduce soil P loading from pig manure. In D. Franzen (ed.) Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth north central extension-industry soil fertility conference.
- Brokish, J.A. 1998. Threshold phosphorus levels for Indiana Soils. M.S. thesis. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
- Brokish, J.A., B.C. Joern, and T.L. Provin. 1997. Using soil properties to predict soluble phosphorus losses from Indiana soils. Agron. Abstr. P. 329.
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Progress 10/01/96 to 09/30/97
Outputs
Concerns about agricultural phosphorus (P) inputs to surface waters have renewed interest in soil P retention dynamics. Soils with excessively high extractable P levels can release significant quantities P to the soil solution and often show P movement below the crop root zone that may intercept tile drains or high seasonal water tables. Our research on soils incubated with inorganic P showed elevated soluble P concentrations when Bray P1 levels exceeded 40 mg P/kg soil, and that Bray P1 levels and exchangeable Ca could accurately predict the mass of soluble P recovered with repeated extractions of 0.01M calcium chloride. We also found that P associated with amorphous iron and aluminum may predict the amount of P required to bring highly weathered P-deficient soils into production. We are evaluating how well these and other readily measured soil properties can predict soluble P levels in soils amended with repeated applications of animal manure.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Banda, R.R., B.C. Joern, J.J. Volenec, and A.E. Cox. 1996. Phosphorus chemistry and availability in tropical soils. Agron. Abstr. p. 215.
- Moore, P.A., B.C. Joern and T.L. Provin. 1997. Improvements needed in environmental soil testing for phosphorus. In J.T. Sims (ed.) Soil Testing For Phosphorus: Environmental Uses and Implications (Publication of SERA-IEG 17 USDA-CSREES Regional Committee: Minimizing Agricultural Phosphorus Losses for Protection of the Water Resource).
- Provin, T.L. 1996. Phosphorus retention in Indiana Soils. Ph.D. dissertation. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
- Sims, J.T., B.C. Joern, and R.R. Simard. 1996. Phosphorus losses in agricultural drainage: historical perspective and current research. Agron. Abstr. p. 294.
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Progress 10/01/95 to 09/30/96
Outputs
Soils amended with phosphorus (P) and incubated under controlled conditions and soils collected from manured fields were analyzed for the quantity of P that could be removed with repeated extractions of 0.01 M CaCl2 (1:25 soil:solution). Bray P1 soil test P was the single factor most highly correlated to this cumulative water-soluble P (r= 0.864). Adding exchangeable calcium (Ca) improved this relationship for the incubated soils (r=0.947). We are currently processing the manured soils to determine if exchangeable Ca will also improve our ability to predict cumulative water-soluble P for these soils. These data may be used to improve our ability to predict soluble P losses in runoff and tile drainage, and total P losses from eroded sediments.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Moore, P.A., B.C. Joern, and T.L. Provin. 1997. Environmental soil test methods for phosphorus. In J.T. Sims (ed.) Soil testing for phosphorus: Environmental uses and implications. Southern Regional Special Bulletin (in press).
- PROVIN, T.L., 1996. Phosphorus retention in Indiana soils. Ph.D. Dissertation. Purdue University. West Lafayette, IN.
- Sims, J.T., B.C. Joern, and R.R. Simard. 1996. Phosphorus losses in agricultural drainage: Historical perspective and current research. Agron. Abstr. P. 294.
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Progress 10/01/94 to 09/30/95
Outputs
Soil samples were collected from 11 soil series to a depth of approximately 100 cm and were incubated in a moist state with 0, 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg P kg-1 for one year. The cumulative amount of water-soluble P released from these soil horizons was related to Bray P1 soil test level, oxalate extractable P, Al, and Fe, organic C, and exchangeable Ca and Mg (r2 = 0.88). These data may be used to improve our ability to predict P concentrations in runoff and tile drainage from heavily manured fields.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- JOERN, B.C., T.L. PROVIN, and A.L. SUTTON. 1994. Effects of soil properties on phosphorus adsorption of Indiana soils. pp 175-184. In 1994 Research Investment Report. National Pork Producers Council, Des Moines, IA.
- PROVIN, T.L., B.C. JOERN, D.P. FRANZMEIER, and A.L. SUTTON. 1995. Phosphorus retention in selected Indiana soils using short - term sorption isotherms and long - term aerobic incubations. pp 35-42. In K. Steele (ed.) Impact of Animal Waste
- PROVIN, T.L., R.R. BANDA, and B.C. JOERN. 1995. Extractable-phosphorus, water-soluble phosphorus, and phosphorus leaching in incubated and field soils. Agron. Abstr. p. 346.
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Progress 10/01/93 to 09/30/94
Outputs
Nitrogen mineralization rates were estimated for four industrial organic waste streams under controlled laboratory conditions and at field scale. These four fermentation by-products all mineralized at rates two to three times higher than the 20% mineralization rate calculated by Indiana's regulatory authority (Indiana Department of Environmental Management). Individual soil horizons were incubated for one year in a moist state with 0, 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg P kg(superscript -1). Initial and final Bray P(subscript 1) and water soluble P levels showed tremendous differences in P retention between soil series and within soil horizons for a given soil. Water soluble P levels were measured three times with a one week equilibration time between each determination. Soluble P levels decreased dramatically between the first and third washing with 0.01 M CaCl(subscript 2), and nearly all horizons had soluble P levels below 0.5 mg P kg(superscript -1). The influence of phytase
additions to feed on the P composition of swine manure was also evaluated. Phytase reduced total phosphorus excreted approximately 30%, but water soluble P levels increased 20 fold. Phytase also greatly reduced phytic acid levels in fresh manure.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- FRANCE, S.P., JOERN, B.C., and TURCO, R.F. 1994. Industrial waste streams as nitrogen sources for crop production. Environmentally Sound Agriculture: Proceedings of the Second Conference. pp. 407 - 414. Orlando, FL, April 20 - 22.
- PROVIN, T.L. and JOERN, B.C. 1994. Soil chemical and physical properties controlling solution phosphorus in Indiana soils. Agron. Abst.
- CONCEZZI, L., JOHNSTON, C.T., JOERN, B.C., PARKER, P., BUSINELLI, M., and GIUSQUIANI, P.L. 1994. Characterization of phosphorus in swine manure by (superscript 31)P NMR spectroscopy. Agron. Abst.
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Progress 10/01/92 to 09/30/93
Outputs
Nitrogen mineralization rates were estimated for four industrial organic waste streams under controlled laboratory conditions and at field scale. These four fermentation by-products all mineralized at rates two to three times higher than the 20% mineralization rate calculated by Indiana's regulatory authority (Indiana Department of Environmental Management). Amending these N rich materials with carbon rich paper and wheat straw resulted in very low mineralization rates in a controlled laboratory study. Phosphorus (P) sorption capacities were analyzed for 19 Indiana soil series to a depth of approximately 1 meter. Batch P sorption isotherms were conducted on a total of 87 soil horizons. In addition, each horizon was analyzed for total P, pH, textural analysis, surface area, exchangeable bases and the Bray P(subscript 1) soil test values. Phosphorus sorption capacities calculated using the Langmuir equation were related to surface area, percent clay and soil pH. Bray
P(subscript 1) soil test levels did not provide reasonable estimates of solution phase P for the soils used in this investigation.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- FRANCE, S.P. and JOERN, B.C. 1993. Suitability of industrial waste streams as nitrogen sources for crop production. Agron. Abst. p 356.
- PATEL, R.N., TURCO, R.F., JOERN, B.C., and MENGEL, D.B. 1993. Effect of organic amendments on nitrogen mineralization from high nitrogen waste streams. Agron. Abst. p 256.
- PROVIN, T.L. and JOERN, B.C. 1993. Phosphorus sorption capacities of selected Indiana soils. Agron. Abst. p 234.
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Progress 10/01/91 to 09/30/92
Outputs
Laboratory investigations are currently being conducted to quantify the nitrogen(N) mineralization kinetics of two soils that have been amended with combinations of N and carbon (C) rich materials. Several industrial organic residual fertilizer materials are being combined with shredded paper, straw and sawdust to determine the ability of these materials to control N release. Preliminary results from these incubation studies show that shredded paper may be superior to the other C rich materials for N immobilization. These studies will be expanded to determine the potential of using C rich materials as nutrient traps for fall-applied N rich organic residual fertilizers. In addition, the phosphorus sorption capacities of approximately 20 Indiana soils representing a broad range of management groups are currently being evaluated. Large differences in inorganic phosphorus sorption capacities have been observed in these laboratory studies. Parallel P sorption studies using
selected organic P containing compounds are planned. The results generated from these studies may demonstrate the inadequacies of using a single soil test phosphorus value to limit manure (and other organic residual materials) applications to all agricultural soils. If regulatory pressures strengthen, this information will be vital to livestock producers as well as municipalities and industries that land apply organic residual fertilizers with high prosphorus contents.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- NO PUBLICATIONS REPORTED THIS PERIOD.
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